CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>光学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"71c2f2e2-24d6-41e2-afc7-b2ed5a0ad5b9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"光学","wgTitle":"光学","wgCurRevisionId":82335468,"wgRevisionId":82335468,"wgArticleId":153465,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["含有英語的條目","含有古希臘語的條目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","光學","電磁輻射","应用物理","自然哲学","物理学分支"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh", "wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"光学","wgRelevantArticleId":153465,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q14620", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="938"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/800px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="625"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/640px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="光学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-光学 rootpage-光学 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-经典光學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经典光學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>经典光學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-经典光學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关经典光學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-经典光學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-几何光学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#几何光学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>几何光学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-几何光学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理光学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理光学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>物理光学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理光学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-近代光學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#近代光學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>近代光學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-近代光學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光學的應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光學的應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>光學的應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-光學的應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关光學的應用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-光學的應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-人眼" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人眼"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>人眼</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人眼-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大氣光學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大氣光學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>大氣光學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大氣光學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考資料子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-教科書" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教科書"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>教科書</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教科書-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-協會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#協會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>協會</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-協會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">光学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。110种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quang học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiste" title="Ngiste – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngiste" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפטיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomkhanyizo" title="Ezomkhanyizo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomkhanyizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&oldid=82335468" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&id=82335468&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2585%2589%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Optics" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-8026d48b" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-8026d48b" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/250px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/375px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg/500px-Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>一束光入射於等邊棱鏡，產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (物理学)">反射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="透射">透射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="色散">色散</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>光學</b>（英語：<span lang="en"><b>Optics</b></span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>的分支領域，主要是研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>的現象、性質與應用，包括光與物質之間的相互作用、光學儀器的製作。光學通常研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="可見光">可見光</a>的物理行為。因為光是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>，其它形式的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a>例如<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="無線電波">無線電波</a>等等也具有類似光的特性。<sup id="cite_ref-McGrawHill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrawHill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英文術語「optics」源自古希臘字「<span lang="grc">ὀπτική</span>」，意為名詞「看見」、「視見」。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大多數常見的光學現象都可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古典電動力學">古典電动力學</a>理論來說明。但是，通常這全套理論很難實際應用，必需先假定簡單模型。<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">幾何光學</a>的模型最為容易使用。它試圖將光當作射線（光線），能夠直線移動，並且在遇到不同介質時會改變方向；它能夠解釋像直線傳播、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (物理学)">反射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>等等很多光線現象。<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理光學">物理光學</a>的模型比較精密，它把光當作是傳播於介質的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="波動">波動</a>（光波）。除了反射、折射以外，它還能夠以波性質來解釋向前傳播、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a>等等光學現象。幾何光學不能解釋這些比較複雜的光學現象。在歷史上，光的射線模形首先被發展完善，然後才是光的波動模形. </p><p>很多現象涉及到光的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a>。只有<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>能夠解釋這些現象。在量子力學裏，光被視為由一群稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子">粒子</a>組成。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子光學">量子光學</a>專門研究怎樣用量子力學來解釋光學現象。 </p><p>進一步將光学細分類。光的纯科学领域，通常被称为光学或「光学物理」。应用光学通常被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a>。光学工程中涉及到<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明">照明</a>系统的部分，被特别称为「照明工程」。每一个分支在应用、技术、焦点以及专业关联上，都有很大不同。在光学工程中，比较新的发现，通常被归类为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a>（photonics）。 </p><p>因为光学在实际中被广泛应用，光学物理和工程光学，在领域上，有很大程度的互相交叉。光学也与电子工程、物理学、天文學、医学（尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="眼科学">眼科学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視光學">視光學</a>）等许多学科密切相关。很多關鍵科技都能找到光學的研究果實，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%A1%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鏡子">鏡子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="透鏡">透鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="望遠鏡">望遠鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%96" class="mw-redirect" title="光纖">光纖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="發光二極體">發光二極體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="光伏">光伏</a>等等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经典光學"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E5.85.B8.E5.85.89.E5.AD.B8"></span>经典光學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：经典光學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="光學史">光学史</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子光學">量子光學</a>的重要性被揭示之前，光学的基本理论主要是经典电磁场理论以及它在光学领域的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高频近似" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="High frequency approximation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E9%A2%91%E8%BF%91%E4%BC%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高频近似（页面不存在）">高频近似</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency_approximation" class="extiw" title="en:High frequency approximation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">High frequency approximation</span></a></span>）</span></span>。经典光学可以分成两个主要分支：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何光学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="几何光学"><span id=".E5.87.A0.E4.BD.95.E5.85.89.E5.AD.A6"></span>几何光学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：几何光学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/220px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif/440px-Light_dispersion_conceptual.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>光线在三棱镜中色散的想像图</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何光学</a>，又称射线光学，描述了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="波的传播">传播</a>。在几何光学中，光被称作是 "<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="射线">射线</a>"（光线）。光线会在两种不同介质的界面改变传播方向，并有可能在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a>随位置变化的介质中发生曲线弯折的现象。几何光学中的“光线”是抽象的物体，它的前进方向垂直于光波的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="波前">波前</a>。几何光学给出了光线通过光学系统的传播规律，以此可以预测其实际波前的位置。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%A6%AC%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="費馬原理">費馬原理</a>是幾何光學的基本定理：光传播的路径是光以最短時間通過的路径<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，由此可以推導出許多几何光学的定律。考慮一個由<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C" title="透镜">透镜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="反射鏡">反射镜</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B1%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="棱镜">棱镜</a>組合而成的光学系统，用几何光学可以說明其中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="光的反射定律">反射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>等現象，需要注意的是，几何光学简化了光学理论，因此它无法解释很多重要的光学效应，例如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%9E%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="繞射">繞射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a>等。 </p><p>通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%BB%B8%E8%BF%91%E4%BC%BC" title="近軸近似">近轴近似</a>（也稱為小角近似），可以对几何光学做进一步简化，并对应于数学描述上的线性化。在近轴近似条件下，光学元件和系统可以通过简单的矩阵来表示。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="高斯光学">高斯光学</a>以及近轴<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光線跟踪 (物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ray tracing (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A%E8%B7%9F%E8%B8%AA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光線跟踪 (物理)（页面不存在）">光線跟踪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ray_tracing_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:ray tracing (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ray tracing (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>都是以近轴近似的基礎進行發展，可以确定光学系统的一阶特性，例如找出成像位置、物體位置以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%80%8D%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放大倍率（页面不存在）">放大倍率</a>的近似值等<sup id="cite_ref-Greivenkamp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greivenkamp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%85%89%E6%9D%9F" title="高斯光束">高斯光束传播</a>是近轴光学的扩展，它可以更为精确地描述相干传播（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>光束）。即使仍然使用近轴近似，这一技术可以部分描述衍射，能够精确计算激光束随距离传播的速率以及其最小的汇聚尺寸。高斯光束传播理论因此可以沟通几何光学与物理光学。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理光学"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.85.89.E5.AD.A6"></span>物理光学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：物理光学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a>，或称波动光学，建立在<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="惠更斯原理">惠更斯原理</a>之上，可以建立复波前（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%B9%85" title="振幅">振幅</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D" title="相位">相位</a>）通过光学系统的模型。这一技术能够利用计算机数值仿真模拟或计算<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="衍射">衍射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="散射">散射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a>特性、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="像差">像差</a>等各种复杂光学现象。<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a>名稱中的「物理」表示它比幾何光學更接近物理原理，但仍然只是物理理論的近似而已<sup id="cite_ref-Ufimtsev2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ufimtsev2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:11-13</sup>。由于仍然有所近似，因此物理光学不能像电磁波理论模型那样能够全面描述光传播。对于大多数实际问题来说，完整<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>理论模型计算量太大，在现在的一般计算机硬件条件下并不十分实用，但小尺度的问题可以使用完整波动模型进行计算。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近代光學"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.BB.A3.E5.85.89.E5.AD.B8"></span>近代光學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：近代光學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="光物理學">光物理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></div> <p>近代光學包括了二十世紀開始研究的光學科學及光學工程。光學科學部份一般會和光的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁">電磁</a>特性或是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90" title="量子">量子</a>特性（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>）有關，不過也包括其他領域。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子光學">量子光學</a>是近代光學的主要子領域之一，處理光的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>特性。量子光學不只是理論而已，像<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="雷射">雷射</a>等現代光學設備其中的原理都是以量子光學為基礎。像<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E5%80%8D%E5%A2%9E%E7%AE%A1" title="光电倍增管">光电倍增管</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%80%8D%E5%A2%9E%E7%AE%A1" title="電子倍增管">電子倍增管</a>等光偵測器可以對單一<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>反應。像<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%85%89%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="感光耦合元件">感光耦合元件</a>等電子式的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" title="图像传感器">图像传感器</a>，也會因為個別光子的統計特性而出現<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%B2%92%E5%99%AA%E5%A3%B0" title="散粒噪声">散粒噪声</a>。若沒有量子力學，也就無法理解<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="發光二極體">發光二極體</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="太阳能电池">太阳能电池</a>的原理。量子光學常和量子電子學重疊<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>特別領域的光學研究也包括光和特定材料之間的關係（如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晶體光學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crystal optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晶體光學（页面不存在）">晶體光學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Crystal optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crystal optics</span></a></span>）</span></span>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="超材料">超材料</a>），其他的研究包括電磁波的現象，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%A6%E6%97%8B" title="光學渦旋">光学涡旋</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非成像光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonimaging optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非成像光学（页面不存在）">非成像光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonimaging_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Nonimaging optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonimaging optics</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性光学</a>、統計光學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="光度学">光度学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="辐射度量学">辐射度量学</a>等。此外，電腦工程師對<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%8D%E9%AB%94%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="積體光學">積體光學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="机器视觉">機器視覺</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="光學電腦">光學計算</a>等有興趣，這些可能是下一代電腦中的重要組件<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現在，光學中純物理的部份會稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="光物理學">光物理學</a>，和光學中應用科學或工程的部份分開，後者則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光電工程">光電工程</a>。光電工程的主要領域包括有<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E" title="照明">照明</a>工程、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光電工程">光電工程</a>等，實務應用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光学透镜设计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Optical lens design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光学透镜设计（页面不存在）">光学透镜设计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_lens_design" class="extiw" title="en:Optical lens design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Optical lens design</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%9E%84%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B" title="光学构件的制作和检测">光学构件的制作和检测</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="影像處理">影像處理</a>等。其中部份領域有些重疊，而各概念的差異在不同的地區或是不同的產業也會略有不同。因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="雷射">雷射</a>技術的進展，在數十年前就開始了一個非線性光學的專業研究社群<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="光學的應用"><span id=".E5.85.89.E5.AD.B8.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>光學的應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：光學的應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>每天生活中有許多都和光學有關。生物的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="视觉系统">视觉系统</a>就是以光學原理運作，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%84%9F" title="五感">五感</a>之一。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="眼鏡">眼鏡</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E5%BD%A2%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="隱形眼鏡">隱形眼鏡</a>幫助人們改善視力，而光學也是許多消費性產品（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="相機">相機</a>）的重要機能，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="望遠鏡">望遠鏡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E9%8F%A1" title="放大鏡">放大鏡</a>都是典型的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8" title="光学仪器">光學儀器</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A5%BC" title="海市蜃楼">海市蜃楼</a>都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="光學現象">光學現象</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="光通訊">光通訊</a>是現在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="網際網路">網際網路</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="電話學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="telephony"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="电话学">電話學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/telephony" class="extiw" title="en:telephony"><span lang="en" dir="auto">telephony</span></a></span>）</span></span>的基礎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人眼"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.9C.BC"></span>人眼</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：人眼"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/300px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/450px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg/600px-Eye-diagram_no_circles_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>人眼的圖及其中重要的部份 3. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%AB%E7%8A%B6%E8%82%8C" title="睫状肌">睫状肌</a>, 6. <a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%B3%E5%AD%94" title="瞳孔">瞳孔</a>, 8. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%86%9C" title="角膜">角膜</a>, 10. <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶状体">晶状体</a>, 22. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="视神经">视神经</a>, 26. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正中凹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fovea centralis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%87%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正中凹（页面不存在）">正中凹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis" class="extiw" title="en:Fovea centralis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fovea centralis</span></a></span>）</span></span> 30. <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜">视网膜</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9C%BC" title="人眼">人眼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="光度学">光度學</a></div> <p>人眼的功能是將光線聚焦在稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜">视网膜</a>，位在眼球內部後方的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%85%89%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="感光细胞">感光细胞</a>。聚焦是由一系列的透光物質來達成。進入眼球的光會先通過<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%86%9C" title="角膜">角膜</a>，之後通過角膜後的液態區域<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="眼球前房" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="anterior chamber"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%BC%E7%90%83%E5%89%8D%E6%88%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="眼球前房（页面不存在）">眼球前房</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anterior_chamber" class="extiw" title="en:anterior chamber"><span lang="en" dir="auto">anterior chamber</span></a></span>）</span></span>，接著進入<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%B3%E5%AD%94" title="瞳孔">瞳孔</a>。光之後通過可以調節及聚焦光線的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶状体">晶状体</a>，接著會經過人眼中的主要液態區域<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E4%BD%93" title="玻璃体">玻璃体</a>，最後進入<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜">视网膜</a>。视网膜的細胞在眼球內側的後面，只有一點是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="视神经">视神经</a>離開眼球的路徑，這個點也是眼睛的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E9%BB%9E_(%E7%9C%BC)" title="盲點 (眼)">盲點</a>。 </p><p>眼睛中有兩種感光細胞，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%9D%86%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="視杆細胞">視杆細胞</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%94%A5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="视锥细胞">視錐細胞</a>，會以不同的方式感測光線<sup id="cite_ref-eyeoptics_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eyeoptics-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%9D%86%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="視杆細胞">視杆細胞</a>對廣泛頻率範圍內的光強度變化很敏感，負責<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="暗視覺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="scotopic vision"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%97%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暗視覺（页面不存在）">黑白視覺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scotopic_vision" class="extiw" title="en:scotopic vision"><span lang="en" dir="auto">scotopic vision</span></a></span>）</span></span>，視杆細胞分布在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正中凹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fovea centralis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%87%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正中凹（页面不存在）">正中凹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fovea_centralis" class="extiw" title="en:Fovea centralis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fovea centralis</span></a></span>）</span></span>的區域，對於光在空間中的變化或是隨時間的變化不如視錐細胞那麼敏感。不過視杆細胞在視網膜中分布的區域較廣，且數量是視錐細胞的二十倍，因為其分布位置的廣泛，視杆細胞負責<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外围视觉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="peripheral vision"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%B4%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外围视觉（页面不存在）">外围视觉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peripheral_vision" class="extiw" title="en:peripheral vision"><span lang="en" dir="auto">peripheral vision</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%94%A5%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="视锥细胞">視錐細胞</a>對光的整體強度變化較不敏感，但視錐細胞分為三種，對三個不同頻率範圍的光很敏感，因此用來認知<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="顏色">顏色</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亮视觉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="photopic vision"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AE%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亮视觉（页面不存在）">亮视觉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photopic_vision" class="extiw" title="en:photopic vision"><span lang="en" dir="auto">photopic vision</span></a></span>）</span></span>。視錐細胞集中在正中凹，其空間的解析度較視杆細胞要好。因為視錐細胞在光線暗時不像視杆細胞那麼靈敏，夜間視覺會因為而受限。因為視錐細胞集中在正中凹，大部份的中央视觉（例如閱讀、做精細動作或檢查物品需要的視覺）都是由視錐細胞進行<sup id="cite_ref-Kandel_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kandel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大氣光學"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E6.B0.A3.E5.85.89.E5.AD.B8"></span>大氣光學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：大氣光學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣光學">大氣光學</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firesunset2edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Firesunset2edit.jpg/300px-Firesunset2edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Firesunset2edit.jpg/450px-Firesunset2edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Firesunset2edit.jpg/600px-Firesunset2edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>彩色的天空多半因為空氣中的粒子及污染物的散射所造成，圖中是<a href="/wiki/2007%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" title="2007年10月加州山火">2007年10月加州山火</a>時的日落</figcaption></figure> <p>大氣獨特的光學特性造成很多壯觀的光學現象，像天空的藍色就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="瑞利散射">瑞利散射</a>的結果，將較高頻率的顏色（藍色）反射到觀察者眼前。因為藍光比紅光容易被散射，當透過較厚的太氣來直接觀測太陽（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA" title="日出">日出</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%90%BD" title="日落">日落</a>）時，太陽會呈現紅色。天空中其他顆粒物也可以在不同角度散射不同顏色的光，因此在黃昏和黎明時會有多彩發光的天空。大氣中<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%99%B6" title="冰晶">冰晶</a>或其他物質的散射造成了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%88" title="暈">暈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E9%9C%9E%E9%A4%98%E6%9A%89" class="mw-redirect" title="晚霞餘暉">晚霞餘暉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF_(%E5%85%89%E8%B1%A1)" title="華 (光象)">華</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E9%9A%99%E5%85%89" title="雲隙光">雲隙光</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%97%A5" title="幻日">幻日</a>等大氣現象。這些現象的不同是因為空氣中粒子的大小及其幾何形狀<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A5%BC" title="海市蜃楼">海市蜃楼</a>是光因為不同溫度下空氣<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87" title="折射率">折射率</a>的變化而產生的光學現象。光線在傳播於不同溫度下的空氣時被偏折而在遙遠的距離或天空中生成虛像，因此物體會出現於原先不可能出現的位置。其他相關的光學效應包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%B6%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="新地島效應">新地島效應</a>，也就是太陽上昇的比預期時間要快，而且形狀扭曲。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E8%9C%83%E6%99%AF" title="複雜蜃景">複雜蜃景</a>是和<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E6%BA%AB" title="逆溫">逆溫</a>下的折射有關的光學現象，是像島嶼、懸崖、船舶及冰山等物體在地平線上，其外形伸長且拉高，看起來像「童話故事裡的城堡」<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a>是光在雨滴中的內反射及色散折射所造成。若在雨滴中只有單一反射，會在天空仰角約40°至42°度形成彩虹，紅色在最外層，若是在雨滴中有二次反射，會在天空仰角約50.5°至54°形成彩虹，紫色在最外層。因為太陽和彩虹的中心會相差180度，若太陽越靠近地平線，彩虹會更明顯<sup id="cite_ref-light_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>经典光學</dt></dl> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="像差">像差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="光色散">光色散</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="畸變">光学畸变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梯度折射率光學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gradient index optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84%E7%8E%87%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梯度折射率光學（页面不存在）">梯度折射率光學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_index_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Gradient index optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gradient index optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%93" title="干涉測量術">干涉測量術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傅立叶光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fourier optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傅立叶光学（页面不存在）">傅立叶光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Fourier optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fourier optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%9E%84%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%88%B6%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B" title="光学构件的制作和检测">光学构件的制作和检测</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光学透镜设计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Optical lens design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光学透镜设计（页面不存在）">光学透镜设计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_lens_design" class="extiw" title="en:Optical lens design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Optical lens design</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%BA%A6" title="光學解析度">光学分辨率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="光线">光线</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光線追蹤 (物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ray tracing (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E7%B7%9A%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光線追蹤 (物理)（页面不存在）">光線追蹤 (物理)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Ray tracing (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ray tracing (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>近代光學</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="自适应光学">自适应光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E4%BA%8C%E8%89%B2%E6%80%A7" title="圆二色性">圆二色性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晶体光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crystal optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晶体光学（页面不存在）">晶体光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Crystal optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crystal optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="光纤">光纤</a>光学</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="波导">导波光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%83%8F%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="全像術">全像術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="集成光学">集成光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="琼斯算法">琼斯算法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微光機電系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微光機電系統（页面不存在）">微光機電系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical_Systems" class="extiw" title="en:Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非成像光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonimaging optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非成像光学（页面不存在）">非成像光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonimaging_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Nonimaging optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonimaging optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性光学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近場光學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Near-field optic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E5%A0%B4%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近場光學（页面不存在）">近場光學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_optic" class="extiw" title="en:Near-field optic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Near-field optic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>光学建模与仿真方法</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="光学文字识别">光學文字識別</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光学处理（页面不存在）">光学处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%A6%E6%97%8B" title="光學渦旋">光学涡旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6" title="光度学">光度学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="光电子">光电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="辐射度量学">辐射度量学</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>统计光学</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%84%E8%86%9C%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="薄膜光学">薄膜光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线光学">X射线光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜學">光譜學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="氫原子光譜">氫原子光譜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线衍射">X射線繞射</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>應用</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E8%89%B2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="颜色科学">颜色科学</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>照明工程</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑光学">建筑光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="图像处理">图像处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E8%AE%BA" title="信息论">信息论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="线性光学">线性光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="机器视觉">机器视觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="光通訊">光通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="光學計算">光學計算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%A2%9F" title="光碟">光数据存储</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>光学显示</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光反馈效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Video feedback"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%8F%8D%E9%A6%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光反馈效应（页面不存在）">光反馈效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_feedback" class="extiw" title="en:Video feedback"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Video feedback</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="模式识别">模式识别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="摄影">摄影</a>学</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="熱物理學">热物理学</a> — <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="熱輻射">熱輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="视觉系统">视觉系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="光物理學">光物理學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McGrawHill-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrawHill_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th. McGraw-Hill. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=optic&allowed_in_frame=0">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821210830/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=optic&allowed_in_frame=0">存档</a>于2012-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Doptic%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Schuster <i>An Introduction to the Theory of Optics</i>, London: Edward Arnold, 1904 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03146755&id=X0AcBd-bcCwC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=fermat%27s-principle">online</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140922040250/http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03146755&id=X0AcBd-bcCwC&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=fermat%27s-principle">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greivenkamp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greivenkamp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Greivenkamp, John E. Field Guide to Geometrical Optics. SPIE Field Guides <b>1</b>. SPIE. 2004: 19–20. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8194-5294-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-8194-5294-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8194-5294-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.aulast=Greivenkamp&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Geometrical+Optics&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8194-5294-7&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=SPIE&rft.series=SPIE+Field+Guides&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ufimtsev2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ufimtsev2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pyotr Ya. Ufimtsev. Fundamentals of the Physical Theory of Diffraction. John Wiley & Sons. 9 February 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-10900-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-10900-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-470-10900-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Pyotr+Ya.+Ufimtsev&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Physical+Theory+of+Diffraction&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-10900-7&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Frank_Walls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Frank Walls（页面不存在）">D. F. Walls</a> and G. J. Milburn <i>Quantum Optics</i> (Springer 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Alastair D. McAulay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RuRRAAAAMAAJ">Optical computer architectures: the application of optical concepts to next generation computers</a>. Wiley. 16 January 1991 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-471-63242-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-471-63242-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-471-63242-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425234550/https://books.google.com/books?id=RuRRAAAAMAAJ">存档</a>于2016-04-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Alastair+D.+McAulay&rft.btitle=Optical+computer+architectures%3A+the+application+of+optical+concepts+to+next+generation+computers&rft.date=1991-01-16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-471-63242-9&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRuRRAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Y. R. Shen. The principles of nonlinear optics. New York, Wiley-Interscience. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-88998-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-88998-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-88998-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Y.+R.+Shen&rft.btitle=The+principles+of+nonlinear+optics&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-88998-9&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Wiley-Interscience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eyeoptics-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eyeoptics_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Atchison and G. Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opticsofhumaneye0000atch">Optics of the Human Eye</a>. Elsevier. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7506-3775-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-7506-3775-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7506-3775-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=D.+Atchison+and+G.+Smith&rft.btitle=Optics+of+the+Human+Eye&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7506-3775-7&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopticsofhumaneye0000atch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kandel_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, T. M. Jessell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011">Principles of Neural Science</a> 4th. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011/page/507">507</a>–513. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8385-7701-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-8385-7701-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8385-7701-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=E.+R.+Kandel%2C+J.+H.+Schwartz%2C+T.+M.+Jessell&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neural+Science&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8385-7701-6&rft.pages=507-513&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780838577011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">C. D. Ahrens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorologytoday00ahre">Meteorology Today: an introduction to weather, climate, and the environment</a> 5th. West Publishing Company. 1994: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meteorologytoday00ahre/page/88">88</a>–89. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-314-02779-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-314-02779-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-314-02779-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=C.+D.+Ahrens&rft.btitle=Meteorology+Today%3A+an+introduction+to+weather%2C+climate%2C+and+the+environment&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-314-02779-3&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeteorologytoday00ahre&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">A. Young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/mirages/mirintro.html">An Introduction to Mirages</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-09-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001010123208/http://mintaka.sdsu.edu/GF/mirages/mirintro.html">存档</a>于2000-10-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=A.+Young&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Mirages&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmintaka.sdsu.edu%2FGF%2Fmirages%2Fmirintro.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-light-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-light_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">H. D. Young. University Physics 8e. Addison-Wesley. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-201-52981-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-201-52981-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-201-52981-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=H.+D.+Young&rft.btitle=University+Physics+8e&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-201-52981-5&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>Chapter 34</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Hecht, Eugene. Optics (4th ed.). Pearson Education. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780805385663" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8053-8566-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Hecht%2C+Eugene&rft.btitle=Optics+%284th+ed.%29&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). Brooks/Cole. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780534408428" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-534-40842-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Serway%2C+Raymond+A.%3B+Jewett%2C+John+W.&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers+%286th+ed.%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tipler, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0002tipl">Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.)</a>. W. H. Freeman. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780716708100" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-0810-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Tipler%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Scientists+and+Engineers%3A+Electricity%2C+Magnetism%2C+Light%2C+and+Elementary+Modern+Physics+%285th+ed.%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicsforscient0002tipl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教科書"><span id=".E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8"></span>教科書</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：教科書"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1book5.html">Optics</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050622052219/http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1book5.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） — an open-source Optics textbook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optics2001.com">Optics2001</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191012080415/http://www.optics2001.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） — Optics library and community</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="協會"><span id=".E5.8D.94.E6.9C.83"></span>協會</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：協會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org">OSA</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060718085053/http://www.osa.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） — Optical Society of America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spie.org">SPIE</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200923164754/http://www.spie.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myeos.org">EOS</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110226105244/http://www.myeos.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） — European Optical Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012202039/http://www.nwphotonicsassociation.org.uk/">Northwest Photonics Association</a> — UK</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="光学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:光学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:光学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:光学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="光学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">光学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89" title="视觉">视觉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8" title="光学仪器">儀器</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="光學史">歷史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何光学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (物理学)">反射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="菲涅耳方程">菲涅耳方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B6%85%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="斯涅尔定律">斯涅尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E9%A6%AC%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="費馬原理">費馬原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%95%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="马吕斯定理">马吕斯定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E9%95%9C" title="透镜">透镜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%83%8F" title="實像">實像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E5%83%8F" title="虛像">虛像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="像差">像差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%8F%E6%95%A3" title="像散">像散</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%B7%AE" title="色差">色差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理光学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="衍射">衍射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="散射">散射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B8%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="雙縫實驗">双缝干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%BB%AA" title="迈克耳孙干涉仪">迈克耳孙干涉仪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB-%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" title="馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀">馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C-%E7%8F%80%E7%BD%97%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E4%BB%AA" title="法布里-珀罗干涉仪">法布里-珀罗干涉仪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF-%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="惠更斯-菲涅耳原理">惠更斯-菲涅耳原理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="基爾霍夫衍射公式">菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%85%E7%A6%BE%E8%B4%B9%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="夫琅禾费衍射">夫琅禾费衍射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="菲涅耳衍射">菲涅耳衍射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%A0%85" title="光栅">光栅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="瑞利散射">瑞利散射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="米氏散射">米氏散射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%95%A3_(%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8)" title="色散 (光學)">色散 (光學)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傅里叶光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fourier optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%B6%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傅里叶光学（页面不存在）">傅里叶光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Fourier optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fourier optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現代光学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性光学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晶体光学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crystal optics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晶体光学（页面不存在）">晶体光学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_optics" class="extiw" title="en:Crystal optics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crystal optics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="光子学">光子学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維">光導纖維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A" title="光通訊">光通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8" title="光学仪器">光学仪器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" title="望远镜">望远镜</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="大氣光學">自然光象</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%88" title="暈">暈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%97%A5" title="幻日">幻日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%9F%B1" title="光柱">日柱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%89%BF" title="日承">日承</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E8%99%B9" title="彩虹">彩虹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E8%99%B9" title="月虹">月虹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF_(%E5%85%89%E8%B1%A1)" title="華 (光象)">華</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%92%B0_(%E5%85%89%E8%B1%A1)" title="光環 (光象)">光環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A9%E9%9B%B2" title="彩雲">彩雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E8%9C%83%E6%A5%BC" title="海市蜃楼">海市蜃楼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E9%96%83%E5%85%89" title="綠閃光">綠閃光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%A9%E9%A0%82%E5%BC%A7" title="環天頂弧">環天頂弧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E9%9C%B2%E5%AF%B6%E5%85%89" title="草露寶光">草露寶光</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">物理學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3" title="奥古斯丁·菲涅耳">菲涅耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%85%E5%92%8C%E8%B4%B9" title="约瑟夫·冯·夫琅和费">夫琅和费</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" title="伊本·海什木">海什木</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%AF" title="克里斯蒂安·惠更斯">惠更斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">牛顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">瑞利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%90%86%E5%8D%9A%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E4%B9%83%E8%80%B3" title="威理博·司乃耳">斯涅尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨">托马斯·杨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="物理学分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:物理學分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:物理學分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="物理学分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:物理学分支">分支</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="物理学史">物理学史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">组成部分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">实验物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">应用物理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学">力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E9%81%93%E5%AD%A6" title="弹道学">弹道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="拉格朗日力学">拉格朗日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="哈密顿力学">哈密顿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E7%BB%AD%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="连续介质力学">连续介质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="天體力學">天体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按专业</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="數碼物理學">數碼物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="计算物理学">计算物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子與光物理學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分子物理学">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="等离子体物理学">等离子体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A7%82%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="介观物理学">介观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学">声学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">光学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="激光医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laser medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laser medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physics">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:物理学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976012r">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976012r">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043650-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548411505171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095181">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566143">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="optika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115599&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300054570">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=光学&oldid=82335468">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=光学&oldid=82335468</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:光學">光學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="Category:電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="Category:应用物理">应用物理</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:自然哲学">自然哲学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:物理学分支">物理学分支</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古希臘語的條目">含有古希臘語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年4月20日 (星期六) 13:44。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-twlxc","wgBackendResponseTime":938,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.644","walltime":"0.778","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2445,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":115254,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1576,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37534,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 607.619 1 -total"," 16.19% 98.360 2 Template:Navbox"," 15.43% 93.772 1 Template:Lang-en"," 15.09% 91.675 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.17% 86.086 1 Template:光学"," 13.98% 84.965 1 Template:Authority_control"," 12.52% 76.067 1 Template:NoteTA"," 12.45% 75.625 12 Template:Cite_book"," 7.85% 47.701 23 Template:Le"," 4.94% 30.028 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.368","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15702282,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-twlxc","timestamp":"20241124115932","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u5149\u5b66","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14620","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q14620","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-03T21:42:17Z","dateModified":"2024-04-20T13:44:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bd\/Dispersive_Prism_Illustration.jpg","headline":"\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u9886\u57df"}</script> </body> </html>