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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hello,_World!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hello,_World!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hello, World! </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hello,_World!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Basic syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_a_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_a_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Structure of a function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_a_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_pipe_operator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_pipe_operator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Native pipe operator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_pipe_operator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Object-oriented programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling_and_plotting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_and_plotting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Modeling and plotting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_and_plotting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandelbrot_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandelbrot_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Mandelbrot set </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandelbrot_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Version names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Portal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">R (programming language)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="آر (لغة برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آر (لغة برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="R (proqramlaşdırma dili) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="R (proqramlaşdırma dili)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="আর (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="R (мова праграмавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="R (мова праграмавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="R (език за програмиране) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="R (език за програмиране)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(llenguatge_de_programaci%C3%B3)" title="R (llenguatge de programació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="R (llenguatge de programació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="R (programovací jazyk) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="R (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(iaith_raglennu)" title="R (iaith raglennu) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="R (iaith raglennu)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(statistikprogram)" title="R (statistikprogram) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="R (statistikprogram)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(Programmiersprache)" title="R (Programmiersprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="R (Programmiersprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="R (programmeerimiskeel) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="R (programmeerimiskeel)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D)" title="R (γλώσσα προγραμματισμού) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="R (γλώσσα προγραμματισμού)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="R (lenguaje de programación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="R (lenguaje de programación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programara_lingvo)" title="R (programara lingvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="R (programara lingvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programazio-lengoaia)" title="R (programazio-lengoaia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="R (programazio-lengoaia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="آر (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آر (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(langage)" title="R (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="R (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(linguaxe_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="R (linguaxe de programación) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="R (linguaxe de programación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4)" title="R (프로그래밍 언어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="R (프로그래밍 언어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82)" title="R (ծրագրավորման լեզու) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="R (ծրագրավորման լեզու)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="आर (प्रोग्रामन भाषा) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर (प्रोग्रामन भाषा)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programski_jezik)" title="R (programski jezik) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="R (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="R (bahasa pemrograman) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="R (bahasa pemrograman)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(software)" title="R (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="R (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="R (שפת תכנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="R (שפת תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D(R)_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಆರ್(R) ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮಿಂಗ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್(R) ಪ್ರೋಗ್ರಾಮಿಂಗ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="R (პროგრამირების ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="R (პროგრამირების ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="R (programozási nyelv) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="R (programozási nyelv)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="ആർ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർ (പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് ഭാഷ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="आर (प्रोग्रॅमिंग भाषा) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर (प्रोग्रॅमिंग भाषा)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB)" title="R (программчлалын хэл) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="R (программчлалын хэл)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(softwarepakket)" title="R (softwarepakket) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="R (softwarepakket)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE)" title="आर (प्रोग्रामिङ भाषा) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर (प्रोग्रामिङ भाषा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="R言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="R言語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programmeringsspr%C3%A5k)" title="R (programmeringsspråk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="R (programmeringsspråk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmeringsspr%C3%A5ket_R" title="Programmeringsspråket R – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programmeringsspråket R" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(lengatge)" title="R (lengatge) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="R (lengatge)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(j%C4%99zyk_programowania)" title="R (język programowania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="R (język programowania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(linguagem_de_programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="R (linguagem de programação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="R (linguagem de programação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(limbaj_de_programare)" title="R (limbaj de programare) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="R (limbaj de programare)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="R (язык программирования) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="R (язык программирования)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="R (programming language)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="R (programovací jazyk) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="R (programovací jazyk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%95_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86)" title="ئاڕ (زمانی پرۆگرامکردن) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڕ (زمانی پرۆگرامکردن)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="R (програмски језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="R (програмски језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programski_jezik)" title="R (programski jezik) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="R (programski jezik)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="R (ohjelmointikieli) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="R (ohjelmointikieli)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="R (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="R (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="ஆர் (மென்பொருள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர் (மென்பொருள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาอาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(programlama_dili)" title="R (programlama dili) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="R (programlama dili)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="R (мова програмування) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="R (мова програмування)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89)" title="ئار (پىروگرامما تىلى) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئار (پىروگرامما تىلى)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="R (ngôn ngữ lập trình) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="R (ngôn ngữ lập trình)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_(lingaedje_%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="R (lingaedje éndjolike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="R (lingaedje éndjolike)" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language for statistics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">R</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:R_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/121px-R_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/182px-R_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/242px-R_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="561" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:R_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/R_terminal.jpg/300px-R_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/R_terminal.jpg/450px-R_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/R_terminal.jpg/600px-R_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="472" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">R terminal</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">array</a><a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">R Core Team</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1993; 31 years ago (1993-08)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.4.2<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8823511d376bcee0dcc409f9c1451228717991c6-v18-2">[2]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206904?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> / 31 October 2024; 27 days ago (31 October 2024)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">Dynamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arm64" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm64">arm64</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GPL#Version_2" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU GPL">GPL-2.0-or-later</a><a href="#cite_note-gnugpl-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>.r<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li>.rdata</li><li>.rhistory</li><li>.rds</li><li>.rda<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org">www.r-project.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206904#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a><a href="#cite_note-R_FAQ-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a><a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandas_(software)" title="Pandas (software)">pandas</a><a href="#cite_note-pandas-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/R_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:R Programming">R Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> R is a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Statistical_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical computing">statistical computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">data visualization</a>. It has been adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">fields</a> of <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The core R language is augmented by a large number of <a href="/wiki/R_package" title="R package">extension packages</a>, containing <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusable code</a>, documentation, and sample data. R software is <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. It is licensed by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> and available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnugpl-3">[3]</a> It is written primarily in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">R itself</a>. <a href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">Precompiled</a> <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> are provided for various <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">interpreted language</a>, R has a native <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a>. Moreover, multiple third-party <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> are available, such as <a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>—an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Ihaka_(5189180796).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg/220px-Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg/330px-Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg/440px-Ross_Ihaka_%285189180796%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ross Ihaka, co-originator of R</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg/170px-Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg/255px-Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg/340px-Robert_Gentleman_on_R_Consortium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Robert Gentleman, co-originator of R</figcaption></figure> R was started by professors <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a> as a programming language to teach introductory statistics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-otago_pg12-10">[10]</a> The language was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S programming language</a>, with most S programs able to run unaltered in R.<a href="#cite_note-R_FAQ-6">[6]</a> The language was also inspired by <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme's</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexical_scoping" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical scoping">lexical scoping</a>, allowing for <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morandat-1">[1]</a> The name of the language, R, comes from being both an S language successor as well as the shared first letter of the authors, Ross and Robert.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In August 1993, Ihaka and Gentleman posted a <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> of R on StatLib — a data archive <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At the same time, they announced the posting on the s-news <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Interface98-13">[13]</a> On December 5, 1997, R became a <a href="/wiki/GNU_project" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU project">GNU project</a> when version 0.60 was released.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> On February 29, 2000, the first official 1.0 version was released.<a href="#cite_note-otago_pg18-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packages">Packages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Packages">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R_package" title="R package">R package</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png/220px-Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png/330px-Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png/440px-Ggplot2_Violin_Plot.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Violin_plot" title="Violin plot">Violin plot</a> created from the R visualization package <a href="/wiki/Ggplot2" title="Ggplot2">ggplot2</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/R_package" title="R package">R packages</a> are collections of functions, documentation, and data that expand R.<a href="#cite_note-rds_pagexvii-16">[16]</a> For example, packages add report features such as <a href="/wiki/RStudio#Reproducible_analyses_with_R_Markdown_vignettes" title="RStudio">RMarkdown</a>, Quarto,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knitr" title="Knitr">knitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a>. Packages also add the capability to implement various statistical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Linear" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear">linear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_linear_model" title="Generalized linear model">generalized linear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">nonlinear</a> modeling, classical <a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">statistical tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">spatial</a> analysis, <a href="/wiki/Time-series_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-series analysis">time-series analysis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a>. Easy package installation and use have contributed to the language's adoption in <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">data science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chambers2020-18">[18]</a> Base packages are immediately available when starting R and provide the necessary syntax and commands for programming, computing, graphics production, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_arithmetic" title="Elementary arithmetic">basic arithmetic</a>, and statistical functionality.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R_package#Comprehensive_R_Archive_Network_(CRAN)" title="R package">Comprehensive R Archive Network</a> (CRAN) was founded in 1997 by Kurt Hornik and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Leisch" title="Friedrich Leisch">Friedrich Leisch</a> to host R's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, executable files, documentation, and user-created packages.<a href="#cite_note-:10-20">[20]</a> Its name and scope mimic the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_TeX_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive TeX Archive Network">Comprehensive TeX Archive Network</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Perl_Archive_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Perl Archive Network">Comprehensive Perl Archive Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-20">[20]</a> CRAN originally had three mirrors and 12 contributed packages.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> As of 16 October 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has 99 mirrors<a href="#cite_note-:3-22">[22]</a> and 21,513 contributed packages.<a href="#cite_note-:9-23">[23]</a> Packages are also available on <a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">repositories</a> R-Forge, Omegahat, and <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/views/">Task Views</a> on the CRAN web site list packages in fields such as finance, genetics, <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_statistics" title="Spatial statistics">spatial statistics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bioconductor" title="Bioconductor">Bioconductor</a> project provides packages for <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomic</a> data analysis, <a href="/wiki/Complementary_DNA" title="Complementary DNA">complementary DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microarray" title="Microarray">microarray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-throughput_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="High-throughput sequencing">high-throughput sequencing</a> methods. The <a href="/wiki/Tidyverse" title="Tidyverse">tidyverse</a> package bundles several subsidiary packages that provide a <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">common interface</a> for tasks related to accessing and processing "<a href="/wiki/Tidy_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidy data">tidy data</a>",<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> data contained in a <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_space" title="Two-dimensional space">two-dimensional</a> table with a single row for each observation and a single column for each variable.<a href="#cite_note-rds-28">[28]</a> Installing a package occurs only once. For example, to install the tidyverse package:<a href="#cite_note-rds-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> install.packages("tidyverse") </pre></div> To load the functions, data, and documentation of a package, one executes the <code>library()</code> function. To load tidyverse:<a href="#cite_note-29">[a]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> # Package name can be enclosed in quotes > library("tidyverse") > # But also the package name can be called without quotes > library(tidyverse) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interfaces">edit</a>]</div> R comes installed with a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line console</a>. Available for installation are various <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (IDE). IDEs for R include R.app<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> (OSX/macOS only), <a href="/wiki/Rattle_GUI" title="Rattle GUI">Rattle GUI</a>, <a href="/wiki/R_Commander" title="R Commander">R Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/RKWard" title="RKWard">RKWard</a>, <a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>, and Tinn-R.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> General purpose IDEs that support R include <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketplace.eclipse.org/content/statet-r/">StatET plugin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> via <a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a>. Editors that support R include <a href="/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2628">Nvim-R plugin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_(text_editor)" title="Kate (text editor)">Kate</a>, <a href="/wiki/LyX" title="LyX">LyX</a> via <a href="/wiki/Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a>, <a href="/wiki/WinEdt" title="WinEdt">WinEdt</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=RWinEdt">website</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jupyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/navigator/tutorials/r-lang/">website</a>). Scripting languages that support R include <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpy2.github.io">website</a>), <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacpan.org/module/Statistics::R">website</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/alexgutteridge/rsruby">source code</a>), <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluemountaincapital.github.io/FSharpRProvider/">website</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/JuliaInterop/RCall.jl">source code</a>). General purpose programming languages that support R include <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Rserve/index.html">Rserve socket server</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">.NET C#</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rdotnet.github.io/rdotnet/">website</a>). Statistical frameworks which use R in the background include <a href="/wiki/Jamovi" title="Jamovi">Jamovi</a> and <a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community">edit</a>]</div> The R Core Team was founded in 1997 to maintain the R <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. The R Foundation for Statistical Computing was founded in April 2003 to provide financial support. The R Consortium is a <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a> project to develop R infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/The_R_Journal" title="The R Journal">The R Journal</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> which features short to medium-length articles on the use and development of R. It includes articles on packages, programming tips, CRAN news, and foundation news. The R community hosts many conferences and in-person meetups. These groups include: <ul><li>UseR!: an annual international R user conference (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li> <li>Directions in Statistical Computing (DSC) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/conferences/">website</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-Ladies" title="R-Ladies">R-Ladies</a>: an organization to promote <a href="/wiki/Gender_diversity" title="Gender diversity">gender diversity</a> in the R community (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rladies.org">website</a>)</li> <li>SatRdays: R-focused conferences held on Saturdays (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satrdays.org/">website</a>)</li> <li>R Conference (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rstats.ai/">website</a>)</li> <li>posit::conf (formerly known as rstudio::conf) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.posit.co/conference/">website</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implementations">edit</a>]</div> The main R implementation is written primarily in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(compilers)" title="Self-hosting (compilers)">R itself</a>. Other implementations include: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pqr-project.org">pretty quick R</a> (pqR), by <a href="/wiki/Radford_M._Neal" title="Radford M. Neal">Radford M. Neal</a>, attempts to improve memory management.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renjin" title="Renjin">Renjin</a> is an implementation of R for the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.kent.ac.uk/projects/cxxr">CXXR</a> and Riposte<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> are implementations of R written in <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/oracle/fastr">FastR</a> is an implementation of R, built on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graalvm.org/">GraalVM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Software</a>, creator of <a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a>, wrote TERR — an R implementation to integrate with <a href="/wiki/Spotfire" title="Spotfire">Spotfire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></li></ul> Microsoft R Open (MRO) was an R implementation. As of 30 June 2021, Microsoft started to phase out MRO in favor of the CRAN distribution.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_support">Commercial support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commercial support">edit</a>]</div> Although R is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> project, some companies provide commercial support: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a> provides commercial support for Revolution R.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> provides commercial support for the Big Data Appliance, which integrates R into its other products.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> provides commercial support for in-<a href="/wiki/Hadoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadoop">Hadoop</a> execution of R.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hello,_World!">Hello, World!</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hello, World!">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> print("Hello, World!") [1] "Hello, World!" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_syntax">Basic syntax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basic syntax">edit</a>]</div> The following examples illustrate the basic <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming language syntax">syntax of the language</a> and use of the command-line interface. (An expanded list of standard language features can be found in the R manual, "An Introduction to R".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>) In R, the generally preferred <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment operator</a> is an arrow made from two characters <code><-</code>, although <code>=</code> can be used in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> x <- 1:6 # Create a numeric vector in the current environment > y <- x^2 # Create vector based on the values in x. > print(y) # Print the vector’s contents. [1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 > z <- x + y # Create a new vector that is the sum of x and y > z # Return the contents of z to the current environment. [1] 2 6 12 20 30 42 > z_matrix <- matrix(z, nrow = 3) # Create a new matrix that turns the vector z into a 3x2 matrix object > z_matrix [,1] [,2] [1,] 2 20 [2,] 6 30 [3,] 12 42 > 2 * t(z_matrix) - 2 # Transpose the matrix, multiply every element by 2, subtract 2 from each element in the matrix, and return the results to the terminal. [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] 2 10 22 [2,] 38 58 82 > new_df <- data.frame(t(z_matrix), row.names = c("A", "B")) # Create a new data.frame object that contains the data from a transposed z_matrix, with row names 'A' and 'B' > names(new_df) <- c("X", "Y", "Z") # Set the column names of new_df as X, Y, and Z. > print(new_df) # Print the current results. X Y Z A 2 6 12 B 20 30 42 > new_df$Z # Output the Z column [1] 12 42 > new_df$Z == new_df['Z'] && new_df[3] == new_df$Z # The data.frame column Z can be accessed using $Z, ['Z'], or [3] syntax and the values are the same. [1] TRUE > attributes(new_df) # Print attributes information about the new_df object $names [1] "X" "Y" "Z" $row.names [1] "A" "B" $class [1] "data.frame" > attributes(new_df)$row.names <- c("one", "two") # Access and then change the row.names attribute; can also be done using rownames() > new_df X Y Z one 2 6 12 two 20 30 42 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_a_function">Structure of a function</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure of a function">edit</a>]</div> One of R's strengths is the ease of creating new functions.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Objects in the function body remain local to the function, and any data type may be returned. In R, almost all functions and all user-defined functions are <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Create a function: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># The input parameters are x and y. # The function returns a linear combination of x and y. f <- function(x, y) { z <- 3 * x + 4 * y # an explicit return() statement is optional, could be replaced with simply `z` return(z) } </pre></div> Usage output: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> f(1, 2) [1] 11 > f(c(1, 2, 3), c(5, 3, 4)) [1] 23 18 25 > f(1:3, 4) [1] 19 22 25 </pre></div> It is possible to define functions to be used as <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix operators</a> with the special syntax <code>`%name%`</code> where "name" is the function variable name: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> `%sumx2y2%` <- function(e1, e2) {e1 ^ 2 + e2 ^ 2} > 1:3 %sumx2y2% -(1:3) [1] 2 8 18 </pre></div> Since version 4.1.0 functions can be written in a short notation, which is useful for passing anonymous functions to higher-order functions:<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> sapply(1:5, \(i) i^2) # here \(i) is the same as function(i) [1] 1 4 9 16 25 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_pipe_operator">Native pipe operator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Native pipe operator">edit</a>]</div> In R version 4.1.0, a native <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipe operator</a>, <code>|></code>, was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> This operator allows users to chain functions together one after another, instead of a nested function call. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> nrow(subset(mtcars, cyl == 4)) # Nested without the pipe character [1] 11 > mtcars |> subset(cyl == 4) |> nrow() # Using the pipe character [1] 11 </pre></div> Another alternative to nested functions, in contrast to using the pipe character, is using intermediate objects. However, some argue that using the pipe operator will produce code that is easier to read.<a href="#cite_note-rds-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> mtcars_subset_rows <- subset(mtcars, cyl == 4) > num_mtcars_subset <- nrow(mtcars_subset_rows) > print(num_mtcars_subset) [1] 11 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming">edit</a>]</div> The R language has native support for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. There are two native frameworks, the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument and objects are assigned to a class by just setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a <a href="/wiki/CLOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOS">Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)-like system</a> of formal classes (also derived from <a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)#S4" title="S (programming language)">S</a>) and generic methods that supports <a href="/wiki/Multiple_dispatch" title="Multiple dispatch">multiple dispatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_inheritance" title="Multiple inheritance">multiple inheritance</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In the example, <code>summary</code> is a <a href="/wiki/Generic_function" title="Generic function">generic function</a> that dispatches to different methods depending on whether its argument is a numeric vector or a "factor": <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>> data <- c("a", "b", "c", "a", NA) > summary(data) Length Class Mode 5 character character > summary(as.factor(data)) a b c NA's 2 1 1 1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_and_plotting">Modeling and plotting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modeling and plotting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plots_from_lm_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plots_from_lm_example.svg/200px-Plots_from_lm_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plots_from_lm_example.svg/300px-Plots_from_lm_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Plots_from_lm_example.svg/400px-Plots_from_lm_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Diagnostic plots from plotting “model” (q.v. “plot.lm()” function). Notice the mathematical notation allowed in labels (lower left plot).</figcaption></figure> The R language has built-in support for data modeling and graphics. The following example shows how R can generate and plot a linear model with residuals. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre># Create x and y values x <- 1:6 y <- x^2 # Linear regression model y = A + B * x model <- lm(y ~ x) # Display an in-depth summary of the model summary(model) # Create a 2 by 2 layout for figures par(mfrow = c(2, 2)) # Output diagnostic plots of the model plot(model) </pre></div> Output: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-rout mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Residuals: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.3333 -0.6667 -2.6667 -2.6667 -0.6667 3.3333 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) (Intercept) -9.3333 2.8441 -3.282 0.030453 * x 7.0000 0.7303 9.585 0.000662 *** --- Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1 Residual standard error: 3.055 on 4 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.9583, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9478 F-statistic: 91.88 on 1 and 4 DF, p-value: 0.000662 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandelbrot_set">Mandelbrot set</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mandelbrot set">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif/200px-Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif/300px-Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif/400px-Mandelbrot_Creation_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>"Mandelbrot.gif" graphic created in R. (Note: Colors differ from actual output.)</figcaption></figure> This <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a> example highlights the use of <a href="/wiki/Complex_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex numbers">complex numbers</a>. It models the first 20 iterations of the equation <code>z = z2 + c</code>, where <code>c</code> represents different complex constants. Install the package that provides the <code>write.gif()</code> function beforehand: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>install.packages("caTools") </pre></div> R Source code: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-r mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>library(caTools) jet.colors <- colorRampPalette( c("green", "pink", "#007FFF", "cyan", "#7FFF7F", "white", "#FF7F00", "red", "#7F0000")) dx <- 1500 # define width dy <- 1400 # define height C <- complex( real = rep(seq(-2.2, 1.0, length.out = dx), each = dy), imag = rep(seq(-1.2, 1.2, length.out = dy), times = dx) ) # reshape as matrix of complex numbers C <- matrix(C, dy, dx) # initialize output 3D array X <- array(0, c(dy, dx, 20)) Z <- 0 # loop with 20 iterations for (k in 1:20) { # the central difference equation Z <- Z^2 + C # capture the results X[, , k] <- exp(-abs(Z)) } write.gif( X, "Mandelbrot.gif", col = jet.colors, delay = 100) </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Version_names">Version names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Version names">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_of_R_1_0_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A CD with autographs on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CD_of_R_1_0_0.png/180px-CD_of_R_1_0_0.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CD_of_R_1_0_0.png/270px-CD_of_R_1_0_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CD_of_R_1_0_0.png/360px-CD_of_R_1_0_0.png 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>CD of R Version 1.0.0, autographed by the core team of R, photographed R in Quebec City in 2019</figcaption></figure> All R version releases from 2.14.0 onward have <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">codenames</a> that make reference to <a href="/wiki/Peanuts" title="Peanuts">Peanuts</a> comics and films.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In 2018, core R developer Peter Dalgaard presented a history of R releases since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> Some notable early releases before the named releases include: <ul><li>Version 1.0.0 released on February 29, 2000 (2000-02-29), a <a href="/wiki/Leap_days" class="mw-redirect" title="Leap days">leap day</a></li> <li>Version 2.0.0 released on October 4, 2004 (2004-10-04), "which at least had a nice ring to it"<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a></li></ul> The idea of naming R version releases was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Debian_version_history" title="Debian version history">Debian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_version_history" title="Ubuntu version history">Ubuntu</a> version naming system. Dalgaard also noted that another reason for the use of Peanuts references for R codenames is because, "everyone in statistics is a <a href="/wiki/P-value" title="P-value">P-nut</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>R release codenames </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>Release date </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Peanuts reference </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>4.4.1 </td> <td>2024-06-14 </td> <td>Race for Your Life </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.4.0 </td> <td>2024-04-24 </td> <td>Puppy Cup </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.3.3 </td> <td>2024-02-29 </td> <td>Angel Food Cake </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.3.2 </td> <td>2023-10-31 </td> <td>Eye Holes </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.3.1 </td> <td>2023-06-16 </td> <td>Beagle Scouts </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.3.0 </td> <td>2023-04-21 </td> <td>Already Tomorrow </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.2.3 </td> <td>2023-03-15 </td> <td>Shortstop Beagle </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.2.2 </td> <td>2022-10-31 </td> <td>Innocent and Trusting </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.2.1 </td> <td>2022-06-23 </td> <td>Funny-Looking Kid </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.2.0 </td> <td>2022-04-22 </td> <td>Vigorous Calisthenics </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.1.3 </td> <td>2022-03-10 </td> <td>One Push-Up </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Rd_R_4.1.2_is_released-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.1.2 </td> <td>2021-11-01 </td> <td>Bird Hippie </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Rd_R_4.1.2_is_released-73">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.1.1 </td> <td>2021-08-10 </td> <td>Kick Things </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.1.0 </td> <td>2021-05-18 </td> <td>Camp Pontanezen </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.5 </td> <td>2021-03-31 </td> <td>Shake and Throw </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.4 </td> <td>2021-02-15 </td> <td>Lost Library Book </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.3 </td> <td>2020-10-10 </td> <td>Bunny-Wunnies Freak Out </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.2 </td> <td>2020-06-22 </td> <td>Taking Off Again </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.1 </td> <td>2020-06-06 </td> <td>See Things Now </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0.0 </td> <td>2020-04-24 </td> <td>Arbor Day </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.6.3 </td> <td>2020-02-29 </td> <td>Holding the Windsock </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.6.2 </td> <td>2019-12-12 </td> <td>Dark and Stormy Night </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/It_was_a_dark_and_stormy_night#Literature" title="It was a dark and stormy night">It was a dark and stormy night#Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.6.1 </td> <td>2019-07-05 </td> <td>Action of the Toes </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto1-98">[97]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.6.0 </td> <td>2019-04-26 </td> <td>Planting of a Tree </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.5.3 </td> <td>2019-03-11 </td> <td>Great Truth </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.5.2 </td> <td>2018-12-20 </td> <td>Eggshell Igloos </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.5.1 </td> <td>2018-07-02 </td> <td>Feather Spray </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.5.0 </td> <td>2018-04-23 </td> <td>Joy in Playing </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4.4 </td> <td>2018-03-15 </td> <td>Someone to Lean On </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4.3 </td> <td>2017-11-30 </td> <td>Kite-Eating Tree </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/Kite-Eating_Tree" title="Kite-Eating Tree">Kite-Eating Tree</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4.2 </td> <td>2017-09-28 </td> <td>Short Summer </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/It_Was_a_Short_Summer,_Charlie_Brown" title="It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown">It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4.1 </td> <td>2017-06-30 </td> <td>Single Candle </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-115">[114]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.4.0 </td> <td>2017-04-21 </td> <td>You Stupid Darkness </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto-115">[114]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.3.3 </td> <td>2017-03-06 </td> <td>Another Canoe </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.3.2 </td> <td>2016-10-31 </td> <td>Sincere Pumpkin Patch </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.3.1 </td> <td>2016-06-21 </td> <td>Bug in Your Hair </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.3.0 </td> <td>2016-05-03 </td> <td>Supposedly Educational </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.5 </td> <td>2016-04-11 </td> <td>Very, Very Secure Dishes </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[125]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.4 </td> <td>2016-03-11 </td> <td>Very Secure Dishes </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:0-126">[125]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.3 </td> <td>2015-12-10 </td> <td>Wooden Christmas-Tree </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Christmas" title="A Charlie Brown Christmas">A Charlie Brown Christmas</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.2 </td> <td>2015-08-14 </td> <td>Fire Safety </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.1 </td> <td>2015-06-18 </td> <td>World-Famous Astronaut </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2.0 </td> <td>2015-04-16 </td> <td>Full of Ingredients </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1.3 </td> <td>2015-03-09 </td> <td>Smooth Sidewalk </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1.2 </td> <td>2014-10-31 </td> <td>Pumpkin Helmet </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Good_Sport,_Charlie_Brown" title="You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown">You're a Good Sport, Charlie Brown</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1.1 </td> <td>2014-07-10 </td> <td>Sock it to Me </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.1.0 </td> <td>2014-04-10 </td> <td>Spring Dance </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-auto1-98">[97]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.3 </td> <td>2014-03-06 </td> <td>Warm Puppy </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.2 </td> <td>2013-09-25 </td> <td>Frisbee Sailing </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.1 </td> <td>2013-05-16 </td> <td>Good Sport </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0.0 </td> <td>2013-04-03 </td> <td>Masked Marvel </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.15.3 </td> <td>2013-03-01 </td> <td>Security Blanket </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.15.2 </td> <td>2012-10-26 </td> <td>Trick or Treat </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.15.1 </td> <td>2012-06-22 </td> <td>Roasted Marshmallows </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.15.0 </td> <td>2012-03-30 </td> <td>Easter Beagle </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.14.2 </td> <td>2012-02-29 </td> <td>Gift-Getting Season </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_Easter_Beagle,_Charlie_Brown" title="It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown">It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.14.1 </td> <td>2011-12-22 </td> <td>December Snowflakes </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.14.0 </td> <td>2011-10-31 </td> <td>Great Pumpkin </td> <td>See <a href="/wiki/It%27s_the_Great_Pumpkin,_Charlie_Brown" title="It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown">It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r-devel </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Unsuffered Consequences </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison of statistical packages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">List of numerical-analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">List of statistical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmetrics" title="Rmetrics">Rmetrics</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWickhamÇetinkaya-RundelGrolemund2023" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Hadley; Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine; Grolemund, Garrett (2023). R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data (2nd ed.). Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-9740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-9740-2"><bdi>978-1-4920-9740-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R+for+data+science%3A+import%2C+tidy%2C+transform%2C+visualize%2C+and+model+data&rft.place=Beijing+Boston+Farnham+Sebastopol+Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-9740-2&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Hadley&rft.au=%C3%87etinkaya-Rundel%2C+Mine&rft.au=Grolemund%2C+Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagolewski2024" class="citation book cs1">Gagolewski, Marek (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/7490464">Deep R Programming</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2FZENODO.7490464">10.5281/ZENODO.7490464</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6455719-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6455719-2-9"><bdi>978-0-6455719-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+R+Programming&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2FZENODO.7490464&rft.isbn=978-0-6455719-2-9&rft.aulast=Gagolewski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F7490464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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title="Sweave">Sweave</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:R_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/80px-R_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/120px-R_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/R_logo.svg/160px-R_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="561" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Implementations">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_R" title="Distributed R">Distributed R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_R_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft R Open">Microsoft R Open</a> (Revolution R Open)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renjin" title="Renjin">Renjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/R_package" title="R package">Packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrix" title="Bibliometrix">Bibliometrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easystats" title="Easystats">easystats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_Discourse_Analysis_Package" title="Quantitative Discourse Analysis Package">qdap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(software)" title="Lumi (software)">lumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGtk2" title="RGtk2">RGtk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(pipeline)" title="Rhea (pipeline)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmetrics" title="Rmetrics">Rmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rnn_(software)" title="Rnn (software)">rnn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQDA" title="RQDA">RQDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiny_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiny (software)">Shiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimpleITK" title="SimpleITK">SimpleITK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statcheck" title="Statcheck">Statcheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidyverse" title="Tidyverse">tidyverse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ggplot2" title="Ggplot2">ggplot2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dplyr" title="Dplyr">dplyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitr" title="Knitr">knitr</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Interfaces">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio7" title="Bio7">Bio7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs_Speaks_Statistics" title="Emacs Speaks Statistics">Emacs Speaks Statistics</a></li> <li><a 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Dalgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Eddelbuettel" title="Dirk Eddelbuettel">Dirk Eddelbuettel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lumley_(statistician)" title="Thomas Lumley (statistician)">Thomas Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Ripley" title="Brian D. Ripley">Brian D. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Silge" title="Julia Silge">Julia Silge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Tierney" title="Luke Tierney">Luke Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yihui_Xie" title="Yihui Xie">Yihui Xie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="R Consortium">R Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-Ladies" title="R-Ladies">R-Ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posit_PBC" title="Posit PBC">Posit PBC</a> (formerly RStudio PBC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_R_Journal" title="The R Journal">The R Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GNU" 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title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template talk:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numerical-analysis_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_Mathematical_Toolbox" title="Euler Mathematical Toolbox">Euler Mathematical Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">Gmsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R; <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">MFEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(software)" title="Weka (software)">Weka</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Discontinued" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_software" title="Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_software" title="Template talk:Statistical software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistical_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">Epi Info</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamovi" title="Jamovi">jamovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">JAGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (Julia, Python, R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> (statsmodels, <a href="/wiki/PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R</a> (<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">BV4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHAZAM_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAZAM (software)">SHAZAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(statistics_package)" title="SYSTAT (statistics package)">SYSTAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unistat (page does not exist)">UNISTAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unistat (page does not exist)">UNISTAT</a> for Excel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> This displays to <a href="/wiki/Standard_streams" title="Standard streams">standard error</a> a listing of all the packages that tidyverse depends upon. It may also display warnings showing namespace conflicts, which may typically be ignored. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.r-project.org/TechDocs/">R Technical Papers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bigbookofr.com/">Big Book of R</a>, curated list of R-related programming books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.r-project.org/doc/bib/R-books.html">Books Related to R - R Project</a>, partially annotated curated list of books relating to R or S.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morandat-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morandat_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morandat_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morandat_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorandatHillOsvaldVitek2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morandat, Frances; Hill, Brandon; Osvald, Leo; Vitek, Jan (11 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31057-7_6">"Evaluating the design of the R language: objects and functions for data analysis"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+4.4.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2024%2F000701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1980" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1980 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. 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Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+4.3.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2024%2F000699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1996" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (31 October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1996/10/31">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1996 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+31%2C+1996+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1996-10-31&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1996%2F10%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000697.html">"[Rd] R 4.3.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.3.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2023%2F000697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1979" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (28 April 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1979/04/28">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 28, 1979 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+April+28%2C+1979+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1979-04-28&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1979%2F04%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000694.html">"[Rd] R 4.3.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.3.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2023%2F000694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1980" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (13 June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 13, 1980 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+13%2C+1980+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1980-06-13&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1980%2F06%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1980" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (16 June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/16">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 16, 1980 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+16%2C+1980+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1980-06-16&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1980%2F06%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1964" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (26 November 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/11/26">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 26, 1964 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+November+26%2C+1964+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1964-11-26&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1964%2F11%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000691.html">"[Rd] R 4.3.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.3.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2023%2F000691.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2001" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (30 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2001/03/30">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 30, 2001 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+30%2C+2001+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=2001-03-30&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F2001%2F03%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2023/000689.html">"[Rd] R 4.2.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.2.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2023%2F000689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1962" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (30 October 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/10/30">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1962 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+30%2C+1962+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1962-10-30&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1962%2F10%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000686.html">"[Rd] R 4.2.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.2.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2022%2F000686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1970" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (22 November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/11/22">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1970 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+November+22%2C+1970+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1970-11-22&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1970%2F11%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1971" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 July 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/07/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 29, 1971 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+July+29%2C+1971+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1971-07-29&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1971%2F07%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1969" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (25 September 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/09/25">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 25, 1969 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+September+25%2C+1969+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1969-09-25&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1969%2F09%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1973" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (13 October 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/10/13">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 13, 1973 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+13%2C+1973+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1973-10-13&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1973%2F10%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1974" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (8 February 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1974/02/08">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 08, 1974 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+08%2C+1974+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1974-02-08&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1974%2F02%2F08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1970" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (8 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/01/08">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 08, 1970 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+January+08%2C+1970+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1970-01-08&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1970%2F01%2F08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000685.html">"[Rd] R 4.2.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.2.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2022%2F000685.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (6 March 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/03/06">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 06, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+06%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-03-06&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F03%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2022/000683.html">"[Rd] R 4.2.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.2.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2022%2F000683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rd_R_4.1.2_is_released-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rd_R_4.1.2_is_released_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rd_R_4.1.2_is_released_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000677.html">"[Rd] R 4.1.2 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.1.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2021%2F000677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (1 November 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/11/01">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 01, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+November+01%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-11-01&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F11%2F01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (12 July 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/07/12">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+July+12%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-07-12&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F07%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1978" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (17 May 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/05/17">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 17, 1978 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+May+17%2C+1978+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1978-05-17&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1978%2F05%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000672.html">"[Rd] R 4.1.1 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.1.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2021%2F000672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1986" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (12 February 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1986/02/12">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 12, 1986 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+12%2C+1986+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1986-02-12&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1986%2F02%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000670.html">"[Rd] R 4.1.0 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.1.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2021%2F000670.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1978" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (30 July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1978/07/30">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 30, 1978 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+July+30%2C+1978+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1978-07-30&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1978%2F07%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000668.html">"[Rd] R 4.0.5 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.0.5+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2021%2F000668.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1959" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (2 March 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/02">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 02, 1959 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+02%2C+1959+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1959-03-02&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1959%2F03%2F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2006" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (27 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2006/02/27">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 27, 2006 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+27%2C+2006+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=2006-02-27&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F2006%2F02%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1959" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (13 March 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/13">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 13, 1959 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+13%2C+1959+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1959-03-13&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1959%2F03%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2021/000664.html">"[Rd] R 4.0.4 scheduled for February 15"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.0.4+scheduled+for+February+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2021%2F000664.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1972" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (23 October 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/10/23">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1972 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+23%2C+1972+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1972-10-23&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1972%2F10%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000662.html">"[Rd] R 4.0.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BRd%5D+R+4.0.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2020%2F000662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1962" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (14 April 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/04/14">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 14, 1962 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+April+14%2C+1962+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1962-04-14&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1962%2F04%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000658.html">"R 4.0.2 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+4.0.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2020%2F000658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1962" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (6 February 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1962/02/06">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 06, 1962 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+06%2C+1962+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1962-02-06&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1962%2F02%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000655.html">"R 4.0.1 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+4.0.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2020%2F000655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1970" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (24 April 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1970/04/24">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 24, 1970 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+April+24%2C+1970+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1970-04-24&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1970%2F04%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000653.html">"R 4.0.0 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+4.0.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2020%2F000653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2000" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/2000/02/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 29, 2000 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+29%2C+2000+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=2000-02-29&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F2000%2F02%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2020/000650.html">"R 3.6.3 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.6.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2020%2F000650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1965" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (12 July 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/07/12">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for July 12, 1965 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+July+12%2C+1965+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1965-07-12&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1965%2F07%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000647.html">"R 3.6.2 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.6.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2019%2F000647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1971" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (22 March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/03/22">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 22, 1971 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+22%2C+1971+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1971-03-22&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1971%2F03%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000643.html">"R 3.6.1 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.6.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2019%2F000643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1963" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (3 March 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1963/03/03">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 03, 1963 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+03%2C+1963+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1963-03-03&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1963%2F03%2F03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000641.html">"R 3.6.0 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.6.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2019%2F000641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1959" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (11 March 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1959/03/11">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 11, 1959 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+11%2C+1959+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1959-03-11&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1959%2F03%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2019/000638.html">"R 3.5.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.5.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2019%2F000638.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1960" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (25 January 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1960/01/25">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 25, 1960 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+January+25%2C+1960+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1960-01-25&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1960%2F01%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000634.html">"R 3.5.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.5.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2018%2F000634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1972" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (9 March 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1972/03/09">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 09, 1972 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+09%2C+1972+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1972-03-09&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1972%2F03%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000630.html">"R 3.5.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.5.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2018%2F000630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1973" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (27 January 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/01/27">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 27, 1973 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+January+27%2C+1973+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1973-01-27&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1973%2F01%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000628.html">"R 3.5.0 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.5.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2018%2F000628.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg">https://collectpeanuts.com/Collection/ImagesW/Plaques/201405/IMG_4892.jpg</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL image file</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2018/000626.html">"R 3.4.4 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.4.4+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2018%2F000626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (19 February 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/02/19">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 19, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+19%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-02-19&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F02%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000623.html">"R 3.4.3 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.4.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2017%2F000623.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000619.html">"R 3.4.2 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.4.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2017%2F000619.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1965" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (9 September 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/09/09">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 09, 1965 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+September+09%2C+1965+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1965-09-09&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1965%2F09%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hypatia.math.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000616.html">"R 3.4.1 is released"</a>. hypatia.math.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hypatia.math.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.4.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhypatia.math.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2017%2F000616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000612.html">"R 3.4.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.4.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2017%2F000612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1966" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 June 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1966/06/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 29, 1966 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+29%2C+1966+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1966-06-29&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1966%2F06%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2017/000611.html">"[R] R 3.3.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.3.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2017%2F000611.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1968" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (30 October 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1968/10/30">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 30, 1968 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+30%2C+1968+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1968-10-30&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1968%2F10%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000608.html">"[R] R 3.3.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.3.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000608.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (15 June 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/06/15">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 15, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+15%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-06-15&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F06%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000604.html">"[R] R 3.3.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.3.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000604.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1971" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (7 May 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/05/07">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for May 07, 1971 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+May+07%2C+1971+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1971-05-07&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1971%2F05%2F07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000602.html">"[R] R 3.3.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.3.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1964" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (20 February 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1964/02/20">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for February 20, 1964 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+February+20%2C+1964+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1964-02-20&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1964%2F02%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svn.r-project.org/R/tags/R-3-2-5/VERSION-NICK">"VERSION-NICK"</a>. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VERSION-NICK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvn.r-project.org%2FR%2Ftags%2FR-3-2-5%2FVERSION-NICK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000601.html">"R 3.2.5 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.2.5+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000598.html">"R 3.2.4-revised is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.2.4-revised+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000598.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2016/000597.html">"R 3.2.4 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.2.4+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2016%2F000597.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1980" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (18 December 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/12/18">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for December 18, 1980 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 9 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+December+18%2C+1980+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1980-12-18&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1980%2F12%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000593.html">"R 3.2.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.2.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2015%2F000593.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarketScreener2008" class="citation web cs1">MarketScreener (7 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/METLIFE-INC-13496/news/METLIFE-Brush-Up-on-Fire-Safety-Basics-586095/">"METLIFE : Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics -October 07, 2008 at 04:03 pm EDT | MarketScreener"</a>. www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marketscreener.com&rft.atitle=METLIFE+%3A+Brush+Up+on+Fire+Safety+Basics+-October+07%2C+2008+at+04%3A03+pm+EDT+%7C+MarketScreener&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft.au=MarketScreener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketscreener.com%2Fquote%2Fstock%2FMETLIFE-INC-13496%2Fnews%2FMETLIFE-Brush-Up-on-Fire-Safety-Basics-586095%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.claimsjournal.com/news/national/2005/10/13/60817.htm">"MetLife Advises People to Brush Up on Fire Safety Basics to Stay Safe"</a>. Claims Journal. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Claims+Journal&rft.atitle=MetLife+Advises+People+to+Brush+Up+on+Fire+Safety+Basics+to+Stay+Safe&rft.date=2005-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.claimsjournal.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F2005%2F10%2F13%2F60817.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000589.html">"R 3.2.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.2.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2015%2F000589.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1969" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (10 March 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/03/10">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for March 10, 1969 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+March+10%2C+1969+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1969-03-10&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1969%2F03%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000586.html">"[R] R 3.2.1 liftoff"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.2.1+liftoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2015%2F000586.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1966" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (7 April 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1966/04/07">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 07, 1966 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+April+07%2C+1966+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1966-04-07&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1966%2F04%2F07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000583.html">"[R] R 3.2.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.2.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2015%2F000583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2019" class="citation book cs1">Schulz, Charles M. (2019). Happiness is a warm puppy. New York : Penguin Workshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-8995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-8995-4"><bdi>978-1-5247-8995-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happiness+is+a+warm+puppy&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Penguin+Workshop&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-8995-4&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2015/000582.html">"R 3.1.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.1.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2015%2F000582.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000578.html">"[R] R 3.1.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.1.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2014%2F000578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp">https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/9XoAAOSwI51iIBwR/s-l1600.webp</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL image file</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-qc6bb7/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/11697/21379/pzl7274__10391.1456100538.jpg?c=2">https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-qc6bb7/images/stencil/1280x1280/products/11697/21379/pzl7274__10391.1456100538.jpg?c=2</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://i.etsystatic.com/12512391/r/il/23f45c/5091663835/il_680x540.5091663835_dqpa.jpg">https://i.etsystatic.com/12512391/r/il/23f45c/5091663835/il_680x540.5091663835_dqpa.jpg</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL image file</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collectpeanuts.com/toys/games-puzzles/puzzles/springbok/#foobox-1/14/IMG_1586.jpg?ssl=1">"Peanuts Springbok Puzzles"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peanuts+Springbok+Puzzles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollectpeanuts.com%2Ftoys%2Fgames-puzzles%2Fpuzzles%2Fspringbok%2F%23foobox-1%2F14%2FIMG_1586.jpg%3Fssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000575.html">"[R] R 3.1.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.1.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2014%2F000575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000572.html">"[R] R 3.1.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=%5BR%5D+R+3.1.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2014%2F000572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1965" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (11 January 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/01/11">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for January 11, 1965 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+January+11%2C+1965+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1965-01-11&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1965%2F01%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2014/000569.html">"R 3.0.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.0.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2014%2F000569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1971" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (3 September 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/09/03">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for September 03, 1971 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+September+03%2C+1971+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1971-09-03&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1971%2F09%2F03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000567.html">"R 3.0.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.0.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2013%2F000567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1953" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (22 November 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1953/11/22">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for November 22, 1953 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+November+22%2C+1953+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1953-11-22&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1953%2F11%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000563.html">"R 3.0.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.0.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2013%2F000563.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1981" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (23 June 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1981/06/23">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 23, 1981 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+23%2C+1981+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1981-06-23&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1981%2F06%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000561.html">"R 3.0.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+3.0.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2013%2F000561.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1965" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (23 October 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1965/10/23">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 23, 1965 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+23%2C+1965+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1965-10-23&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1965%2F10%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2013/000560.html">"R 2.15.3 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.15.3+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2013%2F000560.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1969" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (31 October 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1969/10/31">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 31, 1969 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+31%2C+1969+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1969-10-31&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1969%2F10%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000557.html">"R 2.15.2 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.15.2+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2012%2F000557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1987" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (6 June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1987/06/06">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for June 06, 1987 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+June+06%2C+1987+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1987-06-06&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1987%2F06%2F06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000554.html">"R 2.15.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.15.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2012%2F000554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1971" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (11 April 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1971/04/11">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for April 11, 1971 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+April+11%2C+1971+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1971-04-11&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1971%2F04%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000551.html">"R 2.15.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.15.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2012%2F000551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071679/quotes/">It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown! (TV Short 1974) - Quotes - IMDb</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2024 – via www.imdb.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+the+Easter+Beagle%2C+Charlie+Brown%21+%28TV+Short+1974%29+-+Quotes+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0071679%2Fquotes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2012/000550.html">"R 2.14.2 is released + R anniversary"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.14.2+is+released+%2B+R+anniversary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2012%2F000550.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGough2023" class="citation web cs1">McGough, Nellah Bailey (20 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southernliving.com/culture/charlie-brown-christmas-quotes">"Our Favorite Quotes and Sayings from "A Charlie Brown Christmas""</a>. Southern Living. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Living&rft.atitle=Our+Favorite+Quotes+and+Sayings+from+%22A+Charlie+Brown+Christmas%22&rft.date=2023-01-20&rft.aulast=McGough&rft.aufirst=Nellah+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernliving.com%2Fculture%2Fcharlie-brown-christmas-quotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2011/000548.html">"R 2.14.1 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.14.1+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2011%2F000548.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1973" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (29 October 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1973/10/29">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for October 29, 1973 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+October+29%2C+1973+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1973-10-29&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1973%2F10%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.ethz.ch/pipermail/r-announce/2011/000544.html">"R 2.14.0 is released"</a>. stat.ethz.ch. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.ethz.ch&rft.atitle=R+2.14.0+is+released&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.ethz.ch%2Fpipermail%2Fr-announce%2F2011%2F000544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1967" class="citation web cs1">Schulz, Charles (17 August 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1967/08/17">"Peanuts by Charles Schulz for August 17, 1967 | GoComics.com"</a>. GoComics. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoComics&rft.atitle=Peanuts+by+Charles+Schulz+for+August+17%2C+1967+%7C+GoComics.com&rft.date=1967-08-17&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gocomics.com%2Fpeanuts%2F1967%2F08%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AR+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&oldid=1259881426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R_(programming_language)&oldid=1259881426</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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