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vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">经典电磁学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。60种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamik" title="Elektrodynamik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrodynamik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كهرطيسية تقليدية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهرطيسية تقليدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электрадынаміка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Клясычная электрадынаміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клясычная электрадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електродинамика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електродинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="চিরায়ত তড়িৎচুম্বকত্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিরায়ত তড়িৎচুম্বকত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodin%C3%A0mica_cl%C3%A0ssica" title="Electrodinàmica clàssica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electrodinàmica clàssica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamika" title="Elektrodynamika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrodynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электродинамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_elektrodynamik" title="Klassisk elektrodynamik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klassisk elektrodynamik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamik" title="Elektrodynamik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτροδυναμική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Classical electromagnetism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasika_elektromagnetismo" title="Klasika elektromagnetismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klasika elektromagnetismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodin%C3%A1mica" title="Electrodinámica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Elektrodünaamika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrodünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="الکترومغناطیس کلاسیک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترومغناطیس کلاسیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6dynamiikka" title="Sähködynamiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähködynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectrodynamique" title="Électrodynamique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électrodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictridinimic" title="Leictridinimic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictridinimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodin%C3%A1mica_cl%C3%A1sica" title="Electrodinámica clásica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrodinámica clásica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="चिरसम्मत विद्युत् चुम्बकीकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिरसम्मत विद्युत् चुम्बकीकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրադինամիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրադինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrodinamica_classica" title="Elettrodinamica classica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrodinamica classica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B0%97%E5%AD%A6" title="古典電磁気学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古典電磁気学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტროდინამიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტროდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электродинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="고전 전자기학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고전 전자기학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Електродинамика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електродинамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamik" title="Elektrodynamik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektrodynamik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamica" title="Elektrodynamica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamikk" title="Elektrodynamikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamikk" title="Elektrodynamikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਮੈਗਨੇਟਿਜ਼ਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਮੈਗਨੇਟਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamika_klasyczna" title="Elektrodynamika klasyczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektrodynamika klasyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletromagnetismo_cl%C3%A1ssico" title="Eletromagnetismo clássico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletromagnetismo clássico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electrodinamică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электродинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dni_elektromagnetizam" title="Klasični elektromagnetizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klasični elektromagnetizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodynamika" title="Elektrodynamika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrodynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika_klasike" title="Elektrodinamika klasike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektrodinamika klasike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dan_elektromagnetizam" title="Klasičan elektromagnetizam – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Klasičan elektromagnetizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_elektrodynamik" title="Klassisk elektrodynamik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassisk elektrodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபார்ந்த இயக்க மின்னியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபார்ந்த இயக்க மின்னியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Электродинамика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasik_elektromanyetizma" title="Klasik elektromanyetizma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Klasik elektromanyetizma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Электродинамика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электродинамика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Класична електродинаміка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Класична електродинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrodinamika" title="Elektrodinamika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrodinamika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AB_h%E1%BB%8Dc_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n" title="Điện từ học cổ điển – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện từ học cổ điển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="经典电磁学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ელექტროდინამიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ელექტროდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="古典電磁學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古典電磁學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q377930#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-e5eff178" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Math"></div></div></div> <p><b>经典电磁学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">classical electromagnetism</span>）或<b>经典电动力学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">classical electrodynamics</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理学</a>的分支，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力定律</a>为基础，主要研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">电</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a>现象的基本属性、运动规律，以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a>与带<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>物质的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁相互作用">相互作用</a>，常简称<b>电磁学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">electromagnetism</span>）或<b>电动力学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">electrodynamics</span>）<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。当相关尺度和场强足够大以至于量子效应可忽略时（参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="量子电动力学">量子电动力学</a>），这一套理论能够对电磁现象提供一个非常漂亮的描述。有关经典电磁理论的综述以及物理概念的详细解说可参见<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="费曼">费曼</a>、莱顿和桑斯<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；帕诺夫斯基和菲利普<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；以及杰克逊<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等人的专著。 </p><p>经典电磁理论主要发展於19世纪，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>的成就达到顶峰。关于这部分的历史可参见<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="泡利">泡利</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、惠特克<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E6%96%AF" title="亞伯拉罕·派斯">派斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的有关叙述。 </p><p><span lang="sl">Ribarič</span>和<span lang="sl">Šušteršič</span>在其著作《守恒律和经典电动力学的未决问题》<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中基于当前对经典电磁理论的理解，考查了十二个至今尚未解决的电动力学问题；到目前为止，他们研究并引用了1903年至1989年间约240篇参考文献。如杰克逊所言<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，经典电动力学中最显著的问题在於，我们只可能在如下两种有限的情形下得到及讨论基本方程的解：第一种情形为给出电荷和电流的分布，求解激发的电磁场；第二种情形为给出外部的电磁场，求解内部带电粒子和电流的运动。而有时候这两种情形会合二为一，此时的处理方法却只能按次序进行：首先在忽略<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a>的情形下确定在外场中带电粒子的运动，然后将运动粒子的轨迹作为辐射源的分布计算<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁辐射">电磁辐射</a>。很明显，在电动力学中这种处理手段只能近似正确。进一步来说，虽然麦克斯韦方程组本身是线性的，然而某些电学-力学系统中电荷和电流与它们所激发的电磁场之间的相互作用却无法忽略，对於这类系统我们还不能从电动力学上完全理解。虽然经过了一个世纪的努力，至今人们还没能得到一组能够被广泛接受的描述带电粒子运动的经典方程，同时也没有获得任何有用的实验数据的支持。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="洛伦兹力"><span id=".E6.B4.9B.E4.BC.A6.E5.85.B9.E5.8A.9B"></span>洛伦兹力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：洛伦兹力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a>会对处于其中的带电粒子施加如下的力（通常称作洛伦兹力）： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccc7325732c56e5caeacd2005cd803c9ed5e9d8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.67ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} +q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中粗体量表示<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量">矢量</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fbf4e67f8ed8a37a4fe2fac3a15a1480b6f1ec7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.07ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} \,}"></span>是携带<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1a86cf57bb32fa93b5761fe63b7fef8c76c889f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.457ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\,}"></span>的粒子所受到的洛伦兹力，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3657d4fa1b27599f223b269a77fd589a0946c62a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.144ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"></span>是粒子所在位置的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电场强度">电场强度</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f9a0b99f33337761cdf1577409d136ec3719a50" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.798ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \,}"></span>是带电粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/226f65ba2bf61c4a82a8e299d14b3b2e0e85c595" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.288ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}"></span>是粒子所在位置的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="磁感应强度">磁感应强度</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电场"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E5.9C.BA"></span>电场</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：电场"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电场">电场</a></div> <p>对於静止电荷而言<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电场强度">电场强度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span>的定义为 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q_{0}\mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q_{0}\mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff7b28dad35556688ac437efd57870cb882f4d83" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.629ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q_{0}\mathbf {E} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d68d37de188ac61f0c0e3f31d5322d1c486f2f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}}"></span>被称作检验电荷。电荷本身的尺寸并不重要，只要电荷本身足够小以至於它的存在对外部电场所产生的影响可忽略。从这个定义很容易得到电场强度的单位为牛顿/库仑，这个单位等价於伏特/公尺。这一点在下文中可以看到。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="静电学">静电学</a>中，电荷都处于静止状态，此时从<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a>可得到 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}\left(\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right)}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right|^{3}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}\left(\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right)}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right|^{3}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458292b0a0887a64cc64608fb7f32897f50349a5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.166ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {q_{i}\left(\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right)}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{i}\right|^{3}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/205e33e6845813cc72ca346b896a7945f90ca373" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.782ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\,}"></span>是电荷数，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{i}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{i}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b921e3b04644dc1e7a53994640438aba82e0163" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.224ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{i}\,}"></span>是第i个电荷所带的电量，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5a15ff6c5c4744e92e66b1d508d5f70649b529a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.289ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{i}\,}"></span>是第<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>个电荷的位置，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/020e7eadc575495b6fddb0d255e5076d67f4c767" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.489ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"></span>是所讨论的电场位置，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/faed4dfbe8a39dad781955c374d1f39722b33613" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.525ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\,}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="真空电容率">真空电容率</a>。 </p><p>上面给出的库仑定律描述了多个离散电荷的情形。如果是连续分布电荷所激发的电场，上面的求和变为积分： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{r^{2}}}\mathrm {d} V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{r^{2}}}\mathrm {d} V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/815c6dd6454d9b923a34f2bdd7eb6d43e8a692ad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.483ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} ){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}{r^{2}}}\mathrm {d} V}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae582b09202a2d30b9d4a92e2ad770ad670dee60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.5ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="電荷密度">电荷密度</a>，它是位置的函数；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9740464b71653e12932278ee944540be8caa5b96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {r} }}}"></span>是从源<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\rm {{d}V\,}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\rm {{d}V\,}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/294b33c9ae53a7779b6b32861f50369ee5e6a899" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.423ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\rm {{d}V\,}}}"></span>到场点的单位矢量；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f08ce4d4c86c5b43f36c8435fb598da6471047c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.436ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\,}"></span>是源点到场点的距离。 </p><p>上面给出的两个方程使用起来都相当繁琐，特别是想要将电场<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3657d4fa1b27599f223b269a77fd589a0946c62a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.144ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"></span>表示为一个位置的函数的情形。一个相对简单的方法是引入一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="标量 (物理学)">标量</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="電勢">电势</a>。电势的定义为电场强度沿特定路径的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="线积分">线积分</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }=-\int _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">s</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }=-\int _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1824568dbf8da11c0b4533f9d5856fd143b270f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.234ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }=-\int _{C}\mathbf {E} \cdot \mathrm {d} \mathbf {s} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2293044d1691bd44250dbe16c57cfe50a5fdc40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.382ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{\mathbf {E} }\,}"></span>是电势，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>是积分所沿的路径。 </p><p>然而，这个定义有需要留心的地方：根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>，很明显电场的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="旋度">旋度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0dec236c22560f46cb6252f7bb65229f89120005" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.533ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} }"></span>并不总是为零的，对於这类旋度不为零的矢量场无法定义势，也就是说仅用一个标势无法正确描述这类电场。解决这一问题的途径是引入一个修正因子，通常是减去一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A2%E5%8A%BF" title="磁矢势">矢势</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dd68c84d3681911d63970cb9a87d34cae3e6ede" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.407ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} \,}"></span>对时间的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0" title="偏导数">偏导数</a>。只要当电荷随时间的变化是准静态的，这一修正条件基本都是能够得到满足的，从而避免了一系列相关问题。 </p><p>从电荷的定义，可以轻易证明一个点电荷的电势为 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}\right|}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}\right|}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0571ae6d4650adb8f75fdfdae4c5d07bac51533d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:17.801ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {q}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}\right|}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e1a86cf57bb32fa93b5761fe63b7fef8c76c889f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.457ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q\,}"></span>是点电荷的电量，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/020e7eadc575495b6fddb0d255e5076d67f4c767" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.489ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"></span>是场点的位置，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98d4bcf6834ec4a5d85ff1b7a62a2ba433119e98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.478ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}\,}"></span>是点电荷的位置。对一般的电荷分布，电势由下面积分给出： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{r}}\mathrm {d} V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>r</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{r}}\mathrm {d} V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2b8a6bed53e55385062a809cc91ddada6791060" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.945ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}\int {\frac {\rho (\mathbf {r} )}{r}}\mathrm {d} V}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae582b09202a2d30b9d4a92e2ad770ad670dee60" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.5ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {r} )\,}"></span>是电荷密度，同样是位置的函数，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f08ce4d4c86c5b43f36c8435fb598da6471047c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.436ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\,}"></span>是从源<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b80507190aa9d38a279909db47b63657f2b62ba7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.08ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V}"></span>到场点的距离。注意在这里<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"></span>是一个标量，从而叠加起来相对矢量要容易很多。从电势的定义反推出电场强度，可知电场强度是电势的负<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6" title="梯度">梯度</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \varphi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \varphi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d57996cd4503200fa16f5019f836e6d92ff2f0f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.12ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =-\nabla \varphi }"></span></dd></dl> <p>从这个关系可清楚看到场强的单位为伏特/公尺。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电磁波"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E7.A3.81.E6.B3.A2"></span>电磁波</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：电磁波"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></div> <p>随时间变化的电磁场会以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2" title="波">波</a>的形式离开源点向外传播。这些波在真空中以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>前进，并覆盖了范围很宽的不同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%BF" title="波长">波长</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="频谱">频谱</a>。这其中包括（波长由长到短排列）：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="光波">光波</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="红外线">红外线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光">可见光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="紫外线">紫外线</a>）、<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射线</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="伽玛射线">伽玛射线</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁辐射">电磁辐射</a>是带电粒子之间<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电磁相互作用">电磁相互作用</a>的具体表现形式，即电磁相互作用是通过电磁辐射（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>）为媒介来传递的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="场方程的推广"><span id=".E5.9C.BA.E6.96.B9.E7.A8.8B.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A8.E5.B9.BF"></span>场方程的推广</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：场方程的推广"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E7%BC%85%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="杰斐缅柯方程">杰斐缅柯方程</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%B3-%E7%BB%B4%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="李纳-维谢尔势">李纳-维谢尔势</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a>虽然形式简洁并能对电学作出很好的描述，在经典电动力学中它却并不是完全正确的。根本问题在於，在考虑含时的情形下库仑定律描述的是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B7%9D%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="超距作用">超距作用</a>，这种处理方法在场和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a>的观念中是不成立的。举例而言，当电荷分布发生变化时，库仑定律所描述的电场所发生的相应变化也是瞬时而<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a>则要求空间中任何一点的电场变化所需时间为非零值。根据电磁场理论我们知道在真空中这种扰动所需的传播速度为光速，从而含时的电荷分布在空间中激发的电场变化都是被延迟的。对一般的含时电荷及电流分布形成的场，这种<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%A2" title="推遲勢">推迟势</a>可被计算求出，对其进行微分运算可得到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E7%BC%85%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="杰斐缅柯方程">杰斐缅柯方程</a>。 </p><p>对於运动中的点电荷，推迟势还可用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%B3-%E7%BB%B4%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="李纳-维谢尔势">李纳-维谢尔势</a>来表述。其中<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%A0%87%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="电标势">电标势</a>为 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>φ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>q</mi> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09553ceae3039693e28f1f1430e8ab5a373931c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:45.77ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi ={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/628e02efaaf30342ba758577d55d7894ee7f096e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.373ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\,}"></span>和<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df13a58774263b0b1540f01e45cd311847eb17da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.694ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})\,}"></span>分别是点电荷的位置和速度，它们都是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="推遲時間">推迟时间</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2ab531b7f4251204fe1539f5f9da6c5d54bbe9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.473ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{\text{ret}}\,}"></span>的函数。而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A2%E5%8A%BF" title="磁矢势">磁矢势</a>有类似的形式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}{\frac {q\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ret</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}{\frac {q\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7ff932bf408f8914b29177d39875358b468fa97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:44.271ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} ={\frac {\mu _{0}}{4\pi }}{\frac {q\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{\left|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}})\right|-{\frac {\mathbf {v} (t_{\text{ret}})}{c}}\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{q}(t_{\text{ret}}))}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>对这两个推迟势求微分可得到运动点电荷所激发的电磁场的完整场方程<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="量子电动力学">量子电动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="磁学">磁学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="光學史">光学史</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="惠勒-费曼吸收体理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92-%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="惠勒-费曼吸收体理论（页面不存在）">惠勒-费曼吸收体理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler-Feynman_absorber_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="扩展阅读"><span id=".E6.89.A9.E5.B1.95.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>扩展阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：扩展阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>郭硕鸿．电动力学（第三版）．北京：高等教育出版社，2008．</li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="大衛·格里菲斯 (物理學家)">Griffiths, David J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009397735">Introduction to Electrodynamics</a> 5th. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University</a>. 2024. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-009-39775-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-009-39775-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-009-39775-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009397735"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/9781009397735</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Electrodynamics&rft.date=2024&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-009-39775-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781009397735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009397735&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="高等教育">高等教育</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="本科">本科</a>阶段，“电磁学”与“电动力学”常被分成两门课程，但根据中国大陆《高等学校物理学本科指导性专业规范》，它们同属“电磁”知识领域，知识单元互相穿插，分开只是教学上的考虑（如需用到<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="数学物理方法">数学物理方法</a>的知识点大都放在“电动力学”课程）。故研究电磁现象与规律的学科可直接统称电磁学或电动力学。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&rft.pages=3-26&rft.volume=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpe.fjnu.edu.cn%2F_upload%2Farticle%2Ffiles%2F1d%2F46%2F6e76d5614c6c87c0ac66b4dd94d3%2F5035b7fe-437e-4c8b-9eb1-12c9be4f4709.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%98%8C%E7%A5%BA" title="曹昌祺">曹昌祺</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=141138&Type=bkzyb&SubID=61955">经典电动力学 - 《中国大百科全书》</a>. 中国大百科全书出版社. 2023-04-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-03-13</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313211258/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=141138&Type=bkzyb&SubID=61955">存档</a>于2024-03-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E6%9B%B9%E6%98%8C%E7%A5%BA&rft.btitle=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6+-+%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgbk.com%2Fecph%2Fwords%3FSiteID%3D1%26ID%3D141138%26Type%3Dbkzyb%26SubID%3D61955&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feynman, R.P., R.B. Leighton, and M. Sands, 1965, <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. II: the Electromagnetic Field,</i> Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panofsky, W.K., and M. Phillips, 1969, <i>Classical Electricity and Magnetism,</i> 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jack-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_6-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_6-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jackson, John D. Classical Electrodynamics 3rd. New York: Wiley. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-30932-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-30932-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-30932-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.btitle=Classical+Electrodynamics&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-30932-X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauli, W., 1958, <i>Theory of Relativity,</i> Pergamon, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Whittaker, E. T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich">A history of the theories of aether and electricity. Vol 1</a>. Nelson, London. 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Whittaker%2C+E.+T.&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+theories+of+aether+and+electricity.+Vol+1&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Nelson%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftheorie00whitrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pais, A., 1983, <i>»Subtle is the Lord...«; the Science and Life of Albert Einstein,</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribarič, M., and L. Šušteršič, 1990, <i>Conservation Laws and Open Questions of Classical Electrodynamics,</i> World Scientific, Singapore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David J. Griffiths. Introduction to Electrodynamics 4. 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title="介观物理学">介观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="软物质">软</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="声学">声学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学">光学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="物理光学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性光学">非线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="激光医学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laser medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laser medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:物理学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="WikiProject:物理学">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="电磁学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:电磁学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:电磁学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:电磁学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="电磁学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E8%B5%B7%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="摩擦起電效應">摩擦起電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="静电放电">静电放电</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%99%95%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="电晕放电">电晕放电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E7%AB%AF%E6%94%BE%E9%9B%BB" title="尖端放電">尖端放电</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="静电感应">静电感应</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%98" title="静电除尘">静电吸附</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E5%B1%8F%E8%94%BD" title="静电屏蔽">静电屏蔽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯定律">高斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="电通量">电通量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="电势能">电势能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%81%B6%E6%9E%81%E7%9F%A9" title="电偶极矩">电偶极矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96" title="電極化">電極化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="電位移">電位移</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="磁感应强度">磁感应强度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場強度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="磁化強度">磁化強度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="磁通量">磁通量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="毕奥-萨伐尔定律">毕奥-萨伐尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A9" title="磁矩">磁矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯磁定律">高斯磁定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A2%E5%8A%BF" title="磁矢势">磁矢势</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="电路">电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="電勢">電勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="電導體">導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="超導體">超導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="串聯電路">串聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="並聯電路">並聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%A6%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="带电流">带电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8B%A2" title="電動勢">電動勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗">阻抗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC" title="电导">电导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%BC" title="电磁波导">波导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B6%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="憶阻器">憶阻器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="电现象">电现象</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="壓電效應">壓電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E9%98%BB%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="压阻效应">压阻效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="熱電效應">熱電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应">光电效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%87%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89" title="電致發光">電致發光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%82%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="中高层大气放电">中高层大气放电</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">电动力学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="霍爾效應">霍爾效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE" title="電磁干擾">電磁干擾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="法拉第电磁感应定律">法拉第电磁感应定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="楞次定律">楞次定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="位移電流">位移電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="馬克士威應力張量">馬克士威應力張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BB%B7%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="坡印廷向量">坡印廷向量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E7%B4%8D-%E7%B6%AD%E8%AC%9D%E5%8B%A2" title="黎納-維謝勢">黎納-維謝勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E6%96%90%E7%B7%AC%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="傑斐緬柯方程式">傑斐緬柯方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="渦電流">渦電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="倫敦方程">倫敦方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%A2" title="推遲勢">推遲勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="自由空間">自由空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="经典电磁理论的协变形式">協變表述</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁張量">電磁張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="四維電流密度">四維電流密度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁應力-能量張量">電磁應力-能量張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%BF" title="电磁四维势">四維勢</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#电磁学的发展史" title="物理学史">发展史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="电荷守恒定律">电荷守恒定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E5%A0%86" title="伏打电堆">伏打电堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伽伐尼电池">伽伐尼电池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="电磁感应">电磁感应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="戴维南定理">戴维南定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科學家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安德烈-馬里·安培">安培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5" title="让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥">让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="夏尔·库仑">庫侖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">漢弗里·戴維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8A%92%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E7%B4%A2" title="阿尔芒·斐索">阿爾芒·斐索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">高斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A1%9E" title="奧利弗·黑維塞">奧利弗·黑維塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">亥姆霍茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" title="約瑟·亨利">亨利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">赫茲</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" class="extiw" title="en:John Hopkinson">John Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" class="extiw" title="en:Oleg D. Jefimenko">Oleg D. Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">开尔文勋爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·拉莫尔">約瑟夫·拉莫爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%B7%E6%AC%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="海因里希·冷次">海因里希·冷次</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred-Marie Liénard">Alfred-Marie Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亨德里克·勞侖茲">亨德里克·勞侖茲</a></li> <li><a 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