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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loanwords,_slang,_foreign_names_and_transliterations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords,_slang,_foreign_names_and_transliterations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords,_slang,_foreign_names_and_transliterations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcriptions_of_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcriptions_of_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Transcriptions of Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcriptions_of_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transliteration_of_foreign_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transliteration_of_foreign_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transliteration of foreign names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transliteration_of_foreign_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yiddish_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yiddish_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Yiddish origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yiddish_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Punctuation mark</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Punctuation_mark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Punctuation mark subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Punctuation_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indicating_initialisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicating_initialisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indicating initialisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicating_initialisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denoting_a_numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denoting_a_numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Denoting a numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denoting_a_numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantillation_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantillation_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cantillation mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantillation_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Computer encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mark used in Hebrew</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Torah cantillation mark of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh (trope)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gares" class="mw-redirect" title="Gares">Gares</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:3px; width:20em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Geresh </th></tr> <tr style="line-height:310%; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%;" dir="rtl">וכו׳</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:310%; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> mark</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%;" dir="rtl">֜</span>‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%;" dir="rtl">֝</span>‎</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%;" dir="rtl">הָאָ֜רֶץ</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><small>compare with <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophes</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 120%;" dir="rtl">'וכו׳', 'הָאָ֜רֶץ'</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">inverted nun</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Geresh</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 180%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎ in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גֶּרֶשׁ</span>‎<sup id="cite_ref-GHG15f_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHG15f-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גֵּרֶשׁ</span>‎<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈɡeʁeʃ]</a></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">medieval</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[ˈɡeːɾeːʃ]</a></span>) is a sign in Hebrew writing. It has two meanings. </p> <ol><li>An <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Sign" title="Sign">sign</a> (also known colloquially as a <i><b>chupchik</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed after a letter: <ul><li>as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> that modifies the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> (only in modern Hebrew),</li> <li>as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> that signifies <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">origin</a> of a word or <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<a href="#Yiddish_origin">examples below</a>)</li> <li>as a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">punctuation mark</a> to denote <a href="/wiki/Initialisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialisms">initialisms</a> or abbreviations,</li> <li>or to denote a single-digit <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numeral</a></li></ul></li> <li>A note of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> in the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> books, taking the form of a curved diagonal stroke placed above a letter.</li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritic">Diacritic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Diacritic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a> that are common in <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span> as in <i><b>j</b>u<b>dg</b>e</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span> as in <i>mea<b>s</b>ure</i> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> as in <i><b>ch</b>ur<b>ch</b></i>. In transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, it indicates Arabic <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> which are usually <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> in modern Hebrew: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span> is distinguished from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> is distinguished from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span>. Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> as in <i><b>th</b>en</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> as in <i><b>th</b>in</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span>; and, in some transliteration systems, also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dˤ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ðˤ]</span>. It may be compared to the usage of a following <i>h</i> in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by the basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords,_slang,_foreign_names_and_transliterations"><span id="Loanwords.2C_slang.2C_foreign_names_and_transliterations"></span>Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">Loanwords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>, foreign names, and transliteration of foreign languages </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Without Geresh </th> <th colspan="5">With Geresh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Hebrew">Translit.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Hebrew">Translit.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ג"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i> </td> <td>g </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>g</b>ap </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ג׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td>j (or g) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>J</b>upiter, <b>G</b>eorge </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ז"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a></i> </td> <td>z </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>z</b>oo </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ז׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td>g, j </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>J</b>acques, bei<b>g</b>e, vi<b>s</b>ion </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="צ"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tsadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsadi">tsadi</a></i> </td> <td>ts </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>ts</b>unami, ca<b>ts</b> </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">צ׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tsadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsadi">tsadi</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td>ch </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>ch</b>ip </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transcriptions_of_Arabic">Transcriptions of Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transcriptions of Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are six additional letters in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ghayn</a>. Also, some letters have different sounds in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">modern Hebrew phonology</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Jīm</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" align="center">Distinction when transcribing <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-trans_rules_arab_heb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans_rules_arab_heb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Without Geresh </th> <th colspan="6">With Geresh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Hebrew">Translit.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic letter</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic letter</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ג"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a></i> </td> <td>g </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Egyptian / Yemeni</a> <a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Jīm (ج)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>g</b>ood </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ג׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Jīm (ج)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> </td> <td>Al-<b>J</b>azeera (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجزيرة</span></span>) </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Also used with other loan words and transliterations for /dʒ/</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ד"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a></i> </td> <td>d </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dāl (د)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>d</b>oor </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ד׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl (ذ)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>Dh</b>u [a]l-Hijjah (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ذو الحجة</span></span>) </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Also used for English voiced th</li> <li>Often a simple <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet (ד)</a> is written</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ח"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">heth</a></i> </td> <td>ẖ / <u>h</u>, ḥ, or h </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥaʾ (ح)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</span> </td> <td>Non existent in English, pronounced like an "h" while contracting the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ח׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">heth</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ (ﺥ)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span> </td> <td>Shei<b>kh</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيخ</span></span>) </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ת"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">tav</a></i> </td> <td>t </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tāʾ (ت)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>t</b>ail </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ת׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">tav</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">ṯāʾ (ث)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ʿu<b>th</b>man (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عثمان</span></span>) </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>Also used for <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> voiceless th</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ס"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a></i> </td> <td>s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Sīn (س)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>s</b>un </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ס׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Ṣad (ص)</a> </td> <td> <table class="collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-weight:normal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>]</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized [s]</a>; approximate pronunciation by pronouncing a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> "s" while constricting the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td align="left"> <ul><li>May also be transcribed with the corresponding Hebrew letter צ</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ר"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">resh</a></i> </td> <td>r </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Rāʾ (ر)</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td>french r </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ר׳</span>‎ </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">reish</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">Ghayn (غ)</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> </td> <td rowspan="3">Abu <b>Gh</b>osh (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبُو غوش</span></span>) </td> <td rowspan="3">Standard simplified: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר׳</span>‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע׳</span>‎; however, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר׳</span>‎ is proscribed by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>. <span style="font-size: 85%;">Another precise proscribed transcription is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גֿ</span>‎; in some cases of established usage, a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ with no diacritics is used.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">The predominant pronunciation is <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʀ]</span>, therefore <i>resh</i> is spelled without geresh for that pronunciation. Other <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accentual</a> variants include an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ,<span class="wrap"> </span>r]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ע"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">’</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿAyn (ع)</a> </td> <td> <table class="collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-weight:normal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>]</span> ←→ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a>]</span>, sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ʔˤ</a>]</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ranges from <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span> to <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">epiglottal fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʢ]</span>, sometimes an <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal stop">epiglottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʡ]</span> or a <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔˤ]</span>; approximate pronunciation by constricting the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ע׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ayin</a> with a geresh</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration_of_foreign_names">Transliteration of foreign names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transliteration of foreign names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" align="center">Distinction when transcribing foreign names<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Without Geresh </th> <th colspan="5">With Geresh </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Hebrew">Translit.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Name</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Transliteration of Hebrew">Translit.</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_chart_for_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA chart for Hebrew">IPA</a></th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ד"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a></i> </td> <td>d </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>d</b>oor </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ד׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">dalet</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> voiced th </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>th</b>en </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ת"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">tav</a></i> </td> <td>t </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>t</b>ail </td> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ת׳</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">tav</a> with a geresh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> voiceless th </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>th</b>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" dir="rtl"><span class="anchor" id="ו"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Waw/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waw/Vav (letter)">vav</a></i> </td> <td>v </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>v</b>ote </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">וו</span>‎<small> or </small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 200%;" dir="rtl">ו׳</span>‎ <br />(non-standard<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_w_sounding_vav"><a href="#endnote_w_sounding_vav">[*]</a></sup>) </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Waw/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waw/Vav (letter)">vav</a> with a geresh <br />or double <a href="/wiki/Waw/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waw/Vav (letter)">vav</a></i> </td> <td>w </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> </td> <td><b>W</b>illiam </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Note</dt> <dd><b>*</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_w_sounding_vav"><b><a href="#ref_w_sounding_vav">^</a></b></span> Both double-vav and vav with geresh are non-standard and inconsistently used.<sup id="cite_ref-trans-into-heb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trans-into-heb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yiddish_origin">Yiddish origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yiddish origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some words or suffixes of <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> origin or pronunciation are marked with a geresh, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לֶ׳ה</span></span> – <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">-le</i></span>, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יענקל׳ה</span></span> – <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Yankale</i></span> (as in <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Bodo" title="Yaakov Bodo">Yankale Bodo</a>), or the words <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חבר׳ה</span></span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈχevre]</span>, 'guys' (which is the Yiddish pronunciation of Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חברה</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χevˈra]</span> 'company'), or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תכל׳ס</span></span> – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtaχles]</span>, 'bottom-line'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation_mark">Punctuation mark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Punctuation mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geresh is used as a punctuation mark in <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a> and to denote <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">numerals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indicating_initialisms">Indicating initialisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indicating initialisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a>, the Geresh is written after the last letter of the initialism. For example: the title <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גְּבֶרֶת</span></span> (literally "lady") is abbreviated <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גב׳</span></span>, equivalent to English "Mrs" and "Ms".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denoting_a_numeral">Denoting a numeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Denoting a numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Geresh can be appended after (left of) a single letter to indicate that the letter represents a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew numeral">Hebrew numeral</a>. For example: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ק׳</span></span> represents 100. A multi-digit Hebrew numeral is indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨״⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cantillation_mark">Cantillation mark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cantillation mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh (trope)</a></div> <p>As a note of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> in the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the Geresh is printed above the accented letter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 120%;" dir="rtl">ב֜</span>‎. The <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Geresh Muqdam</i></span></b> (lit. 'a Geresh made earlier'), a variant cantillation mark, is also printed above the accented letter, but slightly before (i.e. more to the right of) the position of the normal Geresh: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 180%; line-height: 120%;" dir="rtl">ב֝</span>‎. As a cantillation mark it is also called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Ṭères</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טֶרֶס</span></span>)‎.<sup id="cite_ref-GHG15f_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHG15f-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encoding">Computer encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most keyboards do not have a key for the geresh. As a result, an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> ( <a href="/wiki/%27" class="mw-redirect" title="'">'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> U+0027) is often substituted for it. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Appearance </th> <th>Code Points </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">׳ </td> <td>U+05F3 </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">֜ </td> <td>U+059C </td> <td>HEBREW ACCENT GERESH </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">֝ </td> <td>U+059D </td> <td>HEBREW ACCENT GERESH MUQDAM </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">Hebraization of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geresh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GHG15f-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHG15f_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHG15f_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/15#GHGpar-15-f" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/15"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§15<span style="font-family: serif; font-style: italic">f</span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEven-Shoshan2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Even-Shoshan" title="Avraham Even-Shoshan">Even-Shoshan, Avraham</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Even-Shoshan_Dictionary" title="Even-Shoshan Dictionary">Even-Shoshan Dictionary</a></i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Even-Shoshan+Dictionary&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Even-Shoshan&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahatMishor2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bahat, Shoshana; Mishor, Mordechay (2007). <i>Dictionary of Contemporary Hebrew</i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Hebrew&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bahat&rft.aufirst=Shoshana&rft.au=Mishor%2C+Mordechay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKordova2013" class="citation web cs1">Kordova, Shoshana (3 March 2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/word-of-the-day/word-of-the-day-chupchik-1510-1493-1468-1508-1468-1456-1510-1460-1497-1511.premium-1.506815">"Word of the Day / Chupchik צ'וּפְּצִ'יק"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Word+of+the+Day+%2F+Chupchik+%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D6%BC%D7%A4%D6%B0%D6%BC%D7%A6%D6%B4%27%D7%99%D7%A7&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft.aulast=Kordova&rft.aufirst=Shoshana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fword-of-the-day%2Fword-of-the-day-chupchik-1510-1493-1468-1508-1468-1456-1510-1460-1497-1511.premium-1.506815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trans_rules_arab_heb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trans_rules_arab_heb_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228042853/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf">"Rules for the transcription of Arabic into Hebrew"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a></i> (in Hebrew). pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-02-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.atitle=Rules+for+the+transcription+of+Arabic+into+Hebrew&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2FPDF%2Ftaatiq2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910083326/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/LAT-HEB.pdf">"Rules for the transcription of foreign names into Hebrew"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Academy of the Hebrew Language</i> (in Hebrew). pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/LAT-HEB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.atitle=Rules+for+the+transcription+of+foreign+names+into+Hebrew&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2FPDF%2FLAT-HEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trans-into-heb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trans-into-heb_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228042853/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/PDF/taatiq2007.pdf">Transliteration Rules</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2008-02-28) issued by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> state that both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> as opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> but rather, when <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktiv male">spelling without niqqud</a>, to denote the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/</span> at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span>. To pronounce foreign words and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> containing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also <a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Pronunciation_in_Modern_Hebrew" title="Waw (letter)">pronunciation of Hebrew Vav</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015065211/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision5.html"><bdi lang="he">הפיסוק - מבחר כללים</bdi></a> [The punctuation - a selection of rules]. <i>Academy of the Hebrew Language</i> (in Hebrew). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision5.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7+-+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%97%D7%A8+%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.huji.ac.il%2Fdecision5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeresh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geresh&oldid=1241650880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geresh&oldid=1241650880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_diacritics" title="Category:Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punctuation" title="Category:Punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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