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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Proprietary_firmware#Sourcing_for_this_page" title="Talk:Proprietary firmware">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Proprietary firmware</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> that has had its use, private modification, <a href="/wiki/Software_copying" class="mw-redirect" title="Software copying">copying</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Software_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Software publishing">republishing</a> restricted by the producer. Proprietors may enforce restrictions by technical means, such as by restricting <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> access, firmware replacement restrictions (by denying complete tooling that may be necessary in order to recompile and replace the firmware), or by legal means, such as through <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">patents</a>. Alternatives to proprietary firmware may be <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free (libre)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution"><span class="anchor" id="dist"></span><span class="anchor" id="Distribution_issues"></span><span class="anchor" id="Distribution"></span>Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver#Device_firmware" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device driver § Device firmware</a></div> <p>Proprietary firmware (and especially the microcode) is much more difficult to avoid than <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">proprietary device drivers</a>, because the firmware is usually very specific to the manufacturer of each device (often being unique for each model), and the programming documentation and complete specifications that would be necessary to create a replacement are often withheld by the hardware manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-kt/4818_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt/4818-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many open-source operating systems reluctantly choose to include proprietary firmware files in their distributions simply to make their <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> work,<sup id="cite_ref-kt/6550_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt/6550-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because manufacturers try to save money by removing <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> or <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> from their devices, requiring the operating system to upload the firmware each time the device is used.<sup id="cite_ref-kt/4118_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt/4118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in order to do so, the operating system still has to have distribution rights for this proprietary microcode.<sup id="cite_ref-kt/4118_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt/4118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_concerns"><span class="anchor" id="sec"></span><span class="anchor" id="Security"></span>Security concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Security concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Security_risks" title="Firmware">Firmware § Security risks</a></div> <p>Proprietary firmware poses a significant security risk to the user because of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> (DMA) architecture of modern computers and the potential for <a href="/wiki/DMA_attack" title="DMA attack">DMA attacks</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Theo_de_Raadt" title="Theo de Raadt">Theo de Raadt</a> of <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> suggests that wireless firmware are kept proprietary because of poor design quality and firmware defects.<sup id="cite_ref-opencon06-docs/p13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opencon06-docs/p13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lor-opencon06_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lor-opencon06-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> suggests that "it's reasonable to assume that all firmware is a cesspool of insecurity courtesy of incompetence of the worst degree from manufacturers, and competence of the highest degree from a very wide range of such agencies".<sup id="cite_ref-ms2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The security and reliability risks posed by proprietary microcode may be lower than those posed by <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">proprietary device drivers</a>, because the microcode in this context isn't <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linked</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, and doesn't run on the host's <a href="/wiki/Main_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Main processor">main processor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kt/6550_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kt/6550-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a> may still be available for certain products, which is often <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>, and is especially popular in certain segments of hardware like <a href="/wiki/Gaming_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming console">gaming consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Android phone">Android phones</a>, which are capable of running complete general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> like <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> or <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, which are often the systems used by the manufacturer in their original proprietary firmware. </p><p>Another potential solution is going with <a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">open-source hardware</a>, which goes a step further by also providing schematics for replicating the hardware itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathalyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathalyser">Breathalysers</a><sup id="cite_ref-bottomsup_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bottomsup-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> found in IBM-compatible Personal Computers<sup id="cite_ref-ms2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> found in modern x86 Computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a>, used in computers from <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a> (RTAS), used in computers from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>'s control menus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_IOS" title="Cisco IOS">Cisco IOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">wireless network interface controllers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> processors, etc.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proprietary_firmware&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kt/4818-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kt/4818_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Andrews2005" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Andrews (2005-03-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050309035103/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4818">"Feature: OpenBSD's "Out of the Box" Wireless Support"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KernelTrap" title="KernelTrap">KernelTrap</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/node/4818">the original</a> on 2005-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KernelTrap&rft.atitle=Feature%3A+OpenBSD%27s+%22Out+of+the+Box%22+Wireless+Support&rft.date=2005-03-08&rft.au=Jeremy+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2Fnode%2F4818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kt/6550-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kt/6550_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kt/6550_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Andrews2006" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Andrews (2006-05-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603230017/http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550">"Interview: Theo de Raadt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KernelTrap" title="KernelTrap">KernelTrap</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/node/6550">the original</a> on 2006-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KernelTrap&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Theo+de+Raadt&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.au=Jeremy+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2Fnode%2F6550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kt/4118-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kt/4118_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kt/4118_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Andrews2004" class="citation web cs1">Jeremy Andrews (2004-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620051155/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4118">"Feature: OpenBSD Works To Open Wireless Chipsets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KernelTrap" title="KernelTrap">KernelTrap</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kerneltrap.org/node/4118">the original</a> on 2006-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KernelTrap&rft.atitle=Feature%3A+OpenBSD+Works+To+Open+Wireless+Chipsets&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft.au=Jeremy+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkerneltrap.org%2Fnode%2F4118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opencon06-docs/p13-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opencon06-docs/p13_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheo_de_Raadt2016" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_de_Raadt" title="Theo de Raadt">Theo de Raadt</a> (2016-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbsd.org/papers/opencon06-docs/mgp00013.html">"Page 13: The hardware: 802.11 wireless networking (more detail)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbsd.org/papers/opencon06-docs/"><i>Open Documentation for Hardware</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109032258/http://www.opencon.org/program.php">OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006</a>. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Page+13%3A+The+hardware%3A+802.11+wireless+networking+%28more+detail%29&rft.btitle=Open+Documentation+for+Hardware&rft.place=Courtyard+Venice+Airport%2C+Venice%2FTessera%2C+Italy&rft.date=2016-12-03&rft.au=Theo+de+Raadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbsd.org%2Fpapers%2Fopencon06-docs%2Fmgp00013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lor-opencon06-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lor-opencon06_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine_A._Murenin2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantine A. Murenin (2006-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linux.org.ru/news/hardware/1690470">"Почему так важно иметь документацию по программированию железа"</a>. <i>Linux.org.ru</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linux.org.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft.date=2006-12-10&rft.au=Constantine+A.+Murenin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org.ru%2Fnews%2Fhardware%2F1690470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ms2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ms2014_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ms2014_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Shuttleworth2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> (2014-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1332">"ACPI, firmware and your security"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACPI%2C+firmware+and+your+security&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft.au=Mark+Shuttleworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.markshuttleworth.com%2Farchives%2F1332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bottomsup-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bottomsup_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930155902/www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2145410/judge-gets-bottom-possible">"Drunk drivers granted access to breathalyser source code"</a>. 2005-11-03. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2145410/judge-gets-bottom-possible">the original</a> on 2008-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drunk+drivers+granted+access+to+breathalyser+source+code&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vnunet.com%2Fvnunet%2Fnews%2F2145410%2Fjudge-gets-bottom-possible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProprietary+firmware" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Embedded_systems344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embedded_systems" title="Template talk:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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compiler">Cross compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_hypervisor" title="Embedded hypervisor">Embedded hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">Memory footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">Closed platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew (video games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_Jailbreak" title="PlayStation 3 Jailbreak">PlayStation 3 Jailbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting (Android)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Boot loaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">Embedded GLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">Almquist shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildroot" title="Buildroot">Buildroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell">Stand-alone shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yocto_Project" title="Yocto Project">Yocto Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Linux on embedded systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Linux for mobile devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Light-weight Linux 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