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data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Julius A Adinoyi</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114038318"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/114038318/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/114038318/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research</span><span>, Jun 2, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114038318"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" 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Nigeria","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114038318/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria","owner_id":4694038,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4694038,"first_name":"Julius","middle_initials":"A","last_name":"Adinoyi","page_name":"JuliusAdinoyi","domain_name":"auburn","created_at":"2013-06-29T04:55:53.678-07:00","display_name":"Julius A Adinoyi","url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112692143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112692143/Global_Terror_and_Revenue_Mobilisation_in_West_Africa_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_Activities_on_Taxation_Systems_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Global Terror and Revenue Mobilisation in West Africa: Impact of Boko-Haram Activities on Taxation Systems in North-eastern Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109843070/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112692143/Global_Terror_and_Revenue_Mobilisation_in_West_Africa_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_Activities_on_Taxation_Systems_in_North_eastern_Nigeria">Global Terror and Revenue Mobilisation in West Africa: Impact of Boko-Haram Activities on Taxation Systems in North-eastern Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of National Defence University-Kenya</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study investigates the profound effects of Boko-Haram terrorism on government revenue genera...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study investigates the profound effects of Boko-Haram terrorism on government revenue generation in Nigeria's north-eastern region. The primary objective is to understand how terrorism influences tax collection systems and taxable sectors. Key research questions revolve around how terrorist activities have impeded the government's ability to garner revenue effectively in the region. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates systems theory with qualitative and quantitative data to address the research objective. Primary data were drawn from 47 stakeholder interviews spanning government, civil society, academia, and the private sector, while secondary data were extracted from the Global Terrorism Index and various governmental and non-governmental organization databases. Findings from the interviewee's response on the Likert scale reveal a lack of transparency in the tax collection system arising from inadequacies in taxing different income brackets, and a declining tax contribution to overall government revenue. In addition, the taxable sectors face significant challenges in regular taxation, especially within the informal sectors. Regression analysis indicates a 10.8% decline in revenue mobilisation directly linked to Boko-Haram's activities. The results emphasize the urgency for the Federal government to increase funding for terror affected states in the nort-eastern region, revamp the tax system to support small-scale businesses, and ensure regular training for tax officials. This research lays a foundation for further inquiries into revenue challenges in terrorism-affected zones and the formulation of effective counter-strategies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e6784be7788b2a7f70d9791f262f5d0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109843070,"asset_id":112692143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109843070/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112692143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112692143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112692143; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104698771"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104698771/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Impact of Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104357895/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104698771/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Impact of Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver public goods and services to enhance economic g...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver public goods and services to enhance economic governance. However, countries faced with terrorism in Africa cannot adequately check, advocate, and enable the delivery of public financial management (PFM). Systems theory was used to underscore the complex interactions between budget processes and terrorism. The activities of Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria have disrupted public activities and affected key stakeholders’ involvement in the budget process, availability of budgeting information and budget performance. This study interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on budgeting processes. The mixed research design was informed by 47 interviewees and documented studies. A diagnostic test was conducted on variables to confirm their reliability, validity and normality. Likert scale was used to find out the opinions of the interviewees. Descriptive and inferential analysis was adopted in this research. With a significant regression model...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be94c7fe74f4d62cbd705ab7d416cf0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104357895,"asset_id":104698771,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104357895/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104698771"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104698771"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104698771; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103021545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021545/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103148135/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021545/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (AJPAS)</span><span>, Jun 1, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver governance. However, countries faced with terro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver governance. However, countries faced with terrorism in Africa cannot adequately check, advocate, and enable the delivery of public financial management (PFM). used to underscore the complex activities of Boko-Haram in North key stakeholders' involvement in the budget process, availability of budgeting information and budget performance. This study interrogates the impact of Boko The mixed research design was informed by diagnostic test was conducted on variables to confirm their reliability, validity and Likert scale was used to find out the opinions of the analysis was adopted in this research. With a significant regression model (p analysis shows that terrorism accounts for 89% variat fewer scholarly efforts to interrogate how terrorism undermines budgeting as an aspect of PFM in economic governance. Hence, this paper recommends more research in this subject area, particularly in other terror affected countries in Africa. This paper support by enhancing public accessibility of budget documents, engendering consultative forums for citizens' participation in the budget process in secure locations, and timely budgetar and audits by relevant government agencies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7c580933bff5c65aabc7ef8869631c24" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":103148135,"asset_id":103021545,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103148135/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103021545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103021545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103021545; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103021511"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021511/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021511/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Emerald Publication</span><span>, Apr 18, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using system theory, this paper interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using system theory, this paper interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The paper explains how death, injury and property destruction caused by terrorism affect banking supervision and structures. <br />With the aid of a mixed research method, this paper conducted 47 interviews. It extracted secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) database, the National Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) publications, Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access Survey, the World Bank database, and the Global Terrorism Index. Descriptive, content and regression analysis was employed in this research. <br />With a significant regression model (p-value <0.05), the analysis shows that terrorism accounts for a 84.02% variation in banking administration. The impact of Boko-haram on banking administration is negatively significant, especially in the areas like on-site supervision of Money Deposit Banks/Micro-finance Institutions and citizens’ accessibility to financial systems. <br />This paper generates new knowledge in the thematic area, which is still grey. The influence of terrorism on financial institutions as an element of economic governance is less researched. Hence the strategic linkage of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration as a component of financial institutions. Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing body of literature on terrorism and economic governance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103021511"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103021511"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103021511; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103021511]").text(description); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="84659995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84659995/Counterterrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counterterrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84659995/Counterterrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria">Counterterrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>SSRN Electronic Journal</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="84659995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="84659995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84659995; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37598199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37598199/Relevance_of_Research_in_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Relevance of Research in International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57579405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37598199/Relevance_of_Research_in_International_Relations">Relevance of Research in International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article highlights the importance of research in IR in three dimensions. Firstly, the contri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article highlights the importance of research in IR in three dimensions. Firstly, the contribution of research to the academic study of IR. Secondly, the significance of research in shaping the actions, activities and identity of state and non-state actors in IR. And lastly, the influence of research, on policy shapers and influencers, in the formulation, adoption and implementation of widely accepted rules, principles and norms that guides the international space.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7fd199781e4786a2a87b45183bfe7b9b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57579405,"asset_id":37598199,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57579405/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37598199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37598199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37598199; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37570343"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37570343/States_Jurisdiction_Prescription_on_Territoriality_and_Nationality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of State's Jurisdiction: Prescription on Territoriality and Nationality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57587045/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37570343/States_Jurisdiction_Prescription_on_Territoriality_and_Nationality">State's Jurisdiction: Prescription on Territoriality and Nationality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper discusses the rules under which state's prescriptive jurisdiction is limited and the g...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper discusses the rules under which state's prescriptive jurisdiction is limited and the grounds for which states legislate on matters with considerations on where the offence occurred, whether in its territory or extraterritorial, and the nationality of persons involved. The author discusses the debatable, recognised and exceptional grounds under the international law, in the exercise of state's jurisdiction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e8f4e2edd70b1dc783a0342b3dc86052" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57587045,"asset_id":37570343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57587045/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37570343"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37570343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37570343; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37570343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37570343]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37570343; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37570343']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37472074"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37472074/Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_African_Perspectives_and_Research_Needs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counter Violent Extremism Measures: African Perspectives and Research Needs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57442222/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37472074/Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_African_Perspectives_and_Research_Needs">Counter Violent Extremism Measures: African Perspectives and Research Needs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This research builds on and provides an update on the various milestones and strategies that have...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This research builds on and provides an update on the various milestones and strategies that have greatly impacted research on countering violent extremism (CVE) globally. Although, of specific interest, this research seeks to impact and influence research on countering violent extremism in Africa. Based on published research, media reports, as well as desktop research by the authors of this research, it intends to provide guidance on any practical development in strategic thinking and mission in respect to the subject here in. This research is not a comprehensive argument on way forward regarding countering violent extremism in Africa, but it proposes to guide the thoughts around the issues of countering violent extremism in Africa. This research neither disposes of the recent arguments which have been debated upon on other conferences but seeks to build on those arguments with an intention of steering thoughts to a more refined and clearer conceptualization of countering violent extremism. The key message of this research is that: There is need to clearly conceptualize concepts based from an African Experience and Perspective; Cooperation among African States in Counter Violent Extremism is crucial; research on terrorism and CVE is crucial as terrorist groups are evolving and intelligent; learn from what others have already done and build on to it better; and research is a fundamental aspect of understanding all aspects in regard to CVE in Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b15fffff41045f200dce98529a74b2bf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57442222,"asset_id":37472074,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57442222/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37472074"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37472074"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37472074; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37472074]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37472074]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37472074; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37472074']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27614403"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27614403/Territoriality_and_Territorial_Proximity_as_the_Causes_of_International_Conflicts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Territoriality and Territorial Proximity as the Causes of International Conflicts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50573650/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27614403/Territoriality_and_Territorial_Proximity_as_the_Causes_of_International_Conflicts">Territoriality and Territorial Proximity as the Causes of International Conflicts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper investigates with critical analysis that territoriality and territorial proximity more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper investigates with critical analysis that territoriality and territorial proximity more often than not, accounts for significant international conflicts. The author, in the first part, explains the emergence of international conflicts from territorial disputes, and further discusses the territorial issues in international conflict with the lens of the general premise surrounding the sovereignty of states –territoriality, and thus found that: the challenge to the Westphalia principle through the emergence of supra-regional entities –its operations usually embedded in quest for regional expansion are often achieved through benefits from strategic conflicts; and that supranational entities –its emergence are usually born out of conflict have created conflicts in the international realm. The last part placed critical emphasis on the analysis of how distance between States –considering from a realist perspective that the world is anarchical and that States view other States as potential threat to its national interest, have barred or fueled international conflict. The researcher argued that territorial propinquity have increased conflict due to the contingency from not only limited to geographically closer States but also from States that have been highly aided technologically in tele-military spaces and thus creating a borderless globe with equal opportunities and risks of conflict/crises/war. Therefore this paper strongly posits that territoriality and territorial proximity have directly or indirectly influenced the conflict spread toward the arena of global insecurity. This leaves the dot to recommending an affirmative reforms in the United Nation regarding the rightness of interventions and Ocean and Sea laws; and also since the territories with resources and its proximity to militarized spaces have greater correlation to international conflicts, thus the need for the demilitarization of such spaces that threaten or influence stability and conflicts respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4e52ae2b9203e52c390c596b450df40c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50573650,"asset_id":27614403,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50573650/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27614403"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27614403"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27614403; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20316540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20316540/Analysis_of_Current_Conflict_Dynamics_Implication_of_Politics_and_Pre_election_Tensions_on_Violent_Extremism_in_Kenya"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of Current Conflict Dynamics: Implication of Politics and Pre-election Tensions on Violent Extremism in Kenya." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41275345/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20316540/Analysis_of_Current_Conflict_Dynamics_Implication_of_Politics_and_Pre_election_Tensions_on_Violent_Extremism_in_Kenya">Analysis of Current Conflict Dynamics: Implication of Politics and Pre-election Tensions on Violent Extremism in Kenya.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the salient effect of politics are marginalized and exploitative development that enriches ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the salient effect of politics are marginalized and exploitative development that enriches Violent Extremism (VE), the waves of radicalization to violent extremism have been reshaped by the political arena as it now breads the populace especially the youth into violent activities. The redefined individuals and groups put their changed behavior to use not only in periods of election but outside election times. The far reaching ends and implication of this political breading of VE is the experienced VE transformed away from its exhibition and usage in political violence but across other forms of violence since same youth are likely to be involved in other forms of VE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9e0cd9b4e6ff4451c6953306472ff97" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41275345,"asset_id":20316540,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41275345/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20316540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20316540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20316540; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19530812"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40676432/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding">Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a critical element of post conflict peace ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a critical element of post conflict peace building (PCPB). The peace agreement leading-up from ceasefire agreement after the end of conflict situations is not sufficient enough to prevent the relapse into conflict, and thus the need to ensure a long-lasting peace by addressing not only the direct causes of violence but also the structural and cultural causes through reforms. This paper examines the importance of DDR in reforming the security and political sector, and also the reforms in the social and economic sector. In furtherance, this draws an analysis of those reforms within the African –Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, Liberia, Cote D’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Sudan and South Sudan –experience of DDR.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="774fc265229c6585ef0148f5b6641c58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40676432,"asset_id":19530812,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40676432/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19530812"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19530812"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19530812; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "774fc265229c6585ef0148f5b6641c58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=19530812]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":19530812,"title":"Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding","owner_id":4694038,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4694038,"first_name":"Julius","middle_initials":"A","last_name":"Adinoyi","page_name":"JuliusAdinoyi","domain_name":"auburn","created_at":"2013-06-29T04:55:53.678-07:00","display_name":"Julius A Adinoyi","url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"},"attachments":[{"id":40676432,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40676432/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Importance_of_Disarmament__Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40676432/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40676432/Importance_of_Disarmament__Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding-libre.pdf?1449475678=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImportance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization.pdf\u0026Expires=1740056121\u0026Signature=dZwKQUItBXTYuySXTxwZTEPs7fa1vZek1QlBd9sNOO1spewyWzitVFlzqi-4ZgFtGn-~Zl4R5NRY1rDRSDlOmgzndy5Gy9IvKK2oQJzzZptH7Vh2SslJNDy7HeAk2H2ZDPj4uW9Dae6~1MzVkpimx3hZoBAheJ59zmMjZr2B5KKcyqfLnFCx6-07YDyvXebdMzuN2QIN-W-Z4yV6xtFo-wO5gNo~JejgkVxrGMrM1QVsDPADLC2sPkBo4l1tZiLB23WvngNUCQGicWLvwkTO-UhEa~kYS91dFS7BFchKfPZAeM3SNVUBz-GnqaCQFlhzrblGUjH8o78u8ZHemzsx4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19505158"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40657716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION">BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations, physiological, psychological and environmental interactions with human behaviour This paper elucidates that there is relationship between human behavior and violence in extreme conflict situations considering that the foundational behavioral traits is accompanied by the progenitiveness in human beings. However, it is identified that biological factors manifests not in isolation but in tandem with the social environment inform of sociobiological complex as observed through the mixture of learned societal behavior and the inherent behaviors which effects the stimulus and responses in the emergence of conflict and violent situations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fe72fbc58e9b58189ea44807fc5c5edf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40657716,"asset_id":19505158,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40657716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19505158"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19505158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19505158; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17229223"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17229223/WAR_AND_FOREIGN_POLICY"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39392141/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17229223/WAR_AND_FOREIGN_POLICY">WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper critically analyzes the relationships between warlike hostilities that have been exper...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper critically analyzes the relationships between warlike hostilities that have been experienced in the world and foreign policy of States. The first phase of this paper elucidates how wars have been used as a tool of foreign policies of states from the 20th to 21st century. The analysis reckoned with the orthodoxy that wars among power nations have significantly declined but surprisingly on the rise between the allies of power states explicitly due to the clash of foreign policies of state powers. The paper further sought to investigate how foreign policy of States has been modified in order to reduce or end warlike hostilities that are in existence. The investigations identified that the means of achieving the objectives of the foreign policy of certain states have slightly modified toward a few of other states and thus the world still have greater deficit between the use of hard-militarized and diplomatic Foreign Policy means. Therefore the researcher argues on the need for states to modify their Foreign Policy means and calls on the global south nations to be strategic enough to the cognizance of the implications of other states foreign policies on war.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be6b93227e3c7a52cf102097690bc3ab" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39392141,"asset_id":17229223,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39392141/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17229223"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17229223"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17229223; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17219650"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17219650/The_Innocence_of_Land_and_its_Inflammable_Conflict_Facet_Case_of_Land_Based_Conflicts_in_Rwanda_and_Burundi"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Innocence of Land and its Inflammable Conflict Facet: Case of Land Based Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39375664/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17219650/The_Innocence_of_Land_and_its_Inflammable_Conflict_Facet_Case_of_Land_Based_Conflicts_in_Rwanda_and_Burundi">The Innocence of Land and its Inflammable Conflict Facet: Case of Land Based Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The more Western settlement a colony experienced, the greater was the violence unleashed against ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The more Western settlement a colony experienced, the greater was the violence unleashed against the native population and this is because the settler colonization led to land deprivation. This colonial experience transcends to the post-colonial period due to the politicized indigeneity, And thus the need for African nations to be cognizance with the foundational factors and emerging trigger factors of violence in a bid to manage conflicts –through adaptation in reversal to those foundational factors and –redefined land-resource sharing and distribution back to the aboriginal settlers especially in post conflict peace building phase.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64444220b6e84614b4ec359f600158ba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39375664,"asset_id":17219650,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39375664/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17219650"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17219650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17219650; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16922415"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16922415/Efforts_and_Challenges_of_Sub_regional_Mediation_Mechanism_Case_of_Economic_Community_of_West_Africa_States_ECOWAS_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Efforts and Challenges of Sub-regional Mediation Mechanism Case of Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39259040/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16922415/Efforts_and_Challenges_of_Sub_regional_Mediation_Mechanism_Case_of_Economic_Community_of_West_Africa_States_ECOWAS_">Efforts and Challenges of Sub-regional Mediation Mechanism Case of Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes the underpinnings of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) med...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes the underpinnings of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) mediation mechanisms with emphasis on efforts, challenges, and possible solutions to effective mediation mechanisms. The efforts of ECOWAS was observed in the adoption of the 1999 Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security (the Mechanism) which established ECOWAS Mediation and Security Council (MSC), but prior to this, ECOWAS engaged in several mediations across the sub-region. However ECOWAS is faced with the question of vesting state interests, lack of resources and effective institutional mandate for the operationalization of the mechanisms it has established inclusive of its failure to adopt a Mediation Support Unit(MSU). This article suggests the empowerment and the re-structuring of processes and mediation strategies of the Council of Elders, establishment MSU and finally incorporation of the use of Multi-Track mediation strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="daa3fa1d60cfc72b72fef5cc576181a5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39259040,"asset_id":16922415,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39259040/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16922415"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16922415"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16922415; 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The Organization and Functioning of The Modern Healthcare System. & The Doctor-Patient Relationship: Shift in Balance of Power in Doctor-Patient Relationship</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d9389bb61b9bb53a9d45a4414836907" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50631172,"asset_id":11959872,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50631172/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="11959872"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11959872"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11959872; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="594876" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="114038318"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/114038318/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/114038318/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research</span><span>, Jun 2, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="114038318"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="114038318"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 114038318; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112692143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112692143/Global_Terror_and_Revenue_Mobilisation_in_West_Africa_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_Activities_on_Taxation_Systems_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Global Terror and Revenue Mobilisation in West Africa: Impact of Boko-Haram Activities on Taxation Systems in North-eastern Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109843070/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112692143/Global_Terror_and_Revenue_Mobilisation_in_West_Africa_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_Activities_on_Taxation_Systems_in_North_eastern_Nigeria">Global Terror and Revenue Mobilisation in West Africa: Impact of Boko-Haram Activities on Taxation Systems in North-eastern Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of National Defence University-Kenya</span><span>, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This study investigates the profound effects of Boko-Haram terrorism on government revenue genera...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This study investigates the profound effects of Boko-Haram terrorism on government revenue generation in Nigeria's north-eastern region. The primary objective is to understand how terrorism influences tax collection systems and taxable sectors. Key research questions revolve around how terrorist activities have impeded the government's ability to garner revenue effectively in the region. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the research integrates systems theory with qualitative and quantitative data to address the research objective. Primary data were drawn from 47 stakeholder interviews spanning government, civil society, academia, and the private sector, while secondary data were extracted from the Global Terrorism Index and various governmental and non-governmental organization databases. Findings from the interviewee's response on the Likert scale reveal a lack of transparency in the tax collection system arising from inadequacies in taxing different income brackets, and a declining tax contribution to overall government revenue. In addition, the taxable sectors face significant challenges in regular taxation, especially within the informal sectors. Regression analysis indicates a 10.8% decline in revenue mobilisation directly linked to Boko-Haram's activities. The results emphasize the urgency for the Federal government to increase funding for terror affected states in the nort-eastern region, revamp the tax system to support small-scale businesses, and ensure regular training for tax officials. This research lays a foundation for further inquiries into revenue challenges in terrorism-affected zones and the formulation of effective counter-strategies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e6784be7788b2a7f70d9791f262f5d0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109843070,"asset_id":112692143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109843070/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112692143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112692143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112692143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112692143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112692143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112692143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112692143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104698771"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104698771/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Impact of Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104357895/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104698771/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Impact of Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver public goods and services to enhance economic g...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver public goods and services to enhance economic governance. However, countries faced with terrorism in Africa cannot adequately check, advocate, and enable the delivery of public financial management (PFM). Systems theory was used to underscore the complex interactions between budget processes and terrorism. The activities of Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria have disrupted public activities and affected key stakeholders’ involvement in the budget process, availability of budgeting information and budget performance. This study interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on budgeting processes. The mixed research design was informed by 47 interviewees and documented studies. A diagnostic test was conducted on variables to confirm their reliability, validity and normality. Likert scale was used to find out the opinions of the interviewees. Descriptive and inferential analysis was adopted in this research. With a significant regression model...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be94c7fe74f4d62cbd705ab7d416cf0a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104357895,"asset_id":104698771,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104357895/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104698771"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104698771"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104698771; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103021545"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021545/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/103148135/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021545/Terrorism_and_Government_Budget_An_Analysis_of_the_Boko_Haram_on_Budgeting_Processes_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and Government Budget: An Analysis of the Boko-Haram on Budgeting Processes in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies (AJPAS)</span><span>, Jun 1, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver governance. However, countries faced with terro...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Stable countries have tried to adequately deliver governance. However, countries faced with terrorism in Africa cannot adequately check, advocate, and enable the delivery of public financial management (PFM). used to underscore the complex activities of Boko-Haram in North key stakeholders' involvement in the budget process, availability of budgeting information and budget performance. This study interrogates the impact of Boko The mixed research design was informed by diagnostic test was conducted on variables to confirm their reliability, validity and Likert scale was used to find out the opinions of the analysis was adopted in this research. With a significant regression model (p analysis shows that terrorism accounts for 89% variat fewer scholarly efforts to interrogate how terrorism undermines budgeting as an aspect of PFM in economic governance. Hence, this paper recommends more research in this subject area, particularly in other terror affected countries in Africa. This paper support by enhancing public accessibility of budget documents, engendering consultative forums for citizens' participation in the budget process in secure locations, and timely budgetar and audits by relevant government agencies.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7c580933bff5c65aabc7ef8869631c24" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":103148135,"asset_id":103021545,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103148135/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103021545"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103021545"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103021545; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="103021511"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021511/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/103021511/Terrorism_and_economic_governance_in_Africa_analysis_of_the_impact_of_Boko_Haram_on_banking_administration_in_Nigeria">Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Emerald Publication</span><span>, Apr 18, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Using system theory, this paper interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Using system theory, this paper interrogates the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The paper explains how death, injury and property destruction caused by terrorism affect banking supervision and structures. <br />With the aid of a mixed research method, this paper conducted 47 interviews. It extracted secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) database, the National Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC) publications, Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access Survey, the World Bank database, and the Global Terrorism Index. Descriptive, content and regression analysis was employed in this research. <br />With a significant regression model (p-value <0.05), the analysis shows that terrorism accounts for a 84.02% variation in banking administration. The impact of Boko-haram on banking administration is negatively significant, especially in the areas like on-site supervision of Money Deposit Banks/Micro-finance Institutions and citizens’ accessibility to financial systems. <br />This paper generates new knowledge in the thematic area, which is still grey. The influence of terrorism on financial institutions as an element of economic governance is less researched. Hence the strategic linkage of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration as a component of financial institutions. Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing body of literature on terrorism and economic governance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="103021511"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="103021511"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 103021511; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=103021511]").text(description); 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="84659995"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84659995/Counterterrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counterterrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84659995/Counterterrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria">Counterterrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>SSRN Electronic Journal</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="84659995"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="84659995"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84659995; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37598199"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37598199/Relevance_of_Research_in_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Relevance of Research in International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57579405/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37598199/Relevance_of_Research_in_International_Relations">Relevance of Research in International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article highlights the importance of research in IR in three dimensions. Firstly, the contri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article highlights the importance of research in IR in three dimensions. Firstly, the contribution of research to the academic study of IR. Secondly, the significance of research in shaping the actions, activities and identity of state and non-state actors in IR. And lastly, the influence of research, on policy shapers and influencers, in the formulation, adoption and implementation of widely accepted rules, principles and norms that guides the international space.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7fd199781e4786a2a87b45183bfe7b9b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57579405,"asset_id":37598199,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57579405/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37598199"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37598199"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37598199; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37570343"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37570343/States_Jurisdiction_Prescription_on_Territoriality_and_Nationality"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of State's Jurisdiction: Prescription on Territoriality and Nationality" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57587045/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37570343/States_Jurisdiction_Prescription_on_Territoriality_and_Nationality">State's Jurisdiction: Prescription on Territoriality and Nationality</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper discusses the rules under which state's prescriptive jurisdiction is limited and the g...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper discusses the rules under which state's prescriptive jurisdiction is limited and the grounds for which states legislate on matters with considerations on where the offence occurred, whether in its territory or extraterritorial, and the nationality of persons involved. The author discusses the debatable, recognised and exceptional grounds under the international law, in the exercise of state's jurisdiction.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e8f4e2edd70b1dc783a0342b3dc86052" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57587045,"asset_id":37570343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57587045/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37570343"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37570343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37570343; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37472074"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37472074/Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_African_Perspectives_and_Research_Needs"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counter Violent Extremism Measures: African Perspectives and Research Needs" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57442222/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37472074/Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_African_Perspectives_and_Research_Needs">Counter Violent Extremism Measures: African Perspectives and Research Needs</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This research builds on and provides an update on the various milestones and strategies that have...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This research builds on and provides an update on the various milestones and strategies that have greatly impacted research on countering violent extremism (CVE) globally. Although, of specific interest, this research seeks to impact and influence research on countering violent extremism in Africa. Based on published research, media reports, as well as desktop research by the authors of this research, it intends to provide guidance on any practical development in strategic thinking and mission in respect to the subject here in. This research is not a comprehensive argument on way forward regarding countering violent extremism in Africa, but it proposes to guide the thoughts around the issues of countering violent extremism in Africa. This research neither disposes of the recent arguments which have been debated upon on other conferences but seeks to build on those arguments with an intention of steering thoughts to a more refined and clearer conceptualization of countering violent extremism. The key message of this research is that: There is need to clearly conceptualize concepts based from an African Experience and Perspective; Cooperation among African States in Counter Violent Extremism is crucial; research on terrorism and CVE is crucial as terrorist groups are evolving and intelligent; learn from what others have already done and build on to it better; and research is a fundamental aspect of understanding all aspects in regard to CVE in Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b15fffff41045f200dce98529a74b2bf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57442222,"asset_id":37472074,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57442222/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37472074"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37472074"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37472074; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b15fffff41045f200dce98529a74b2bf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37472074]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37472074,"title":"Counter Violent Extremism Measures: African Perspectives and Research Needs","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37472074/Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_African_Perspectives_and_Research_Needs","owner_id":4694038,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4694038,"first_name":"Julius","middle_initials":"A","last_name":"Adinoyi","page_name":"JuliusAdinoyi","domain_name":"auburn","created_at":"2013-06-29T04:55:53.678-07:00","display_name":"Julius A Adinoyi","url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"},"attachments":[{"id":57442222,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57442222/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"AFRICAN_PERSPECTIVES-_VE_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57442222/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Counter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_Afric.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57442222/AFRICAN_PERSPECTIVES-_VE_-libre.pdf?1537852634=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCounter_Violent_Extremism_Measures_Afric.pdf\u0026Expires=1740056121\u0026Signature=BfIWKjquuYQqLCKBWQzFH9MkA9Ova2XXQoRT2B7mXxWR4T8zDsEBbqeg4BRgQ6UR~ZnW6LoSvvz64AJGGKdPRMKlS6dJQ4YB8WSXwxaRQjAljWaaGzZs7XEd-QpNVeK8WZhG-e61o~76cpMlbw9uBpim00vH0H8QnVg52YB9B6nz4dPh1pPsCOwAEXRlvyHiNxI0y3iGK3fEBJ5-WVctLfcxeWI7rvdg7bY7SyyuqhWsinlqHEjg52yu5DzRhrleuDd9W5rmlhfh9Lxf7ApwsUc7h6bumtOatutXaOZbbrUdtnogJrj7CcGcQmuurOggj5u6-aCt~nVysoST-KRwzg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27614403"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27614403/Territoriality_and_Territorial_Proximity_as_the_Causes_of_International_Conflicts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Territoriality and Territorial Proximity as the Causes of International Conflicts" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50573650/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27614403/Territoriality_and_Territorial_Proximity_as_the_Causes_of_International_Conflicts">Territoriality and Territorial Proximity as the Causes of International Conflicts</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper investigates with critical analysis that territoriality and territorial proximity more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper investigates with critical analysis that territoriality and territorial proximity more often than not, accounts for significant international conflicts. The author, in the first part, explains the emergence of international conflicts from territorial disputes, and further discusses the territorial issues in international conflict with the lens of the general premise surrounding the sovereignty of states –territoriality, and thus found that: the challenge to the Westphalia principle through the emergence of supra-regional entities –its operations usually embedded in quest for regional expansion are often achieved through benefits from strategic conflicts; and that supranational entities –its emergence are usually born out of conflict have created conflicts in the international realm. The last part placed critical emphasis on the analysis of how distance between States –considering from a realist perspective that the world is anarchical and that States view other States as potential threat to its national interest, have barred or fueled international conflict. The researcher argued that territorial propinquity have increased conflict due to the contingency from not only limited to geographically closer States but also from States that have been highly aided technologically in tele-military spaces and thus creating a borderless globe with equal opportunities and risks of conflict/crises/war. Therefore this paper strongly posits that territoriality and territorial proximity have directly or indirectly influenced the conflict spread toward the arena of global insecurity. This leaves the dot to recommending an affirmative reforms in the United Nation regarding the rightness of interventions and Ocean and Sea laws; and also since the territories with resources and its proximity to militarized spaces have greater correlation to international conflicts, thus the need for the demilitarization of such spaces that threaten or influence stability and conflicts respectively.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4e52ae2b9203e52c390c596b450df40c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50573650,"asset_id":27614403,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50573650/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27614403"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27614403"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27614403; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="20316540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/20316540/Analysis_of_Current_Conflict_Dynamics_Implication_of_Politics_and_Pre_election_Tensions_on_Violent_Extremism_in_Kenya"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of Current Conflict Dynamics: Implication of Politics and Pre-election Tensions on Violent Extremism in Kenya." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41275345/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/20316540/Analysis_of_Current_Conflict_Dynamics_Implication_of_Politics_and_Pre_election_Tensions_on_Violent_Extremism_in_Kenya">Analysis of Current Conflict Dynamics: Implication of Politics and Pre-election Tensions on Violent Extremism in Kenya.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While the salient effect of politics are marginalized and exploitative development that enriches ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While the salient effect of politics are marginalized and exploitative development that enriches Violent Extremism (VE), the waves of radicalization to violent extremism have been reshaped by the political arena as it now breads the populace especially the youth into violent activities. The redefined individuals and groups put their changed behavior to use not only in periods of election but outside election times. The far reaching ends and implication of this political breading of VE is the experienced VE transformed away from its exhibition and usage in political violence but across other forms of violence since same youth are likely to be involved in other forms of VE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9e0cd9b4e6ff4451c6953306472ff97" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41275345,"asset_id":20316540,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41275345/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="20316540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20316540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20316540; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19530812"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40676432/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding">Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a critical element of post conflict peace ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a critical element of post conflict peace building (PCPB). The peace agreement leading-up from ceasefire agreement after the end of conflict situations is not sufficient enough to prevent the relapse into conflict, and thus the need to ensure a long-lasting peace by addressing not only the direct causes of violence but also the structural and cultural causes through reforms. This paper examines the importance of DDR in reforming the security and political sector, and also the reforms in the social and economic sector. In furtherance, this draws an analysis of those reforms within the African –Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Burundi, Liberia, Cote D’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Sudan and South Sudan –experience of DDR.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="774fc265229c6585ef0148f5b6641c58" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40676432,"asset_id":19530812,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40676432/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19530812"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19530812"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19530812; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "774fc265229c6585ef0148f5b6641c58" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=19530812]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":19530812,"title":"Importance of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in Post Conflict Peacebuilding","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19530812/Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding","owner_id":4694038,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":4694038,"first_name":"Julius","middle_initials":"A","last_name":"Adinoyi","page_name":"JuliusAdinoyi","domain_name":"auburn","created_at":"2013-06-29T04:55:53.678-07:00","display_name":"Julius A Adinoyi","url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"},"attachments":[{"id":40676432,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40676432/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Importance_of_Disarmament__Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40676432/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Importance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40676432/Importance_of_Disarmament__Demobilization_and_Reintegration_DDR_in_Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding-libre.pdf?1449475678=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImportance_of_Disarmament_Demobilization.pdf\u0026Expires=1740056121\u0026Signature=dZwKQUItBXTYuySXTxwZTEPs7fa1vZek1QlBd9sNOO1spewyWzitVFlzqi-4ZgFtGn-~Zl4R5NRY1rDRSDlOmgzndy5Gy9IvKK2oQJzzZptH7Vh2SslJNDy7HeAk2H2ZDPj4uW9Dae6~1MzVkpimx3hZoBAheJ59zmMjZr2B5KKcyqfLnFCx6-07YDyvXebdMzuN2QIN-W-Z4yV6xtFo-wO5gNo~JejgkVxrGMrM1QVsDPADLC2sPkBo4l1tZiLB23WvngNUCQGicWLvwkTO-UhEa~kYS91dFS7BFchKfPZAeM3SNVUBz-GnqaCQFlhzrblGUjH8o78u8ZHemzsx4Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="19505158"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40657716/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION">BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations, physiological, psychological and environmental interactions with human behaviour This paper elucidates that there is relationship between human behavior and violence in extreme conflict situations considering that the foundational behavioral traits is accompanied by the progenitiveness in human beings. However, it is identified that biological factors manifests not in isolation but in tandem with the social environment inform of sociobiological complex as observed through the mixture of learned societal behavior and the inherent behaviors which effects the stimulus and responses in the emergence of conflict and violent situations.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fe72fbc58e9b58189ea44807fc5c5edf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":40657716,"asset_id":19505158,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40657716/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="19505158"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19505158"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19505158; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17229223"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17229223/WAR_AND_FOREIGN_POLICY"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39392141/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17229223/WAR_AND_FOREIGN_POLICY">WAR AND FOREIGN POLICY</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper critically analyzes the relationships between warlike hostilities that have been exper...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper critically analyzes the relationships between warlike hostilities that have been experienced in the world and foreign policy of States. The first phase of this paper elucidates how wars have been used as a tool of foreign policies of states from the 20th to 21st century. The analysis reckoned with the orthodoxy that wars among power nations have significantly declined but surprisingly on the rise between the allies of power states explicitly due to the clash of foreign policies of state powers. The paper further sought to investigate how foreign policy of States has been modified in order to reduce or end warlike hostilities that are in existence. The investigations identified that the means of achieving the objectives of the foreign policy of certain states have slightly modified toward a few of other states and thus the world still have greater deficit between the use of hard-militarized and diplomatic Foreign Policy means. Therefore the researcher argues on the need for states to modify their Foreign Policy means and calls on the global south nations to be strategic enough to the cognizance of the implications of other states foreign policies on war.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="be6b93227e3c7a52cf102097690bc3ab" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39392141,"asset_id":17229223,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39392141/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17229223"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17229223"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17229223; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="17219650"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/17219650/The_Innocence_of_Land_and_its_Inflammable_Conflict_Facet_Case_of_Land_Based_Conflicts_in_Rwanda_and_Burundi"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Innocence of Land and its Inflammable Conflict Facet: Case of Land Based Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39375664/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/17219650/The_Innocence_of_Land_and_its_Inflammable_Conflict_Facet_Case_of_Land_Based_Conflicts_in_Rwanda_and_Burundi">The Innocence of Land and its Inflammable Conflict Facet: Case of Land Based Conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The more Western settlement a colony experienced, the greater was the violence unleashed against ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The more Western settlement a colony experienced, the greater was the violence unleashed against the native population and this is because the settler colonization led to land deprivation. This colonial experience transcends to the post-colonial period due to the politicized indigeneity, And thus the need for African nations to be cognizance with the foundational factors and emerging trigger factors of violence in a bid to manage conflicts –through adaptation in reversal to those foundational factors and –redefined land-resource sharing and distribution back to the aboriginal settlers especially in post conflict peace building phase.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="64444220b6e84614b4ec359f600158ba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39375664,"asset_id":17219650,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39375664/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="17219650"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17219650"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17219650; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16922415"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16922415/Efforts_and_Challenges_of_Sub_regional_Mediation_Mechanism_Case_of_Economic_Community_of_West_Africa_States_ECOWAS_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Efforts and Challenges of Sub-regional Mediation Mechanism Case of Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39259040/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16922415/Efforts_and_Challenges_of_Sub_regional_Mediation_Mechanism_Case_of_Economic_Community_of_West_Africa_States_ECOWAS_">Efforts and Challenges of Sub-regional Mediation Mechanism Case of Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article analyzes the underpinnings of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) med...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article analyzes the underpinnings of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) mediation mechanisms with emphasis on efforts, challenges, and possible solutions to effective mediation mechanisms. The efforts of ECOWAS was observed in the adoption of the 1999 Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security (the Mechanism) which established ECOWAS Mediation and Security Council (MSC), but prior to this, ECOWAS engaged in several mediations across the sub-region. However ECOWAS is faced with the question of vesting state interests, lack of resources and effective institutional mandate for the operationalization of the mechanisms it has established inclusive of its failure to adopt a Mediation Support Unit(MSU). This article suggests the empowerment and the re-structuring of processes and mediation strategies of the Council of Elders, establishment MSU and finally incorporation of the use of Multi-Track mediation strategy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="daa3fa1d60cfc72b72fef5cc576181a5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39259040,"asset_id":16922415,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39259040/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16922415"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16922415"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16922415; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16917584"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16917584/Raimo_V%C3%A4yrynen_Natural_Resources_Conflict_and_Policy_Solutions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Raimo Väyrynen: Natural Resources Conflict and Policy Solutions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39256913/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16917584/Raimo_V%C3%A4yrynen_Natural_Resources_Conflict_and_Policy_Solutions">Raimo Väyrynen: Natural Resources Conflict and Policy Solutions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Conflict are naturally modified by the implications from the global capitalist economy and by its...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Conflict are naturally modified by the implications from the global capitalist economy and by its strategic integration into the global south, although conflicts are rooted in the domestic and regional circus and thus creating an increased Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHE) in nations with few natural resources, and high, predominantly rural populations.<br />Therefore the need for transformational change through  reconfigure the International Political Economy for conflict prevention.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0727b0fc12d6af17d54831bec27e2f09" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":39256913,"asset_id":16917584,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39256913/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16917584"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16917584"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16917584; 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This effect forces smaller retail firms out of business and reduce wage for competitors' employees</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="182e84cdbbf6ba6fa691e84ca241246c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38438747,"asset_id":14834784,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38438747/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="14834784"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14834784"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14834784; 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It is a systematization of wh...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Diplomacy is treated more often as just a skill, and/or profession. It is a systematization of what happens in practice, the means and manner of tactful actions in theory and practice of international relations. The ethics in diplomacy have a unilateral, non-dynamic and non-dialectical Manichaean meaning. Given that violence and hostilities are evil, often viewed as a necessity; diplomacy tries to instil peace which is considered good and moral. Such diplomatic tact is operationalised on 'Words' and actionable in 'Spirit' which are philosophically grounded in history and theory. This paper deliberates on the professional, contextual, philosophical and historical dimensions of diplomacy; and further on what the future holds for diplomacy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="acb9e01bbc55063a85da7e73ebfe47a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57428799,"asset_id":37460496,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57428799/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37460496"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37460496"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37460496; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34974205"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34974205/An_Inquiry_Into_Research_And_Methods_Of_Preventing_And_Countering_Violent_Extremism_P_CVE_In_Africa"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An Inquiry Into Research And Methods Of Preventing And Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) In Africa" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57494989/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34974205/An_Inquiry_Into_Research_And_Methods_Of_Preventing_And_Countering_Violent_Extremism_P_CVE_In_Africa">An Inquiry Into Research And Methods Of Preventing And Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) In Africa</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi">Julius A Adinoyi</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ScofieldMuliru">Scofield Muliru</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">More often than not, terrorism is viewed through political theories, lenses of collective violenc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">More often than not, terrorism is viewed through political theories, lenses of collective violence such as anarchism, or more recently "Islamic Fascism" that best describes the agenda of contemporary radical Islam. The phenomenon however is more complex than such simple theories; it reflects multiple interlocking causes and contexts of terrorism and violent extremism. Framing a comprehensive counterterrorism strategy demands a clear understanding of motivations and causes of terrorism with relationship to violent extremism that have been addressed using hard power strategies. Limits of successes in the use of hard power on the maters of counter terrorism therefore, has pushed policy makers to focus on a soft power approach –that stresses social and economic development and justice as the main recipe to addressing all forms of violent extremism. This shift marks the change from solely countering terror –Counter Terrorism to the focus of Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE). This paper provides overview on the concepts and trends of terrorism in Africa, and proffer an insight into research themes that ushers-in effective methods for P/CVE in Africa.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f21ab528d02980dba4d6ef11984068a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57494989,"asset_id":34974205,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57494989/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34974205"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34974205"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34974205; 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This includes charges liable to death, life imprisonment, search and arrest without court warrant, and shutdown and surveillance of communication of suspected/terrorists.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a9a6ce73ab8a8ad1cb28ed6af2b4f086" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":54438381,"asset_id":34572598,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54438381/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34572598"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34572598"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34572598; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="8714175" id="conferencepresentations"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38228309"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38228309/Counter_Terrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Counter Terrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58268850/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38228309/Counter_Terrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria">Counter Terrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the world continue to experience global, transnational and State-based mayhems, the use of dip...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the world continue to experience global, transnational and State-based mayhems, the use of diplomacy is very important in the 21 st century world. The aftermath of heinous atrocities and crimes of extremists through kidnapping, suicide bombings, rape, forced labour and forced soldiers; leaves the community to seek self-healing and reconciliations to bounce-back into their normal life. However, this is usually not a smooth ride. Rather, a peaceful co-existence needs to be initiated. Thus, an affirmation that there is an increasing demand for diplomacy due to the increasing and complex actors, and a decline in the previously predominant use of military force. In northern-eastern Nigeria, despite heavy budgetary allocations to the military to combat violent extremist group like Boko-Haram, the group continues to create an increasing menace in the region. While there are limited successes in the reduction of the groups' stronghold, the war on terrorism is far from over. Over the years, there have being effort to infuse diplomatic steps away from hard-core military approach to address issues of Boko-Haram. The absence of detailed studies on review and analysis of diplomatic efforts of the Nigerian government makes this research critical and important. Exercising desktop review, this paper examines the contextual analysis of counterterrorism diplomacy by looking at the conceptual framing of counterterrorism diplomacy, and the use of anti-Boko-Haram diplomacy in Nigeria. Using network theory, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the counter-terrorism diplomacy used against Boko-Haram; and critically analyse the strategies used in the release of the kidnapped school girls in Nigeria. The study found that, in countering BH, there have being no permanent solutions, and BH activities is proving difficult to end. Consequently, diplomatic solutions need to take precedence over other means, and continually applied to resolve the conflict. Thus, whilst applying the use of military in intelligence gathering, security and tactical response to BH activities; the strategic and combined effort in the use of soft power diplomacy is important to reducing the growth and impact of BH activities. The study recommends the use of network diplomacy for prevention and response to Boko-Haram in the Lake Chad region; network maximization of all state and non-state actors/stakeholders involved in diplomacy; use of both public and virtual diplomacy to foster economic, institutional and security governance in the Lake Chad region. Julius is undertaking PhD International Studies, and holds MA International Conflict Management, and MA Sociology (Disaster Management). He has practical and scholarly background in conflict and disaster management, with special interest in global governance and security.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cdf25c4b3fc34fe00ad870a4f851c312" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58268850,"asset_id":38228309,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58268850/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38228309"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38228309"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38228309; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38228309]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38228309]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38228309; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38228309']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37768802"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37768802/The_Nexus_of_Natural_Resources_and_Violent_Extremism_Case_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_African_MENA_and_the_Sub_Sahara_African_SSA_Regions"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Nexus of Natural Resources and Violent Extremism: Case of the Middle East and North African (MENA), and the Sub-Sahara African (SSA) Regions" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57764537/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37768802/The_Nexus_of_Natural_Resources_and_Violent_Extremism_Case_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_African_MENA_and_the_Sub_Sahara_African_SSA_Regions">The Nexus of Natural Resources and Violent Extremism: Case of the Middle East and North African (MENA), and the Sub-Sahara African (SSA) Regions</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper delves into the interconnectedness of natural resources and Violent Extremism (VE) wit...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper delves into the interconnectedness of natural resources and Violent Extremism (VE) within the Middle East and North African (MENA), and the Sub-Sahara African (SSA) Regions; further through desktop reviews and analysis, this paper unfolds how the implications arising from the management of natural resources in those rich regions have influenced dysfunctional behavioural attitudes and practices of their populace especially in terms of engaging in Violent Extremism. The author critically examines the effects from the exploitation and trading –of Land, Fossil fuels, Minerals, Marine and Water resources, and Forest resources –by State and non-State actors –on violent extremism; and in furtherance, how those natural resources have help sustained violence in its extreme and volatile form. The researchers found that there exist, a positive literature correlational relationship between natural resource and violent extremism, particularly in the MENA and SSA regions that are endowed with enormous and plentiful natural resources; negative correlation between national parity dividends from natural resource benefit and violent extremism; and positive correlation between natural resource relative deprivation and violent extremism. The author argues that the perverse lack of socioeconomic parity dividends from natural resources in upstream governance to the downstream community is catalytic to other ideological, cultural and ethnic variables in which VE is rooted upon. Certain individuals and State elements within the MENA and SSA region have helped to facilitate the continual scramble and exploitation of those resources at the detriment of the masses. And thus, the clearer picture of the fact that relative deprivation changes the behaviour of individuals-usually from the masses-with motivation to find an alternative means to which such injustices can be addressed –usually through VE. It is therefore imperative that in Counter Violence Extremism (CVE), while it is important to constructively influence the positivity of every individual, the significant process starts by addressing the root causes of VE through justice to the relative economic and social deprivation created through resource exploitation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="668efec2bced842a8215d93ee81e683d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57764537,"asset_id":37768802,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57764537/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37768802"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37768802"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37768802; 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