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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_High_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_High_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old High German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_High_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_High_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_High_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle High German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_High_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_New_High_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_New_High_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early New High German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_New_High_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Habsburg Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographical distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Sprachraum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Sprachraum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>German Sprachraum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Sprachraum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_German_Sprachraum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_German_Sprachraum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Outside the German Sprachraum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_German_Sprachraum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namibia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namibia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Namibia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namibia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rest_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rest_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Rest of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rest_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>As a foreign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-language_media_worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-language_media_worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>German-language media worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-language_media_worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Standard German</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standard_German-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standard German subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standard_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Low German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Franconian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Franconian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Low Franconian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Franconian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>High German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Central German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Central_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Central_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>West Central German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Central_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Central_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Central_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>East Central German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Central_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Franconian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Franconian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>High Franconian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Franconian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Franconian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Franconian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.1</span> <span>East Franconian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Franconian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Franconian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Franconian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.2</span> <span>South Franconian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Franconian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Upper German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alemannic_and_Swabian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alemannic_and_Swabian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.1</span> <span>Alemannic and Swabian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alemannic_and_Swabian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austro-Bavarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Bavarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.2</span> <span>Austro-Bavarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Bavarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regiolects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regiolects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regiolects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regiolects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noun inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Compounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Verb inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Verb prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Auxiliary verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Modal verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_infinitives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_infinitives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.3</span> <span>Multiple infinitives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_infinitives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Past</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_shifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_shifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Consonant shifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_shifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 265 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-265" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">265 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeureuman" title="Bahsa Jeureuman – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Джэрмэныбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Германыбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጀርመንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksakiel%C3%A2" title="Saksakielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksakielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odsc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Þēodsc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմաներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gherm%C3%A3nesc%C3%A3" title="Limba ghermãnescã – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba ghermãnescã" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Alemañañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemañañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Герман мацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Герман мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_aru" title="Aliman aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aliman aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آلمان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জার্মান ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Tek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Немец теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Немец теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Aleman" title="Tataramon na Aleman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Aleman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Sproch" title="Deitsche Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitsche Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamaneg" title="Alamaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Герман хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Герман хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany" title="Alemany – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%C3%A7_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Нимĕç чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нимĕç чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijerumani" title="Chijerumani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaeneg" title="Almaeneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Almaeneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaamani" title="Jaamani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Jaamani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لألمانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألمانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiskkagiella" title="Duiskkagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiskkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtandard-Deitsch" title="Schtandard-Deitsch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtandard-Deitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="އަލްމާނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްމާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bizaad" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nim%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Nimšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_keel" title="Saksa keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Γερμανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%C3%A8sch" title="Tedèsch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tedèsch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Немецень кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Немецень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_lingvo" title="Germana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_alemana" title="Lengua alemana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua alemana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleman" title="Aleman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان آلمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bhasa" title="German bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="German bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Týskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemand" title="Allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsk" title="Dútsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankoore" title="Almankoore – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almankoore" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_todescje" title="Lenghe todescje – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe todescje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis" title="An Ghearmáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanish" title="Germaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Germaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearmailtis" title="Gearmailtis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gearmailtis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua alemá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Немций мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آلماني زوؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلماني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="જર્મન ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-ng%C3%AE" title="Tet-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Немшин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Немшин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Kelem%C4%81nia" title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գերմաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němčina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniana_linguo" title="Germaniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Aleman" title="Pagsasao nga Aleman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Aleman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_german" title="Lingua german – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua german" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/German" title="German – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="German" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Немыцаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Немыцаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJamani" title="IsiJamani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IsiJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJalimani" title="IsiJalimani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDska" title="Þýska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jerman" title="Basa Jerman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Caama kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Немец тил – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Немец тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جَرمَن زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَن زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Niemiecczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemiecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Неміс тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неміс тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaynek" title="Almaynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikidage" title="Ikidage – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikidage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumani" title="Kijerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidoitce" title="Kidoitce – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kidoitce" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_alman" title="Lang alman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlman" title="Anlman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Anlman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_alman%C3%AE" title="Zimanê almanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê almanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Немис тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Немис тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_tud%C3%ABsch" title="Lingaz tudësch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz tudësch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_almana" title="Lingua almana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua almana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Немец маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Немец маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoc%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Vuocīšu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuocīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Theodisca" title="Lingua Theodisca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Theodisca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itsch" title="Däitsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Немец чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Немец чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Vokiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca" title="Lengua tedesca – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lial%C3%A9mani" title="Lialémani – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lialémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutx_(lingua)" title="Deutx (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutx (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanien_kieli" title="Germuanien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotybau" title="dotybau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotybau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_todesca" title="Lengua todesca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua todesca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Német nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Német nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_alem%C3%A0na" title="Fiteny alemàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny alemàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_%C4%A0ermani%C5%BCa" title="Lingwa Ġermaniża – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Ġermaniża" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tiamana" title="Reo Tiamana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გერმანული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه المانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه المانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آلمانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jerman" title="Bahaso Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dáik-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_almana" title="Lhéngua almana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua almana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Дойчень кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Герман хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duits" title="Duits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनेली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनेली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="ドイツ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_germanese" title="Lengua germanese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua germanese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Девтойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCsch" title="Tjüsch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüsch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirman" title="Jirman – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jirman" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemaund" title="Allemaund – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemaund" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanum" title="Germanum – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germanum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemand" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Немыч йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprache" title="Deutsche Sprache – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salitan_Alemano" title="Salitan Alemano – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Salitan Alemano" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جرمن بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمن بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n" title="Alemán – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemán" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جرمني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joerman" title="Joerman – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joerman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Немеч кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemant" title="Alemant – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemant" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_ted%C3%ABsca" title="Lenga tedësca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga tedësca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Jeman" title="Tok Jeman – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Jeman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Spraak" title="Düütsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_niemiecki" title="Język niemiecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_alem%C3%A3" title="Língua alemã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua alemã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nemis tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tili" title="Alman tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alman tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Heremani" title="Reo Heremani – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtsche_Sprooch" title="Dütsche Sprooch – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütsche Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83" title="Limba germană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba germană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanikani_chib" title="Jermanikani chib – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermanikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tudestga" title="Lingua tudestga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tudestga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliman_simi" title="Aliman simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aliman simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нїмецькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Немецкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ньиэмэс тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ньиэмэс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Siamani" title="Faʻa Siamani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जर्मनभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जर्मनभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tedesca" title="Limba tedesca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_leid" title="German leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="German leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsk" title="Düütsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejeremane" title="Sejeremane – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sejeremane" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_gjermane" title="Gjuha gjermane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha gjermane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tidesca" title="Lingua tidesca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tidesca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جرمن ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمن ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADJalim%C3%A1ne" title="SíJalimáne – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="SíJalimáne" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dina" title="Nemčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nemščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьчьскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymjecko_godka" title="Mjymjecko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymjecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئەڵمانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئەڵمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysritongo" title="Doysritongo – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysritongo" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немачки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Njemački jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_J%C3%A9rman" title="Basa Jérman – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kieli" title="Saksan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyska" title="Tyska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Aleman" title="Wikang Aleman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Aleman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடாய்ச்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talimant" title="Tutlayt Talimant – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Talimant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Talmant" title="Tutlayt Talmant – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt Talmant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_tedesche" title="Lènga tedesche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tedesche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_tele" title="Alman tele – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Alman tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జర్మన్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia-alemaun" title="Lia-alemaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Lia-alemaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาเยอรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони олмонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏛᏥ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27%C4%97ho%C3%A9seotse" title="Ma'ėhoéseotse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'ėhoéseotse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanca" title="Almanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_dili" title="Alman dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alman dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Немец дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Немец кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Немец кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Німецька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمن زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېمىس تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېمىس تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Dwzgoz" title="Vah Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_todesca" title="Łéngua todesca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kel%27" title="Saksan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiếng Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Deutänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksa_kiil" title="S'aksa kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almand_(lingaedje)" title="Almand (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almand (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaleman" title="Inaleman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inaleman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9" title="דייטש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Germany" title="Èdè Germany – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Germany" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanki" title="Almanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duuts" title="Duuts – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duuts" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABtiu_kalba" title="Vuokītiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jerman" title="Saro Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jereman" title="Jaku Jereman – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvon" title="Almani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West Germanic language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[dɔʏtʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/De-Deutsch.ogg\/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutsch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Deutsch.ogg/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutsch.ogg" title="File:De-Deutsch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 95 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 80–85 million (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>German</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Standard_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Standard German">Austrian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Since Old High German: <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German Braille</a></li> <li>Until the mid-20th century: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language#International_institutions" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">Various international institutions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_German_is_an_official_language#Other_legal_statuses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where German is an official language">8 countries</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">(6 municipalities)</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syddanmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Syddanmark">Syddanmark</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">Upper Silesia</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (select localities) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azovo_German_National_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Azovo German National District">Azovo German National District</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krahule" title="Krahule">Krahule</a>) </li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=de">de</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=160">ger</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=160">deu</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/deu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:deu">deu</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gmh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gmh">gmh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/goh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:goh">goh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gct" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gct">gct</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Tovar German">Colonia Tovar German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bar" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bar">bar</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cim" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cim">cim</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimbrian">Cimbrian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/geh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:geh">geh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ksh" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ksh">ksh</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Kölsch</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nds">nds</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sli" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sli">sli</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Lower Silesian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ltz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ltz">ltz</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/vmf" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:vmf">vmf</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Mainfr%C3%A4nkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainfränkisch">Mainfränkisch</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mhn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mhn">mhn</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno" class="mw-redirect" title="Mòcheno">Mòcheno</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pfl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pfl">pfl</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatinate German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pdc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pdc">pdc</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pdt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pdt">pdt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/swg" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:swg">swg</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gsw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gsw">gsw</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/uln" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:uln">uln</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sxu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sxu">sxu</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon">Upper Saxon</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wae" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wae">wae</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wep" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wep">wep</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hrx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hrx">hrx</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yec" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yec">yec</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yid" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yid">yid</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/stan1295">stan1295</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div><ul><li>52-ACB–dl (<a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>)</li><li>52-AC (Continental West Germanic)</li><li>52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch)</li><li>52-ACB-d (<a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>)</li><li>52-ACB-e & -f (<a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>)</li><li>52-ACB-h (<a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Émigré German</a> varieties, including 52-ACB-hc (<a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a>) & 52-ACB-he (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>))</li><li>52-ACB-i (<a href="/wiki/Yeniche_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeniche language">Yenish</a>)</li><li>Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_aleman_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png/260px-Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png/390px-Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="340" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0080FE; color:black;"> </span> Majority of German speakers in Central Europe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#88C4FE; color:black;"> </span> Minority of German speakers in Central Europe</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/260px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/390px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg/520px-Legal_status_of_German_in_the_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> Official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d98575; color:black;"> </span> Co-official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7373d9; color:black;"> </span> National language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30efe3; color:black;"> </span> Minority language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/260px-Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/390px-Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/520px-Map_of_the_German_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a> by population: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Germany</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#770000; color:white;"> </span> ≥10,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bc0000; color:white;"> </span> ≥1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4848; color:black;"> </span> ≥100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb0b0; color:black;"> </span> ≥10,000</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Gereon_speaking_German.webm&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Man speaking German</figcaption></figure> <p><b>German</b> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[dɔʏtʃ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/De-Deutsch.ogg\/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Deutsch.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/De-Deutsch.ogg/De-Deutsch.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Deutsch.ogg" title="File:De-Deutsch.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic language">West Germanic language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>, mainly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It is the most spoken native language within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. It is the most widely spoken and <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> (or co-official) language in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, and the Italian autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. It is also an official language of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a> and the Italian autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, as well as a recognized <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. There are also notable German-speaking communities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Collectivity_of_Alsace" title="European Collectivity of Alsace">Alsace</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Bohemia" title="North Bohemia">North Bohemia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice_Region" title="Košice Region">Košice Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hauerland" title="Hauerland">Hauerland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig">North Schleswig</a>), <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blumenau" title="Blumenau">Blumenau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerode" title="Pomerode">Pomerode</a>), South Africa (<a href="/wiki/Kroondal" title="Kroondal">Kroondal</a>), <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">Namibia</a>, among others, some communities have decidedly <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> characters (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pozuzo" title="Pozuzo">Pozuzo</a>, Peru). </p><p>German is one of the major <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">languages of the world</a>. German is the second-most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>, after English, both as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>. German is also widely taught as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_commonly_learned_second_languages_in_the_United_States" title="List of most commonly learned second languages in the United States">most commonly learned second language in the United States</a> in K-12 education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Scientific_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific language">language in science</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet" title="Languages used on the Internet">third most widely used language on websites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking countries">German-speaking countries</a> are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic group</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Modern German gradually developed from <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>, which in turn developed from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>German is an <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected language</a>, with four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">numbers</a> (singular, plural). It has <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong and weak verbs</a>. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, along with fewer words borrowed from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>. English, however, is the main source of more recent <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. </p><p>German is a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>; the three standardized variants are <a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is sometimes called <i><a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a></i>, which refers to its regional origin. German is also notable for <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">its broad spectrum of dialects</a>, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2004, <a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_the_heads_of_state_of_German-speaking_countries" title="Meeting of the heads of state of German-speaking countries">heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met</a> every year,<sup id="cite_ref-land.lu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-land.lu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_German_Orthography" title="Council for German Orthography">Council for German Orthography</a> has been the main international body regulating <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/220px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/330px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG/440px-Europe_germanic-languages_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption> <b><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic languages</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCA503; color:black;"> </span> English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FD7B24; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></div> <b><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></b><br /> Anglic and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E9D803; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland</a>)</div> <b><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Germanic languages">North Sea Germanic languages</a></b> Anglo-Frisian and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80FF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German/Low Saxon</a></div> <b><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></b><br /> North Sea Germanic and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0F702; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>; in Africa: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></div> ...... German (<a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High</a>): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Lux.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper</a></div> ...... <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg/220px-Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg/330px-Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg/440px-Einteilung_der_Germanen_nach_Maurer.de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Maurer's classification of German tribes (German)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/240px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/360px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png/480px-Germanic_Languages_Map_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> in contemporary Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>German is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> that belongs to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic">West Germanic</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>. The first of these branches survives in modern <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, all of which are descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199216_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199216-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen</a> lines (running through <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>-<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf-Benrath" title="Düsseldorf-Benrath">Benrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>-<a href="/wiki/Uerdingen" title="Uerdingen">Uerdingen</a>, respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as <a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeonic</a>, respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson199216_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson199216-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is based on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a> and Upper Franconian dialects, which are <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> and Upper German dialects belonging to the <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian dialects">Central Franconian dialects</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. Also closely related to Standard German are the <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects spoken in the southern <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of territorial entities where German is an official language">German-speaking countries</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic dialects</a>) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">Upper Franconian</a> dialects) and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a> (Central Franconian). </p><p>After these High German dialects, standard German is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are the Frisian languages—<a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Nordfriesland_(district)" title="Nordfriesland (district)">Nordfriesland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a>), and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>)—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">History of German</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_High_German">Old High German</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">history of the German language</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, which separated Old High German dialects from <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound shift</a> involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> and voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonants</a> (<i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>g</i>, and <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>k</i>, respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. </p> <ul><li>Voiceless stops became long (<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>) voiceless <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> following a vowel;</li> <li>Voiceless stops became <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> in word-initial position, or following certain consonants;</li> <li>Voiced stops became voiceless in certain phonetic settings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Voiceless stop<br />following a vowel </th> <th>Word-initial<br />voiceless stop </th> <th>Voiced stop </th></tr> <tr> <td>/p/→/ff/ </td> <td>/p/→/pf/ </td> <td>/b/→/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/t/→/ss/ </td> <td>/t/→/ts/ </td> <td>/d/→/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k/→/xx/ </td> <td>/k/→/kx/ </td> <td>/g/→/k/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_norse,_ca_900.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG/220px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG/330px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG/440px-Old_norse%2C_ca_900.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a></b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8040; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a></b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff00ff; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> Continental West Germanic languages (<a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/East_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Germanic">East Germanic</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>While there is written evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> language in several <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the <a href="/wiki/Pforzen_buckle" title="Pforzen buckle">Pforzen buckle</a>), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the <i><a href="/wiki/Abrogans" title="Abrogans">Abrogans</a></i> (written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 765–775</span>), a Latin-German <a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">glossary</a> supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> equivalents. After the <i>Abrogans</i>, the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in the ninth century, chief among them being the <i><a href="/wiki/Muspilli" title="Muspilli">Muspilli</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Charms" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Charms">Merseburg charms</a>, and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hildebrandslied" title="Hildebrandslied">Hildebrandslied</a></i></span></i>, and other religious texts (the <i><a href="/wiki/Georgslied" title="Georgslied">Georgslied</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ludwigslied" title="Ludwigslied">Ludwigslied</a></i>, <i>Evangelienbuch</i>, and translated hymns and prayers).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Muspilli</i> is a Christian poem written in a <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian dialects">Bavarian</a> dialect offering an account of the soul after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hildebrandslied</i></span></i>, a secular <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alamanni</a>, Bavarian, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a> groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group (<a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a>), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptoria</a> as local translations of Latin originals; as a result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1992239–42-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_High_German">Middle High German</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></div> <p>While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> (MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterman197683_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterman197683-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> territory (known as the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span></i>). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaterman197683_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaterman197683-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A clear example of this is the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache</i></span></i> employed in the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> court in <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to a greater need for regularity in written conventions. </p><p>While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">diphthongization</a> of certain vowel sounds: <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">hus</i></span></i> (OHG & MHG "house")<i>→<span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">haus</i></span> (regionally in later MHG)→<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Haus</i></span></i> (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> [ə]: <i><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">taga</i></span></i> (OHG "days")→<i><span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">tage</i></span></i> (MHG)).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmons2012195_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmons2012195-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A great wealth of texts survives from the MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>, an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> telling the story of the <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>-slayer <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Siegfried</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> thirteenth century</span>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Iwein" title="Iwein">Iwein</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian</a> verse poem by <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1203</span>), <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poems</a>, and courtly romances such as <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></i>. Also noteworthy is the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sachsenspiegel" title="Sachsenspiegel">Sachsenspiegel</a></i></span></i>, the first book of laws written in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle <i>Low</i> German</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. </p><p>The Middle High German period is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> decimated Europe's population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchererJankowsky199511_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchererJankowsky199511-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_New_High_German">Early New High German</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_(according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/300px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/450px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png/600px-German_dialect_continuum_in_1900_%28according_to_Wiesinger_%26_K%C3%B6nig%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>German language area and major dialectal divisions around <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Scherer" title="Wilhelm Scherer">Wilhelm Scherer</a> dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchererJankowsky199511_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchererJankowsky199511-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">German states</a>. While these states were still part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a> and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">regional dialects</a> being spoken throughout the German states; the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span> and the publication of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible</a> in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. </p><p>The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chancery</a> German, one being <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gemeine tiutsch</i></span></i>, used in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, and the other being <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Meißner Deutsch</i></span></i>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg">Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller1978365–68_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller1978365–68-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Druckersprachen</i></span></i>) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBach1965254_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1965254-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in the written form of German. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/220px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/440px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modern_High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern High German">Modern High German</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> by the Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1534).<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible translated into High German by Luther</a> helped establish modern Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's translation of the Bible into High German</a> (the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was published in 1522; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> was published in parts and completed in 1534).<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther based his translation primarily on the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Meißner Deutsch</i></span></i> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, spending much time among the population of Saxony researching the dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in the home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says '<span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;">ex abundantia cordis os loquitur</span></span>,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund</i></span></i>. But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No, the mother in the home and the plain man would say, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuper189381_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuper189381-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's translation of the Bible into High German</a> was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> to modern Standard German.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Culture_and_literacy" title="History of Germany">spread of literacy in early modern Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1974134_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1974134-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, even with the influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1868?_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1868?-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habsburg_Empire">Habsburg Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRR_1648.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HRR_1648.png/310px-HRR_1648.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HRR_1648.png/465px-HRR_1648.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/HRR_1648.png/620px-HRR_1648.png 2x" data-file-width="4857" data-file-height="3959" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> in 1648: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DEB200; color:black;"> </span> Territories under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> heartland (<i><a href="/wiki/Erblande" title="Erblande">Erblande</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/310px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/465px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg/620px-Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map comprising the territories of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (1910), with German-speaking areas shown in red</figcaption></figure> <p>German was the language of commerce and government in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a>, which encompassed a large area of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (German: <i lang="de">Prag</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, German: <i lang="de">Ofen</i>), to name two examples, were gradually <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanized</a> in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (<span title="Hindi-language text"><i lang="hi-Latn">Pozsony</i></span>, now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> (German: <i lang="de">Agram</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> (German: <i lang="de">Laibach</i>), contained significant German minorities. </p><p>In the eastern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> (German: <i lang="de">Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen</i>), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Temeschburg</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hermannstadt</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>), and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kronstadt</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>)—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothaug1910_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothaug1910-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3></div> <p>In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/German_Orthographic_Conference_of_1901" title="German Orthographic Conference of 1901">Second Orthographic Conference</a> ended with a (nearly) complete <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENerius200030–54_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENerius200030–54-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries,_participants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png/220px-Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png/330px-Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png/440px-Meetings_of_German-speaking_countries%2C_participants.png 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>Participants of Meetings of German-speaking countries (2004-present)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Bühnensprache</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">German stage language</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Siebs" title="Theodor Siebs">Theodor Siebs</a> had established <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChnendeutsch" title="Bühnendeutsch">conventions for German pronunciation in theatres</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiebs200020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiebs200020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three years earlier; however, this was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially the pronunciation of the ending <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ig</i></span> as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider <a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">standardization of pronunciation</a> was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. </p><p>Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German orthography reform of 1996</a> was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUpward199722–24,_36_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpward199722–24,_36-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which is understood in all areas where German is spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Geographic_distribution"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">List of countries and territories where German is an official language</a> and <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking world">German-speaking world</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:#85C1E9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#85C1E9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#85C1E9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:#008751"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008751"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008751"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 190.31049331139px; border-left-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF0000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.420359373902px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 21.036851205653px; border-left-color:#282828"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#282828"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#282828"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#282828; color:white;"> </span> Germany (78.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Austria (8.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Switzerland (5.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008751; color:black;"> </span> Brazil (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85C1E9; color:black;"> </span> Italy (South Tyrol) (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Other (4.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a>, as well as the popularity of German taught as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MLA-2015_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA-2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eurostat-2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurostat-2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">geographical distribution of German speakers</a> (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. </p><p>However, an exact, global number of native German speakers is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2015_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartenSauer20057_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartenSauer20057-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10–25<span class="nowrap"> </span>million speak it as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2015_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSimonsFennig2015-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 75–100<span class="nowrap"> </span>million as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220<span class="nowrap"> </span>million German speakers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Statista_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statista-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German sociolinguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Ammon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Ammon (page does not exist)">Ulrich Ammon</a> estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/220px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/330px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg/440px-Legal_status_of_German_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption> The German language in Europe: <small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffcc00; color:black;"> </span> <b>German <i><a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">Sprachraum</a></i></b>: German is the official language (<i>de jure</i> or <i>de facto</i>) and first language of the majority of the population</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d98575; color:black;"> </span> German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7373d9; color:black;"> </span> German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#30efe3; color:black;"> </span> German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition</div></small></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/220px-Languages_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/330px-Languages_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Languages_Austria.svg/440px-Languages_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD700; color:black;"> </span> Most of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> lies in the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian dialects">Bavarian</a> dialect area; only the very west of the country is</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic dialects">Alemannic</a>-speaking.</div><i>Map shows Austria and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Italy.</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/220px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/330px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png/440px-Karte_Schweizer_Sprachgebiete_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="4133" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F7C7B5; color:black;"> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss</a>) German is one of the four national languages of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moselfrankisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/220px-Moselfrankisch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/330px-Moselfrankisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moselfrankisch.png/440px-Moselfrankisch.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9999FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> lies in the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> dialect area.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/220px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/330px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg/440px-BelgieGemeenschappenkaart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, German is spoken in the country's <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Community">German-speaking Community</a>, in the very east of the country.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 90<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people, or 16% of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language.<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_Sprachraum">German Sprachraum</h4></div> <p>The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language is called the "German <i><a href="/wiki/German_Sprachraum" class="mw-redirect" title="German Sprachraum">Sprachraum</a></i>". German is the official language of the following countries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">17 cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li></ul> <p>German is a co-official language of the following countries: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (as majority language only in the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Community">German-speaking Community</a>, which represents 0.7% of the Belgian population)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, along with French and Luxembourgish</li> <li>Switzerland, co-official at the federal level with French, Italian, and Romansh, and at the local level in four <a href="/wiki/List_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> (with French), <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a> (with French), <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Grisons</a> (with Italian and Romansh) and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a> (with French)</li> <li>Italy, (as majority language only in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_South_Tyrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Province of South Tyrol">Autonomous Province of South Tyrol</a>, which represents 0.6% of the Italian population)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_the_German_Sprachraum">Outside the German Sprachraum</h4></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expulsions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Germans">(forced) assimilation</a> after the two <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World wars</a> greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. </p><p>Within Europe, German is a recognized minority language in the following countries:<sup id="cite_ref-charter-ratifications_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-ratifications-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">Germans in the Czech Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig Germans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Germans of Hungary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German minority in Poland</a>; German is an <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_communes_in_Poland" title="Bilingual communes in Poland">auxiliary and co-official language in 31 communes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Germans of Romania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans in Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Germans</a>)</li></ul> <p>In France, the <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> varieties of <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> are identified as "<a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a>", but the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Namibia">Namibia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia" title="German language in Namibia">German language in Namibia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/220px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/330px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg/440px-WindhoekBaeckereiCarstensen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual German-English sign at a bakery in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, where German is a national language</figcaption></figure> <p>Namibia also was a <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">colony</a> of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today, mostly <a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">descendants of German colonial settlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmh-2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmh-2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> language called "<a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a>", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeumert2003561–613_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeumert2003561–613-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German remained a <i>de facto</i> official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, and had <i>de jure</i> co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-nmh-2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmh-2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. </p><p>Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of the <i>Sprachraum</i> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-nmh-2007_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmh-2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Namibia_(GELK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)</a>), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Namibian Broadcasting Corporation">Namibian Broadcasting Corporation</a>). The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_(Namibia)" title="Allgemeine Zeitung (Namibia)">Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span> is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-nmh-2007_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmh-2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rest_of_Africa">Rest of Africa</h4></div> <p>An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-L1eur_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L1eur-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch",<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a variety of <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> concentrated in and around <a href="/wiki/Wartburg,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Wartburg, KwaZulu-Natal">Wartburg</a>. The South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a> is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> was also a <a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become a popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German language in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></div> <p>In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language in the United States">Chinese</a> (with figures for <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> combined), with over 1 million total speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the states of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, German is the most common language spoken at home after English.<sup id="cite_ref-Blatt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blatt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a legacy of significant <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German immigration to the country</a>, German geographical names can be found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest region</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a> (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas German">Texas German</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Colonia Tovar dialect</a></div> <p>In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a> developed), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipol_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipol-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German dialects (namely <a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a>) are recognized languages in the following municipalities in Brazil: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a> (statewide cultural language): <a href="/wiki/Domingos_Martins" title="Domingos Martins">Domingos Martins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laranja_da_Terra" title="Laranja da Terra">Laranja da Terra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancas,_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancas, Espírito Santo">Pancas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Jetib%C3%A1" title="Santa Maria de Jetibá">Santa Maria de Jetibá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Pav%C3%A3o" title="Vila Pavão">Vila Pavão</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German</a> is a designated cultural language in the state): <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_do_Herval" title="Santa Maria do Herval">Santa Maria do Herval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cangu%C3%A7u" title="Canguçu">Canguçu</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos,_Santa_Catarina" title="Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina">Antônio Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerode" title="Pomerode">Pomerode</a> (standard German recognized)<sup id="cite_ref-ipol_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipol-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Chile, during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">massive immigration</a> of Germans, Swiss and Austrians. Because of that, two dialects of German emerged, <a href="/wiki/Lagunen-deutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagunen-deutsch">Lagunen-Deutsch</a> and Chiloten-Deutsch.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants even founded prosperous cities and towns. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a> was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, German and its dialects are spoken in many cities, towns and rural areas of southern Chile, such as <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osorno,_Chile" title="Osorno, Chile">Osorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Montt" title="Puerto Montt">Puerto Montt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Varas" title="Puerto Varas">Puerto Varas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frutillar" title="Frutillar">Frutillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Braunau" title="Nueva Braunau">Nueva Braunau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castro,_Chile" title="Castro, Chile">Castro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancud" title="Ancud">Ancud</a>, among many others. </p><p>Small concentrations of German-speakers and their descendants are also found in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L1eur_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L1eur-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <p>In Australia, the state of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> experienced a pronounced wave of Prussian immigration in the 1840s (particularly from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> region). With the prolonged isolation from other German speakers and contact with <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, a unique dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a> developed, spoken predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Barossa_Valley" title="Barossa Valley">Barossa Valley</a> near <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>. Usage of German sharply declined with the advent of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, due to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action. It continued to be used as a first language into the 20th century, but its use is now limited to a few older speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the 2013 census, 36,642 people in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> spoke German, mostly descendants of a small wave of 19th century German immigrants, making it the third most spoken European language after English and French and overall the ninth most spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A German <a href="/wiki/German-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="German-based creole languages">creole</a> named <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></i></span> was historically spoken in the former German colony of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>, modern day <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. It is at a high risk of extinction, with only about 100 speakers remaining, and a topic of interest among linguists seeking to revive interest in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm1989616_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm1989616-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_foreign_language">As a foreign language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_foreign_language_EU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/German_foreign_language_EU.jpg/220px-German_foreign_language_EU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/German_foreign_language_EU.jpg/330px-German_foreign_language_EU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/German_foreign_language_EU.jpg/440px-German_foreign_language_EU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Self-reported knowledge of German as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> in the EU member states (+<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>), in per cent of the adult population (+15), 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Like English, French, and Spanish, German has become a standard foreign language throughout the world, especially in the Western World.<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goethe-institut_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe-institut-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German ranks second on par with French among the best known foreign languages in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) after English,<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Levada2008_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levada2008-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French)<sup id="cite_ref-eurostat-2016_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurostat-2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the United States (after Spanish and French).<sup id="cite_ref-MLA-2015_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA-2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In British schools, where learning a foreign language is not mandatory, a dramatic decline in entries for German A-Level has been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, approximately 15.4<span class="nowrap"> </span>million people were enrolled in learning German across all levels of education worldwide. This number has decreased from a peak of 20.1<span class="nowrap"> </span>million in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-DW_survey_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DW_survey-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the EU, not counting countries where it is an official language, German as a foreign language is most popular in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eurostat_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurostat-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German was once, and to some extent still is, a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in those parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Polenz1999192–94,_96_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Polenz1999192–94,_96-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-language_media_worldwide">German-language media worldwide</h3></div> <p>A visible sign of the geographical extension of the German language is the German-language media outside the German-speaking countries. German is the second most commonly used scientific language<sup id="cite_ref-goethe1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goethe1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as the third most widely used language on websites after English and Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈvɛlə]; "<i>German Wave</i>" in German), or <b>DW</b>, is Germany's public international broadcaster. The service is available in 30 languages. DW's satellite television service consists of channels in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic. </p><p>See also: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Germany" title="List of newspapers in Germany">List of newspapers in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German-language_newspapers_published_in_the_United_States" title="List of German-language newspapers published in the United States">List of German-language newspapers published in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Germany" title="List of magazines in Germany">List of magazines in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Germany" title="List of television stations in Germany">List of television stations in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German-language_television_channels" title="List of German-language television channels">List of German-language television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Germany" title="List of radio stations in Germany">List of radio stations in Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German-language_radio_stations" title="List of German-language radio stations">List of German-language radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a> [ˈɡøːtə ʔɪnstiˌtuːt] (a non-profit German cultural association operational worldwide with 159 institutes, promoting the study of the German language abroad and encouraging international cultural exchange and relations.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_German">Standard German</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/330px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg/440px-Knowledge_of_German_EU_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Self-reported knowledge of German within the nations of the European Union</figcaption></figure> <p>The basis of Standard German developed with the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> and the chancery language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxon court</a>, part of the regional High German group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwadesh197153_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwadesh197153-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are places where the traditional regional dialects have been replaced by new vernaculars based on Standard German; that is the case in large stretches of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> but also in major cities in other parts of the country. It is important to note, however, that the colloquial Standard German differs from the formal written language, especially in grammar and syntax, in which it has been influenced by dialectal speech. </p><p>Standard German differs regionally among German-speaking countries in <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> and some instances of <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>. This variation must not be confused with the variation of local <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a>. Even though the national varieties of Standard German are only somewhat influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. German is thus considered a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, with currently three national standard varieties of German: <a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">Standard German German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Standard Austrian German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Standard Swiss German</a>. In comparison to other European languages (e.g. Portuguese, English), the multi-standard character of German is still not widely acknowledged.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, 90% of Austrian secondary school teachers of German consider German as having "more than one" standard variety.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, some scholars speak of a <a href="/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom" title="One Standard German Axiom">One Standard German Axiom</a> that has been maintained as a core assumption of German dialectology.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most regions, the speakers use a continuum, e.g. "Umgangssprache" (colloquial standards) from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties depending on the circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_varieties_of_German.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Standard_varieties_of_German.png/180px-Standard_varieties_of_German.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Standard_varieties_of_German.png/270px-Standard_varieties_of_German.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Standard_varieties_of_German.png/360px-Standard_varieties_of_German.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>The national and regional standard varieties of German<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In German <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>. The <i>varieties of Standard German</i> refer to the different local varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric</a> German. They differ mainly in lexicon and phonology, but also smaller grammatical differences. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Standard_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Standard German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> <p>In the German-speaking parts of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, mixtures of dialect and standard are very seldom used, and the use of Standard German is largely restricted to the written language. About 11% of the Swiss residents speak Standard German at home, but this is mainly due to German immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation has been called a <i>medial <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> is used in the Swiss education system, while <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> is officially used in the Austrian education system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a></div> <p>The German dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with standard German, and they have great differences in <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. If a narrow definition of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for instance by <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a>). However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics. </p><p>The German dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Low Saxon</a>. However, historically, High German dialects and Low Saxon/Low German dialects do not belong to the same language. Nevertheless, in today's Germany, Low Saxon/Low German is often perceived as a dialectal variation of Standard German on a functional level even by many native speakers. </p><p>The variation among the German dialects is considerable, with often only neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible. Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_German">Low German</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG/180px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG/270px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG/360px-Verbreitungsgebiet_der_heutigen_niederdeutschen_Mundarten-2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialects</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In 1534, the <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> was published. It aimed to be understandable to a broad audience and was based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and became the language of science and literature. Around the same time, the Hanseatic League, a confederation of northern ports, lost its importance as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established, and the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern Germany. </p><p>The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education in <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> in schools. Gradually, Low German came to be politically viewed as a mere dialect spoken by the uneducated. The proportion of the population who can understand and speak it has decreased continuously since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: most of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enschede" title="Enschede">Enschede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, and historically also <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Franconian">Low Franconian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> dialects fall within a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties most closely related to, and including, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>. Consequently, the vast majority of the Low Franconian dialects are spoken outside of the German language area. Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the Netherlands, Belgium, South Africa, Suriname and Namibia, and along the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> in Germany, in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. The region in Germany encompasses parts of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr_metropolitan_region" title="Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region">Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>. </p><p>The Low Franconian dialects have three different standard varieties: In the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname, it is Dutch, which is itself a Low Franconian language. In South Africa, it is <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, which is also categorized as Low Franconian. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a>, the Low Franconian dialects now spoken in Germany, used <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> or Early Modern Dutch as their <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dachsprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachsprache">Dachsprache</a>. Following a 19th-century change in Prussian language policy, use of Dutch as an official and public language was forbidden; resulting in <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> taking its place as the region's official language.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, these dialects are now considered German dialects from a socio-linguistic point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Low Franconian dialects in Germany are divided by the <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen line</a> (north of which "i" is pronounced as "ik" and south of which as "ich") into northern and southern Low Franconian. The northern variants comprise <a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a>, which is most similar to Standard Dutch. The other ones are transitional between Low Franconian and <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a>, but closer to Low Franconian. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gqeberha" title="Gqeberha">Gqeberha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>*, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Tilburg" title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mülheim an der Ruhr">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoetermeer" title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a>*, <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a>*, <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a>, and the south of <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>*.</li></ul> <p>* <small>city with German as standard language</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_German">High German</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/180px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/270px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png/360px-Mitteldeutsche_Mundarten.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png/180px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png/270px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png/360px-Fr%C3%A4nkisches_Sprachgebiet.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Franconian_(linguistics)" title="Franconian (linguistics)">Franconian</a> dialects<br />(The <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_fan" title="Rhenish fan">Rhenish fan</a>)<br /> 1. <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Northern Low Franconian</div> <i><a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">ik–ich line</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0E68C; color:black;"> </span> Southern Low Franconian</div> <i><a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">maken–machen line</a></i><br /> 2. Middle Franconian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ADFF2F; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></div> <i>Dorp–Dorf line</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9ACD32; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a>*</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006400; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>*</div> <i><a href="/wiki/Sankt_Goar_line" title="Sankt Goar line">dat–das line</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#228B22; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhenish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhenish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a>*</div> <i><a href="/wiki/Speyer_line" title="Speyer line">Appel–Apfel line</a></i><br /> 3. <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="High Franconian">High Franconian</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00008B; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E90FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/South_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Franconian">South Franconian</a>** <br />*<a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a> in France<br />**<a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> in France</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The High German dialects consist of the <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">High Franconian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects. The High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. The High German varieties spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi Jew">Ashkenazi Jews</a> have several unique features and are considered as a separate language, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, written with the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_German">Central German</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> dialects are spoken in Central Germany, from <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a> in the east. Modern Standard German is mostly based on Central German dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="West_Central_German">West Central German</h5></div> <p>The West Central German dialects are the <a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Franconian dialects">Central Franconian dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian dialects">Moselle Franconian</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian dialects">Rhenish Franconian dialects</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a>). These dialects are considered as </p> <ul><li>German in Germany and Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> in Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> (in a <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhenish Franconian</a> variant) in <a href="/wiki/Alsace_bossue" title="Alsace bossue">Alsace bossue</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect" title="Kerkrade dialect">Kerkrade dialect</a> in the Netherlands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, Romania (considered a variant of German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabian_dialect" title="Banat Swabian dialect">Banat Swabian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, Romania (considered a variant of German)</li></ul> <p>Luxembourgish as well as Transylvanian Saxon and Banat Swabian are based on <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> dialects. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwigshafen am Rhein">Ludwigshafen am Rhein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>, the south of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, and in Romania: <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a> (German: Klausenburg),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a> (Temeschburg),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a> (Kronstadt),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a> (Großwardein),<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> (Hermannstadt)<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a> (Neumarkt am Mieresch).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="East_Central_German">East Central German</h5></div> <p>Further east, the non-<a href="/wiki/Franconian_(linguistics)" title="Franconian (linguistics)">Franconian</a>, East Central German dialects are spoken (<a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a> (dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>) and <a href="/wiki/East_Central_German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch" title="East Central German">North Upper Saxon–South Markish</a>, and earlier, in the then German-speaking parts of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> also <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian</a>, and in then German southern <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> also <a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a>). </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Franconian">High Franconian</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/180px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/270px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/360px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">High Franconian</a> (transitional between Central and Upper German)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Franconian_German" title="High Franconian German">High Franconian dialects</a> are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. They consist of the <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a> dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="East_Franconian">East Franconian</h5></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> dialects are spoken in the region of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>. Franconia consists of the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a>, the region of <a href="/wiki/South_Thuringia" title="South Thuringia">South Thuringia</a> (those parts of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Forest" title="Thuringian Forest">Thuringian Forest</a>), and the eastern parts of the region of <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn-Franken" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilbronn-Franken">Heilbronn-Franken</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tauber_Franconia" title="Tauber Franconia">Tauber Franconia</a> and Hohenlohe) in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. East Franconian is also spoken in most parts of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogtland District">Vogtland District</a> around <a href="/wiki/Plauen" title="Plauen">Plauen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichenbach_im_Vogtland" title="Reichenbach im Vogtland">Reichenbach im Vogtland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auerbach/Vogtl." class="mw-redirect" title="Auerbach/Vogtl.">Auerbach/Vogtl.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oelsnitz/Vogtl." class="mw-redirect" title="Oelsnitz/Vogtl.">Oelsnitz/Vogtl.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klingenthal" title="Klingenthal">Klingenthal</a>). East Franconian is colloquially referred to as "Fränkisch" (<a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">Franconian</a>) in Franconia (including Bavarian Vogtland), and as "Vogtländisch" (<a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a>) in Saxon Vogtland. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Franconian">South Franconian</h5></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Franconian">South Franconian</a> is spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and in the northeasternmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Wissembourg" title="Wissembourg">Wissembourg</a>) in France. In Baden-Württemberg, they are considered dialects of German, and in Alsace a South Franconian variant of <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Upper_German">Upper German</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> dialects are the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a> dialects in the west and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alemannic_and_Swabian">Alemannic and Swabian</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_(15922347261).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg/180px-Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg/270px-Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg/360px-Andermatt_-_Schwiizerd%C3%BCtsch_%2815922347261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> restaurant sign in <a href="/wiki/Andermatt" title="Andermatt">Andermatt</a>: "Chuchichäschtli", in Standard German "Küchenkästlein"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> in the densely populated <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> including <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, in the south also <a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>), Baden-Württemberg (<a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a> and Low Alemannic, in the southwest also High Alemannic), <a href="/wiki/Swabia_(Bavaria)" title="Swabia (Bavaria)">Bavarian Swabia</a> (Swabian, in the southwesternmost part also Low Alemannic), <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>/Austria (Low, High, and Highest Alemannic), <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>/France (Low Alemannic, in the southernmost part also High Alemannic), <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (High and Highest Alemannic), and in the <a href="/wiki/Reutte_District" title="Reutte District">district of Reutte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>, Austria (Swabian). The Alemannic dialects are considered </p> <ul><li>German in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Swabia">Bavarian Swabia</a>, Germany</li> <li>Vorarlbergerisch in <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, Austria (considered dialects of German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> in Switzerland and Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, France</li></ul> <p>In Germany, the Alemannic dialects are often referred to as Swabian in <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Swabia">Bavarian Swabia</a> and in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, and as Badian in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>. </p><p>The southernmost German-speaking municipality is in the Alemannic region: <a href="/wiki/Zermatt" title="Zermatt">Zermatt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Canton of Valais</a>, Switzerland, as is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>: Strossburi),<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a> (Alsatian: Mìlhüsa).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png/180px-Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png/270px-Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png/360px-Austro_Bavarian_Languages-01.png 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, and in most parts of <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>), southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a>), and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>. Austro-Bavarian is also spoken in southwesternmost <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>: in the southernmost tip of <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogtland District">Vogtland District</a> around <a href="/wiki/Adorf" title="Adorf">Adorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Brambach" title="Bad Brambach">Bad Brambach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Elster" title="Bad Elster">Bad Elster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markneukirchen" title="Markneukirchen">Markneukirchen</a>), where it is referred to as Vogtländisch (<a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a>), just like the <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> variant that dominates in Vogtland. There is also one single Austro-Bavarian village in Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Samnaun" title="Samnaun">Samnaun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_the_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of the Grisons">Canton of the Grisons</a>. </p><p>The northernmost Austro-Bavarian village is Breitenfeld (municipality of <a href="/wiki/Markneukirchen" title="Markneukirchen">Markneukirchen</a>, Saxony), the southernmost village is <a href="/wiki/Salorno_sulla_Strada_del_Vino" class="mw-redirect" title="Salorno sulla Strada del Vino">Salorno sulla Strada del Vino</a> (German: Salurn an der Weinstraße), South Tyrol. </p> <ul><li>Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a> (German: Bozen) and <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt_am_W%C3%B6rthersee" title="Klagenfurt am Wörthersee">Klagenfurt am Wörthersee</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regiolects">Regiolects</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinian</a>, the High German regiolect or dialect of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with Low German substrate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missingsch" title="Missingsch">Missingsch</a>, a Low-German-coloured variety of High German.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhrdeutsch" title="Ruhrdeutsch">Ruhrdeutsch</a> (Ruhr German), the High German regiolect of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German grammar</a></div> <p>German is a <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with a moderate degree of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, with three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>; as such, there can be a large number of words derived from the same root. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_inflection">Noun inflection</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center"> <caption>Declension of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> definite article </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Case </td> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Masculine">Masc.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Neuter">Neu.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Feminine">Fem.</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> </th> <td style="background-color: lavender"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: paleGreen; border-style: solid solid none solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: coral; border-style: solid none none solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: coral; border-style: solid solid none none"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </th> <td style="background-color: peachPuff; border-style: solid none solid solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dem</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: peachPuff; border-style: solid solid solid none"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dem</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: lavender; border-style: solid solid none solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: silver"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">den</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> </th> <td style="background-color: paleTurquoise; border-style: solid none solid solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: paleTurquoise; border-style: solid solid solid none"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">des</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: lavender; border-style: none none solid solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: lavender; border-style: solid solid solid none"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> </th> <td style="background-color: silver"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">den</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: paleGreen; border-style: none solid solid solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: coral; border-style: none none solid solid"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td> <td style="background-color: coral; border-style: none solid solid none"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">die</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_German" title="Grammatical gender in German">Grammatical gender in German</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_nouns" title="German nouns">German nouns</a> inflect by case, gender, and number: </p> <ul><li>four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>.</li> <li>three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Word endings sometimes reveal grammatical gender: for instance, nouns ending in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ung</i></span> (-ing), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-schaft</i></span> (-ship), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-keit</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">heit</i></span> (-hood, -ness) are feminine, nouns ending in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-chen</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-lein</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> forms) are neuter and nouns ending in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ismus</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">-ism</a>) are masculine. Others are more variable, sometimes depending on the region in which the language is spoken. And some endings are not restricted to one gender, for example: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-er</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">-er</a>), such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feier</i></span> (feminine), celebration, party; <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arbeiter</i></span> (masculine), labourer; and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gewitter</i></span> (neuter), thunderstorm.</li> <li>two numbers: singular and plural.</li></ul> <p>This degree of inflection is considerably less than in <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> and other old <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and it is also somewhat less than, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, or Russian. The three genders have collapsed in the plural. With four cases and three genders plus plural, there are 16 permutations of case and gender/number of the article (not the nouns), but there are only six forms of the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a>, which together cover all 16 permutations. In nouns, inflection for case is required in the singular for strong masculine and neuter nouns only in the genitive and in the dative (only in fixed or archaic expressions), and even this is losing ground to substitutes in informal speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbourStevenson1990160–3_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbourStevenson1990160–3-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weak masculine nouns share a common case ending for genitive, dative, and accusative in the singular. Feminine nouns are not declined in the singular. The plural has an inflection for the dative. In total, seven inflectional endings (not counting plural markers) exist in German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-s, -es, -n, -ns, -en, -ens, -e</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounding">Compounding</h3></div> <p>Like the other Germanic languages, German forms noun <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a> in which the first noun modifies the category given by the second: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hundehütte</i></span> ("dog hut"; specifically: "dog kennel"). Unlike English, whose newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written "open" with separating spaces, German (like some other Germanic languages) nearly always uses the "closed" form without spaces, for example: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Baumhaus</i></span> ("tree house"). Like English, German allows arbitrarily long compounds in theory (see also <a href="/wiki/English_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="English compounds">English compounds</a>). The longest German word verified to be actually in (albeit very limited) use is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rinderkennzeichnungs-_und_Rindfleischetikettierungs%C3%BCberwachungsaufgaben%C3%BCbertragungsgesetz" title="Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz">Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz</a></i></span>, which, literally translated, is "beef labelling supervision duties assignment law" [from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rind</i></span> (cattle), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fleisch</i></span> (meat), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Etikettierung(s)</i></span> (labelling), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Überwachung(s)</i></span> (supervision), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufgaben</i></span> (duties), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Übertragung(s)</i></span> (assignment), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesetz</i></span> (law)]. However, examples like this are perceived by native speakers as excessively bureaucratic, stylistically awkward, or even satirical. On the other hand, even this compound could be expanded by any native speaker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_inflection">Verb inflection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_verbs" title="German verbs">German verbs</a></div> <p>The inflection of standard German verbs includes: </p> <ul><li>Two main <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> classes: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">weak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">strong</a> (as in English). Additionally, there is a third class, known as mixed verbs, whose conjugation combines features of both the strong and weak patterns.</li> <li>Three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a>: first, second and third.</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>: singular and plural.</li> <li>Three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>: <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> (in addition to <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>).</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a>: active and passive. The passive voice uses auxiliary verbs and is divisible into static and dynamic. Static forms show a constant state and use the verb <i>to be</i> (sein). Dynamic forms show an action and use the verb <i>to become</i> (werden).</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> without auxiliary verbs (<a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>) and four tenses constructed with auxiliary verbs (<a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a>).</li> <li>The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">grammatical aspects</a> is rendered by combined use of the subjunctive or preterite marking so the plain indicative voice uses neither of those two markers; the subjunctive by itself often conveys reported speech; subjunctive plus preterite marks the conditional state; and the preterite alone shows either plain indicative (in the past), or functions as a (literal) alternative for either reported speech or the conditional state of the verb, when necessary for clarity.</li> <li>The distinction between perfect and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">progressive aspect</a> is and has, at every stage of development, been a productive category of the older language and in nearly all documented dialects, but strangely enough it is now rigorously excluded from written usage in its present normalised form.</li> <li>Disambiguation of completed vs. uncompleted forms is widely observed and regularly generated by common prefixes (<i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blicken#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:blicken">blicken</a></i></i> [to look], <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/erblicken#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:erblicken">erblicken</a></i></i> [to see – unrelated form: <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sehen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:sehen">sehen</a></i>]).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_prefixes">Verb prefixes</h4></div> <p>The meaning of basic verbs can be expanded and sometimes radically changed through the use of a number of prefixes. Some prefixes have a specific meaning; the prefix <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zer-</i></span></b> refers to destruction, as in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>zer</b>reißen</i></span> (to tear apart), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>zer</b>brechen</i></span> (to break apart), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>zer</b>schneiden</i></span> (to cut apart). Other prefixes have only the vaguest meaning in themselves; <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ver-</i></span></b> is found in a number of verbs with a large variety of meanings, as in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>suchen</i></span> (to try) from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">suchen</i></span> (to seek), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>nehmen</i></span> (to interrogate) from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">nehmen</i></span> (to take), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>teilen</i></span> (to distribute) from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">teilen</i></span> (to share), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>stehen</i></span> (to understand) from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">stehen</i></span> (to stand). </p><p>Other examples include the following: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">haften</i></span> (to stick), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>haften</i></span> (to detain); <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kaufen</i></span> (to buy), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>ver</b>kaufen</i></span> (to sell); <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hören</i></span> (to hear), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>auf</b>hören</i></span> (to cease); <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">fahren</i></span> (to drive), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><b>er</b>fahren</i></span> (to experience). </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/German_verbs" title="German verbs">German verbs</a> have a separable prefix, often with an adverbial function. In <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> forms, it is split off and moved to the end of the clause and is hence considered by some to be a "resultative particle". For example, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mitgehen</i></span>, meaning "to go along", would be split, giving <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gehen Sie mit?</i></span> (Literal: "Go you with?"; Idiomatic: "Are you going along?"). </p><p>Indeed, several <a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical</a> clauses may occur between the prefix of a finite verb and its complement (ankommen = to arrive, er kam an = he arrived, er ist angekommen = he has arrived): </p> <dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Er <b>kam</b> am Freitagabend nach einem harten Arbeitstag und dem üblichen Ärger, der ihn schon seit Jahren immer wieder an seinem Arbeitsplatz plagt, mit fraglicher Freude auf ein Mahl, das seine Frau ihm, wie er hoffte, bereits aufgetischt hatte, endlich zu Hause <b>an</b>.</i></span></dd></dl> <p>A selectively literal translation of this example to illustrate the point might look like this: </p> <dl><dd>He "came" on Friday evening, after a hard day at work and the usual annoyances that had time and again been troubling him for years now at his workplace, with questionable joy, to a meal which, as he hoped, his wife had already put on the table, finally home "to".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3></div> <p>German word order is generally with the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a> restriction and also with the <a href="/wiki/SOV_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV word order">SOV word order</a> restriction for main <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes–no questions">yes–no questions</a>, exclamations, and wishes, the <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> always has the first position. In subordinate clauses, all verb forms occur at the very end. </p><p>German requires a verbal element (main verb, modal verb or <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> as finite verb) to appear <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">second in the sentence</a>. The verb is preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic</a> of the sentence. The element in focus appears at the end of the sentence. For a sentence without an auxiliary, these are several possibilities: </p> <dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der alte Mann gab mir gestern das Buch.</i></span> (The old man gave me yesterday the book; normal order)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Buch gab mir gestern der alte Mann.</i></span> (The book gave [to] me yesterday the old man)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Buch gab der alte Mann mir gestern.</i></span> (The book gave the old man [to] me yesterday)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Buch gab mir der alte Mann gestern.</i></span> (The book gave [to] me the old man yesterday)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestern gab mir der alte Mann das Buch.</i></span> (Yesterday gave [to] me the old man the book, normal order)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mir gab der alte Mann das Buch gestern.</i></span> ([To] me gave the old man the book yesterday (entailing: as for someone else, it was another date))</dd></dl> <p>The position of a noun in a German sentence has no bearing on its being a subject, an object or another argument. In a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">declarative sentence</a> in English, if the subject does not occur before the predicate, the sentence could well be misunderstood. </p><p>However, German's flexible word order allows one to emphasise specific words: </p><p>Normal word order: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro.</i></span></dd> <dd>The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Second variant in normal word order: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Direktor betrat sein Büro gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.</i></span></dd> <dd>The manager entered his office yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>This variant accentuates the time specification and that he carried an umbrella.</dd></dl> <p>Object in front: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sein Büro betrat der Direktor gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.</i></span></dd> <dd>His office entered the manager yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The object <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sein Büro</i></span> (his office) is thus highlighted; it could be the topic of the next sentence.</dd></dl> <p>Adverb of time in front: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestern betrat der Direktor um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro. (aber heute ohne Schirm)</i></span></dd> <dd>Yesterday entered the manager at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office. (but today without umbrella)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Both time expressions in front: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro</i></span>.</dd> <dd>Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager with an umbrella in the hand his office.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The full-time specification <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestern um 10 Uhr</i></span> is highlighted.</dd></dl> <p>Another possibility: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand</i></span>.</dd> <dd>Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager his office with an umbrella in the hand.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Both the time specification and the fact he carried an umbrella are accentuated.</dd></dl> <p>Swapped adverbs: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Direktor betrat mit einem Schirm in der Hand gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro.</i></span></dd> <dd>The manager entered with an umbrella in the hand yesterday at 10 o'clock his office.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The phrase <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mit einem Schirm in der Hand</i></span> is highlighted.</dd></dl> <p>Swapped object: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand.</i></span></dd> <dd>The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock his office with an umbrella in the hand.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>The time specification and the object <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sein Büro</i></span> (his office) are lightly accentuated.</dd></dl> <p>The flexible word order also allows one to use language "tools" (such as <a href="/wiki/Poetic_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetic meter">poetic meter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Figures of speech">figures of speech</a>) more freely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliary_verbs">Auxiliary verbs</h4></div> <p>When an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> is present, it appears in second position, and the main verb appears at the end. This occurs notably in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect tense</a>. Many word orders are still possible: </p> <dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der alte Mann hat mir heute das Buch gegeben.</i></span> (The old man has me today the book given.)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Buch hat der alte Mann mir heute gegeben.</i></span> (<i><b>The book</b></i> has the old man me today given.)</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heute hat der alte Mann mir das Buch gegeben.</i></span> (<i><b>Today</b></i> has the old man me the book given.)</dd></dl> <p>The main verb may appear in first position to put stress on the action itself. The <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> is still in second position. </p> <dl><dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gegeben hat mir der alte Mann das Buch heute.</i></span> (<i><b>Given</b></i> has me the old man the book <b>today</b>.) The bare fact that the book has been given is emphasized, as well as 'today'.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modal_verbs">Modal verbs</h4></div> <p>Sentences using <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verbs</a> as finite verbs place the infinitive at the end. For example, the English sentence "Should he go home?" would be rearranged in German to say "Should he (to) home go?" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Soll er nach Hause gehen?</i></span>). Thus, in sentences with several subordinate or relative clauses, the infinitives are clustered at the end. Compare the similar clustering of prepositions in the following (highly contrived) English sentence: "What did you bring that book that I do not like to be read to out of up for?" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_infinitives">Multiple infinitives</h4></div> <p>German subordinate clauses have all verbs clustered at the end, with the finite verb normally in the final position of the cluster. Given that auxiliaries encode <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">modality</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, very long chains of verbs at the end of the sentence can occur. In these constructions, the past participle formed with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ge-</i></span> is often replaced by the infinitive. </p> <dl><dd><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Man nimmt an, dass der Deserteur wohl erschossen</i></span><sub>V</sub> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">worden</i></span><sub>psv</sub> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sein</i></span><sub>perf</sub> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">soll</i></span><sub>mod</sub></i></dd> <dd>One suspects that the deserter probably shot become be should.</dd> <dd>("It is suspected that the deserter probably had been shot")</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel hatte machen lassen</i></span></dd> <dd>He knew not that the agent a picklock had make let</dd> <dd><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel machen lassen hatte</i></span></dd> <dd>He knew not that the agent a picklock make let had</dd> <dd>("He did not know that the agent had had a picklock made")</dd></dl> <p>The order at the end of such strings is subject to variation, but the second one in the last example is unusual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <p>Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeao201125_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeao201125-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a significant number of loanwords from other languages, in particular <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and most recently <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a> estimated that one fifth of the total German vocabulary was of French or Latin origin.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin words were already imported into the predecessor of the German language during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and underwent all the characteristic phonetic changes in German. Their origin is thus no longer recognizable for most speakers (e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pforte</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tafel</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mauer</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Käse</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Köln</i></span> from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">porta</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tabula</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">murus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caseus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Colonia</i></span>). Borrowing from Latin continued after the fall of the Roman Empire during <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a>, mediated by the church and monasteries. Another important influx of Latin words can be observed during <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>. In a scholarly context, the borrowings from Latin have continued until today, in the last few decades often indirectly through borrowings from English. During the 15th to 17th centuries, the influence of Italian was great, leading to many Italian loanwords in the fields of architecture, finance and music. The influence of the French language in the 17th to 19th centuries resulted in an even greater import of French words. The English influence was already present in the 19th century, but it did not become dominant until the second half of the 20th century. </p><p>Thus, <a href="/wiki/Notker_Labeo" title="Notker Labeo">Notker Labeo</a> translated the Aristotelian treatises into pure (Old High) German in the decades after the year 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattemer18495_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattemer18495-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of loan translation revitalized in the 17th and 18th century with poets like <a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_Zesen" title="Philipp von Zesen">Philipp von Zesen</a> or linguists like <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heinrich_Campe" title="Joachim Heinrich Campe">Joachim Heinrich Campe</a>, who introduced close to 300 words, which are still used in modern German. Even today, there are movements that promote the substitution of foreign words that are deemed unnecessary with German alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in English, there are many pairs of <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> due to the enrichment of the Germanic vocabulary with <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from Latin and Latinized Greek. These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly. </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Historie, historisch</i></span> – "history, historical", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichte, geschichtlich</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Humanität, human</i></span> – "humaneness, humane", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Menschlichkeit, menschlich</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Millennium</i></span> – "millennium", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jahrtausend</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Perzeption</i></span> – "perception", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wahrnehmung</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Vokabular</i></span> – "vocabulary", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wortschatz</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diktionär</i></span> – "dictionary, wordbook", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wörterbuch</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">probieren</i></span> – "to try", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">versuchen</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">proponieren</i></span> – "to propose", (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vorschlagen</i></span>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/German_dictionary.jpg/220px-German_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/German_dictionary.jpg/330px-German_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/German_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i> (1st vol., 1854) by the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a></i></span> (<i>German Dictionary</i>), initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a>) and the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language, already contained over 330,000 headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups (based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> in Leipzig, which as of July 2003 included 500<span class="nowrap"> </span>million words in total).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="German braille">German braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995,_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/220px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/330px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg/440px-Oesterreichische_Schulschrift_1995%2C_2_-_Schraegschrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Austria's standardized <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/220px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/330px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/440px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Germany's standardized cursive</figcaption></figure> <p>Written texts in German are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such as <a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">umlauts</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">orthographical</a> features, such as the capitalization of all nouns, and the frequent occurrence of long compounds. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts. (English also can string nouns together, though it usually separates the nouns with spaces: as, for example, "toilet bowl cleaner".) </p><p>In German orthography, nouns are capitalized, which makes it easier for readers to determine the function of a word within a sentence. This convention is almost unique to German today (shared perhaps only by the closely related <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> language and several insular dialects of the <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian language</a>), but it was historically common in Northern Europe in the early modern era, including in languages such as Danish which abolished the capitalization of nouns in 1948, and English for a while, into the 1700s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">German orthography reform of 1996</a>, <i>ß</i> replaced <i>ss</i> after <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> and before consonants, word-, or partial-word endings. In reformed spelling, <i>ß</i> replaces <i>ss</i> only after long vowels and diphthongs. </p><p>Since there is no traditional capital form of <i>ß</i>, it was replaced by <i>SS</i> (or <i>SZ</i>) when capitalization was required. For example, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Maßband</i></span> (tape measure) became <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">MASSBAND</i></span> in capitals. An exception was the use of ß in legal documents and forms when capitalizing names. To avoid confusion with similar names, lower case <i>ß</i> was sometimes maintained (thus "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">KREßLEIN</i></span>" instead of "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">KRESSLEIN</i></span>"). <a href="/wiki/Capital_%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital ß">Capital ß</a> (ẞ) was ultimately adopted into German orthography in 2017, ending a long orthographic debate (thus "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">KREẞLEIN</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">KRESSLEIN</i></span>").<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Umlaut vowels (ä, ö, ü) are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. In the same manner, ß can be transcribed as ss. Some <a href="/wiki/Operating_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating systems">operating systems</a> use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> this is done using <a href="/wiki/Alt_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt codes">Alt codes</a>. German readers understand these transcriptions (although they appear unusual), but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling. (In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.g. <i>Raesfeld</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈraːsfɛlt]</a></span>, <i>Coesfeld</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkoːsfɛlt]</span> and <i>Itzehoe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪtsəˈhoː]</span>, but this use of the letter e after a/o/u does not occur in the present-day spelling of words other than <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>.) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:German_alphabet-2.ogg" title="File:German alphabet-2.ogg">German alphabet</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="German_alphabet-2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/German_alphabet-2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/German_alphabet-2.ogg/German_alphabet-2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_alphabet-2.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">(Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e. Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts. As an example in a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">telephone book</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ärzte</i></span> occurs after <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Adressenverlage</i></span> but before <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anlagenbauer</i></span> (because Ä is replaced by Ae). In a dictionary <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ärzte</i></span> comes after <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arzt</i></span>, but in some dictionaries <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ärzte</i></span> and all other words starting with <i>Ä</i> may occur after all words starting with <i>A</i>. In some older dictionaries or indexes, initial <i>Sch</i> and <i>St</i> are treated as separate letters and are listed as separate entries after <i>S</i>, but they are usually treated as S+C+H and S+T. </p><p>Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma (<a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a>) as in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">„Guten Morgen!“</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past">Past</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fraktur-ru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fraktur-ru.jpg/220px-Fraktur-ru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fraktur-ru.jpg/330px-Fraktur-ru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fraktur-ru.jpg/440px-Fraktur-ru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>A Russian dictionary from 1931, showing the "German alphabet" – the 3rd and 4th columns of each half are <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> respectively, with the footnote explaining <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> used in Fraktur</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2nd_Orthographic_Conference_(German)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Orthographic Conference (German)">2nd Orthographic Conference (German)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiqua%E2%80%93Fraktur_dispute" title="Antiqua–Fraktur dispute">Antiqua–Fraktur dispute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1944" title="German orthography reform of 1944">German orthography reform of 1944</a></div> <p>Until the early 20th century, German was printed in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a>), and written in corresponding <a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">handwriting</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a>). These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a> typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read. The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinecke191055_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinecke191055-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>, but they abolished them in 1941, claiming that these letters were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that this script was banned during the Nazi régime,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as they realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapr199381_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapr199381-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity. </p><p>A proper use of the <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">langes s</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a>, is essential for writing German text in <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a> typefaces. Many <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a> typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in Antiqua typesetting. Any lower case "s" at the beginning of a syllable would be a long s, as opposed to a terminal s or short s (the more common variation of the letter s), which marks the end of a syllable; for example, in differentiating between the words <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wachſtube</i></span> (guard-house) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wachstube</i></span> (tube of polish/wax). One can easily decide which "s" to use by appropriate hyphenation, (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wach-ſtube</i></span> vs. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wachs-tube</i></span>). The long s only appears in <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consonant_shifts">Consonant shifts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></div> <p>German does not have any <a href="/wiki/Dental_fricative" title="Dental fricative">dental fricatives</a> (the category containing English <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>). All of the <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> sounds, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes possible to find parallels between English and German by replacing the English <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span> in German, e.g. "thank" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dank</i></span>, "this" and "that" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">dies</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a>" (old 2nd person singular pronoun) → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">du</i></span>, "think" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">denken</i></span>, "thirsty" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">durstig</i></span>, etc. </p><p>Likewise, the <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> English words, pronounced in several different ways in modern English (as an <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> or not at all), can often be linked to German <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span>, e.g. "to laugh" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">lachen</i></span>, "through" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">durch</i></span>, "high" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hoch</i></span>, "naught" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">nichts</i></span>, "light" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">leicht</i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Licht</i></span>, "sight" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sicht</i></span>, "daughter" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tochter</i></span>, "neighbour" → <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nachbar</i></span>. This is due to the fact that English <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> was historically pronounced in the same way as German <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> (as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ç/</span> in an allophonic relationship, or potentially as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> in all circumstances as in modern Dutch) with these word pairs originally (up until around the mid to late 16th century) sounding far more similar than they do today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a></div> <p>The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, with the most notable authors of the period being <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></span>, whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm</a> in the 19th century became famous throughout the world. </p><p>Reformer and theologian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who translated the Bible into High German (a regional group or German varieties at southern and therefore <i>higher</i> regions), is widely credited for attibuted to the basis for the modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> language. Among the best-known poets and authors in German are <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a>. Fourteen German-speaking people have won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in literature">Nobel Prize in literature</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Heyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul von Heyse">Paul von Heyse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a>, making it the second most awarded linguistic region (together with French) after English. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a><br /><small>(1749–1832)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a><br /><small>(1759–1805)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a><br /><small>(1785–1863)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a><br /><small>(1875–1955)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a><br /><small>(1877–1962)</small> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/190px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/284px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/379px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="3167" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/128px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/192px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg/256px-Gerhard_von_K%C3%BCgelgen_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grimm1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg/124px-Grimm1.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg/186px-Grimm1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Grimm1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="242" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/100px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/150px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg/200px-Thomas_Mann_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="696" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/110px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/164px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg/219px-Hermann_Hesse_1927_Photo_Gret_Widmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Luxembourg portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_German_language" title="Outline of German language">Outline of German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deutsch (disambiguation)">Deutsch (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name#Surnames" title="German name">German family name etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_toponymy" title="German toponymy">German toponymy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanism_(linguistics)" title="Germanism (linguistics)">Germanism (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_exonyms" title="German exonyms">German exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_expressions_in_English" title="List of German expressions in English">List of German expressions in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_words_of_French_origin" title="List of German words of French origin">List of German words of French origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudo-German_words_in_English" title="List of pseudo-German words in English">List of pseudo-German words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">List of terms used for Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">List of countries and territories where German is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDR_German" title="DDR German">DDR German</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoossens198327-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">menschlich</i></span>, and occasionally <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">human</i></span>, may also mean "human, pertaining to humans", whereas <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Menschlichkeit</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Humanität</i></span> never mean "humanity, human race", which translates to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Menschheit</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In modern German, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diktionär</i></span> is mostly considered archaic.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in danger of extinction due to the <a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Francization of Brussels</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">moribund</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">historically Low German</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">historically Low German</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">historically Low German</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">historically Low German</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/150px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/200px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and Technology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">List of German inventions and discoveries</a>)</sub></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Germany">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_humour" title="German humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Germany">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Germany">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a>)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="German legend">German legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_cuisine" title="Baden cuisine">Baden cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Hamburg cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_cuisine" title="Hessian cuisine">Hessian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_cuisine" title="Lower Saxon cuisine">Lower Saxon cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_cuisine" title="Ore Mountain cuisine">Ore Mountain cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_cuisine" title="Palatine cuisine">Palatine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_cuisine" title="Pomeranian cuisine">Pomeranian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_cuisine" title="Swabian cuisine">Swabian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_dishes" title="List of German dishes">List of German dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Freedom of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church" title="Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church">Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Church_in_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish Church in Southern Schleswig">Danish Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Old_Catholics_in_Germany" title="Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany">Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Germany" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Germany" title="Baháʼí Faith in Germany">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_artists" title="List of German artists">artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_painters" title="List of German painters">painters</a>) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre_in_Germany" title="Category:Theatre in Germany">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Germany">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Germany">Media</a></div></div><div 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategorie:Liste_(Kulturdenkmale_in_Deutschland)" class="extiw" title="de:Kategorie:Liste (Kulturdenkmale in Deutschland)">Monuments Lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Germany">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Germany">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, S. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurobarometer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eurobarometer_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">"Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (report). <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+386%3A+Europeans+and+their+languages&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_386_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/moses-mendelssohns-beur-translating-the-torah-in-the-age-of-enlightenment">"Moses Mendelssohn's Be'ur: Translating the Torah in the Age of Enlightenment – TheTorah.com"</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190136/https://www.thetorah.com/article/moses-mendelssohns-beur-translating-the-torah-in-the-age-of-enlightenment">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=Moses+Mendelssohn%27s+Be%27ur%3A+Translating+the+Torah+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment+%E2%80%93+TheTorah.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fmoses-mendelssohns-beur-translating-the-torah-in-the-age-of-enlightenment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE3471465">"Sefer Netivot ha-shalom: ṿe-hu ḥibur kolel ḥamishat ḥumshe ha-torah ʻim tiḳun sofrim ṿe-targum ashkenazi u-veʾur. - 1783. Translated from the Hebrew into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Berlin : Gedruckt bey George Friedrich Starcke"</a>. <i>digipres.cjh.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230148/https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE3471465">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digipres.cjh.org&rft.atitle=Sefer+Netivot+ha-shalom%3A+%E1%B9%BFe-hu+%E1%B8%A5ibur+kolel+%E1%B8%A5amishat+%E1%B8%A5umshe+ha-torah+%CA%BBim+ti%E1%B8%B3un+sofrim+%E1%B9%BFe-targum+ashkenazi+u-ve%CA%BEur.+-+1783.+Translated+from+the+Hebrew+into+German+by+Moses+Mendelssohn.+Berlin+%3A+Gedruckt+bey+George+Friedrich+Starcke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigipres.cjh.org%2Fdelivery%2FDeliveryManagerServlet%3Fdps_pid%3DIE3471465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE3777308">"<i>המאסף ha-Me'asef</i>. 6644-5571 [1783-1811] [Newspaper in German printed in Hebrew characters]. Königsberg, Prussia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231813/https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE3777308">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A3+ha-Me%27asef.+6644-5571+%26%2391%3B1783-1811%26%2393%3B+%26%2391%3BNewspaper+in+German+printed+in+Hebrew+characters%26%2393%3B.+K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C+Prussia.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigipres.cjh.org%2Fdelivery%2FDeliveryManagerServlet%3Fdps_pid%3DIE3777308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Dostrzegacz_Nadwislanski">"YIVO | Dostrzegacz Nadwiślański - / Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel. 1823–1824. Warsaw"</a>. <i>yivoencyclopedia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828095519/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Dostrzegacz_Nadwislanski">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yivoencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=YIVO+%26%23124%3B+Dostrzegacz+Nadwi%C5%9Bla%C5%84ski+-+%2F+Der+Beobakhter+an+der+Vayksel.+1823%E2%80%931824.+Warsaw.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FDostrzegacz_Nadwislanski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00005400/kleindiss.pdf">"Birgit Klein. 1998. <i>Levi von Bonn alias Löb Kraus und die Juden im Alten Reich. Auf den Spuren eines Verrats mit weitreichenden Folgen</i>, p. 200"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230150/https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/duepublico_derivate_00005400/kleindiss.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birgit+Klein.+1998.+Levi+von+Bonn+alias+L%C3%B6b+Kraus+und+die+Juden+im+Alten+Reich.+Auf+den+Spuren+eines+Verrats+mit+weitreichenden+Folgen%2C+p.+200.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fduepublico2.uni-due.de%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2Fduepublico_derivate_00005400%2Fkleindiss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipol.org.br/lista-de-linguas-cooficiais-em-municipios-brasileiros/">"Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros"</a>. <i>ipol.org.br</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>Native speakers=105, total speakers=185</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+most+spoken+languages+worldwide+%28speakers+and+native+speaker+in+millions%29&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Statista%2C+The+Statistics+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F266808%2Fthe-most-spoken-languages-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/culture/the-german-language-surprising-facts-and-figures">"We speak German"</a>. <i>deutschland.de</i>. 20 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002203206/https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/culture/the-german-language-surprising-facts-and-figures">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=15.4+million+people+are+learning+German+as+a+foreign+language&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Hamann&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2F154-million-people-are-learning-german-as-a-foreign-language%2Fa-53685365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurostat-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eurostat_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7008563/3-24092015-AP-EN.pdf/bf8be07c-ff9d-406b-88f9-f98f5199fe5a">"More than 80% of primary school pupils in the EU were studying a foreign language in 2013"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+than+80%25+of+primary+school+pupils+in+the+EU+were+studying+a+foreign+language+in+2013&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F7008563%2F3-24092015-AP-EN.pdf%2Fbf8be07c-ff9d-406b-88f9-f98f5199fe5a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Polenz1999192–94,_96-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Polenz1999192–94,_96_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVon_Polenz1999">Von Polenz 1999</a>, pp. 192–94, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goethe1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-goethe1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goethe.de/en/spr/wdl.html">"Why Learn German?"</a>. Goethe Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Learn+German%3F&rft.pub=Goethe+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fen%2Fspr%2Fwdl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/content_language/all">"Usage of content languages for websites"</a>. W3Techs: Web Technology Surveys<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usage+of+content+languages+for+websites&rft.pub=W3Techs%3A+Web+Technology+Surveys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Foverview%2Fcontent_language%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwadesh197153-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwadesh197153_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwadesh1971">Swadesh 1971</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2023" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Stefan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360951765">"Who is afraid of pluricentric perspectives?"</a>. In Callies, Marcus; Hehner, Stefanie (eds.). <i>Pluricentric languages and language education: Pedagogical Implications and Innovative Approaches to Language Teaching</i>. Routledge. pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+is+afraid+of+pluricentric+perspectives%3F&rft.btitle=Pluricentric+languages+and+language+education%3A+Pedagogical+Implications+and+Innovative+Approaches+to+Language+Teaching&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F360951765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_CilliaRansmayr2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Cillia, Rudolf; Ransmayr, Jutta (2019). <i>Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule</i> (in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. Abbildung 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichisches+Deutsch+macht+Schule&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pages=Abbildung+36&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=De+Cillia&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Ransmayr%2C+Jutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2019" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Stefan (2019). <i>The Pluricentricity Debate</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pluricentricity+Debate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004">Ammon et al. 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.4842942.html">"Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119010803/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/bevoelkerung/sprachen-religionen/sprachen.assetdetail.4842942.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+am+h%C3%A4ufigsten+%C3%BCblicherweise+zu+Hause+gesprochenen+Sprachen+der+st%C3%A4ndigen+Wohnbev%C3%B6lkerung+ab+15+Jahren+%E2%80%93+2012%E2%80%932014%2C+2013%E2%80%932015%2C+2014%E2%80%932016&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Federal+Statistical+Office+FSO&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fsprachen-religionen%2Fsprachen.assetdetail.4842942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinz Eickmans, <i>Aspekte einer niederrheinischen Sprachgeschichte</i>, in: Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger (eds.), <i>Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i>, 2nd ed., 3. Teilband, (series: HSK 2.3), Walter de Gruyter, 2003, here p. 2636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Cornelissen: Das Niederländische im preußischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster, 1973, p. 9–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbourStevenson1990160–3-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbourStevenson1990160–3_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbourStevenson1990">Barbour & Stevenson 1990</a>, pp. 160–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeao201125-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeao201125_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeao2011">Leao 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Fremdwoerter.html">"Foreign Words (Fremdwörter)"</a>. <i>dartmouth.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223221137/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Fremdwoerter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dartmouth.edu&rft.atitle=Foreign+Words+%28Fremdw%C3%B6rter%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~deutsch%2FGrammatik%2FWortbildung%2FFremdwoerter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch [Yearbook] 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattemer18495-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattemer18495_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattemer1849">Hattemer 1849</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310142212/http://vds-ev.de/anglizismenindex/">"Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. – Der Anglizismen-Index"</a>. <i>vds-ev.de</i>. Walter Krämer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vds-ev.de/anglizismenindex">the original</a> on 10 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vds-ev.de&rft.atitle=Verein+Deutsche+Sprache+e.V.+%E2%80%93+Der+Anglizismen-Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvds-ev.de%2Fanglizismenindex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515064508/http://wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/html/inhalt_next.html">"Ein Hinweis in eigener Sache"</a>. <i>wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de</i>. 7 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/html/inhalt_next.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de&rft.atitle=Ein+Hinweis+in+eigener+Sache&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de%2Fhtml%2Finhalt_next.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa2017" class="citation web cs1">Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet">"Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet"</a>. <i>Quartz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171122004645/https://qz.com/1033265/germanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase [of ß], write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Germany+has+ended+a+century-long+debate+over+a+missing+letter+in+its+alphabet&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Ha&rft.aufirst=Thu-Huong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1033265%2Fgermanys-century-long-debate-over-a-missing-letter-in-its-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinecke191055-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinecke191055_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinecke1910">Reinecke 1910</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBormann1941" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bormann, Martin (8 January 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ligaturix.de/bormann.htm">"Der Bormann-Brief im Original"</a> [The original Bormann letter] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111185607/http://ligaturix.de/bormann.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum<br /> The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterhead</a> is printed in Fraktur.<br />"For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:<br />It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.<br />Today the Führer, talking with Herr Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks, only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.<br />The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.<br />On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Bormann-Brief+im+Original&rft.pub=NSDAP&rft.date=1941-01-08&rft.aulast=Bormann&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fligaturix.de%2Fbormann.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapr199381-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapr199381_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapr1993">Kapr 1993</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a history of the changes in German consonants see <a href="#CITEREFCercignani1979">Cercignani (1979)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmonBickelEbnerGasser2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Ebner, Jakob; Gasser, Markus; Esterhammer, Ruth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpNiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen: Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol</i></a> [<i>German variant dictionary: The standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol</i>] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016575-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016575-3"><bdi>978-3-11-016575-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190206/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpNiAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variantenw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen%3A+Die+Standardsprache+in+%C3%96sterreich%2C+der+Schweiz+und+Deutschland+sowie+in+Liechtenstein%2C+Luxemburg%2C+Ostbelgien+und+S%C3%BCdtirol&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=W.+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016575-3&rft.aulast=Ammon&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Bickel%2C+Hans&rft.au=Ebner%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Gasser%2C+Markus&rft.au=Esterhammer%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpNiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach1965" class="citation book cs1">Bach, Adolf (1965). <i>Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i>. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Quelle+%26+Meyer&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbourStevenson1990" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Stephen; Stevenson, Patrick (1990). <i>Variation in German</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35704-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35704-3"><bdi>978-0-521-35704-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Variation+in+German&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35704-3&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCercignani1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Cercignani, Fausto</a> (1979). <i>The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony</i>. Milano: Cisalpino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consonants+of+German%3A+Synchrony+and+Diachrony&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Cisalpino&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cercignani&rft.aufirst=Fausto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClyne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael</a> (1995). <i>The German Language in a Changing Europe</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49970-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49970-5"><bdi>978-0-521-49970-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Language+in+a+Changing+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49970-5&rft.aulast=Clyne&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurme1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Oliver_Curme" title="George Oliver Curme">Curme, George O.</a> (1922) [1904]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammargermanl00curmgoog"><i>A Grammar of the German Language</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+German+Language&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Curme&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagrammargermanl00curmgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeumert2003" class="citation book cs1">Deumert, Ama (2003). <i>Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language</i>. Language Sciences. Vol. 25. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 561–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0388-0001%2803%2900033-0">10.1016/S0388-0001(03)00033-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markedness+and+salience+in+language+contact+and+second-language+acquisition%3A+evidence+from+a+non-canonical+contact+language&rft.series=Language+Sciences&rft.pages=561-613&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0388-0001%2803%2900033-0&rft.aulast=Deumert&rft.aufirst=Ama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1974" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, A. G. (1974). <i>The German Nation and Martin Luther</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Nation+and+Martin+Luther&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2021" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Stefan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512"><i>Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert</i></a> [<i>Austrian German or German in Austria: Identities in the 21st Century</i>] (3rd ed.). Vienna: New Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-99036-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-99036-023-1"><bdi>978-3-99036-023-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133929/https://www.nid-library.com/Home/BookDetail/512">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96sterreichisches+Deutsch+oder+Deutsch+in+%C3%96sterreich%3F+Identit%C3%A4ten+im+21.+Jahrhundert.&rft.place=Vienna&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+Academic+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-99036-023-1&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nid-library.com%2FHome%2FBookDetail%2F512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrell2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durrell, Martin (2006). "Germanic Languages". In Brown, Keith (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics</i>. Elsevier. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F02189-1">10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-044854-2%2F02189-1&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.aulast=Durrell&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2005" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Anthony (2005). <i>The Structure of German</i>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927399-7"><bdi>978-0-19-927399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+German&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927399-7&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesbers2008" class="citation book cs1">Giesbers, Charlotte (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcj-ygAACAAJ"><i>Dialecten op de grens van twee talen : Een dialectologisch en sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in het Kleverlands dialectgebied</i></a> [<i>Dialects on the border of two languages: A dialectological and sociolinguistic investigation in the Kleverland dialect area</i>]. Groesbeek: Reijngoudt-Giesbers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-813044-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-813044-1-2"><bdi>978-90-813044-1-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190205/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcj-ygAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialecten+op+de+grens+van+twee+talen+%3A+Een+dialectologisch+en+sociolingu%C3%AFstisch+onderzoek+in+het+Kleverlands+dialectgebied&rft.place=Groesbeek&rft.pub=Reijngoudt-Giesbers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-813044-1-2&rft.aulast=Giesbers&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drcj-ygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoossens1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)" title="Jan Goossens (linguist)">Goossens, Jan</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcZEYKukkOcC"><i>Deutsche Dialektologie</i></a> [<i>German dialectology</i>] (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-007203-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-007203-3"><bdi>3-11-007203-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190136/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcZEYKukkOcC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Dialektologie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=3-11-007203-3&rft.aulast=Goossens&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcZEYKukkOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoossens1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)" title="Jan Goossens (linguist)">Goossens, Jan</a> (1983). <i>Niederdeutsch: Sprache und Literatur; Eine Einführung</i> [<i>Low German: language and literature; An introduction</i>]. Vol. 1 (2., rev. and by a bibliogr. supplement expd. ed.). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-529-04510-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-529-04510-1"><bdi>3-529-04510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niederdeutsch%3A+Sprache+und+Literatur%3B+Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster&rft.edition=2.%2C+rev.+and+by+a+bibliogr.+supplement+expd.&rft.pub=Karl+Wachholtz&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-529-04510-1&rft.aulast=Goossens&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbert2006" class="citation book cs1">Harbert, Wayne (2006). <i>The Germanic Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511755071">10.1017/CBO9780511755071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80825-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80825-5"><bdi>978-0-521-80825-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511755071&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80825-5&rft.aulast=Harbert&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattemer1849" class="citation book cs1">Hattemer, Heinrich (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75Z9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Denkmahle des Mittelalters: St. Gallen's altteutsche Sprachschætze</i></a> [<i>Monuments of the Middle Ages: St. Gallen's Old German vocabulary</i>]. Vol. 3. Scheitlin und Zollikofer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190206/https://books.google.com/books?id=75Z9AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denkmahle+des+Mittelalters%3A+St.+Gallen%27s+altteutsche+Sprachsch%C3%A6tze&rft.pub=Scheitlin+und+Zollikofer&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Hattemer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75Z9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeeringa2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Heeringa, Wilbert Jan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/measuring-dialect-pronunciation-differences-using-levenshtein-dis"><i>Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance</i></a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190451/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/measuring-dialect-pronunciation-differences-using-levenshtein-dis">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Measuring+Dialect+Pronunciation+Differences+using+Levenshtein+Distance&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Heeringa&rft.aufirst=Wilbert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.rug.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmeasuring-dialect-pronunciation-differences-using-levenshtein-dis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation book cs1">Holm, John A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC&q=%22Kiautschou+Pidgin+German%22&pg=PA616">"Kiautschou Pidgin German"</a>. <i>Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey</i> (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 616. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35940-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35940-5"><bdi>978-0-521-35940-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120231/https://books.google.com/books?id=PcD7p9y3EIcC&pg=PA616&q=%22Kiautschou+Pidgin+German%22">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kiautschou+Pidgin+German&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles%3A+Volume+2%2C+Reference+Survey&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=616&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35940-5&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcD7p9y3EIcC%26q%3D%2522Kiautschou%2BPidgin%2BGerman%2522%26pg%3DPA616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapr1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kapr, Albert (1993). <i>Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften</i> (in German). Mainz: H. Schmidt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87439-260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87439-260-0"><bdi>978-3-87439-260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fraktur%3A+Form+und+Geschichte+der+gebrochenen+Schriften&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=H.+Schmidt&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-87439-260-0&rft.aulast=Kapr&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller1978" class="citation book cs1">Keller, R. E. (1978). <i>The German language</i>. London: Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11159-6"><bdi>978-0-571-11159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11159-6&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönigVan_der_Auwera1994" class="citation book cs1">König, Ekkehard; Van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/"><i>The Germanic Languages</i></a>. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28079-2"><bdi>978-0-415-28079-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101046/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415280792/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+Languages&rft.series=Routledge+Language+Family+Descriptions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28079-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415280792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönigPaul2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">König, Werner; Paul, Hans-Joachim (2019) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utFbAAAAMAAJ"><i>Dtv-Atlas. Deutsche Sprache</i></a> (in German). Vol. 1 (19th revised ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-423-03025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-423-03025-0"><bdi>978-3-423-03025-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190612/https://books.google.com/books?id=utFbAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dtv-Atlas.+Deutsche+Sprache&rft.place=Munich&rft.edition=19th+revised&rft.pub=Deutscher+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-423-03025-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Paul%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutFbAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeao2011" class="citation book cs1">Leao, Pedro Macedo (2011). <i>Germany : Keys to understanding German Business Culture</i> (1st ed.). US: Lulupress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447862956" title="Special:BookSources/9781447862956"><bdi>9781447862956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+%3A+Keys+to+understanding+German+Business+Culture&rft.place=US&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lulupress&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781447862956&rft.aulast=Leao&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Macedo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2015" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdb8sgEACAAJ"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of Africa and Europe, Eighteenth Edition</i></a> (18th ed.). Dallas: SIL International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-391-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55671-391-0"><bdi>978-1-55671-391-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190546/https://books.google.ru/books?id=fdb8sgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+Africa+and+Europe%2C+Eighteenth+Edition&rft.place=Dallas&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-55671-391-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=M.+Paul&rft.au=Simons%2C+Gary+F.&rft.au=Fennig%2C+Charles+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfdb8sgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1987" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, W. B. (1987). <i>German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815850-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815850-9"><bdi>978-0-19-815850-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Today%3A+The+Advanced+Learner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815850-9&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartenSauer2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. (2005). <i>Länderkunde – Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt</i> [<i>Regional Geography – An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein</i>] (in German). Berlin: Inform-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9805843-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9805843-1-9"><bdi>978-3-9805843-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4nderkunde+%E2%80%93+Deutschland%2C+%C3%96sterreich%2C+Schweiz+und+Liechtenstein+im+Querschnitt&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Inform-Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-9805843-1-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNerius2000" class="citation journal cs1">Nerius, Dieter (January 2000). "Die Rolle der II. Orthographischen Konferenz (1901) in der Geschichte der Deutschen Rechtschreibung". <i>Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie</i> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37307%2Fj.1868-7806.2000.01.03">10.37307/j.1868-7806.2000.01.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2496">0044-2496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsche+Philologie&rft.atitle=Die+Rolle+der+II.+Orthographischen+Konferenz+%281901%29+in+der+Geschichte+der+Deutschen+Rechtschreibung&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37307%2Fj.1868-7806.2000.01.03&rft.issn=0044-2496&rft.aulast=Nerius&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinecke1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reinecke, Adolf (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CH0xAQAAMAAJ"><i>Die deutsche Buchstabenschrift: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung, ihre Zweckmäßigkeit und völkische Bedeutung</i></a> [<i>The German letter font: Its origin and development, its advisability and folkish meaning</i>] (in German). A. Hasert und C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190638/https://books.google.com/books?id=CH0xAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+deutsche+Buchstabenschrift%3A+Ihre+Entstehung+und+Entwicklung%2C+ihre+Zweckm%C3%A4%C3%9Figkeit+und+v%C3%B6lkische+Bedeutung&rft.pub=A.+Hasert+und+C.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Reinecke&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCH0xAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orrin_W._Robinson_(philologist)" title="Orrin W. Robinson (philologist)">Robinson, Orrin W.</a> (1992). <i>Old English and its closest relatives : a survey of the earliest Germanic languages</i>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2221-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-2221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+English+and+its+closest+relatives+%3A+a+survey+of+the+earliest+Germanic+languages&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2221-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothaug1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rothaug, Rudolf (1910). <i>Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an den österreichischen Mittelschulen</i> [<i>Geographical atlas on the homeland lore at the Austrian secondary schools</i>] (in German). Vienna: G. Freytag & Berndt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographischer+Atlas+zur+Vaterlandskunde+an+den+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Mittelschulen&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=G.+Freytag+%26+Berndt&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Rothaug&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmons2012" class="citation book cs1">Salmons, Joe (2012). <i>A history of German : what the past reveals about today's language</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969793-9"><bdi>978-0-19-969793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+German+%3A+what+the+past+reveals+about+today%27s+language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969793-9&rft.aulast=Salmons&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Ruth H. (2010). <i>German: Biography of a Language</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German%3A+Biography+of+a+Language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanders, Willy (1982). <i>Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch: Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen</i> [<i>Saxon language, Hanseatic language, Low German: Linguistic-historical basics of Low German</i>] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-01213-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-01213-6"><bdi>3-525-01213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sachsensprache%2C+Hansesprache%2C+Plattdeutsch%3A+Sprachgeschichtliche+Grundz%C3%BCge+des+Niederdeutschen&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=3-525-01213-6&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Scherer" title="Wilhelm Scherer">Scherer, Wilhelm</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYACAAAAQAAJ"><i>Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i></a> [<i>On the history of the German language</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Duncker" title="Franz Duncker">Franz Duncker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190618/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYACAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Franz+Duncker&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYACAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchererJankowsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Scherer, Wilhelm; Jankowsky, Kurt R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zurgeschichtede02schegoog"><i>Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache</i></a> [<i>On the history of the German language</i>]. Oxford University. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zur+Geschichte+der+Deutschen+Sprache&rft.pub=Amsterdam%3B+Philadelphia%3A+J.+Benjamins&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Jankowsky%2C+Kurt+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzurgeschichtede02schegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkottsberg1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Skottsberg" title="Carl Skottsberg">Skottsberg, Carl</a> (1911). <i>The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Arnold_(publisher)" title="Edward Arnold (publisher)">Edward Arnold</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wilds+of+Patagonia%3A+A+Narrative+of+the+Swedish+Expedition+to+Patagonia+Tierra+del+Fuego+and+the+Falkland+Island+in+1907%E2%80%93+1909&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Skottsberg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebs2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siebs, Theodor (2000). <i>Deutsche Aussprache. Hochsprache Bühnensprache – Alltagssprache</i> [<i>German pronunciation: Pure and moderate high accent with pronunciation dictionary</i>] (in German) (19., umgearbeitete Auflage ed.). Wiesbaden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928127-66-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-928127-66-7"><bdi>3-928127-66-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Aussprache.+Hochsprache+B%C3%BChnensprache+%E2%80%93+Alltagssprache.&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.edition=19.%2C+umgearbeitete+Auflage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-928127-66-7&rft.aulast=Siebs&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinickeWalderLöfflerBeismann1999" class="citation journal cs1">Steinicke, Ernst; Walder, Judith; Löffler, Roland; Beismann, Michael (20 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frga.1454">"Autochthonous Linguistic Minorities in the Italian Alps"</a>. <i>Revue de Géographie Alpine</i> (99–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Frga.1454">10.4000/rga.1454</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85526804">85526804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+G%C3%A9ographie+Alpine&rft.atitle=Autochthonous+Linguistic+Minorities+in+the+Italian+Alps&rft.issue=99%E2%80%932&rft.date=1999-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Frga.1454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85526804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steinicke&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Walder%2C+Judith&rft.au=L%C3%B6ffler%2C+Roland&rft.au=Beismann%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Frga.1454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStellmacher2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stellmacher, Dieter (2000). <i>Niederdeutsche Sprache</i> [<i>Low German language</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Weidler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89693-326-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89693-326-3"><bdi>978-3-89693-326-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niederdeutsche+Sprache&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Weidler&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-89693-326-3&rft.aulast=Stellmacher&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuper1893" class="citation book cs1">Super, Charles W. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgermanl00supeiala"><i>A history of the German language</i></a>. University of California Libraries. Columbus, Ohio: Hann & Adair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+German+language&rft.pub=Columbus%2C+Ohio%3A+Hann+%26+Adair&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Super&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgermanl00supeiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1992" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Calvin (1992). <i>An Anthology of German Literature</i>. D. C. Heath and Company. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/dp/1010180266">1010180266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anthology+of+German+Literature&rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwadesh1971" class="citation book cs1">Swadesh, Morris (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7LxaLP5xogC"><i>The Origin and Diversification of Language</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-20-236982-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-20-236982-2"><bdi>978-0-20-236982-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129190624/https://books.google.com/books?id=c7LxaLP5xogC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Diversification+of+Language&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-20-236982-2&rft.aulast=Swadesh&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7LxaLP5xogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpward1997" class="citation journal cs1">Upward, Chris (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923054752/https://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j21/german.php">"Spelling Reform in German"</a>. <i>Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society</i>. <b>J21</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j21/german.php">the original</a> on 23 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Simplified+Spelling+Society&rft.atitle=Spelling+Reform+in+German&rft.volume=J21&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Upward&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spellingsociety.org%2Fjournals%2Fj21%2Fgerman.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Polenz1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Von Polenz, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1KF3f-aGR4C">"6.5. Inter- und übernationale Beziehungen"</a>. <i>Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present</i>]. de Gruyter Studienbuch (in German). Vol. Band III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016426-8"><bdi>978-3-11-016426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.5.+Inter-+und+%C3%BCbernationale+Beziehungen&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprachgeschichte+vom+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.series=de+Gruyter+Studienbuch&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016426-8&rft.aulast=Von+Polenz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1KF3f-aGR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagner, Claudio (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Frdtp.2000.v55.i1.432">"Las áreas de "bocha", "polca" y "murra". Contacto de lenguas en el sur de Chile"</a> [The "bocha", "polka" and "murra" areas. Language contact in southern Chile]. <i>Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares</i> (in Spanish). <b>55</b> (1): 185–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Frdtp.2000.v55.i1.432">10.3989/rdtp.2000.v55.i1.432</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145209650">145209650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Dialectolog%C3%ADa+y+Tradiciones+Populares&rft.atitle=Las+%C3%A1reas+de+%22bocha%22%2C+%22polca%22+y+%22murra%22.+Contacto+de+lenguas+en+el+sur+de+Chile&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=185-196&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Frdtp.2000.v55.i1.432&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145209650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3989%252Frdtp.2000.v55.i1.432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterman1976" class="citation book cs1">Waterman, John (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgermanl00wate/page/83"><i>A history of the German language: with special reference to the cultural and social forces that shaped the standard literary language</i></a></span> (Rev. ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-73807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-73807-9"><bdi>978-0-295-73807-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+German+language%3A+with+special+reference+to+the+cultural+and+social+forces+that+shaped+the+standard+literary+language&rft.place=Seattle&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-295-73807-9&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgermanl00wate%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1995" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Gerhard (1995). "Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and its History". <i>Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 7–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3531328">10.2307/3531328</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3531328">3531328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Unterrichtspraxis+%2F+Teaching+German&rft.atitle=Up-to-Date+and+with+a+Past%3A+The+%22Duden%22+and+its+History&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3531328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3531328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesinger1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wiesinger" title="Peter Wiesinger">Wiesinger, Peter</a> (1982). "Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte" [The classification of the German dialects]. In Besch, Werner; Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRyfwnXjfdUC"><i>Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung</i></a> (in German) (1 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005977-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-005977-9"><bdi>978-3-11-005977-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129191120/https://books.google.com/books?id=KRyfwnXjfdUC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Einteilung+der+deutschen+Dialekte&rft.btitle=Dialektologie.+Ein+Handbuch+zur+deutschen+und+allgemeinen+Dialektforschung&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-11-005977-9&rft.aulast=Wiesinger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRyfwnXjfdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>German language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:German_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:German language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:German language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/German_language" class="extiw" title="q:German language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/German_language" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/German language">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:German_language" class="extiw" title="b:Subject:German language">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:German_Language" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:German Language">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/German_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:German phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188" class="extiw" title="d:Q188">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/German_Language" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/German Language">German Language</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Awful_German_Language" class="extiw" title="s:The Awful German Language">The Awful German Language</a>, 1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_German_Mothertongue" class="extiw" title="s:The German Mothertongue">The German Mothertongue</a>, 1897</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Germany,_Language_and_Literature_of" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Germany, Language and Literature of">Germany, Language and Literature of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+Language+and+Literature+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VerbreitungDerDeutschenSprache">Dissemination of the German language in Europe around 1913 (map, 300 dpi)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Description_of_the_German_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Description_of_German" title="Template:Description of German"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Description_of_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Description of German (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Description_of_German" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Description of German"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Description_of_the_German_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Description of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">German language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stress_and_vowel_reduction_in_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stress and vowel reduction in German (page does not exist)">Stress and reduced vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German-language_spelling_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German-language spelling reform (page does not exist)">Spelling reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_orthography#Alphabet" title="German orthography">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_dialects_of_the_German_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of dialects of the German language (page does not exist)">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">Language history</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phonological_history_of_German&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phonological history of German (page does not exist)">Phonological history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Germany" title="Template:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German</a>) <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian language</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Romand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Austria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Austria" title="Template:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Austria" title="Template talk:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Austria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Languages of Austria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> <small>(see also <a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> <small>(see also <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyrolean_Swabian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyrolean Swabian (page does not exist)">Tyrolean Swabian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Constance_Alemannic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Constance Alemannic (page does not exist)">Lake Constance Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest Alemannic">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carinthian_dialect_group" title="Carinthian dialect group">Carinthian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosen_Valley_dialect" title="Rosen Valley dialect">Rosen Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebriach_dialect" title="Ebriach dialect">Ebriach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaun_Valley_dialect" title="Jaun Valley dialect">Jaun Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pohorje%E2%80%93Rem%C5%A1nik_dialect" title="North Pohorje–Remšnik dialect">North Pohorje-Remšnik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrian_dialect_group" title="Styrian dialect group">Styrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozjak_subdialect" title="Kozjak subdialect">Kozjak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_dialect_group" title="Pannonian dialect group">Pannonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prekmurje_Slovene" title="Prekmurje Slovene">Prekmurje</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Croatian" title="Burgenland Croatian">Burgenland Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0toj_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štoj dialect (page does not exist)">Štoj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlah_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlah dialect (page does not exist)">Vlah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolinci_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolinci dialect (page does not exist)">Dolinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poljan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poljan dialect (page does not exist)">Poljan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hati_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hati dialect (page does not exist)">Hati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Austria" title="Minority languages of Austria">Other minority languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Austria" title="Category:Languages of Austria">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorrain dialect">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Template talk:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Namibia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Namibia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Namibia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshiwambo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo language">Oshiwambo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama language">Kwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga language">Ndonga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Other Bantu languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Rukwangali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Thimbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Shiyeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama/Damara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">ǃXóõ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_languages" title="ǃKung languages">Kung-Ekoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Kx%27ao-%C7%81%27ae" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂKx'ao-ǁ'ae">ǂKxʼauǁʼein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a 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title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4113292-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDurrell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiesbers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldbergLooneyLusin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoossens1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoossens1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattemer1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeeringa2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapr1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKönigPaul2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKönigVan_der_Auwera1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLand2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeao2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSimonsFennig2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobachev2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobenstein-Reichmann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockwood1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartenSauer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesser\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNerius2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReinecke1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothaug1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmons2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherer1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchererJankowsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchubert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiebs2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkottsberg1911\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSteinickeWalderLöfflerBeismann1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStellmacher2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuper1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwadesh1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzczocarz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpward1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Polenz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaterman1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesinger1982\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic_distribution\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AmCyc\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 46,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Culture of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Description of German\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 14,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Germany topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 187,\n [\"Languages of Austria\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Belgium\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Namibia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Switzerland\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend\"] = 43,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 8,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 6,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 35,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vr\"] = 9,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","22.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","11.7"],["recursiveClone 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language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-04T22:41:42Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T17:35:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Idioma_aleman_%28cropped%29.png","headline":"West Germanic language spoken mainly in Central Europe"}</script> </body> </html>