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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Steps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Steps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Steps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feasibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feasibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Feasibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feasibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_and_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_and_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Models and tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_and_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models and tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_and_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer-aided_software_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-aided_software_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Computer-aided software engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-aided_software_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effort_estimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effort_estimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Effort estimation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effort_estimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_development_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_development_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Integrated development environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_development_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Version control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>View model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitness_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Fitness functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Intellectual property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software development</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagteware-ontwikkeling" title="Sagteware-ontwikkeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sagteware-ontwikkeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تطوير برمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطوير برمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1_t%C9%99rtibat%C4%B1" title="Proqram təminatı tərtibatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqram təminatı tərtibatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="সফটওয়্যার নির্মাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সফটওয়্যার নির্মাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Разработка на софтуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разработка на софтуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolupament_de_programari" title="Desenvolupament de programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desenvolupament de programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDvoj_softwaru" title="Vývoj softwaru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vývoj softwaru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwareudviklingsproces" title="Softwareudviklingsproces – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Softwareudviklingsproces" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwareentwicklung" title="Softwareentwicklung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Softwareentwicklung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkvaraarendus" title="Tarkvaraarendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkvaraarendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_para_el_desarrollo_de_software" title="Proceso para el desarrollo de software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso para el desarrollo de software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="توسعه نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توسعه نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppement_de_logiciel" title="Développement de logiciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Développement de logiciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C" title="소프트웨어 개발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 개발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="सॉफ्टवेयर डेवलपमेण्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर डेवलपमेण्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developo_di_programaro" title="Developo di programaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Developo di programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengembangan_perangkat_lunak" title="Pengembangan perangkat lunak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengembangan perangkat lunak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviluppo_software" title="Sviluppo software – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sviluppo software" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פיתוח תוכנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיתוח תוכנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pros%C3%A8s_pangembangan_piranti_alus_komputer" title="Prosès pangembangan piranti alus komputer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prosès pangembangan piranti alus komputer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABras_izstr%C4%81de" title="Programmatūras izstrāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmatūras izstrāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C5%B3_k%C5%ABrimo_gyvavimo_ciklo_modelis" title="Programų kūrimo gyvavimo ciklo modelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Programų kūrimo gyvavimo ciklo modelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoftverfejleszt%C3%A9s" title="Szoftverfejlesztés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szoftverfejlesztés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ ഉത്പാദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ ഉത്പാദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembangunan_perisian" title="Pembangunan perisian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembangunan perisian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Програм хангамж хөгжүүлэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Програм хангамж хөгжүүлэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA" title="ソフトウェア開発 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェア開発" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvareutviklingsprosess" title="Programvareutviklingsprosess – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvareutviklingsprosess" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wytwarzanie_oprogramowania" title="Wytwarzanie oprogramowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wytwarzanie oprogramowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_de_software" title="Desenvolvimento de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desenvolvimento de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezvoltare_software" title="Dezvoltare software – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezvoltare software" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamp%27ukaq_wi%C3%B1arichiy" title="Llamp'ukaq wiñarichiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llamp'ukaq wiñarichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Разработка программного обеспечения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разработка программного обеспечения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesi_i_zhvillimit_t%C3%AB_softuerit" title="Procesi i zhvillimit të softuerit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Procesi i zhvillimit të softuerit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software development" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="پەرەپێدانی نەرمامێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەرەپێدانی نەرمامێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Развој софтвера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Развој софтвера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmistokehitys" title="Ohjelmistokehitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmistokehitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programutvecklingsmetodik" title="Programutvecklingsmetodik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programutvecklingsmetodik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மென்பொருள் மேம்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்பொருள் மேம்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_geli%C5%9Ftirme" title="Yazılım geliştirme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazılım geliştirme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розробка програмного забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розробка програмного забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سافٹ ویئر کی تیاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سافٹ ویئر کی تیاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_tri%E1%BB%83n_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Phát triển phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát triển phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="軟件開發 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟件開發" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91" title="软件开发 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件开发" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%89_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q638608#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management"> Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test%E2%80%93driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance test–driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Software development</b> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Designing" class="mw-redirect" title="Designing">designing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implementing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> solution to <a href="/wiki/Computer_user_satisfaction" title="Computer user satisfaction">satisfy</a> a <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a>. The process is more encompassing than <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a>, writing <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">code</a>, in that it includes conceiving the goal, evaluating feasibility, analyzing <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">requirements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">release</a>. The process is part of <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> which also includes <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">organizational management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">project management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">configuration management</a> and other aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20171_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20171-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Software development involves many skills and job specializations including <a href="/wiki/Software_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software programmer">programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Software test">testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">documentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_support" class="mw-redirect" title="User support">user support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a>. </p><p>Software development involves many <a href="/wiki/Software_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Software tools">tools</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE), <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering" title="Computer-aided software engineering">computer-aided software engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>. </p><p>The details of the process used for a development effort varies. The process may be confined to a formal, documented <a href="/wiki/Standards_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards (software)">standard</a>, or it can be customized and <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent</a> for the development effort. The process may be sequential, in which each major phase (i.e. design, implement and test) is completed before the next begins, but an iterative approach – where small aspects are separately designed, implemented and tested – can reduce risk and cost and increase quality. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Software development methodology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg/330px-Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg/495px-Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg/660px-Evolutionary_prototyping_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_prototyping_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolutionary prototyping model (page does not exist)">evolutionary prototyping model</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iterative" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative">iterative</a> development model<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201712_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201712-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Each of the available methodologies are best suited to specific kinds of projects, based on various technical, organizational, project, and team considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The simplest methodology is the "code and fix", typically used by a single programmer working on a small project. After briefly considering the purpose of the program, the programmer codes it and runs it to see if it works. When they are done, the product is released. This methodology is useful for prototypes but cannot be used for more elaborate programs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20178–9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20178–9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the top-down <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>, feasibility, analysis, <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">design</a>, development, <a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">quality assurance</a>, and implementation occur sequentially in that order. This model requires one step to be complete before the next begins, causing delays, and makes it impossible to revise previous steps if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20179_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20179-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20118_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20118-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With <a href="/wiki/Iterative" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative">iterative</a> processes these steps are interleaved with each other for improved flexibility, efficiency, and more realistic scheduling. Instead of completing the project all at once, one might go through most of the steps with one component at a time. Iterative development also lets developers prioritize the most important features, enabling lower priority ones to be dropped later on if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201711_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201711-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a> is one popular method, originally intended for small or medium sized projects, that focuses on giving developers more control over the features that they work on to reduce the risk of time or cost overruns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201713_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201713-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derivatives of agile include <a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">extreme programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201713_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201713-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a> typically uses agile methodology with concurrent design, coding, and testing, due to reliance on a distributed network of volunteer contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201141–42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201141–42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beyond agile, some companies integrate <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) operations with software development, which is called <a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a> or <a href="/wiki/DevSecOps" class="mw-redirect" title="DevSecOps">DevSecOps</a> including <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DevOps includes continuous development, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_testing" title="Continuous testing">testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">integration</a> of new code in the version control system, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_deployment" title="Continuous deployment">deployment</a> of the new code, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">delivery</a> of the code to clients.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of this integration is to deliver IT services more quickly and efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Another focus in many programming methodologies is the idea of trying to catch issues such as <a href="/wiki/Security_vulnerabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Security vulnerabilities">security vulnerabilities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bug_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (computer programming)">bugs</a> as early as possible (<a href="/wiki/Shift-left_testing" title="Shift-left testing">shift-left testing</a>) to reduce the cost of tracking and fixing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, it was estimated that 32 percent of software projects were delivered on time and budget, and with the full functionality. An additional 44 percent were delivered, but missing at least one of these features. The remaining 24 percent were cancelled prior to release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20116_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steps">Steps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_development_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development life cycle">Software development life cycle</a> refers to the systematic process of developing <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaif201946–47_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201946–47-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feasibility">Feasibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feasibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources of ideas for software products are plentiful. These ideas can come from <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a> of potential new customers, existing customers, sales prospects who rejected the product, other internal software development staff, or a creative third party. Ideas for software products are usually first evaluated by <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> personnel for economic feasibility, fit with existing channels of distribution, possible effects on existing product lines, required <a href="/wiki/Software_feature" title="Software feature">features</a>, and fit with the company's marketing objectives. In the marketing evaluation phase, the cost and time assumptions become evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20011.10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20011.10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feasibility analysis estimates the project's <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>, its development cost and timeframe. Based on this analysis, the company can make a business decision to invest in further development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20167_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After deciding to develop the software, the company is focused on delivering the product at or below the estimated cost and time, and with a high standard of quality (i.e., lack of bugs) and the desired functionality. Nevertheless, most software projects run late and sometimes compromises are made in features or quality to meet a deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20173,_8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20173,_8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software analysis begins with a <a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">requirements analysis</a> to capture the business needs of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20168_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenges for the identification of needs are that current or potential users may have different and incompatible needs, may not understand their own needs, and change their needs during the process of software development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the result of analysis is a detailed specification for the product that developers can work from. Software analysts often <a href="/wiki/Decomposition_(computer_science)" title="Decomposition (computer science)">decompose</a> the project into smaller objects, components that can be reused for increased cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20168_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decomposing the project may enable a <a href="/wiki/Multi-threaded" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-threaded">multi-threaded</a> implementation that runs significantly faster on <a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor">multiprocessor</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017193–194_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017193–194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the analysis and design phases of software development, <a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">structured analysis</a> is often used to break down the customer's requirements into pieces that can be implemented by software programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger2016103–104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016103–104-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying logic of the program may be represented in <a href="/wiki/Data-flow_diagram" title="Data-flow diagram">data-flow diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">data dictionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudocode" title="Pseudocode">pseudocode</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_transition_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="State transition diagram">state transition diagrams</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Entity_relationship_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity relationship diagram">entity relationship diagrams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger2016117,_127,_131,_137,_141_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016117,_127,_131,_137,_141-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the project incorporates a piece of <a href="/wiki/Legacy_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy software">legacy software</a> that has not been modeled, this software may be modeled to help ensure it is correctly incorporated with the newer software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger2016106_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016106-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a></div> <p>Design involves choices about the implementation of the software, such as which <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> and database software to use, or how the hardware and network communications will be organized. Design may be iterative with users consulted about their needs in a process of <a href="/wiki/Trial_and_error" title="Trial and error">trial and error</a>. Design often involves people expert in aspect such as <a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">database design</a>, screen architecture, and the performance of servers and other hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20168_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designers often attempt to find <a href="/wiki/Software_design_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Software design patterns">patterns</a> in the software's functionality to spin off distinct modules that can be reused with <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller" title="Model–view–controller">model–view–controller</a>, an interface between a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">backend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017142_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017142-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming">Programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a></div> <p>The central feature of software development is creating and understanding the software that implements the desired functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various strategies for writing the code. Cohesive software has various components that are independent from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20168_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupling is the interrelation of different software components, which is viewed as undesirable because it increases the difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">maintenance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20168–9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20168–9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, software programmers do not follow industry best practices, resulting in code that is inefficient, difficult to understand, or lacking <a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">documentation</a> on its functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131–32_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131–32-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards are especially likely to break down in the presence of deadlines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201134–35_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201134–35-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, testing, debugging, and revising the code becomes much more difficult. <a href="/wiki/Code_refactoring" title="Code refactoring">Code refactoring</a>, for example adding more comments to the code, is a solution to improve the understandability of code.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131–32,_35_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201131–32,_35-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a></div> <p>Testing is the process of ensuring that the code executes correctly and without errors. <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a> is performed by each software developer on their own code to confirm that the code does what it is intended to. In particular, it is crucial that the software executes on all inputs, even if the result is incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20169_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">Code reviews</a> by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to the project, and according to some estimates dramatically reduce the number of bugs persisting after testing is complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the code has been submitted, <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a>—a separate department of non-programmers for most large companies—test the accuracy of the entire software product. <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Acceptance tests">Acceptance tests</a> derived from the original software requirements are a popular tool for this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20169_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quality testing also often includes stress and load checking (whether the software is robust to heavy levels of input or usage), <a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">integration testing</a> (to ensure that the software is adequately integrated with other software), and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_testing" title="Compatibility testing">compatibility testing</a> (measuring the software's performance across different operating systems or browsers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20169_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When tests are written before the code, this is called <a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">test-driven development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20119_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20119-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></div> <p>Production is the phase in which software is deployed to the end user.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201610_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During production, the developer may create technical support resources for users<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201137_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201610_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a process for fixing bugs and errors that were not caught earlier. There might also be a return to earlier development phases if user needs changed or were misunderstood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201610_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201610-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workers">Workers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Workers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software development is performed by <b>software developers</b>, usually working on a team. Efficient communications between team members is essential to success. This is more easily achieved if the team is small, used to working together, and located near each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20172_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20172-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Communications also help identify problems at an earlier state of development and avoid duplicated effort. Many development projects avoid the risk of losing essential knowledge held by only one employee by ensuring that multiple workers are familiar with each component.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202030–31_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright202030–31-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software development involves professionals from various fields, not just software programmers but also individuals specialized in testing, documentation writing, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, user support, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, and fundraising. Although workers for proprietary software are paid, most contributors to <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> are volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20117_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20117-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, they may be paid by companies whose <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> does not involve selling the software, but something else—such as services and modifications to open source software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201114–15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201114–15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_and_tools">Models and tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Models and tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_software_engineering">Computer-aided software engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computer-aided software engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering" title="Computer-aided software engineering">Computer-aided software engineering</a> (CASE) is tools for the partial <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> of software development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201622_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201622-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CASE enables designers to sketch out the logic of a program, whether one to be written, or an already existing one to help integrate it with new code or <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse engineer">reverse engineer</a> it (for example, to change the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger2016108–110,_206_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016108–110,_206-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Software documentation</a></div> <p>Documentation comes in two forms that are usually kept separate—that intended for software developers, and that made available to the end user to help them use the software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011243_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011243-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020192_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020192-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most developer documentation is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Code_comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Code comment">code comments</a> for each file, <a href="/wiki/Class_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (programming)">class</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Method_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (programming)">method</a> that cover the <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interface</a> (API)—how the piece of software can be accessed by another—and often implementation details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020193–195_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020193–195-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This documentation is helpful for new developers to understand the project when they begin working on it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011143_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011143-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In agile development, the documentation is often written at the same time as the code.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011144_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011144-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User documentation is more frequently written by <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">technical writers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020204_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020204-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effort_estimation">Effort estimation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effort estimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">Software development effort estimation</a></div> <p>Accurate estimation is crucial at the feasibility stage and in delivering the product on time and within budget. The process of generating estimations is often delegated by the <a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">project manager</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaif201950–51_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201950–51-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the effort estimation is directly related to the size of the complete application, it is strongly influenced by addition of features in the requirements—the more requirements, the higher the development cost. Aspects not related to functionality, such as the experience of the software developers and code reusability, are also essential to consider in estimation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaif201952–53_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201952–53-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, most of the tools for estimating the amount of time and resources for software development were designed for conventional applications and are not applicable to <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mobile_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile application">mobile applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaif201945_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201945-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_development_environment">Integrated development environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Integrated development environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png/220px-Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png/330px-Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png/440px-Anjuta-2.0.0-2.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a>, a C and C++ IDE for the GNOME environment</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) supports software development with enhanced features compared to a simple <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IDEs often include automated <a href="/wiki/Compiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiling">compiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a> of errors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017236_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017236-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> debugging assistance,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017239_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017239-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> integration with <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a>, and semi-automation of tests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_control">Version control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Version control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">Version control</a></div> <p>Version control is a popular way of managing changes made to the software. Whenever a new version is checked in, the software saves a <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> of all modified files. If multiple programmers are working on the software simultaneously, it manages the merging of their code changes. The software highlights cases where there is a conflict between two sets of changes and allows programmers to fix the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017246–247_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017246–247-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="View_model">View model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: View model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg/220px-TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg/330px-TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg/440px-TEAF_Matrix_of_Views_and_Perspectives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/TEAF" class="mw-redirect" title="TEAF">TEAF</a> Matrix of Views and Perspectives</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">view model</a> is a framework that provides the <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">viewpoints</a> on the <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Environment_(systems)" title="Environment (systems)">environment</a>, to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>. It is a graphical representation of the underlying semantics of a view. </p><p>The purpose of viewpoints and views is to enable human engineers to comprehend very <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a> and to organize the elements of the problem around domains of <a href="/wiki/Expertise" class="mw-redirect" title="Expertise">expertise</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> of physically intensive systems, viewpoints often correspond to capabilities and responsibilities within the engineering organization.<sup id="cite_ref-NIST2003_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitness_functions">Fitness functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fitness functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fitness_function" title="Fitness function">Fitness functions</a> are automated and objective tests to ensure that the new developments don't deviate from the established constraints, checks and compliance controls.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Intellectual property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> can be an issue when developers integrate <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> code or libraries into a proprietary product, because most <a href="/wiki/Open-source_licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source licenses">open-source licenses</a> used for software require that modifications be released under the same license. As an alternative, developers may choose a proprietary alternative or write their own software module.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201644–45_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201644–45-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20171-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20171_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201712-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201712_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">System Development Methodologies for Web-Enabled E-Business: A Customization Framework Linda V. Knight (DePaul University, USA), Theresa A. Steinbach (DePaul University, USA) and Vince Kellen (Blue Wolf, USA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20178–9-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20178–9_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley20179-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley20179_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger20162–3,_5–6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanger2016">Langer 2016</a>, pp. 2–3, 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20118-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva20118_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011">Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201711-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201711_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley201713-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201713_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley201713_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201141–42-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201141–42_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011">Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVishnu20191–2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVishnu2019">Vishnu 2019</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaukkanenItkonenLassenius2017" class="citation journal cs1">Laukkanen, Eero; Itkonen, Juha; Lassenius, Casper (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2016.10.001">"Problems, causes and solutions 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href="#CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011">Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201622-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201622_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanger2016">Langer 2016</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger2016108–110,_206-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger2016108–110,_206_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanger2016">Langer 2016</a>, pp. 108–110, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011243-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva2011243_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011">Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintersManshreckWright2020192-43"><span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaif201945-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaif201945_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaif2019">Saif 2019</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerMorellide_Silva201168_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011">Tucker, Morelli & de Silva 2011</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017236-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017236_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017239-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017239_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017246–247-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017246–247_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIST2003-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIST2003_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Barkmeyer ea (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/AMIS-Concepts.pdf"><i>Concepts for Automating Systems Integration</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125115826/http://www.mel.nist.gov/msidlibrary/doc/AMIS-Concepts.pdf">Archived</a> 25 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NIST 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fundamentals of Software Architecture: An Engineering Approach</i>. O'Reilly Media. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1492043454" title="Special:BookSources/978-1492043454"><bdi>978-1492043454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Software+Architecture%3A+An+Engineering+Approach&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1492043454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanger201644–45-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanger201644–45_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanger2016">Langer 2016</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConde2002" class="citation book cs1">Conde, Dan (2002). <i>Software Product Management: Managing Software Development from Idea to Product to Marketing to Sales</i>. Aspatore Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1587622025" title="Special:BookSources/1587622025"><bdi>1587622025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Product+Management%3A+Managing+Software+Development+from+Idea+to+Product+to+Marketing+to+Sales&rft.pub=Aspatore+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1587622025&rft.aulast=Conde&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Davis, A. M. (2005). <i>Just enough requirements management: Where software development meets marketing</i>. Dorset House Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932633641" title="Special:BookSources/0932633641"><bdi>0932633641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+enough+requirements+management%3A+Where+software+development+meets+marketing&rft.pub=Dorset+House+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0932633641&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2017" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, John F. (2017). <i>Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1"><bdi>978-1-4842-3153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Development%2C+Design+and+Coding%3A+With+Patterns%2C+Debugging%2C+Unit+Testing%2C+and+Refactoring&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3153-1&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKit1992" class="citation book cs1">Kit, Edward (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/softwaretestingi00kite"><i>Software Testing in The Real World</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201877562" title="Special:BookSources/0201877562"><bdi>0201877562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Testing+in+The+Real+World&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0201877562&rft.aulast=Kit&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoftwaretestingi00kite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasted2005" class="citation book cs1">Hasted, Edward (2005). <i>Software That Sells: A Practical Guide to Developing and Marketing Your Software Project</i>. Wiley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764597833" title="Special:BookSources/0764597833"><bdi>0764597833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+That+Sells%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Developing+and+Marketing+Your+Software+Project&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0764597833&rft.aulast=Hasted&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohmann2003" class="citation book cs1">Hohmann, Luke (2003). <i>Beyond Software Architecture: Creating and Sustaining Winning Solutions</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0201775948" title="Special:BookSources/0201775948"><bdi>0201775948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Software+Architecture%3A+Creating+and+Sustaining+Winning+Solutions&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0201775948&rft.aulast=Hohmann&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorch1995" class="citation journal cs1">Horch, John W. (March 1995). "Two Orientations On How To Work With Objects". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Software" title="IEEE Software">IEEE Software</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): 117–118. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/215832531">215832531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Software&rft.atitle=Two+Orientations+On+How+To+Work+With+Objects&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1995-03&rft.aulast=Horch&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2016" class="citation book cs1">Langer, Arthur M. (2016). <i>Guide to Software Development: Designing and Managing the Life Cycle</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-6799-0"><bdi>978-1-4471-6799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Software+Development%3A+Designing+and+Managing+the+Life+Cycle&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-6799-0&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1995" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Jim (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsofsoftwa00mcca"><i>Dynamics of Software Development</i></a>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556158238" title="Special:BookSources/1556158238"><bdi>1556158238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Software+Development&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1556158238&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynamicsofsoftwa00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Joseph M. (2001). <i>Software industry accounting</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53863959">53863959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+industry+accounting&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53863959&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRittinghouse2003" class="citation book cs1">Rittinghouse, John (2003). <i>Managing Software Deliverables: A Software Development Management Methodology</i>. Digital Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/155558313X" title="Special:BookSources/155558313X"><bdi>155558313X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Software+Deliverables%3A+A+Software+Development+Management+Methodology&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=155558313X&rft.aulast=Rittinghouse&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaif2019" class="citation book cs1">Saif, Syed Mohsin (2019). "Software Effort Estimation for Successful Software Application Development". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). <i>Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities</i>. IGI Global. pp. 45–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6"><bdi>978-1-7998-1865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Software+Effort+Estimation+for+Successful+Software+Application+Development&rft.btitle=Tools+and+Techniques+for+Software+Development+in+Large+Organizations%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities&rft.pages=45-97&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7998-1865-6&rft.aulast=Saif&rft.aufirst=Syed+Mohsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerMorellide_Silva2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Allen; Morelli, Ralph; de Silva, Chamindra (2011). <i>Software Development: An Open Source Approach</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-8460-7"><bdi>978-1-4398-8460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Development%3A+An+Open+Source+Approach&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-8460-7&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Morelli%2C+Ralph&rft.au=de+Silva%2C+Chamindra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnu2019" class="citation book cs1">Vishnu, Pendyala (2019). "Evolution of Integration, Build, Test, and Release Engineering Into DevOps and to DevSecOps". In Vishnu, Pendyala (ed.). <i>Tools and Techniques for Software Development in Large Organizations: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities</i>. IGI Global. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7998-1865-6"><bdi>978-1-7998-1865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Integration%2C+Build%2C+Test%2C+and+Release+Engineering+Into+DevOps+and+to+DevSecOps&rft.btitle=Tools+and+Techniques+for+Software+Development+in+Large+Organizations%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities%3A+Emerging+Research+and+Opportunities&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7998-1865-6&rft.aulast=Vishnu&rft.aufirst=Pendyala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegers2005" class="citation book cs1">Wiegers, Karl E. (2005). <i>More About Software Requirements: Thorny Issues and Practical Advice</i>. Microsoft Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0735622671" title="Special:BookSources/0735622671"><bdi>0735622671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+About+Software+Requirements%3A+Thorny+Issues+and+Practical+Advice&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0735622671&rft.aulast=Wiegers&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintersManshreckWright2020" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Titus; Manshreck, Tom; Wright, Hyrum (2020). <i>Software Engineering at Google: Lessons Learned from Programming Over Time</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8276-7"><bdi>978-1-4920-8276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+at+Google%3A+Lessons+Learned+from+Programming+Over+Time&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-8276-7&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft.au=Manshreck%2C+Tom&rft.au=Wright%2C+Hyrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWysocki2006" class="citation book cs1">Wysocki, Robert K. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/effectivesoftwar0000wyso"><i>Effective Software Project Management</i></a></span>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764596365" title="Special:BookSources/0764596365"><bdi>0764596365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+Software+Project+Management&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0764596365&rft.aulast=Wysocki&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feffectivesoftwar0000wyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+development" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and 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