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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="JhdGvu-b3Mx9KSBdPrFBGb2vTgBWzfkV5csfP6d8IIOA6mJqfuNq5pAWJUk4LPY88Ifnn1Lyx3YnCJQWcyhhug" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/12/05" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Julius A Adinoyi" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/4694038/1977822/118066751/s200_julius.adinoyi.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION" /> <meta property="og:title" content="BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi" /> <meta name="description" content="Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations," /> <title>(PDF) BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '76fc599fe9ec1fff2969df94a387714e0e55b182'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740162828000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740162828000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations, physiological, psychological and environmental interactions with human behaviour This paper elucidates that there is relationship between human behavior and violence in extreme conflict situations considering that the foundational behavioral traits is accompanied by the progenitiveness in human beings. However, it is identified that biological factors manifests not in isolation but in tandem with the social environment inform of sociobiological complex as observed through the mixture of learned societal behavior and the inherent behaviors which effects the stimulus and responses in the emergence of conflict and violent situations.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Julius A Adinoyi","url":"https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-12-05","datePublished":"2015-12-05","headline":"BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40657716/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Peace and Conflict Studies","Violence","Conflict","Biological 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{"work":{"id":19505158,"created_at":"2015-12-05T09:30:20.982-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T16:59:45.402-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations, physiological, psychological and environmental interactions with human behaviour This paper elucidates that there is relationship between human behavior and violence in extreme conflict situations considering that the foundational behavioral traits is accompanied by the progenitiveness in human beings. However, it is identified that biological factors manifests not in isolation but in tandem with the social environment inform of sociobiological complex as observed through the mixture of learned societal behavior and the inherent behaviors which effects the stimulus and responses in the emergence of conflict and violent situations.","event_date":null,"ai_title_tag":"Biological Influences on Conflict and Violence Escalation","publication_date":"2015,12,5","conference_end_date":null,"conference_start_date":null},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4694038]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":40657716,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40657716/mini_magick20190220-6609-edcjyx.png?1550706831" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONFLCIT AND ITS VIOLENT ESCALATION</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4694038" href="https://auburn.academia.edu/JuliusAdinoyi"><img alt="Profile image of Julius A Adinoyi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4694038/1977822/118066751/s65_julius.adinoyi.jpeg" />Julius A Adinoyi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 19505158; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=19505158"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Biological influence on conflict and its’ violent escalation are significant complex that is more often mis-conceptualized. This paper discusses the behavioural deviations due to genetics, genetically influenced modifications or mutations, physiological, psychological and environmental interactions with human behaviour This paper elucidates that there is relationship between human behavior and violence in extreme conflict situations considering that the foundational behavioral traits is accompanied by the progenitiveness in human beings. However, it is identified that biological factors manifests not in isolation but in tandem with the social environment inform of sociobiological complex as observed through the mixture of learned societal behavior and the inherent behaviors which effects the stimulus and responses in the emergence of conflict and violent situations.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":40657716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":40657716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/19505158/BIOLOGICAL_FACTORS_ON_CONFLCIT_AND_ITS_VIOLENT_ESCALATION"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Por suerte, algunas de nuestras tendencias humanas mas destructivas pueden mitigarse o eliminarse gracias a la evolucion cultural. Pero dado que la cultura es a la biologia lo que el software es al hardware, hay que entender adecuadamente la naturaleza biologica de los conflictos para inspirar soluciones efectivas y, yendo mas alla, construir unas culturas de paz duraderas. Este articulo se centra en las raices biologicas de los conflictos humanos. Una continuacion giraria en torno a la resolucion de conflictos a traves de la evolucion cultural. catalaLes arrels biologiques dels conflictes humans venen de lluny en la seva evolucio i son, per tant, profundes. Per sort, algunes de les nostres tendencies humanes mes destructives poden ser mitigades o eliminades mitjancant l’evolucio cultural. Pero ates que la cultura es per a la biologia el mateix que el progra...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological Roots of Human Conflict","attachmentId":116294212,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121410838/Biological_Roots_of_Human_Conflict","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121410838/Biological_Roots_of_Human_Conflict"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="10031815" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10031815/Psychobiology_of_Conflict">Psychobiology of Conflict</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3597496" href="https://unina.academia.edu/NelsonMauroMaldonato">Nelson Mauro Maldonato</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human aggression and war are mediated by culture and social evolution. Human beings have a wide range of possible behaviors and possible cultural responses to aggression and the possibility of fear. This article analyzes the psychobiological dimensions of aggression and war, and proposes a way of approaching the complex interrelationship between biology, psychology, and culture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Psychobiology of Conflict","attachmentId":36163649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10031815/Psychobiology_of_Conflict","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10031815/Psychobiology_of_Conflict"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="6338528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6338528/Biology_of_Violence">Biology of Violence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9841267" href="https://usc.academia.edu/LauraBaker">Laura Baker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">See also Nature vs. Nurture; Sociobiology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biology of Violence","attachmentId":33167310,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6338528/Biology_of_Violence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6338528/Biology_of_Violence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="117728388" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117728388/Evolutionary_theories_of_violent_conflict_bellicosity_and_radicalization">Evolutionary theories of violent conflict, bellicosity and radicalization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681912" href="https://dtu.academia.edu/AgnerFog">Agner Fog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Changing patterns of warfare require a revision of our theories of psychological mechanisms behind violent conflict. The article explains some evolutionary theories that can improve our understanding of the deep-rooted psychological mechanisms behind bellicosity, radicalization, escalation, and cultural changes related to war. An evolutionary theory called regality theory explains why collective danger can lead to political and religious radicalization and move a culture in an authoritarian, bellicose, and undemocratic direction. This theory also reveals why both terrorism and counterterrorism tactics are likely to be counterproductive. Biological theory of sexual selection explains why, historically, most warriors and war leaders have been men. A combination of these theories explains the psychological and cultural mechanisms that leaders and military strategists have exploited in the tactics of false flag attacks and other deceptive manipulations of fear. The territorial peace theory explains why democracy cannot be imposed by military means. This kind of causal theories can be very useful for conflict and peace research and for peacemaking.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary theories of violent conflict, bellicosity and radicalization","attachmentId":115803473,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/117728388/Evolutionary_theories_of_violent_conflict_bellicosity_and_radicalization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/117728388/Evolutionary_theories_of_violent_conflict_bellicosity_and_radicalization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="44669809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44669809/Biological_Roots_of_Human_Conflict_and_its_Resolution_via_Cultural_Evolution">Biological Roots of Human Conflict, and its Resolution via Cultural Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6322387" href="https://ccny-cuny.academia.edu/LMarinoff">Lou Marinoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Conflictology, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The biological roots of human conflict are evolutionarily ancient, and correspondingly deep. Fortunately, some of our most destructive human tendencies can be mitigated or obviated by cultural evolution. But since culture is to biology as software is to hardware, one must correctly understand the biological nature of conflict in order to nurture effective resolutions, and beyond that to build enduring cultures of peace. This paper focuses on the biological roots of human conflict. A sequel would focus on conflict resolution via cultural evolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological Roots of Human Conflict, and its Resolution via Cultural Evolution","attachmentId":65142812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44669809/Biological_Roots_of_Human_Conflict_and_its_Resolution_via_Cultural_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44669809/Biological_Roots_of_Human_Conflict_and_its_Resolution_via_Cultural_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30099688" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30099688/Violence_and_Human_Nature_Nature_vs_Nurture">Violence and Human Nature: Nature vs. Nurture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13751992" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/ZohaibTahir">Zohaib Tahir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The End of War is a compact, yet compelling, read by John Horgan that provides the reasons behind conflict amongst human beings. His main arguments can be divided into three over-arching categories. First, Horgan points out that human genes overlap more with bonobos than chimpanzees. (pg. 39) This fact debunks the myth that humans are innately violent and establishes that it is the circumstances that lead to wars and conflicts. (pg. 95) Second, he asserts that war will end for scientific reasons but it ought to be ended for moral reasons. (pg. 19) Lastly, he points out that war is a choice humans make; therefore they are as likely to be peaceful as violent. This can be backed up by the finding that the origins of warfare only date back by 13000 years. (pg. 186) This illustrates that war has not been present since the origin of human existence. As such, "war is not something that happens to us.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Violence and Human Nature: Nature vs. Nurture","attachmentId":50561385,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30099688/Violence_and_Human_Nature_Nature_vs_Nurture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30099688/Violence_and_Human_Nature_Nature_vs_Nurture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="69967861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69967861/Agressivitat_viol%C3%A8ncia_sociabilitat_i_resoluci%C3%B3_de_conflictes_all%C3%B2_que_els_gens_ens_poden_revelar">Agressivitat, violència, sociabilitat i resolució de conflictes: allò que els gens ens poden revelar</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65719118" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBueno25">David Bueno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Conflictology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conflicts are inherent to the human condition, as they are for all living beings. Disputes about resources or access to mating partners are among the most common causes of conflict. Conflict is herein defined as a struggle or contest between individuals or parties, and may involve a variety of aggressive behaviours. In humans, aggressiveness, violence and conflicts, including individual predisposal to conflict resolution, have traditionally been said to have deep cultural roots, but recent research in both neuroscience and genetics has shown the influence of genes on such complex behavioural traits. In this paper, recent data on the genetic aspects of these interrelated behaviours will be put together, including the effects of particular genes, the influence of stress and gender on gene regulation, and gene-environment interactions, all of which may influence biological predisposal to conflict resolution. Other genetically influenced behavioural aspects involved in conflicts and conflict resolution, such as sociability, will also be discussed. The importance of taking into account genetic and biological data to provide strategies for conflict resolution will be highlighted.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Agressivitat, violència, sociabilitat i resolució de conflictes: allò que els gens ens poden revelar","attachmentId":79865737,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69967861/Agressivitat_viol%C3%A8ncia_sociabilitat_i_resoluci%C3%B3_de_conflictes_all%C3%B2_que_els_gens_ens_poden_revelar","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69967861/Agressivitat_viol%C3%A8ncia_sociabilitat_i_resoluci%C3%B3_de_conflictes_all%C3%B2_que_els_gens_ens_poden_revelar"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="11690627" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11690627/Biology_large_scale_violence_among_humans_and_culture">Biology, large scale violence among humans and culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27777360" href="https://uqam.academia.edu/PaulDumouchel">Paul P G Dumouchel</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biology, large scale violence among humans and culture","attachmentId":37136868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11690627/Biology_large_scale_violence_among_humans_and_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11690627/Biology_large_scale_violence_among_humans_and_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="75178910" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75178910/Expanding_Evolutionary_Psychology_toward_a_Better_Understanding_of_Violence_and_Aggression">Expanding Evolutionary Psychology: toward a Better Understanding of Violence and Aggression</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136083278" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DPoleszynski">Dag Viljen Poleszynski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Social Science Information, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The “mainstream” evolutionary psychology model is currently under criticism from scientists of other persuasions wanting to expand the model or to make it more realistic in various ways. We argue that focusing on the environment as if it consisted only of social (or sociocultural) factors gives too limited a perspective if evolutionary approaches are to understand the behavior of modern humans. Taking the case of violence, we argue that numerous novel environmental factors of nutritional and physical-chemical origin should be considered as relevant proximate factors. The common thesis presented here is that several aspects of the biotic or abiotic environment are able to change brain chemistry, thus predisposing individuals to violence and aggression in given contexts. In the past, aggressive behavior has had a number of useful functions that were of particular importance to our ancestors&#39; survival and reproduction. However, some of the conditions in our novel environment, which...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Expanding Evolutionary Psychology: toward a Better Understanding of Violence and Aggression","attachmentId":83648930,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75178910/Expanding_Evolutionary_Psychology_toward_a_Better_Understanding_of_Violence_and_Aggression","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75178910/Expanding_Evolutionary_Psychology_toward_a_Better_Understanding_of_Violence_and_Aggression"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="6338551" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6338551/Human_Aggression_Across_the_Lifespan_Genetic_Propensities_and_Environmental_Moderators">Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9841267" href="https://usc.academia.edu/LauraBaker">Laura Baker</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators","attachmentId":33167333,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6338551/Human_Aggression_Across_the_Lifespan_Genetic_Propensities_and_Environmental_Moderators","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6338551/Human_Aggression_Across_the_Lifespan_Genetic_Propensities_and_Environmental_Moderators"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40657716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":40657716,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_40657716" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/69592332/Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Violence_Homicide_and_War">Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1105794" href="https://oakland.academia.edu/ToddShackelford">Todd K Shackelford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolutionary Perspectives on Violence, Homicide, and War","attachmentId":79628395,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69592332/Evolutionary_Perspectives_on_Violence_Homicide_and_War","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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New York: Oxford University Press","attachmentId":77736059,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66614490/Conflict_in_Humans_New_York_Oxford_University_Press","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66614490/Conflict_in_Humans_New_York_Oxford_University_Press"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="2439289" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2439289/Human_aggression_in_evolutionary_psychological_perspective">Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1105794" href="https://oakland.academia.edu/ToddShackelford">Todd K Shackelford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Psychology Review, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Human aggression in evolutionary psychological perspective","attachmentId":30462436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2439289/Human_aggression_in_evolutionary_psychological_perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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Armijo-prewitt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Developmental stability and human violence","attachmentId":42834982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22174765/Developmental_stability_and_human_violence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22174765/Developmental_stability_and_human_violence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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