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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forms of open-source hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forms_of_open-source_hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forms of open-source hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forms_of_open-source_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chip_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chip_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chip design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chip_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechatronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechatronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mechatronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechatronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Robotics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source_labs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source_labs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Open-source labs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source_labs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Business models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reception and impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open-source hardware</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="عتاد مفتوح المصدر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عتاد مفتوح المصدر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabidau_fisico_libre" title="Tarabidau fisico libre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tarabidau fisico libre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="উন্মুক্ত উৎসের হার্ডওয়্যার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উন্মুক্ত উৎসের হার্ডওয়্যার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Свободен хардуер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свободен хардуер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maquinari_lliure" title="Maquinari lliure – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maquinari lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Open-source hardware" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Source-Hardware" title="Open-Source-Hardware – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Open-Source-Hardware" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalikseadmed" title="Avalikseadmed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalikseadmed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Υλισμικό ανοικτής πηγής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υλισμικό ανοικτής πηγής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_libre" title="Hardware libre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hardware libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_irekiko_hardware" title="Kode irekiko hardware – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kode irekiko hardware" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="سخت‌افزار متن‌باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سخت‌افزار متن‌باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel_libre" title="Matériel libre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matériel libre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88_%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="오픈 소스 하드웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈 소스 하드웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मुक्तस्रोत हार्डवेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्तस्रोत हार्डवेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_libero" title="Hardware libero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hardware libero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hardware" title="Open hardware – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open hardware" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="オープンソースハードウェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オープンソースハードウェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri_og_%C3%A5pen_maskinvare" title="Fri og åpen maskinvare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fri og åpen maskinvare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Hardware" title="Open Hardware – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Open Hardware" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_livre" title="Hardware livre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hardware livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_cu_surs%C4%83_deschis%C4%83" title="Hardware cu sursă deschisă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hardware cu sursă deschisă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Открытое аппаратное обеспечение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Открытое аппаратное обеспечение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_hardware" title="Open hardware – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open hardware" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_laitteisto" title="Avoin laitteisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin laitteisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppen_h%C3%A5rdvara" title="Öppen hårdvara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppen hårdvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_kaynak_donan%C4%B1m" title="Açık kaynak donanım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık kaynak donanım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Відкрите апаратне забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відкрите апаратне забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%BA%90%E7%A1%AC%E4%BB%B6" title="開源硬件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="開源硬件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hardware from the open-design movement</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-source-hardware-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/200px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/300px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Open-source-hardware-logo.svg/400px-Open-source-hardware-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>The "open source hardware" logo proposed by <a href="/wiki/OSHWA" class="mw-redirect" title="OSHWA">OSHWA</a>, one of the main defining organizations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/220px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/330px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg/440px-RepRap_%27Mendel%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> Mendel general-purpose <a href="/wiki/3D_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printer">3D printer</a> with the ability to make copies of most of its own structural parts</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Open-source hardware</b> (<b>OSH</b>, <b>OSHW</b>) consists of physical <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(software_development)" title="Artifact (software development)">artifacts</a> of technology designed and offered by the <a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">open-design movement</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this <a href="/wiki/Open-source#Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source culture</a> movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as <b>free and open-source hardware</b> (<b>FOSH</b>), meaning that the design is easily available ("open") and that it can be used, modified and shared freely ("free").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the <a href="/wiki/Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">maker movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">schematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bills_of_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of material">bills of material</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> layout data, <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">HDL</a> source code<sup id="cite_ref-freehw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freehw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> layout data), in addition to the software that <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drives</a> the hardware, are all released under free/<a href="/wiki/Libre_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre content">libre</a> terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> for the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not enough to merely use an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source license</a>; an open source product or project will follow open source principles, such as <a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_collaboration" title="Social collaboration">community collaboration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the rise of reconfigurable <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">programmable logic devices</a>, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> systems either in <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGA) or directly in <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">semiconductor intellectual property cores</a>, also known as IP cores. </p><p>Open-source hardware also helps alleviate the issue of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">proprietary device drivers</a> for the free and open-source software community, however, it is not a pre-requisite for it, and should not be confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-opencon06-docs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opencon06-docs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lor-opencon06_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor-opencon06-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the two concepts is that OSH includes both the instructions on how to replicate the hardware itself as well as the information on communication protocols that the software (usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>) must use in order to communicate with the hardware (often called register documentation, or open documentation for hardware<sup id="cite_ref-opencon06-docs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opencon06-docs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), whereas open-source-friendly proprietary hardware would only include the latter without including the former. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Openhardware.org-logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Openhardware.org-logo.png/150px-Openhardware.org-logo.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Openhardware.org-logo.png/225px-Openhardware.org-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Openhardware.org-logo.png/300px-Openhardware.org-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>openhardware.org logo (2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oshwalogo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oshwalogo.png/220px-Oshwalogo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oshwalogo.png/330px-Oshwalogo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Oshwalogo.png/440px-Oshwalogo.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>OSHWA logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The first hardware-focused "<a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>" activities were started around 1997 by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>, creator of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ham_radio_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio operator">ham radio operator</a>. He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project (OHSpec), another attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1999, Sepehr Kiani, Ryan Vallance and Samir Nayfeh joined efforts to apply the open-source philosophy to machine design applications. Together they established the Open Design Foundation (ODF) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a non-profit corporation and set out to develop an <a href="/wiki/Open_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Design">Open Design</a> Definition. However, most of these activities faded out after a few years. </p><p>A "Free Hardware" organization, known as FreeIO, was started in the late 1990s by Diehl Martin, who also launched a FreeIO website in early 2000. In the early to mid 2000s, FreeIO was a focus of free/open hardware designs released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designs gained some notoriety due to Martin's naming scheme in which each free hardware project was given the name of a breakfast food such as Donut, Flapjack, Toast, etc. Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware and software developers as well as other volunteers. Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in 2007 when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid 2000s open-source hardware again became a hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and companies, such as <a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a>, <a href="/wiki/RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> (<a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adafruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Adafruit">Adafruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/SparkFun" class="mw-redirect" title="SparkFun">SparkFun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a>. In 2007, Perens reactivated the openhardware.org website, but it's currently (August 2023) inactive. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Open_Graphics_Project" title="Open Graphics Project">Open Graphics Project</a>, an effort to design, implement, and manufacture a free and open 3D graphics chip set and reference graphics card, Timothy Miller suggested the creation of an organization to safeguard the interests of the Open Graphics Project community. Thus, Patrick McNamara founded the <a href="/wiki/Open_Hardware_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Hardware Foundation">Open Hardware Foundation</a> (OHF) in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation</a> (TAPR), founded in 1982 as a non-profit organization of amateur radio operators with the goals of supporting R&D efforts in the area of amateur digital communications, created in 2007 the first open hardware license, the <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a> president <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> expressed some concerns about certain aspects of the OHL and decided to not review the license.<sup id="cite_ref-ars_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 2010 in context of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Defined" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Defined">Freedom Defined</a> project, the <i>Open Hardware Definition</i> was created as collaborative work of many<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is accepted as of 2016 by dozens of organizations and companies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2011, CERN (<a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a>) released an open-source hardware license, <a href="/wiki/CERN_OHL" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN OHL">CERN OHL</a>. Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users – including commercial companies – the freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While initially drafted to address CERN-specific concerns, such as tracing the impact of the organization's research, in its current form it can be used by anyone developing open-source hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the 2011 Open Hardware Summit, and after heated debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned the OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Openhardware.org, led by Bruce Perens, promotes and identifies practices that meet all the combined requirements of the Open Source Hardware Definition, the Open Source Definition, and the Four Freedoms of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2014 openhardware.org is not online and seems to have ceased activity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Hardware_Association" title="Open Source Hardware Association">Open Source Hardware Association</a> (OSHWA) at oshwa.org acts as hub of open-source hardware activity of all genres, while cooperating with other entities such as TAPR, CERN, and OSI. The OSHWA was established as an organization in June 2012 in Delaware and filed for tax exemption status in July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some debates about trademark interferences with the OSI, in 2012 the OSHWA and the OSI signed a co-existence agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/FOSSi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSSi Foundation">FOSSi Foundation</a> is founded in 2015 as a <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>-based non-profit to promote and protect the open source silicon chip movement, roughly a year after the official release of <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> has suggested an alternative "free hardware" definition derived from the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (software)">Four Freedoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredrms_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_open-source_hardware">Forms of open-source hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms of open-source hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/220px--What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="206" data-mwtitle="What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm/What_is_Open_Science_Hardware_-_explainer.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Explainer video for Open Science Hardware</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>hardware</i> in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term <i>software</i> of open-source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs (see previous section). However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source (for example <a href="/wiki/WikiHouse" title="WikiHouse">WikiHouse</a>, OpenBeam or Hovalin), this term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover a larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that sense, <i>hardware</i> refers to any form of tangible product, be it electronic hardware, mechanical hardware, textile or even construction hardware. The Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 defines hardware as "tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronics is one of the most popular types of open-source hardware. <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> based designs can be published similarly to software as CAD files, which users can send directly to PCB fabrication companies to receive hardware in the mail. Alternatively, users can obtain components and solder them together themselves. </p><p>There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as <a href="/wiki/Sparkfun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkfun">Sparkfun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adafruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Adafruit">Adafruit</a>, and Seeed. In addition, there are <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">NPOs</a> and companies that provide a specific open-source electronic component such as the <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> electronics prototyping platform. There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current <a href="/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">GMAW</a> open-source 3-D printer monitor<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a robotics-assisted <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> assay platform.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-source electronics finds various uses, including automation of chemical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chip_design">Chip design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chip design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg/220px-Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg/330px-Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg/440px-Yunsup_Lee_holding_RISC_V_prototype_chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4776" data-file-height="3187" /></a><figcaption>RISC-V processor prototype, January 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>Open Standard chip designs are now common. <a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a> (2000 - LGPL / GPL), <a href="/wiki/OpenSparc" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenSparc">OpenSparc</a> (2005 - GPLv2), and <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> (2010 - Open Standard, free to implement for non-commercial purposes), are examples of free to use <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> is a large library of standard chip design subcomponents which can be combined into larger designs. </p><p>Complete open source software stacks and shuttle fabrication services are now available which can take OSH chip designs from <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description languages</a> to masks and <a href="/wiki/ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a> fabrication on maker-scale budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkans2024_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkans2024-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purely mechanical OSH designs include mechanical components, machine tools, and vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a> is a large project which seeks to develop a complete ecosystem of mechanical tools and components which aim to be able to replicate themselves. </p><p>Open-source vehicles have also been developed including bicycles like XYZ Space Frame Vehicles and cars such as the Tabby OSVehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mechatronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most OSH systems combine elements of electronics and mechanics to form <a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronics</a> systems. A large range of open-source <a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronic</a> products have been developed, including machine tools, musical instruments, and medical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of open-source machine tools include 3D printers such as <a href="/wiki/RepRap_project" class="mw-redirect" title="RepRap project">RepRap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prusa_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Prusa Research">Prusa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultimaker" title="Ultimaker">Ultimaker</a>, 3D printer filament extruders such as polystruder<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XR PRO as well as the laser cutter <a href="/wiki/Lasersaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasersaur">Lasersaur</a>. </p><p>Examples of open source medical equipment include <a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator" title="Open-source ventilator">open-source ventilators</a>, the echostethoscope echOpen, and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate <i>et.al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Review_3D-Printed_Prosthetic_Hands_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review_3D-Printed_Prosthetic_Hands-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (e.g. OpenBionics' Prosthetic Hands). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotics">Robotics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Robotics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Open_source_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source robotics">Open source robotics</a> combines open source hardware mechatronics with open source AI and control software. Due to the mixture of hardware and software it serves as a particularly active area for open source ideas to move between them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of open-source hardware products can also be found to a lesser extent in construction (Wikihouse), textile (Kit Zéro Kilomètres), and firearms (<a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Distributed" title="Defense Distributed">Defense Distributed</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licenses">Licenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These licenses may not accord well with <a href="/wiki/Patent_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law">patent law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, several new licenses were proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware design.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these licenses, many of the fundamental principles expressed in open-source software (OSS) licenses have been "ported" to their counterpart hardware projects. New <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware_license&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardware license (page does not exist)">hardware licenses</a> are often explained as the "hardware equivalent" of a well-known OSS license, such as the <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>, or <a href="/wiki/BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>. </p><p>Despite superficial similarities to <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a>, most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> law than on <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas a copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"... those who benefit from an OHL design may not bring lawsuits claiming that design infringes their patents or other intellectual property."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>TAPR Open Hardware License</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Noteworthy licenses include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>: drafted by attorney <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ackermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ackermann (page does not exist)">John Ackermann</a>, reviewed by OSS community leaders <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a>, and discussed by hundreds of volunteers in an open community discussion<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balloon_Open_Hardware_License&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balloon Open Hardware License (page does not exist)">Balloon Open Hardware License</a>: used by all projects in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balloon_Project_(hardware)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balloon Project (hardware) (page does not exist)">Balloon Project</a></li> <li>Although originally a software license, <a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> encourages the <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a></li> <li>Hardware Design Public License: written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Seaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Seaman (page does not exist)">Graham Seaman</a>, admin of Opencollector.org</li> <li>In March 2011 <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> released the <a href="/wiki/CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN Open Hardware License</a> (OHL)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended for use with the Open Hardware Repository<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other projects.</li> <li>The Solderpad License<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a version of the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, amended by lawyer Andrew Katz to render it more appropriate for hardware use.</li></ul> <p>The <i>Open Source Hardware Association</i> recommends seven licenses which follow their <i>open-source hardware definition</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-defintion_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defintion-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the general copyleft licenses the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) and <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a> license, from the hardware-specific copyleft licenses the <a href="/wiki/CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN Open Hardware License</a> (OHL) and <a href="/wiki/TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a> (OHL) and from the <a href="/wiki/Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive licenses</a> the <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBSD license">FreeBSD license</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_Attribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution">Creative Commons Attribution</a> license.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Openhardware.org recommended in 2012 the TAPR Open Hardware License, Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 and GPL 3.0 license.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. For example, <a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> prefers the <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> or a <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses#3-clause_license_.28.22New_BSD_License.22_or_.22Modified_BSD_License.22.29" title="BSD licenses">Modified BSD License</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FreeCores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FreeCores (page does not exist)">FreeCores</a> insists on the <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open_Hardware_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Hardware Foundation">Open Hardware Foundation</a> promotes "<a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> or other permissive licenses",<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Open_Graphics_Project" title="Open Graphics Project">Open Graphics Project</a> uses<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variety of licenses, including the <a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, and a proprietary license,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balloon_Project_(hardware)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balloon Project (hardware) (page does not exist)">Balloon Project</a> wrote their own license.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Source_Hardware_(OSHW)_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg/220px-Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg/330px-Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg/440px-Open_Source_Hardware_%28OSHW%29_Logo_on_blank_PCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3199" data-file-height="2273" /></a><figcaption>The OSHW (Open Source Hardware) logo <a href="/wiki/Silkscreening" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkscreening">silkscreened</a> on an unpopulated <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a></figcaption></figure><p>The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice however, in both fields of open-source hardware and open-source software, products may either be the result of a development process performed by a closed team in a private setting or by a community in a public environment, the first case being more frequent than the second which is more challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Establishing a community-based product development process faces several challenges such as: to find appropriate product data management tools, document not only the product but also the development process itself, accepting losing ubiquitous control over the project, ensure continuity in a context of fickle participation of voluntary project members, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_Diecimila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arduino_Diecimila.jpg/220px-Arduino_Diecimila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arduino_Diecimila.jpg/330px-Arduino_Diecimila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Arduino_Diecimila.jpg/440px-Arduino_Diecimila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> Diecimila, another popular and early open source hardware design</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in beer",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more-formally known as <a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">gratis versus libre</a>, distinguishes between the idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information. While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank. </p><p>Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. Providing clear and detailed product documentation is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in hardware development projects. Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another option is to design products so they are easy to replicate, as exemplified in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called <a href="/wiki/Open_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open design">open design</a>, open source development<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Open_source_product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source product development">open source product development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these terms are examples of the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source model</a> applicable for the development of any product, including software, hardware, cultural and educational. Does open design and open-source hardware design process involves new design practices, or raises requirements for new tools? is the question of openness really key in OSH?.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Open_source_product_development#Delineation_with_other_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source product development">here</a> for a delineation of these terms. </p><p>A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and <a href="/wiki/3-D_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D printing">3-D printing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources of open-source hardware production are vendors of chips and other electronic components sponsoring contests with the provision that the participants and winners must share their designs. <i>Circuit Cellar</i> magazine organizes some of these contests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_labs">Open-source labs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Open-source labs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A guide has been published (<a href="/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">Open-Source Lab (book)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a>) on using <a href="/wiki/Open-source_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source electronics">open-source electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">open-source labs</a>. Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Open_Source_Science_Laboratory" title="Boston Open Source Science Laboratory">Boston Open Source Science Laboratory</a>, Somerville, Massachusetts</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BYU_Open_Source_Lab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BYU Open Source Lab (page does not exist)">BYU Open Source Lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Tech">Michigan Tech</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">National Tsing Hua University</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSU_Open_Source_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="OSU Open Source Lab">OSU Open Source Lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Research_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Research Lab">Open Source Research Lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> at El Paso</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open hardware companies are experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/LittleBits" title="LittleBits">littleBits</a> implements <a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">open-source business models</a> by making available the circuit designs in each electronics module, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/CERN_Open_Hardware_Licence" title="CERN Open Hardware Licence">CERN Open Hardware License Version</a> 1.2.<sup id="cite_ref-littleBits_April_2015_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littleBits_April_2015-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, which registered its name as a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>; others may manufacture products from Arduino designs but cannot call the products Arduino products.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation, the <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently, many open-source hardware projects have been funded via <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Indiegogo" title="Indiegogo">Indiegogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crowd_Supply" title="Crowd Supply">Crowd Supply</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception and impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> movement, was in 1999 skeptical on the idea and relevance of <i>free hardware</i> (his terminology for what is now known as open-source hardware).<sup id="cite_ref-linuxlicense_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxlicense-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2015 article in <a href="/wiki/Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a> Magazine, he modified this attitude; he acknowledged the importance of free hardware, but still saw no ethical parallel with free software.<sup id="cite_ref-wiredrms_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Stallman prefers the term <i>free hardware design</i> over <i>open source hardware</i>, a request which is consistent with his earlier rejection of the term <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-wiredrms_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other authors, such as Professor <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a> have argued there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware – specifically with respect to <a href="/wiki/Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, he also wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs</a></i>, which details the development of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source hardware">free and open-source hardware</a> primarily for <a href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a> and university <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">faculty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearce in partnership with Elsevier introduced a scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/HardwareX" title="HardwareX">HardwareX</a></i>. It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes. </p><p>Further, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasilis_Kostakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasilis Kostakis (page does not exist)">Vasilis Kostakis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasilis_Kostakis" class="extiw" title="et:Vasilis Kostakis">et</a>]</span> et al<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that open-source hardware may promote values of equity, diversity and sustainability. Open-source hardware initiative transcend traditional dichotomies of global-local, urban-rural, and developed-developing contexts. They may leverage cultural differences, environmental conditions, and local needs/resources, while embracing hyper-connectivity, to foster sustainability and collaboration rather than conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, open-source hardware does face some challenges and contradictions. It must navigate tensions between inclusiveness, standardization, and functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, while open-source hardware may reduce pressure on natural resources and local populations, it still relies on energy- and material-intensive infrastructures, such as the Internet. Despite these complexities, Kostakis et al argue, the open-source hardware framework can serve as a catalyst for connecting and unifying diverse local initiatives under radical narratives, thus inspiring genuine change.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSH has grown as an academic field through the two journals <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Open_Hardware" title="Journal of Open Hardware">Journal of Open Hardware</a> (JOH) and <a href="/wiki/HardwareX" title="HardwareX">HardwareX</a>. These journals compete to publish the best OSH designs, and each define their own requirements for what constitutes acceptable quality of design documents, including specific requirements for build instructions, bill of materials, CAD files, and licences. These requirements are often used by other OSH projects to define how to do an OSH release. These journals also publish papers contributing to the debate about how OSH should be defined and used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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Accelerator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_manufacturing" title="Open manufacturing">Open manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, an open-source computer instruction set architecture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-source_hardware&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Copyleft licenses (also referred to as "share-alike" or "viral") are those which require derivative works to be released under the same license as the original; common copyleft licenses include the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Other copyleft licenses have been specifically designed for hardware; they include the CERN Open Hardware License (OHL) and the TAPR Open Hardware License (OHL). Permissive licenses are those which allow for proprietary (closed) derivatives; they include the FreeBSD license, the MIT license, and the Creative Commons Attribution license. 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Kamh, Karima A. Mahmoud, Publisher : Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 24 Mar. 2020, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/6202516399" title="Special:BookSources/6202516399">6202516399</a></li> <li><i>Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs</i> by Joshua M. Pearce, Elsevier, 17 Dec. 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0124104622" title="Special:BookSources/0124104622">0124104622</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_dryer" title="Clothes dryer">Clothes dryer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">Freezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Home robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_theater_PC" title="Home theater PC">Home theater PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_stove" title="Kitchen stove">Cooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">Microwave oven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Networking hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Fit-PC">fit-PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemote" title="Lemote">Lemote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linutop" title="Linutop">Linutop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinCan" title="ThinCan">ThinCan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonbu" title="Zonbu">Zonbu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netbooks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acer_Aspire_One" title="Acer Aspire One">Acer Aspire One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSI_Wind_Netbook" title="MSI Wind Netbook">Averatec Buddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classmate_PC" title="Classmate PC">Classmate PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudBook" title="CloudBook">CloudBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECS_G10IL" title="ECS G10IL">ECS G10IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus_Eee_PC" title="Asus Eee PC">Eee PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ONE" title="Elonex ONE">Elonex ONE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elonex_ONEt" title="Elonex ONEt">ONEt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabyte_M912" title="Gigabyte M912">Gigabyte M912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Mini_1000" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Mini 1000">HP Mini 1000</a>/<a href="/wiki/HP_2133_Mini-Note_PC" title="HP 2133 Mini-Note PC">2133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Inspiron_Mini_Series#9_Series" title="Dell Inspiron Mini Series">Inspiron Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doel_(computer)" title="Doel (computer)">Doel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSI_Wind_PC" title="MSI Wind PC">MSI Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NanoBook" title="NanoBook">NanoBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahpad" title="Noahpad">Noahpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLPC_XO" title="OLPC XO">OLPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_A110" title="One A110">One A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinebook" title="Pinebook">Pinebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIA_OpenBook" title="VIA OpenBook">OpenBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skytone_Alpha-400" title="Skytone Alpha-400">Skytone Alpha-400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhua_GX-1C" title="Tianhua GX-1C">Tianhua GX-1C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU/Linux_Open_Hardware_PowerPC_notebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GNU/Linux Open Hardware PowerPC notebook (page does not exist)">GNU/Linux Open Hardware PowerPC notebook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aakash_(tablet)" title="Aakash (tablet)">Aakash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_tablet" title="Adam tablet">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JooJoo" title="JooJoo">JooJoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeapPad_Explorer" title="LeapPad Explorer">LeapPad Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librem" title="Librem">Librem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PineTab" title="PineTab">PineTab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeTab" title="WeTab">WeTab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asus_routers" title="List of Asus routers">Asus Routers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Home_Hub" class="mw-redirect" title="BT Home Hub">BT Home Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_AirStation" title="Buffalo AirStation">Buffalo AirStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Wireless" title="Sierra Wireless">Junxion Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linksys_WRT54G_series" title="Linksys WRT54G series">Linksys WRT54G series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netgear_DG834_(series)" title="Netgear DG834 (series)">Netgear DG834G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picotux" title="Picotux">Picotux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_NIC" title="Killer NIC">Killer NIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_network-attached_storage_series" title="Buffalo network-attached storage series">Buffalo LinkStation / TeraStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobo" title="Drobo">Drobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSLU2" title="NSLU2">Linksys NSLU2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNAP_Systems" title="QNAP Systems">QNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synology_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Synology Inc.">Synology Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital_My_Book" title="Western Digital My Book">WD My Book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumby" title="Chumby">Chumby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonBox_Pyra" title="DragonBox Pyra">DragonBox Pyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Dev_One" class="mw-redirect" title="HP Dev One">HP Dev One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librem" title="Librem">Librem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_PX-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive PX-series">Nvidia Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Jetson" title="Nvidia Jetson">Nvidia Jetson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Foleo" title="Palm Foleo">Palm Foleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheevaPlug" title="SheevaPlug">SheevaPlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_(vehicle)" title="Stanley (vehicle)">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_LinuxONE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM LinuxONE">IBM LinuxONE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XO_Motherboard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/XO_Motherboard.png/100px-XO_Motherboard.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/XO_Motherboard.png/150px-XO_Motherboard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/XO_Motherboard.png/200px-XO_Motherboard.png 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBox2" title="DBox2">DBox2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreambox" title="Dreambox">Dreambox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauppauge_MediaMVP" title="Hauppauge MediaMVP">Hauppauge MediaMVP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuros_Technology#Neuros_OSD" title="Neuros Technology">Neuros OSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vu%2B" title="Vu+">Vu+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku Digital Video Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonos" title="Sonos">Sonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handhelds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_VR3" title="Agenda VR3">Agenda VR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archos_PMA400" title="Archos PMA400">Archos PMA400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILiad" title="ILiad">ILiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leapster_Explorer" title="Leapster Explorer">Leapster Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_770_Internet_Tablet" title="Nokia 770 Internet Tablet">Nokia 770</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N800" title="Nokia N800">N800</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N810" title="Nokia N810">N810</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N900" title="Nokia N900">N900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Pad" title="Pepper Pad">Pepper Pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_Zaurus" title="Sharp Zaurus">Zaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipit_wireless_messenger_(Z2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipit wireless messenger (Z2)">Zipit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_NanoNote" title="Ben NanoNote">Ben NanoNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phones<sup>✝</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolla_(smartphone)" title="Jolla (smartphone)">Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_A1200" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A1200">Motorola A1200</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_A1210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorola A1210 (page does not exist)">A1210</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_A1600" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A1600">A1600</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_A760" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A760">A760</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motorola_E680i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motorola E680i (page does not exist)">E680i</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_MOTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola MOTO">MOTO</a> VE66 / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_PEBL" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola PEBL">PEBL</a> U9 / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Razr2" title="Motorola Razr2">RAZR2</a> V8 / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_ROKR" title="Motorola ROKR">ROKR</a> E2 / E6 / E8 / EM30 / EM35 / Z6 / <a href="/wiki/Motorola_ZINE" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola ZINE">ZINE</a> ZN5 / ZN200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo 1973">Neo 1973</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo_FreeRunner" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo FreeRunner">FreeRunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_N900" title="Nokia N900">Nokia N900</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N950" title="Nokia N950">N950</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N9" title="Nokia N9">N9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Pixi" title="Palm Pixi">Palm Pixi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palm_Pre" title="Palm Pre">Pre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palm_Pre_2" title="Palm Pre 2">Pre 2</a> / <a href="/wiki/HP_Pre_3" title="HP Pre 3">HP Pre 3</a> / <a href="/wiki/HP_Veer" title="HP Veer">Veer</a></li> <li>Samsung Vodafone 360 H1 / <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_360_Samsung_M1" title="Vodafone 360 Samsung M1">Vodafone 360 M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_S8500" title="Samsung Wave S8500">Samsung Wave S8500</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_II_S8530" title="Samsung Wave II S8530">Wave II S8530</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_s8600" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Wave s8600">Wave 3 S8600</a> / Wave 723 / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_575" title="Samsung Wave 575">Wave 575</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_525" title="Samsung Wave 525">Wave 525</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Wave_Y" title="Samsung Wave Y">Wave Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Z1" title="Samsung Z1">Samsung Z1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Z2" title="Samsung Z2">Z2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Z3" title="Samsung Z3">Z3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Z4" title="Samsung Z4">Z4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librem_5" title="Librem 5">Librem 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PinePhone" title="PinePhone">PinePhone</a> / <a href="/wiki/PinePhone_Pro" title="PinePhone Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evercade_VS" title="Evercade VS">Evercade VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellivision_Amico" title="Intellivision Amico">Intellivision Amico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymega" title="Polymega">Polymega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis_Mini" title="Sega Genesis Mini">Sega Genesis Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNES_Classic_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES Classic Edition">SNES Classic Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Machine_(computer)" title="Steam Machine (computer)">Steam Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anbernic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anbernic_RG351" title="Anbernic RG351">RG531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbernic_RG552" title="Anbernic RG552">RG532</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingoo_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingoo A320">Dingoo A320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonBox_Pyra" title="DragonBox Pyra">DragonBox Pyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evercade" title="Evercade">Evercade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evercade_EXP" class="mw-redirect" title="Evercade EXP">EXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Pocket" title="Super Pocket">Super Pocket</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Gadget" title="Game Gadget">Game Gadget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP2X" title="GP2X">GP2X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GP2X_Wiz" title="GP2X Wiz">Wiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAANOO" class="mw-redirect" title="CAANOO">CAANOO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylo_(Sony)" title="Mylo (Sony)">mylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_X" title="Neo Geo X">Neo Geo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCW_Zero" title="GCW Zero">GCW Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeapFrog_Didj" title="LeapFrog Didj">LeapFrog Didj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherrypal" title="Cherrypal">Cherrypal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>✝</sup> Excluding <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Template talk:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Free_culture_and_open_content" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Free culture and open content"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br />practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre"><i>Gratis</i> versus <i>libre</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information,<br />and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Data</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication<br />and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Educational resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Open university">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">Open-door academic policy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open-source hardware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLOS" title="PLOS">PLOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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