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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Commands_and_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands_and_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Commands and programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands_and_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prompting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prompting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prompting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prompting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_help" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_help"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Command help</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_help-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_new_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_new_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Creating new commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_new_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finding_the_right_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_the_right_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Finding the right command</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finding_the_right_command-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Finding the right command subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Finding_the_right_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardized_abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardized_abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Standardized abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardized_abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_grouping_menus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_grouping_menus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Command grouping menus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_grouping_menus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Command selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">IBM operating system scripting language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Control_Language" title="Special:EditPage/Control Language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Control+Language%22">"Control Language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Control+Language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Control+Language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Control+Language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Control+Language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Control+Language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Control Language</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1978<span class="noprint">; 46 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1978</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Control_Program_Facility" title="Control Program Facility">Control Program Facility</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Proprietary</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">Job Control Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Control Language</b> (<b>CL</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> originally created by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> for the <a href="/wiki/System/38" class="mw-redirect" title="System/38">System/38</a> <a href="/wiki/Control_Program_Facility" title="Control Program Facility">Control Program Facility</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later used in <a href="/wiki/OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> (now known as IBM i). It bears a resemblance to the IBM <a href="/wiki/Job_Control_Language" title="Job Control Language">Job Control Language</a> and consists of a set of command objects (*CMD) used to invoke traditional programs or get help on what those programs do. CL can also be used to create CL programs (congruent to <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>) where there are additional commands that provide program-like functionality (IF/ELSE, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration (computer science)">variable declaration</a>, file input, etc.) </p><p>Although CL is a scripting language for system administration, it is used mainly to create compiled programs. The use of interpreted CL scripts through the SBMDBJOB command <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is in fact extremely limited. </p><p>While thousands of commands were written by IBM developers to perform system-level tasks like compiling programs, backing up data, changing system configurations, displaying system object details, or deleting them, commands are not limited to systems-level concerns and can be drafted for user applications as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commands_and_programs">Commands and programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Commands and programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">Parameters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Command-line_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line argument">command-line arguments</a>) defined in the main procedures of all traditional System/38 and AS/400 programs are hard-coded lists that are made up of parameters that can be numeric, alphanumeric, Boolean, etc. and the order in which parameters are passed is important. This is a stark difference from the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> worlds where the parameter list in Unix shell scripts and <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programs</a> is a set or array of character pointers and more often than not the parameters are not positionally dependent. </p><p>The developer's solution to this problem was the command object (*CMD). While the parameters on the command can be specified in any order, each parameter is defined to be passed in a specific order to the program. The programmer can also define, among other things, the parameter's <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a>, unique parameter name, descriptive text (for prompting), default value (used only if the parameter isn't specified during execution), if the values are restricted to a certain set or range if the data entered should be changed to another value before calling the program, etc. </p><p>At its most basic a command names a single program to call when the user types or prompts the command and presses the Enter key. The command takes all of the parameters typed by the user, and those not typed by the user, and builds a parameter list that it passes to the program when it's called. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Backus-Naur_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Backus-Naur form">BNF</a> for a much simplified CL command syntax would be defined as follows: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-bnf mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">CL-command</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="o">::=</span> command-name [<span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">positional-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span>] [<span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">named-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span>] <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">positional-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="o">::=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-value</span><span class="p">></span> [<span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">positional-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span>] <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">named-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="o">::=</span> parameter-name "(" <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-element-list</span><span class="p">></span> ")" [<span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">named-parameter-list</span><span class="p">></span>] <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-element-list</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="o">::=</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-value</span><span class="p">></span> [<span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-element-list</span><span class="p">></span>] <span class="p"><</span><span class="nc">parameter-value</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="o">::=</span> CL-name | qualified-CL-name | "*"special-value | generic-CL-name"*" | "'"alphanumeric-value"'" | numeric-value | "X'"hexadecimal-value"'" </pre></div> <p>The items above that end in <i>-name</i> follow <a href="/wiki/Object_(IBM_i)" title="Object (IBM i)">object</a> naming conventions which, generally speaking, means the name starts with a letter and can be up to ten characters in length. (CL commands are also case-insensitive.) </p><p>A good example of a typical CL command is the <b>Change Program</b> (CHGPGM) command below: </p> <pre>CHGPGM MYPGM OPTIMIZE(*FULL) RMVOBS(*BLKORD *PRCORD) TEXT('My program.') </pre> <p>The above command is passing four parameters to the program that does <i>Change Program</i> processing and they are: </p> <ul><li>MYPGM: A positional parameter (PGM), and the only required parameter. In this case it's the name of the program being changed. Positional parameters are always first. Once a named parameter appears all parameters that follow must be named parameters.</li> <li>OPTIMIZE(*FULL): A named parameter specifying a single element which is a special value. In this case it will change the program to be fully optimized.</li> <li>RMVOBS(*BLKORD *PRCORD): A named parameter (Remove Observability) specifying multiple special values. In this case telling it to remove two kinds of profiling data from the program.</li> <li>TEXT('My program.'): Another named parameter specifying a single alphanumeric value. In this case it's changing the descriptive text of the program.</li></ul> <p>In reality the system will pass many more parameters than the four specified above. This is because the rest of the CHGPGM command's parameters were not specified, so default values will be passed instead. For every parameter on this, aside from the PGM parameter, that default is <i>*SAME</i>, meaning don't change it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prompting">Prompting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prompting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All CL commands can be prompted directly from the command line or within CL program <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source</a> by typing the command and pressing the F4 <a href="/wiki/Function_key" title="Function key">function key</a>. An OS/400 command can also be prompted by typing a ? before the command. (This is useful in an interactive program which cues a command string, having already filled in some values.) </p><p>The system will then present a screen with the set of parameters that the program accepts/requires (required parameters are usually highlighted). </p><p>Required parameters are listed first, and parameters with system-supplied default values are listed last of all. To see all parameters, press F10. If any one choice requires further selections, those are cued as you select that value for that parameter, by appearing onscreen. </p><p>Prompting is further enhanced to allow the programmer to find what values are valid for each parameter. To do this during prompting the user would move the cursor to the parameter field in question and press F4 again. The system would then display a screen describing the type of input required and an available list of allowable values. </p><p>To enter a longer name, or extend the list to allow you to enter extra values, type a plus sign instead of a value. (As when listing names of objects to be saved or restored.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Command_help">Command help</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Command help"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cursor sensitive help can also be provided on commands but it's not required. If help has been provided one can view help for a parameter by moving the cursor to the desired parameter field and pressing F1 (help). To get help for the entire command itself (and all of its parameters) the user would press F1 anywhere on the prompt display and then press F2 (extended help). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creating_new_commands">Creating new commands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creating new commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New commands can be created to call non-system programs and they will work exactly like the inbuilt variety. The Command Definition Language is described in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r2/ic2924/books/sm14/c4157215.pdf">CL Programmer's Guide</a>. </p><p>It's a good idea to create help screens for new commands and their parameters. All help screens use panel group objects (*PNLGRP) and these can be created using the UIM language described in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r2/ic2924/books/c4157150.pdf">IBM AS/400 Application Display Programming manual</a>. </p><p>Beginning in V5R3 of the operating system a new, much simpler method of creating help was added: run the command </p> <pre> GENCMDDOC CMD(MYLIB/MYCMD) TODIR('/QSYS.LIB/MYLIB.LIB/QPNLSRC.FILE) GENOPT(*UIM) </pre> <p>A skeleton UIM panel group will be automatically generated including all parameters described by the command. The result file can be edited (seu, wdsc, rdi), then compiled with the CRTPNLGRP command, and finally associated with the command via CHGCMD HLPPNLGRP(). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finding_the_right_command">Finding the right command</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Finding the right command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 2,262 built-in IBM commands contained in V7R3,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but finding them isn't all that hard because of several designs of the system that make life easier. These labor saving designs are: Standardized Abbreviations, Command Grouping Menus, and Command Selection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardized_abbreviations">Standardized abbreviations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Standardized abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IBM developers standardized the abbreviations used to create command names. Verbs like <i>change</i> are always rendered as <i>CHG</i>, <i>display</i> as <i>DSP</i>, <i>work</i> as <i>WRK</i>, <i>create</i> as <i>CRT</i>, etc. Subjects like <i>program</i> are always <i>PGM</i>, <i>user</i> is <i>USR</i>, <i>module</i> is <i>MOD</i>, <i>server</i> is <i>SVR</i>, etc. You can see every possible verb and subject used on the system in the <b>VERB</b> and <b>SUBJECT</b> menus, just enter the commands GO VERB or GO SUBJECT. </p><p>Likewise, "Control Language Programming" was abbreviated CLP, and the source type was accordingly CLP. With the introduction of the ILE programming model, the source type was changed to "CLLE".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_grouping_menus">Command grouping menus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Command grouping menus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The VERB and SUBJECT menus are part of what are called the Command Grouping Menus. For every Three (or four) Letter abbreviation there is a menu devoted to it that starts with the letters <i>CMD</i>. So to see all <i>CHG</i> commands the user would execute the command GO CMDCHG. For <i>program</i> commands the menu would be CMDPGM. </p><p>There are other menus besides the Command Grouping Menus. The starting point for the menuing system can be accessed by pressing F4 on an empty <a href="/w/index.php?title=AS/400_command_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AS/400 command line (page does not exist)">command line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_selection">Command selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Command selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If one only knows part of a command or if third party software is being used where the commands don't conform to the AS/400 abbreviation standard then you would enter that part of the command that is known, attach an asterisk (to make it generic), and press enter. The system will then display a list of commands in the job's <a href="/wiki/Object_(IBM_i)#Library_List" title="Object (IBM i)">library list</a> that match the generic names just typed. One can then page through the list looking for the command needed and then select it using option 1. </p><p>In the background the system is using the SLTCMD command to perform this function. If one wants to select all commands in a <a href="/wiki/Object_(IBM_i)" title="Object (IBM i)">library</a> then prompt this command and enter the special value *ALL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_code">Sample code</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample of CL programming. The program interactively converts dates from Julian to MDY and vice versa. Results are displayed on line 24 of the terminal. It accepts two parameters. The <code>&IN</code> parameter which is the date string to be converted. If a Julian string it should be in the format YYNNN where YY is the year number and NNN is the day number of the year. If a MDY string it must be in the format MMDDYY. The second parameter is <code>&TYP</code> which is the type of date to be converted to. It must be 'J' (Julian) or 'M' (MDY). For example: the command <code>CALL PGM(ICVTDATC) PARM('04180' 'M')</code> will convert the Julian date 04180 to 062804 (June 28, 2004). </p> <pre>PGM (&IN &TYP) DCL &IN *CHAR 6 DCL &OUT *CHAR 8 DCL &TYP *CHAR 1 IF (&TYP = J) + DO CVTDAT DATE(&IN) TOVAR(&OUT) FROMFMT(*MDY) + TOFMT(*JUL) TOSEP(*NONE) ENDDO ELSE IF (&TYP = M) + DO CVTDAT DATE(&IN) TOVAR(&OUT) FROMFMT(*JUL) + TOFMT(*MDY) TOSEP(*NONE) ENDDO SNDPGMMSG MSG('IN=' || &IN || ' OUT=' || &OUT) + MSGTYPE(*COMP) ENDPGM </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qshell" title="Qshell">Qshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexx" title="Rexx">Rexx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Control_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/system38/SC21-7731-5_System_38_Control_Language_Reference_Manual_to_pg_4-708_198209.pdf">"IBM System/38 Control Language Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. 1982-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+System%2F38+Control+Language+Reference+Manual&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1982-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fibm%2Fsystem38%2FSC21-7731-5_System_38_Control_Language_Reference_Manual_to_pg_4-708_198209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AControl+Language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itjungle.com/fhg/fhg030712-story02.html">itjungle.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/ssw_ibm_i_73/clfinder/finder30.htm">IBM.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1997" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Bryan (1997). <i>Control Language Programming for the AS/400</i> (2nd ed.). 29th Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781882419760" title="Special:BookSources/9781882419760"><bdi>9781882419760</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/IBM_1627" title="IBM 1627">1627 drum plotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1800_Data_Acquisition_and_Control_System" title="IBM 1800 Data Acquisition and Control System">1800 Data Acquisition and Control System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1627" title="IBM 1627">1627 plotter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcomp" title="Calcomp">Calcomp</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_1400_series" title="IBM 1400 series">IBM 1400</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1401" title="IBM 1401">1401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1410" title="IBM 1410">1410</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1440" title="IBM 1440">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1460" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 1460">1460</a></li> <li>peripherals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1402" title="IBM 1402">1402 card reader/punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1403" title="IBM 1403">1403 line printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_1442" title="IBM 1442">1442 card reader/punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_7330" title="IBM 7330">7330 Magnetic Tape Unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_System" title="IBM System">IBM System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3" title="IBM System/3">System/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/3X" title="IBM System/3X">System/3<i>X</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/32" title="IBM System/32">System/32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/34" title="IBM System/34">System/34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/36" title="IBM System/36">System/36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/38" title="IBM System/38">System/38</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/7" title="IBM System/7">System/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_9000" title="IBM System 9000">System 9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">System p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x" title="Lenovo System x">System x</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_iDataPlex" title="Lenovo System x">iDataPlex</a></li> <li>Predecessors: <a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_PS/2_Server" title="Lenovo System x">PS/2 Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_PC_Server" title="Lenovo System x">PC Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenovo_System_x#IBM_Netfinity" title="Lenovo System x">Netfinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_eServer" title="IBM eServer">eServer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">Power Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AS/400" title="IBM AS/400">AS/400</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Advanced/36" title="IBM Advanced/36">Advanced/36</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_RS64" title="IBM RS64">RS64 microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Applications,_software,_and_concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications, software, and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Control Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealer_Business_System" title="Dealer Business System">Dealer Business System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Logical_Partitioning" title="Dynamic Logical Partitioning">Dynamic Logical Partitioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">OS/400</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_(IBM_i)" title="Object (IBM i)">object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_Development_Manager" title="Programming Development Manager">Programming Development Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Response_Engine" title="Quick Response Engine">Quick Response Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-level_store" title="Single-level store">Single-level store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_RS/6000" title="IBM RS/6000">RS/6000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">ThinkPad Power Series</a></li> <li>Predecessors: <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">RT PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Academic_System" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Academic System">Academic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3790" title="IBM 3790">3790 Communications System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8100" title="IBM 8100">8100 Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BladeCenter" title="IBM BladeCenter">BladeCenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Series/1" title="IBM Series/1">Series/1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Also based on the System/36 <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_minicomputers" title="Category:IBM minicomputers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IBM_minicomputers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:IBM minicomputers">Minicomputers on Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IBM_servers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:IBM servers">Servers on Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a 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