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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Full disclosure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_disclosure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeland_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Homeland security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Movie_plot_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movie_plot_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Movie plot threat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movie_plot_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>System design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptographic_algorithms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptographic_algorithms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cryptographic algorithms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptographic_algorithms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCs_%C5%9Enayer" title="Brüs Şnayer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Brüs Şnayer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="بروس اشنایر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بروس اشنایر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="بروس اشنایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بروس اشنایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8A%88%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="브루스 슈나이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브루스 슈나이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بروسى ستشنير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروسى ستشنير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC" title="ブルース・シュナイアー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルース・シュナイアー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Шнайер, Брюс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шнайер, Брюс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier" title="Bruce Schneier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bruce Schneier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80" title="Брюс Шнаєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брюс Шнаєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE" title="布魯斯·施奈爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布魯斯·施奈爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain excessive or inappropriate references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing references to unreliable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">sources</a> where they are used inappropriately.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist (born 1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bruce Schneier</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg/220px-Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg/330px-Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg/440px-Bruce_Schneier_at_CoPS2013-IMG_9174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="2254" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schneier in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1963-01-15</span>) </span>January 15, 1963<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 61)</span><sup id="cite_ref-fb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpane_Internet_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterpane Internet Security">Counterpane Internet Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com">www<wbr />.schneier<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg/150px-Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg/225px-Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg/300px-Bruce_Schneier-signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bruce Schneier</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born January 15, 1963) is an American <a href="/wiki/Cryptographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> professional, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> specialist, and writer. Schneier is an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Klein_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society</a> as of November, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_Now" title="Access Now">Access Now</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Tor_Project" title="The Tor Project">The Tor Project</a>; and an advisory board member of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/VerifiedVoting.org" class="mw-redirect" title="VerifiedVoting.org">VerifiedVoting.org</a>. He is the author of several books on general <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> topics, computer security and <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> and is a <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> enthusiast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Schneier received the EPIC Lifetime Achievement Award from Electronic Privacy Information Center.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bruce Schneier is the son of Martin Schneier, a Brooklyn Supreme Court judge. He grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a>, attending P.S. 139 and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_College_High_School" title="Hunter College High School">Hunter College High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After receiving a physics bachelor's degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he went to <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and got his master's degree in computer science in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded an honorary Ph.D from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London, England</a>, in November 2011. The award was made by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science in recognition of Schneier's 'hard work and contribution to industry and public life'. </p><p>Schneier was a founder and chief technology officer of Counterpane Internet Security (now <a href="/wiki/BT_Managed_Security_Solutions" title="BT Managed Security Solutions">BT Managed Security Solutions</a>). He worked for <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> once they acquired Resilient Systems where Schneier was <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">CTO</a><sup id="cite_ref-c3-cto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-cto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until he left at the end of June 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_on_computer_security_and_general_security">Writings on computer security and general security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writings on computer security and general security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, Schneier was laid off from his job and started writing for computer magazines. Later he decided to write a book on applied cryptography "since <a href="/wiki/Books_on_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Books on cryptography">no such book</a> existed". He took his articles, wrote a proposal to <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley</a> and they bought the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Schneier published <i>Applied Cryptography</i>, which details the design, use, and implementation of cryptographic algorithms. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This book allowed me to write more, to start consulting, to start my companies, and really launched me as an expert in this field, and it really was because no one else has written this book. I wanted to read it so I had to write it. And it happened in a really lucky time when everything started to explode on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2010 he published <i>Cryptography Engineering</i>, which is focused more on how to use cryptography in real systems and less on its internal design. He has also written books on security for a broader audience. In 2000, Schneier published <i>Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World</i>; in 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Fear:_Thinking_Sensibly_About_Security_in_an_Uncertain_World" title="Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World">Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World</a></i>; in 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/Liars_and_Outliers" title="Liars and Outliers">Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive</a></i>; and in 2015, <i>Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schneier writes a freely available monthly Internet newsletter on computer and other security issues, <i>Crypto-Gram</i>, as well as a security <a href="/wiki/Weblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Weblog">weblog</a>, <i>Schneier on Security</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blog focuses on the latest threats, and his own thoughts. The weblog started out as a way to publish essays before they appeared in Crypto-Gram, making it possible for others to comment on them while the stories were still current, but over time the newsletter became a monthly email version of the blog, re-edited and re-organized.<sup id="cite_ref-blood_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Schneier is frequently quoted in the press on computer and other security issues, pointing out flaws in security and cryptographic implementations ranging from <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biometrics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Airline_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline security">airline security</a> after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viewpoints">Viewpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viewpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockchains">Blockchains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blockchains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier warns about misplaced trust in <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lack of use cases, calling blockchain a solution in search of a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>What blockchain does is shift some of the trust in people and institutions to trust in technology. You need to trust the cryptography, the protocols, the software, the computers and the network. And you need to trust them absolutely, because they’re often single points of failure.<br /> <br /> I’ve never seen a legitimate use case for blockchain. I’ve never seen any system where blockchain provides security in a way that is impossible to provide in any other way.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>He goes on to say that <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a> are useless and are only used by speculators looking for quick riches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptography">Cryptography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cryptography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To Schneier, peer review and expert analysis are important for the security of cryptographic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-crypto_harder_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crypto_harder-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematical cryptography is usually not the weakest link in a security chain; effective security requires that cryptography be combined with other things.<sup id="cite_ref-practical_crypto_preface_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-practical_crypto_preface-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Schneier's law</i> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a> in a 2004 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-drm-talk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drm-talk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law is phrased as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any person can invent a security system so clever that she or he can't think of how to break it.</p></blockquote> <p>He attributes this to Bruce Schneier, who wrote in 1998: "Anyone, from the most clueless amateur to the best cryptographer, can create an algorithm that he himself can't break. It's not even hard. What is hard is creating an algorithm that no one else can break, even after years of analysis."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar sentiments had been expressed by others before. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Codebreakers" title="The Codebreakers">The Codebreakers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)" title="David Kahn (writer)">David Kahn</a> states: "Few false ideas have more firmly gripped the minds of so many intelligent men than the one that, if they just tried, they could invent a cipher that no one could break", and in "A Few Words On Secret Writing", in July 1841, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> had stated: "Few persons can be made to believe that it is not quite an easy thing to invent a method of secret writing which shall baffle investigation. Yet it may be roundly asserted that human ingenuity cannot concoct a cipher which human ingenuity cannot resolve."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schneier also coined the term "kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to <i>Applied Cryptography</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files. This book is about the latter.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_rights_management">Digital rights management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital rights management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier is critical of <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) and has said that it allows a vendor to increase <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">lock-in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iphone_control_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iphone_control-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper implementation of control-based security for the user via <a href="/wiki/Trusted_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusted computing">trusted computing</a> is very difficult, and security is not the same thing as control.<sup id="cite_ref-iphone_control_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iphone_control-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schneier insists that "owning your data is a different way of thinking about data."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_disclosure">Full disclosure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Full disclosure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier is a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Full_disclosure_(computer_security)" title="Full disclosure (computer security)">full disclosure</a>, i.e. making security issues public. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If researchers don't go public, things don’t get fixed. Companies don't see it as a security problem; they see it as a PR problem.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland_security">Homeland security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Homeland security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier has said that <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a> money should be spent on <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a>, investigation, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">emergency response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-movie_plots_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movie_plots-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defending against the broad threat of terrorism is generally better than focusing on specific potential terrorist plots.<sup id="cite_ref-movie_plots_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-movie_plots-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schneier, analysis of intelligence data is difficult but is one of the better ways to deal with global terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-homeland_insec_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homeland_insec-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human intelligence has advantages over automated and computerized analysis, and increasing the amount of intelligence data that is gathered does not help to improve the analysis process.<sup id="cite_ref-homeland_insec_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homeland_insec-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agencies that were designed around fighting the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> may have a culture that inhibits the sharing of information; the practice of sharing information is more important and less of a security threat in itself when dealing with more decentralized and poorly funded adversaries such as al Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a>—the explosive that has become terrorists' weapon of choice—Schneier has written that only swabs and dogs can detect it. He also believes that changes to airport security since 11 September 2001 have done more harm than good and he defeated <a href="/wiki/Kip_Hawley" title="Kip Hawley">Kip Hawley</a>, former head of the Transportation Security Administration, in an <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">Economist</a></i> online debate by 87% to 13% regarding the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is widely credited with coining the term "<a href="/wiki/Security_theater" title="Security theater">security theater</a>" to describe some such changes. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of Berkman Center for Internet & Society at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, Schneier is exploring the intersection of security, technology, and people, with an emphasis on power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Movie_plot_threat">Movie plot threat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Movie plot threat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Movie-plot threat" is a term Schneier coined that refers to very specific and dramatic <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> attack scenarios, reminiscent of the behavior of terrorists in movies, rather than what terrorists actually do in the real world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security measures created to protect against movie plot threats do not provide a higher level of real security, because such preparation only pays off if terrorists choose that one particular avenue of attack, which may not even be feasible. Real-world terrorists would also be likely to notice the highly specific security measures, and simply attack in some other way. The specificity of movie plot threats gives them power in the public imagination, however, so even extremely unrealistic security theater countermeasures may receive strong support from the public and legislators. Among many other examples of movie plot threats, Schneier described banning <a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">baby carriers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subways</a>, for fear that they may contain explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in April 2006, Schneier has had an annual contest to create the most fantastic movie-plot threat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, during the 8th and as of 17 February 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the last one, he mentioned that the contest may have run its course.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_design">System design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: System design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier has criticized security approaches that try to prevent any malicious incursion, instead arguing that designing systems to <a href="/wiki/Failing_badly" title="Failing badly">fail well</a> is more important.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLANTIC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLANTIC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designer of a system should not underestimate the capabilities of an attacker, as technology may make it possible in the future to do things that are not possible at the present.<sup id="cite_ref-crypto_harder_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crypto_harder-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerckhoffs's Principle">Kerckhoffs's Principle</a>, the need for one or more parts of a cryptographic system to remain secret increases the fragility of the system; whether details about a system should be obscured depends upon the availability of persons who can make use of the information for beneficial uses versus the potential for attackers to misuse the information.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Secrecy and security aren't the same, even though it may seem that way. Only bad security relies on secrecy; good security works even if all the details of it are public.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cryptographic_algorithms">Cryptographic algorithms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cryptographic algorithms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier has been involved in the creation of many cryptographic algorithms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hash_functions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hash functions">Hash functions</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skein_(hash_function)" title="Skein (hash function)">Skein</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Stream_ciphers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream ciphers">Stream ciphers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solitaire_(cipher)" title="Solitaire (cipher)">Solitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelix" title="Phelix">Phelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelix#Helix" title="Phelix">Helix</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-random_number_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-random number generator">Pseudo-random number generators</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(PRNG)" title="Fortuna (PRNG)">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarrow_algorithm" title="Yarrow algorithm">Yarrow algorithm</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Block_ciphers" class="mw-redirect" title="Block ciphers">Block ciphers</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowfish_(cipher)" title="Blowfish (cipher)">Blowfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twofish" title="Twofish">Twofish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefish" title="Threefish">Threefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGuffin_(cipher)" title="MacGuffin (cipher)">MacGuffin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Applied Cryptography</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-59756-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-59756-2">0-471-59756-2</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Protect Your Macintosh</i>, Peachpit Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56609-101-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56609-101-2">1-56609-101-2</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>E-Mail Security</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-05318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-05318-X">0-471-05318-X</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Applied Cryptography</i>, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11709-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-11709-9">0-471-11709-9</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce; Kelsey, John; Whiting, Doug; Wagner, David; Hall, Chris; Ferguson, Niels. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Twofish" title="Twofish">Twofish</a> Encryption Algorithm</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-35381-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-35381-7">0-471-35381-7</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce; Banisar, David. <i>The Electronic Privacy Papers</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-12297-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-12297-1">0-471-12297-1</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-25311-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-25311-1">0-471-25311-1</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Fear:_Thinking_Sensibly_About_Security_in_an_Uncertain_World" title="Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World">Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World</a></i>, Copernicus Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-02620-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-02620-7">0-387-02620-7</a></li> <li>Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce. <i><a href="/wiki/Practical_Cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Practical Cryptography">Practical Cryptography</a></i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-22357-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-22357-3">0-471-22357-3</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-45380-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-45380-2">978-0-471-45380-2</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Schneier on Security</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39535-6">978-0-470-39535-6</a></li> <li>Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce; Kohno, Tadayoshi. <i>Cryptography Engineering</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47424-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47424-2">978-0-470-47424-2</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i><a href="/wiki/Liars_and_Outliers" title="Liars and Outliers">Liars and Outliers</a>: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-14330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-14330-8">978-1-118-14330-8</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Carry On: Sound Advice from Schneier on Security</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118790816" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118790816">978-1118790816</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World</i>, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24481-6">978-0-393-24481-6</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i><a href="/wiki/Click_Here_to_Kill_Everybody" title="Click Here to Kill Everybody">Click Here to Kill Everybody</a>: Security and Survival in a Hyper-connected World</i>, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-60888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-60888-5">978-0-393-60888-5</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>We Have Root: Even More Advice from Schneier on Security</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119643012" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119643012">978-1119643012</a></li> <li>Schneier, Bruce. <i>A Hacker’s Mind: How the Powerful Bend Society’s Rules, and How to Bend them Back</i>, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-86666-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-86666-7">978-0-393-86666-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schneier is a board member of the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eff_board_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff_board-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_tree" title="Attack tree">Attack tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failing_badly" title="Failing badly">Failing badly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil_(cryptography)" title="Snake oil (cryptography)">Snake oil (cryptography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_and_Bob" title="Alice and Bob">Alice and Bob</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/bruce.schneier">"Bruce Schneier | Facebook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruce+Schneier+%7C+Facebook&rft.pub=Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fbruce.schneier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/bruce-schneier">"Bruce Schneier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Kennedy+School&rft.atitle=Bruce+Schneier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fbruce-schneier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2014" class="citation web cs1">Bergman, Kristin (October 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/node/95760">"Q+A with Bruce Schneier"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%2BA+with+Bruce+Schneier&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.harvard.edu%2Fnode%2F95760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2020/07/friday_squid_bl_737.html">"Friday Squid Blogging: Squid Found on Provincetown Sandbar - Schneier on Security"</a>. <i>www.schneier.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schneier.com&rft.atitle=Friday+Squid+Blogging%3A+Squid+Found+on+Provincetown+Sandbar+-+Schneier+on+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2020%2F07%2Ffriday_squid_bl_737.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710014823/https://epic.org/june1/">"EPIC 2015 Champioins of Freedom}date=June 1"</a>. <i>EPIC</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.org/june1/">the original</a> on July 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPIC&rft.atitle=EPIC+2015+Champioins+of+Freedom%7Ddate%3DJune+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.org%2Fjune1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Newhouse2009" class="citation news cs1">Samuel Newhouse (February 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/news-080.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Schneier on Security;" A Judge's Son Builds a Reputation of Cryptic Fame"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=%22Schneier+on+Security%3B%22+A+Judge%27s+Son+Builds+a+Reputation+of+Cryptic+Fame&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft.au=Samuel+Newhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fnews-080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrew_Amorosi2011" class="citation news cs1">Drew Amorosi (July 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/news-114.html">"Interview: BT's Bruce Schneier"</a>. <i>InfoSecurity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoSecurity&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+BT%27s+Bruce+Schneier&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.au=Drew+Amorosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fnews-114.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann" class="citation news cs1">Mann, Charles C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/09/homeland-insecurity/302575/">"Homeland Insecurity"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. No. September, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Homeland+Insecurity&rft.issue=September%2C+2002&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2002%2F09%2Fhomeland-insecurity%2F302575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c3-cto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c3-cto_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224195700/https://www.resilientsystems.com/company/management-team/bruce-schneier">"Bruce Schneier, CTO of Resilient Systems, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resilientsystems.com/company/management-team/bruce-schneier">the original</a> on February 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=After+Apple+Punishes+Researcher%2C+A+Complex+Relationship+Is+Tested&rft.date=2011-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcharlie-miller-apple-cybersecurity-bug-hacker_n_1095330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-movie_plots-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-movie_plots_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-movie_plots_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier,_Bruce2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Schneier, Bruce (September 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2005/09/68789">"Terrorists Don't Do Movie Plots"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+News&rft.atitle=Terrorists+Don%27t+Do+Movie+Plots&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.au=Schneier%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fpolitics%2Fsecurity%2Fcommentary%2Fsecuritymatters%2F2005%2F09%2F68789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-homeland_insec-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-homeland_insec_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-homeland_insec_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier,_Bruce2004" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce (January 9, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/essay-032.html">"Homeland Insecurity"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homeland+Insecurity&rft.date=2004-01-09&rft.au=Schneier%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fessay-032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier,_Bruce2010" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce (January 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Fixing-intelligence-failures-3202795.php">"Fixing intelligence failures – SFGate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SFGate" title="SFGate">SFGate</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fixing+intelligence+failures+%E2%80%93+SFGate&rft.pub=SFGate&rft.date=2010-01-15&rft.au=Schneier%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FFixing-intelligence-failures-3202795.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"International terrorism: AQAP tries again: Good intelligence work still leaves questions over airport security", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, dated 12 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.law.harvard.edu/newsroom/2013_2014_community">"Berkman Center Announces 2013–2014 Community"</a>. Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University. July 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berkman+Center+Announces+2013%E2%80%932014+Community&rft.pub=Berkman+Center+for+Internet+%26+Society+at+Harvard+University&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyber.law.harvard.edu%2Fnewsroom%2F2013_2014_community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Makuch2014" class="citation news cs1">Ben Makuch (October 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherboard.vice.com/read/2014-will-not-be-the-year-of-online-murder">"2014 Will Not Be the Year of the First 'Online Murder'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Motherboard Vice.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motherboard+Vice.com&rft.atitle=2014+Will+Not+Be+the+Year+of+the+First+%27Online+Murder%27&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.au=Ben+Makuch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherboard.vice.com%2Fread%2F2014-will-not-be-the-year-of-online-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/10/exploding_baby.html">"Schneier on Security: Exploding Baby Carriages in Subways"</a>. <q>And if we ban <a href="/wiki/Baby_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby carriage">baby carriages</a> from the subways, and the terrorists put their bombs in <a href="/wiki/Duffel_bag" title="Duffel bag">duffel bags</a> instead, have we really won anything?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schneier+on+Security%3A+Exploding+Baby+Carriages+in+Subways&rft.aulast=Schneier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2005%2F10%2Fexploding_baby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/04/announcing_movi.html">"Schneier on Security: Announcing: Movie-Plot Threat Contest"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schneier+on+Security%3A+Announcing%3A+Movie-Plot+Threat+Contest&rft.aulast=Schneier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2006%2F04%2Fannouncing_movi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2015/05/eighth_movie-pl.html">"Eighth Movie-Plot Threat Contest Semifinalists"</a>. <i>Schneier on Security</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schneier+on+Security&rft.atitle=Eighth+Movie-Plot+Threat+Contest+Semifinalists&rft.aulast=Schneier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2015%2F05%2Feighth_movie-pl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATLANTIC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATLANTIC_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charlesmann.org/articles/Homeland-Insecurity-Atlantic.pdf">Homeland Insecurity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928002928/http://charlesmann.org/articles/Homeland-Insecurity-Atlantic.pdf">Archived</a> September 28, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, September 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneier,_Bruce2002" class="citation web cs1">Schneier, Bruce (May 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schneier.com/crypto-gram-0205.html">"Crypto-Gram: May 15, 2002"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crypto-Gram%3A+May+15%2C+2002&rft.date=2002-05-15&rft.au=Schneier%2C+Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fcrypto-gram-0205.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doctorow, Cory. Little Brother. New York: Tor Teen, 2008, page 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eff_board-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eff_board_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeschke,_Rebecca2013" class="citation web cs1">Jeschke, Rebecca (June 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/renowned-security-expert-bruce-schneier-joins-eff-board-directors">"Renowned Security Expert Bruce Schneier Joins EFF Board of Directors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renowned+Security+Expert+Bruce+Schneier+Joins+EFF+Board+of+Directors&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft.au=Jeschke%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fpress%2Freleases%2Frenowned-security-expert-bruce-schneier-joins-eff-board-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABruce+Schneier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Schneier&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Schneier discusses various aspects of Internet computing and global geo-politics including trust, power relations, control, cooperative systems, ethics, laws, and security technologies. (55 minutes)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.well.com/conf/inkwell.vue/topics/452/Bruce-Schneier-Liars-and-Outlier-page01.html">Bruce Schneier interviewed</a> on <a href="/wiki/The_WELL" title="The WELL">The WELL</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lebkowsky" title="Jon Lebkowsky">Jon Lebkowsky</a>, August 2012</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368328#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108560158">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24690424">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKYhDmywQTtHTwP7y68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123003180">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93043083">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124202781">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124202781">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00516052">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schneier, Bruce"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV165823">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35188027">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007746&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p146329619">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90711966">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000038827&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000318766&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200104061">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcgp5wk070dcwg">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810626930005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/626489">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bruce Schneier"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8564788a-7dab-4e91-9e9d-a60222565f09">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/857388">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123003180">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033325685">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vz5t3d">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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