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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":58268850,"identifier":"Attachment_58268850","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":38228309,"created_at":"2019-01-27T01:23:45.458-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T13:14:17.158-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Counterterrorism Diplomacy Against Boko Haram","grobid_abstract":"As the world continue to experience global, transnational and State-based mayhems, the use of diplomacy is very important in the 21 st century world. The aftermath of heinous atrocities and crimes of extremists through kidnapping, suicide bombings, rape, forced labour and forced soldiers; leaves the community to seek self-healing and reconciliations to bounce-back into their normal life. However, this is usually not a smooth ride. Rather, a peaceful co-existence needs to be initiated. Thus, an affirmation that there is an increasing demand for diplomacy due to the increasing and complex actors, and a decline in the previously predominant use of military force. In northern-eastern Nigeria, despite heavy budgetary allocations to the military to combat violent extremist group like Boko-Haram, the group continues to create an increasing menace in the region. While there are limited successes in the reduction of the groups' stronghold, the war on terrorism is far from over. Over the years, there have being effort to infuse diplomatic steps away from hard-core military approach to address issues of Boko-Haram. The absence of detailed studies on review and analysis of diplomatic efforts of the Nigerian government makes this research critical and important. Exercising desktop review, this paper examines the contextual analysis of counterterrorism diplomacy by looking at the conceptual framing of counterterrorism diplomacy, and the use of anti-Boko-Haram diplomacy in Nigeria. Using network theory, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the counter-terrorism diplomacy used against Boko-Haram; and critically analyse the strategies used in the release of the kidnapped school girls in Nigeria. The study found that, in countering BH, there have being no permanent solutions, and BH activities is proving difficult to end. Consequently, diplomatic solutions need to take precedence over other means, and continually applied to resolve the conflict. Thus, whilst applying the use of military in intelligence gathering, security and tactical response to BH activities; the strategic and combined effort in the use of soft power diplomacy is important to reducing the growth and impact of BH activities. The study recommends the use of network diplomacy for prevention and response to Boko-Haram in the Lake Chad region; network maximization of all state and non-state actors/stakeholders involved in diplomacy; use of both public and virtual diplomacy to foster economic, institutional and security governance in the Lake Chad region. Julius is undertaking PhD International Studies, and holds MA International Conflict Management, and MA Sociology (Disaster Management). He has practical and scholarly background in conflict and disaster management, with special interest in global governance and security.","publication_date":"2019,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"58268850"},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Counter Terrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria","broadcastable":false,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4694038]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58268850,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Counter Terrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58268850/mini_magick20190127-18122-6rh5fl.png?1548587013" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Counter Terrorism Diplomacy in Lake Chad Region: Analysis of Strategies on Boko-Haram in North-eastern Nigeria</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4694038" href="https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"><img alt="Profile image of Julius A Adinoyi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4694038/1977822/118066751/s65_julius.adinoyi.jpeg" />Julius A Adinoyi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 page</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 38228309; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">As the world continue to experience global, transnational and State-based mayhems, the use of diplomacy is very important in the 21 st century world. The aftermath of heinous atrocities and crimes of extremists through kidnapping, suicide bombings, rape, forced labour and forced soldiers; leaves the community to seek self-healing and reconciliations to bounce-back into their normal life. However, this is usually not a smooth ride. Rather, a peaceful co-existence needs to be initiated. Thus, an affirmation that there is an increasing demand for diplomacy due to the increasing and complex actors, and a decline in the previously predominant use of military force. In northern-eastern Nigeria, despite heavy budgetary allocations to the military to combat violent extremist group like Boko-Haram, the group continues to create an increasing menace in the region. While there are limited successes in the reduction of the groups' stronghold, the war on terrorism is far from over. Over the years, there have being effort to infuse diplomatic steps away from hard-core military approach to address issues of Boko-Haram. The absence of detailed studies on review and analysis of diplomatic efforts of the Nigerian government makes this research critical and important. Exercising desktop review, this paper examines the contextual analysis of counterterrorism diplomacy by looking at the conceptual framing of counterterrorism diplomacy, and the use of anti-Boko-Haram diplomacy in Nigeria. Using network theory, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the counter-terrorism diplomacy used against Boko-Haram; and critically analyse the strategies used in the release of the kidnapped school girls in Nigeria. The study found that, in countering BH, there have being no permanent solutions, and BH activities is proving difficult to end. Consequently, diplomatic solutions need to take precedence over other means, and continually applied to resolve the conflict. Thus, whilst applying the use of military in intelligence gathering, security and tactical response to BH activities; the strategic and combined effort in the use of soft power diplomacy is important to reducing the growth and impact of BH activities. The study recommends the use of network diplomacy for prevention and response to Boko-Haram in the Lake Chad region; network maximization of all state and non-state actors/stakeholders involved in diplomacy; use of both public and virtual diplomacy to foster economic, institutional and security governance in the Lake Chad region. Julius is undertaking PhD International Studies, and holds MA International Conflict Management, and MA Sociology (Disaster Management). He has practical and scholarly background in conflict and disaster management, with special interest in global governance and security.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58268850,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38228309/Counter_Terrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58268850,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38228309/Counter_Terrorism_Diplomacy_in_Lake_Chad_Region_Analysis_of_Strategies_on_Boko_Haram_in_North_eastern_Nigeria"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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One of these instruments is security diplomacy. Briefly, as conceived, defense-based relationship that harnesses Nigeria and her neighbor's security institutions into one combine effort towards defeating the Boko Haram insurgency and other cross border related security threats. An important component of this stands, was Nigeria's neighbours' commitment to the elimination of security threat through deployment of substantial security resources in the various states of the region to fight the Sect. This study takes a critical look at the origin and operational activities of the Boko Haram Sect in the North east and the Lake Chad region.The study further discussed the prospects and challenges of security diplomacy. The study used descriptive and historical methods and reviewed extensively, existing literature on the subject matter. The study anchored its discussion on regional security complex theory. From the discourse, it is noted that security diplomacy between Nigeria and its North East neigbour would enhance mutual security, improve bilateral relations and economic activities and as well reduce to some extent threat to national security pose by terrorist groups in the region. However, the most obvious problems include multiple illegal borders with attendance proliferation of small and light weapons, inadequate operational facilities and development crisis. Based on these findings, the study suggests among others, provision of sophisticated operational facilities, and effective control of contentious border areas to reduce illegal proliferation of arms in the region, promotion of unity and building of trust and confidence in regional collaboration structure.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SECURITY DIPLOMACY BETWEEN NIGERIA AND ITS NORTH EAST NEIGHBOURS: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES","attachmentId":98145654,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96173785/SECURITY_DIPLOMACY_BETWEEN_NIGERIA_AND_ITS_NORTH_EAST_NEIGHBOURS_PROSPECTS_AND_CHALLENGES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96173785/SECURITY_DIPLOMACY_BETWEEN_NIGERIA_AND_ITS_NORTH_EAST_NEIGHBOURS_PROSPECTS_AND_CHALLENGES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="110652730" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110652730/Boko_Haram_Insurgency_and_Nigeria_s_Foreign_Policy_A_Failure_of_Diplomacy_Multilateralism_and_Security_Apparatus">Boko Haram Insurgency and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: A Failure of Diplomacy, Multilateralism and Security Apparatus?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13925950" href="https://pmb2109.academia.edu/OlufemiOmobuwajo">Olufemi Omobuwajo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Contemporary International Relations And Diplomacy, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International terrorism became a major concern to Nigeria with the emergence of the Boko Haram Islamist group from around 2009, and the escalation of attacks on the country by the sect. The group has bases in neighbouring countries of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. This made the governments of Presidents Goodluck Jonathan and Mohammadu Buhari to be involved in negotiations, dialogues, shuttle diplomacy, and the usage of other tools of foreign relations with these contiguous countries. The Multinational Task Force (MNTF) was established in 1993 by Lake Chad Basin Commission and had to be resuscitated and invigorated by the governments of Jonathan and Buhari. However, the insurgency lingered despite these concerted efforts. This paper attempts to investigate why several foreign and security policy initiatives of the Nigerian government have failed to find lasting solutions to the insurgency. Secondary data, qualitative research methods, and content analysis were used as a methodology in this research. Findings showed that inefficiencies of government, poverty, and porous borders made it easier for Boko Haram terrorists to recruit members from these neighbouring countries. It was also revealed that this insurgency has made Nigeria lose foreign direct investment (FDI) because some Multinational Corporations (MNCs) relocated from the country. Therefore, the study advocates a wider approach that incorporates economic programs that would reduce poverty among the local populace and stronger border controls, among others.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Boko Haram Insurgency and Nigeria’s Foreign Policy: A Failure of Diplomacy, Multilateralism and Security Apparatus?","attachmentId":108493432,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110652730/Boko_Haram_Insurgency_and_Nigeria_s_Foreign_Policy_A_Failure_of_Diplomacy_Multilateralism_and_Security_Apparatus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110652730/Boko_Haram_Insurgency_and_Nigeria_s_Foreign_Policy_A_Failure_of_Diplomacy_Multilateralism_and_Security_Apparatus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="34053283" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34053283/WAR_AGAINST_TERRORISM_NIGERIAN_DIPLOMATIC_DIMENSION_AGAINST_BOKO_HARAMINSURGENCY">WAR AGAINST TERRORISM; NIGERIAN DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION AGAINST BOKO HARAMINSURGENCY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66772570" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NeroChudi">Nero Chudi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The research provides an appraisal of the war against terrorism with a focus on Nigerian diplomatic dimension against book haram insurgency. The effect of the boko haram insurgency has in recent times constituted a serious threat to the security of lives and property of Nigerians in the north east .As a result many lives and properties have been lost ,while others are being held hostage. However the Nigerian government through its various military and security forces had declared a total war to eliminate the boko haram insurgency in Nigeria. The research appraises the diplomatic initiative instituted to realize the mission. CHAPTER ONE</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"WAR AGAINST TERRORISM; NIGERIAN DIPLOMATIC DIMENSION AGAINST BOKO HARAMINSURGENCY","attachmentId":53990985,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34053283/WAR_AGAINST_TERRORISM_NIGERIAN_DIPLOMATIC_DIMENSION_AGAINST_BOKO_HARAMINSURGENCY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34053283/WAR_AGAINST_TERRORISM_NIGERIAN_DIPLOMATIC_DIMENSION_AGAINST_BOKO_HARAMINSURGENCY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7417066" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7417066/Peace_Talks_Initiatives_between_the_Boko_Haram_and_Nigerian_Government_International_Journal_of_Business_and_Social_Science_Vol_5_No_6_1_May_2014">Peace Talks Initiatives between the Boko Haram and Nigerian Government, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 6(1); May 2014.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8046629" href="https://hku-tr.academia.edu/KieranEUchehara">Kieran E. Uchehara</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper discusses the Boko Haram as well as the peace talk initiatives between the Nigerian government and the group. Even though it appears difficult to see a meaningful dialogue between the government and the Boko Haram, it is argued here that several previous attempts have been made to resolve the issue through dialogue, and that such moves could have been made more productive; yet, unfortunately, they came to a breakdown either because the initiators were afraid that they would benefit from the crisis no more if the peace talks succeeded, or because some attempted to derail these processes for various reasons. Given the danger the group poses to the country, a more focused, pragmatic, and dynamic approach to resolving the challenge is required on the part of the government and the group. That is, a more comprehensive initiative alongside other civic actions should be employed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Peace Talks Initiatives between the Boko Haram and Nigerian Government, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 6(1); May 2014.","attachmentId":45340853,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7417066/Peace_Talks_Initiatives_between_the_Boko_Haram_and_Nigerian_Government_International_Journal_of_Business_and_Social_Science_Vol_5_No_6_1_May_2014","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7417066/Peace_Talks_Initiatives_between_the_Boko_Haram_and_Nigerian_Government_International_Journal_of_Business_and_Social_Science_Vol_5_No_6_1_May_2014"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="40336183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40336183/BOKO_HARAM_INSURGENCY_IN_WEST_AFRICAN_SUB_REGION_A_VIEW_FROM_THE_LENSE_OF_THE_DOMINO_THEORY_OF_INTERNATIONAL_RELATIONS">BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION: A VIEW FROM THE LENSE OF THE DOMINO THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="78134755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OWambu">Okey Wambu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">chiemela Godwin Wambu, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Menace of Boko Haram Insurgency has plagued the Nigerian state since 2002. Originating from the northeastern part of the country, the terrorist group has devastated the economic, social and political fabrics of Nigeria. That its debilitating activities inhibit the growth of the already ailing nation is worrisome, and that its activities and wild terrorist acts are fast spreading into nearby and contiguous West African countries whose resources are unable to resist intense destructive strings is more worrisome. This paper, using available secondary and primary sources and employing historical methods of analysis brings to fore the "domino effect" implications of Boko Haram insurgency in West Africa. To attain this goal, it adopts the domino theory of International Relations as a model for analysis and established that the spread of insurgency and terrorism in the Lake Chad region is taking a domino effect pattern. It calls for more proactive measures by the affected nations to curb the far-reaching effects of this epidemic.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN WEST AFRICAN SUB-REGION: A VIEW FROM THE LENSE OF THE DOMINO THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","attachmentId":60580106,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40336183/BOKO_HARAM_INSURGENCY_IN_WEST_AFRICAN_SUB_REGION_A_VIEW_FROM_THE_LENSE_OF_THE_DOMINO_THEORY_OF_INTERNATIONAL_RELATIONS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40336183/BOKO_HARAM_INSURGENCY_IN_WEST_AFRICAN_SUB_REGION_A_VIEW_FROM_THE_LENSE_OF_THE_DOMINO_THEORY_OF_INTERNATIONAL_RELATIONS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="37055396" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37055396/Countering_Terrorism_in_the_Horn_of_Africa_The_Role_of_Public_Diplomacy">Countering Terrorism in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Public Diplomacy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39798135" href="https://uonbi.academia.edu/FrankNjue">Frank M Kirimi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">© 2017 University of Nairobi Press , 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Terrorism is indeed a transnational security conundrum as evidenced by the death and destruction it causes. Furthermore, more and more ‘vulnerable’ people are being recruited to the ‘dark side’, particularly in the Horn of Africa sub-region. Therefore, this research sought answers to three pertinent questions: Are the strategies and mechanisms of counterterrorism in place effective? If not, are ‘traditional’ diplomatic strategies in place better placed to tackle terrorism? If yes, are public diplomacy counterterrorism strategies more suited to counter terrorism? To assess these questions, the research sought to employ the liberal theoretical approach in analyzing public diplomacy as a counterterrorism strategy. This research further sought the insight of 23 respondents, using a mixed method data collection and analysis to obtain the relevant data that led to the inference that public diplomacy strategies are both sustainable and effective in counterterrorism. For this reason, the research recommended that further research ought to be carried out by the academia to establish a link between corruption and terrorism. Furthermore, it recommended that policy makers, adopt strategies that are not only responsive to terrorist threats, but also preventive ones. Indeed, strategies that are aimed at safeguarding human security, aimed at eradicating vulnerably that leads normal human beings to become terrorists. Moreover, this research revealed that a collaborative effort between both state and non-state actors is apt in addressing these underlying enablers of terrorism. Making a conclusion that a public diplomacy counterterrorism strategy is most appropriate in preventing terrorism and dealing with the root enablers of terrorism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Countering Terrorism in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Public Diplomacy","attachmentId":59161591,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37055396/Countering_Terrorism_in_the_Horn_of_Africa_The_Role_of_Public_Diplomacy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37055396/Countering_Terrorism_in_the_Horn_of_Africa_The_Role_of_Public_Diplomacy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="7104506" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7104506/UNDERSTANDING_CURRENT_BOKO_HARAM_CONFLICT_DYNAMICS_NIGERIA_and_SUPPORT_NATIONS_FINDING_CHIBOK_KIDNAPPED_GIRLS">UNDERSTANDING CURRENT BOKO HARAM CONFLICT DYNAMICS – NIGERIA and SUPPORT NATIONS FINDING CHIBOK KIDNAPPED GIRLS </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8182634" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaiwaaziDandauraSamu">Maiwa'azi Dandaura Samu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conflict intervention knowledge and skills are strategically advancing, at the same time, settling conflict is becoming more complex, intractable, and perplexing. Connecting the knowledge and skills advancement with conflict settlement ingenuity needed to effectively heal all parties has become a thing of critical importance and of great demand. All kinds of frameworks have been used to eradicate communicable diseases around the world using well-structured frameworks. What helped health administrators achieve this feat? How can their enterprise be used to similarly eradicate complex, intractable conflict? This paper engages this concept and more.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"UNDERSTANDING CURRENT BOKO HARAM CONFLICT DYNAMICS – NIGERIA and SUPPORT NATIONS FINDING CHIBOK KIDNAPPED GIRLS ","attachmentId":33747506,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7104506/UNDERSTANDING_CURRENT_BOKO_HARAM_CONFLICT_DYNAMICS_NIGERIA_and_SUPPORT_NATIONS_FINDING_CHIBOK_KIDNAPPED_GIRLS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7104506/UNDERSTANDING_CURRENT_BOKO_HARAM_CONFLICT_DYNAMICS_NIGERIA_and_SUPPORT_NATIONS_FINDING_CHIBOK_KIDNAPPED_GIRLS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="35795339" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35795339/Rethinking_the_Functionality_of_the_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force_in_Managing_the_Boko_Haram_Crisis_in_the_Lake_Chad_Basin">Rethinking the Functionality of the Multinational Joint Task Force in Managing the Boko Haram Crisis in the Lake Chad Basin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1872968" href="https://ui-edu-ng.academia.edu/IsaacAlbert">Isaac O Albert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The countries in the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) established the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) in April 2012 and upgraded it in 2015 for managing the ongoing Boko Haram crisis that started in Nigeria in 2002. The decision followed the realization that the problem is not necessarily Nigerian, as initially perceived, but a regional question. This security management formation is with a counter-terrorism mandate. This article takes a critical look at the challenges in the functioning of the security regimen. The most critical of the problems is that, though the countries need to work collaboratively at dealing with a common enemy, they are suspicious of each other over border issues. Nigeria is suspicious of Cameroon and Chad, which are in turn suspicious of Nigeria. This factor has reduced the effectiveness of this security community. The lesson here is that African states need to work on their relations timeously to enable them have smooth working relationship when they have to face a common enemy. Résumé Les pays du bassin du lac Tchad (LCB) ont créé le Groupe de travail conjoint multinational en avril 2012 et l'ont amélioré en 2015 pour gérer la crise actuelle de Boko Haram qui a commencé au Nigeria en 2002. Il a été constaté que le problème n'était pas nécessairement nigérian comme perçu initialement, mais plutôt une question régionale. La gestion de la sécurité comporte un mandat de lutte contre le terrorisme. Cet article examine de façon critique les défis dans le fonctionnement du régime de sécurité. La</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rethinking the Functionality of the Multinational Joint Task Force in Managing the Boko Haram Crisis in the Lake Chad Basin","attachmentId":55671785,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35795339/Rethinking_the_Functionality_of_the_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force_in_Managing_the_Boko_Haram_Crisis_in_the_Lake_Chad_Basin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35795339/Rethinking_the_Functionality_of_the_Multinational_Joint_Task_Force_in_Managing_the_Boko_Haram_Crisis_in_the_Lake_Chad_Basin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="127432826" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127432826/Winning_the_War_and_Losing_the_Peace_An_Analysis_of_Counter_Boko_Haram_Terrorism_in_Northeast_Nigeria_1">Winning the War and Losing the Peace: An Analysis of Counter Boko Haram Terrorism in Northeast Nigeria 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4915333" href="https://gov-ng.academia.edu/DrUgwumbaEGBUTA">Dr. Ugwumba EGBUTA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 2025</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: This paper examines the multifaceted challenges and complexities surrounding the Nigerian government's counter-terrorism efforts. The study delves into the paradoxical situation of "winning the war but losing the peace," wherein the Nigerian military has achieved significant successes in degrading the operational capacity of Boko Haram, yet has struggled to establish a sustainable peace. It draws on various primary and secondary sources to analyse the historical context, socio-political dynamics, and strategic aspects of the counterterrorism campaign. It evaluates both the military's kinetic operations and non-kinetic initiatives implemented to address the root causes of Boko Haram's rise, focusing on their effectiveness and limitations. It highlights the unintended consequences of military-centric strategies, including alleged human rights issues, displacement of populations, and exacerbation of grievances. It underscores the importance of a holistic approach that integrates military efforts with long-term socioeconomic development, community engagement, and judiciary and security sector reforms to prevent the resurgence of extremism. In analysing the complex interplay between security, development, and governance, the study contributes to the understanding of the intricate challenges that emerge when addressing terrorism issues in a fragile state context. It emphasizes the need for a nuanced, context-specific approach that goes beyond short-term military gains to ensure sustainable peace and stability. The findings of this study hold implications not only for Nigeria but also for other nations facing similar challenges, providing insights into the delicate balance between winning the war against terrorism and securing a lasting peace.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Winning the War and Losing the Peace: An Analysis of Counter Boko Haram Terrorism in Northeast Nigeria 1","attachmentId":121165326,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127432826/Winning_the_War_and_Losing_the_Peace_An_Analysis_of_Counter_Boko_Haram_Terrorism_in_Northeast_Nigeria_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127432826/Winning_the_War_and_Losing_the_Peace_An_Analysis_of_Counter_Boko_Haram_Terrorism_in_Northeast_Nigeria_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35926109" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35926109/Chapter_5_Transnational_Insurgency_and_Counterinsurgency_around_the_Lake_Chad_Basin_Rethinking_Boko_Haram_In_ATONE_RELIGION_CONFLICT_AND_RECONCILIATION_2018_pdf">Chapter 5 Transnational Insurgency and Counterinsurgency around the Lake Chad Basin Rethinking Boko Haram. In ATONE.RELIGION CONFLICT AND RECONCILIATION.2018.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4139769" href="https://oouagoiwoye.academia.edu/OlatundeTaiwo">Olatunde Taiwo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Boko Haram is at the intersection of the ongoing insecurity, religious intolerance, and unbridled insurgency around the Lake Chad Basin of West Africa. Boko Haram is ideologically driven by the fundamentalist Islamic tenet of replacing the “morally bankrupt” Nigerian government with the supremacy of strict Islamic sharia laws (Awoniyi, 2013; Blanquart, 2012; Ladan-Baki, 2015; Onuoha, 2012; Onyebuchi & Chigozie, 2013). The movement also promotes an ISIS spirit with Al-Qaeda inspiration and Libyan weaponry. Because it has become increasingly clear that peace cannot return to the Lake Chad Basin unless Boko Haram is comprehensively understood and dealt with, this chapter sets for itself, the initial objective of investigating if the emergence of and transformation of domestic insurgencies to transnational insurgencies in the Chad Basin are explainable using Paul Staniland’s(2005) “theory of insurgency.” From this backdrop, I then examine the relationship between Boko Haram and the social, economic, cultural, and ideological fortunes of the group’s primary targets including the countries of Chad, Nigeria, and Cameroon. The probable fate of Boko Haram, in terms of its ultimate lot, will likely play out similar to other transnational insurgency groups including the Revolutionary United Force (RUF) and the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL). To achieve the above, the subsequent discussion is divided in to five sections. First, I present some background information on insurgency, transnational insurgency, counterinsurgency, and their connections. Second, I provide the chapter’s context regarding the Lake Chad Basin. Third, I consider Boko Haram’s metamorphosis, the nexus between a part of Staniland’s (2005) theory and the group, and the multifaceted effects of the group’s activities in the region. The different categories of transnational counterinsurgency measures deployed against Boko Haram and the inability of these measures to defeat the group form the basis of the fourth section. In the fifth section, the preceding is underlined by the remaining positions in Staniland’s (2005) theory followed by an examination of an alternative explanation based on the Failed State Index (FSI) and the Human Development Index (HDI). I conclude by making a case for the ultimate containment of Boko Haram, similar to that of the RUF and NPFL.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chapter 5 Transnational Insurgency and Counterinsurgency around the Lake Chad Basin Rethinking Boko Haram. In ATONE.RELIGION CONFLICT AND RECONCILIATION.2018.pdf","attachmentId":55807772,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35926109/Chapter_5_Transnational_Insurgency_and_Counterinsurgency_around_the_Lake_Chad_Basin_Rethinking_Boko_Haram_In_ATONE_RELIGION_CONFLICT_AND_RECONCILIATION_2018_pdf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35926109/Chapter_5_Transnational_Insurgency_and_Counterinsurgency_around_the_Lake_Chad_Basin_Rethinking_Boko_Haram_In_ATONE_RELIGION_CONFLICT_AND_RECONCILIATION_2018_pdf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58268850,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58268850,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_58268850" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="86679622" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86679622/GLOBAL_CHALLENGES_OF_NIGERIA_FOREIGN_POLICY_IN_THE_FIGHT_AGAINST_BOKO_HARAM_INSURGENCY">GLOBAL CHALLENGES OF NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY IN THE FIGHT AGAINST BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46211990" href="https://kwasu.academia.edu/AbdulRasheedHamzaBamidelePhD">AbdulRasheed Hamza Bamidele PhD</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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