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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Open-source software security</b> is the measure of assurance or guarantee in the freedom from danger and risk inherent to an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_debate">Implementation debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a> forces the user to accept the level of security that the software vendor is willing to deliver and to accept the rate that patches and updates are released.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is assumed that any compiler that is used creates code that can be trusted, but it has been demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> that a compiler can be subverted using a <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)#Compiler_backdoors" title="Backdoor (computing)">compiler backdoor</a> to create faulty executables that are unwittingly produced by a well-intentioned developer.<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With access to the source code for the compiler, the developer has at least the ability to discover if there is any mal-intention.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerckhoffs' principle">Kerckhoffs' principle</a> is based on the idea that an enemy can steal a secure military system and not be able to compromise the information. His ideas were the basis for many modern security practices, and followed that <a href="/wiki/Security_through_obscurity" title="Security through obscurity">security through obscurity</a> is a bad practice.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawbacks">Drawbacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drawbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Simply making source code available does not guarantee review. An example of this occurring is when <a href="/wiki/Marcus_J._Ranum" title="Marcus J. Ranum">Marcus Ranum</a>, an expert on security system design and implementation, released his first public firewall toolkit. At one time, there were over 2,000 sites using his toolkit, but only 10 people gave him any feedback or patches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Having a large amount of eyes reviewing code can "lull a user into a false sense of security".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having many users look at source code does not guarantee that security flaws will be found and fixed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metrics_and_models">Metrics and models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metrics and models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of models and metrics to measure the security of a system. These are a few methods that can be used to measure the security of software systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_days_between_vulnerabilities">Number of days between vulnerabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Number of days between vulnerabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is argued that a system is most vulnerable after a potential vulnerability is discovered, but before a patch is created. By measuring the number of days between the vulnerability and when the vulnerability is fixed, a basis can be determined on the security of the system. There are a few caveats to such an approach: not every vulnerability is equally bad, and fixing a lot of bugs quickly might not be better than only finding a few and taking a little bit longer to fix them, taking into account the operating system, or the effectiveness of the fix.<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisson_process">Poisson process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poisson process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Poisson_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisson process">Poisson process</a> can be used to measure the rates at which different people find security flaws between open and closed source software. The process can be broken down by the number of volunteers N<sub>v</sub> and paid reviewers N<sub>p</sub>. The rates at which volunteers find a flaw is measured by λ<sub>v</sub> and the rate that paid reviewers find a flaw is measured by λ<sub>p</sub>. The expected time that a volunteer group is expected to find a flaw is 1/(N<sub>v</sub> λ<sub>v</sub>) and the expected time that a paid group is expected to find a flaw is 1/(N<sub>p</sub> λ<sub>p</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morningstar_model">Morningstar model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morningstar model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By comparing a large variety of open source and closed source projects a star system could be used to analyze the security of the project similar to how <a href="/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc." title="Morningstar, Inc.">Morningstar, Inc.</a> rates mutual funds. With a large enough data set, statistics could be used to measure the overall effectiveness of one group over the other. An example of such as system is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1 Star: Many security vulnerabilities.</li> <li>2 Stars: Reliability issues.</li> <li>3 Stars: Follows best security practices.</li> <li>4 Stars: Documented secure development process.</li> <li>5 Stars: Passed independent security review.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverity_scan">Coverity scan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coverity scan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coverity" title="Coverity">Coverity</a> in collaboration with Stanford University has established a new baseline for open-source quality and security. The development is being completed through a contract with the Department of Homeland Security. They are utilizing innovations in automated defect detection to identify critical types of bugs found in software.<sup id="cite_ref-CoverityIndex_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoverityIndex-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of quality and security is measured in rungs. Rungs do not have a definitive meaning, and can change as Coverity releases new tools. Rungs are based on the progress of fixing issues found by the Coverity Analysis results and the degree of collaboration with Coverity.<sup id="cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoverityLadder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They start with Rung 0 and currently go up to Rung 2. </p> <ul><li><b>Rung 0</b></li></ul> <p>The project has been analyzed by Coverity's Scan infrastructure, but no representatives from the open-source software have come forward for the results.<sup id="cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoverityLadder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Rung 1</b></li></ul> <p>At rung 1, there is collaboration between Coverity and the development team. The software is analyzed with a subset of the scanning features to prevent the development team from being overwhelmed.<sup id="cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoverityLadder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Rung 2</b></li></ul> <p>There are 11 projects that have been analyzed and upgraded to the status of Rung 2 by reaching zero defects in the first year of the scan. These projects include: AMANDA, <a href="/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol#Reference_implementation" title="Network Time Protocol">ntp</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenPAM" title="OpenPAM">OpenPAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a>, Overdose, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postfix_(software)" title="Postfix (software)">Postfix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">Samba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">tcl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoverityLadder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Security_Foundation" title="Open Source Security Foundation">Open Source Security Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, C. (January 2003). Software Security for Open-Source Systems. IEEE Security & Privacy, 38–45. Retrieved 5 May 2008, from IEEE Computer Society Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witten_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witten_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witten_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witten, B., Landwehr, C., & Caloyannides, M. (2001, September/October). Does Open Source Improve System Security? <i>IEEE Software</i>, 57–61. Retrieved 5 May 2008, from Computer Database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoepman, J.-H., & Jacobs, B. (2007). Increased Security Through Open Source. Communications of the ACM, 50 (1), 79–83. Retrieved 5 May 2008, from ACM Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawton, G. (March 2002). Open Source Security: Opportunity or Oxymoron? Computer, 18–21. Retrieved 5 May 2008, from IEEE Computer Society Digital Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, M., Köhntopp, K., & Pfitzmann, A. (2002). The Open Source approach – opportunities and limitations with respect to security and privacy. Computers & Security, 21 (5), 461–471. Retrieved 5 May 2008, from Computer Database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson, G. (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1raindrop.typepad.com/1_raindrop/security_metrics/index.html">Stalking the right software security metric</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2008, from Raindrop.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoverityIndex-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoverityIndex_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coverity. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scan.coverity.com/index.html">Accelerating Open Source Quality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305075024/http://scan.coverity.com/index.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2008, from Scan.Coverity.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoverityLadder-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoverityLadder_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coverity. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scan.coverity.com/ladder.html">Scan Ladder FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306061645/http://scan.coverity.com/ladder.html">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2008, from Scan.Coverity.com.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_software_security&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier">Bruce Schneier</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-9909.html#OpenSourceandSecurity">"Open Source and Security"</a>, <i>Crypto-Gram Newsletter</i>, 15 September 1999</li> <li>Messmer, Ellen. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.networkworld.com/article/2164333/security-of-open-source-software-again-being-scrutinized.html">"Security of open-source software again being scrutinized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Network_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Network World">Network World</a></i>, 30(5), 12-12,14. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cio.com/article/2387595/security-of-open-source-software-again-being-scrutinized.html">Article</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/CIO_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="CIO magazine">CIO magazine</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coreinfrastructure.org/programs/census-project">Census Project / Core Infrastructure Initiative</a> by <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a 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</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" 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Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> 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