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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a battle of the Crimean War, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya" title="Battle of the Chernaya">Battle of the Chernaya</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Black River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg/300px-Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg/450px-Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dd/Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg/600px-Colonel-Edward-Marcus-Despard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="777" /></a></span><br />Portrait of Colonel Edward Marcus Despard</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 April – 23 August 1782</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">Black River settlement</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Black_River&params=15.9462_N_84.9299_W_type:city_region:HN_scale:500000&title=Black+River+settlement"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°56′46″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°55′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.9462°N 84.9299°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.9462; -84.9299</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Black River settlement</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Spain">Spain</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_de_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Matías de Gálvez">Matías de Gálvez</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></span> Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Julia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás Julia (page does not exist)">Tomás Julia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Edward Despard</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lawrie_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Lawrie (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">James Lawrie</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,400 regulars, marines and sailors</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,180+ regulars, militia & <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskitos</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12 ships</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 60 killed<br />100 wounded<br />750 captured<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />400 due to disease,<br />1 ship captured<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Approx. 50 casualties<br />unknown losses due to disease</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1778)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1778)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">1st St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_St._Lucia" title="Capture of St. Lucia">2nd St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Vincent" title="Capture of Saint Vincent">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">1st Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">2nd Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_R%C3%ADo_Hondo" title="Capture of Río Hondo">Río Hondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cayo_Cocina" title="Capture of Cayo Cocina">Cayo Cocina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando_de_Omoa" title="Battle of San Fernando de Omoa">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1779" title="Action of 12 December 1779">12 December 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)" title="Battle of Martinique (1779)">1st Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadeloupe_(1779)" title="Battle of Guadeloupe (1779)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1780)" title="Battle of Martinique (1780)">2nd Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)" title="San Juan Expedition (1780)">Fort San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch West Indies campaign">Dutch West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Essequibo_and_Demerara_(1781)" title="Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781)">1st Demerara & Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Royal" title="Battle of Fort Royal">Fort Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tobago" title="Invasion of Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_January_1782" title="Action of 15 January 1782">15 January 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brimstone_Hill" title="Siege of Brimstone Hill">Brimstone Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Kitts" title="Battle of Saint Kitts">Frigate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">2nd Demerara & Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Montserrat" title="Capture of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Roatán">Roatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mona_Passage" title="Battle of the Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1782)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1782)">2nd Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_October_1782" title="Action of 18 October 1782">18 October 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_December_1782" title="Action of 6 December 1782">6 December 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_January_1783" title="Action of 2 January 1783">2 January 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_February_1783" title="Action of 15 February 1783">15 February 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_February_1783" title="Action of 17 February 1783">17 February 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Turk" title="Battle of Grand Turk">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1783)">3rd Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War1779–1783" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_involving_Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War1779–1783" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War"><span class="wrap">Battles involving Spain in the American Revolutionary War</span></a><br />1779–1783</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe and Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armada_of_1779" title="Armada of 1779">English Channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_August_1779" title="Action of 17 August 1779">Plymouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_September_1779" title="Action of 14 September 1779">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_1779" title="Action of 11 November 1779">Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_November_1779" title="Action of 20 November 1779">20 November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1780" title="Action of 8 January 1780">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_August_1780" title="Action of 9 August 1780">Cape St. Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_February_1781" title="Action of 25 February 1781">25 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_St._Fermin" title="Capture of HMS St. Fermin">Málaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_May_1781" title="Action of 1 May 1781">1 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_March_1782" title="Action of 16 March 1782">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartel" title="Battle of Cape Spartel">Cape Spartel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Bute" title="Capture of Fort Bute">Fort Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Battle of Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1779)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1779)">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">1st Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mobile (1781)">The Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Louisiana and Northwest Territory</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis" title="Battle of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._Joseph_(Niles,_Michigan)#Spanish_Expedition_of_1781" title="Fort St. Joseph (Niles, Michigan)">Fort St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1783)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1783)">Arkansas Post</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Central America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_R%C3%ADo_Hondo" title="Capture of Río Hondo">Río Hondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cayo_Cocina" title="Capture of Cayo Cocina">Cayo Cocina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando_de_Omoa" title="Battle of San Fernando de Omoa">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12_December_1779" title="Action of 12 December 1779">12 December</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Expedition_(1780)" title="San Juan Expedition (1780)">Fort San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Roatán">Roatán</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black River</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>West Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_January_1782" title="Action of 15 January 1782">15 January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1782)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1782)">1st Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_February_1783" title="Action of 17 February 1783">17 February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1783)">2nd Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Black River</b> was a series of conflicts between April and August 1782 during the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. They were fought between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Spain">Spanish</a> forces for control of the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">Black River settlement</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Shore</a>. Spanish forces forced out a small British garrison and most of the settlers in April 1782. The British responded in August, regrouping the settlers and reinforcing them with troops from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. They successfully recaptured the settlement from the disease-depleted Spanish force. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spain in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <p>Matías de Gálvez, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captain General of Spanish Guatemala</a>, was ordered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2010)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">King Charles</a> to "dislocate the English from their hidden settlements on the Gulf of Honduras".<sup id="cite_ref-C151_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C151-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1782, he embarked on a series of actions to wipe out British settlements, which held long-established logging rights on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Yucatan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan Peninsula">Yucatan Peninsula</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>), and also settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>). </p><p>In March 1782, more than 800 Spanish troops led by Gálvez had <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roat%C3%A1n" title="Battle of Roatán">captured Roatán</a>, overwhelming the British garrison that then numbered just eighty men. With reinforcements of another 600 men, he went on to capture the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">Black River settlement</a> the next month, which was defended by fewer than twenty men. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lawrie_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Lawrie (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">James Lawrie</a>, a major in the <a href="/wiki/49th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a> who commanded the small British force, resisted as best he could, but abandoned the fortifications and fled with his men through the jungle to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gracias_a_Dios" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a>. </p><p>The British governor of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Campbell (British Army officer)">General Sir Archibald Campbell</a>, was preoccupied by a planned Franco-Spanish attack on the island, and was unable to immediately send relief. However, the invasion of Jamaica was called off after the decisive British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a> where <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Rodney">Admiral Rodney</a> defeated the French fleet before it joined the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez,_p._165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of April the balance of power in the Caribbean had shifted to the British Royal Navy. With this in effect, Governor Campbell gave <a href="/wiki/Edward_Marcus_Despard" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Marcus Despard">Edward Marcus Despard</a> permission to retake the <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">Black River settlement</a> after learning that Lawrie had a force waiting to strike back.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrie was able to regroup a force of about 800 locals (known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rattan_and_Black_River_Volunteers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rattan and Black River Volunteers (page does not exist)">Rattan (Roatan) and Black River Volunteers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskitos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Gracias_a_Dios" title="Cabo Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_p._701-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men harassed the Spaniards in guerilla-style warfare. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, landed at <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Gracias_a_Dios" title="Cabo Gracias a Dios">Cape Gracias a Dios</a> and reached the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1tano_River" title="Plátano River">Plantain River</a> with men of the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> company known as the Loyal American Rangers; these eventually met up with Lawrie and his force. Combined with the supporting force that now consisted of 80 Loyalist Americans, 500 settlers (shoremen and freed slaves) and 600 <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskitos</a>, there were 1,200 men in total. A squadron of Royal Navy and armed merchant ships stood by in support. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> wasted no time in attacking the Spanish to gain the element of surprise. </p><p>Meanwhile, the Spanish garrison on Black River had been reduced by disease since its capture in early April.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_p._701-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quipriva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quipriva (page does not exist)">Quipriva</a> where Fort Dalling was located, a small Spanish contingent of 75 Spaniards was surprised, and all but one were either killed or taken prisoner: a survivor by the name of Manuel Rivas escaped to warn the other soldiers at Caribe. </p><p>On 22 August, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> surrounded Caribe at Black River Bluff opposite the Eastern blockhouse, overwhelming the 140 Spanish soldiers, who surrendered after a short fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez,_p._165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day after the surrender, a Spanish 16-gun <a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">polacre</a> from <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Col%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Trujillo, Colón">Trujillo</a> carrying reinforcements of 100 troops and provisions for the Spanish was captured by the small British squadron of ships just off the coast. What was left of the Spanish force from Gálvez's April expedition surrendered by the end of August. Articles of capitulation were proposed by Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom%C3%A1s_Julia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomás Julia (page does not exist)">Tomás Julia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> who accepted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lawrie and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> had thus regained control of <a href="/wiki/Black_River_(settlement)" title="Black River (settlement)">Black River</a>, taking more than 27 Spanish officers and 715 rank-and-file as prisoners. Also captured were three colours (which were presented to <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">King George III</a> in November) and 33 cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson,_p._701-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the prisoners in agreements of the terms of surrender were told not to fight under arms again until the end of the war and were promptly sent to <a href="/wiki/Omoa" title="Omoa">Omoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez,_p._165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrie and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> however decided to stay and defend the territory, fearing a Spanish counterattack. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Cagigal_y_Monserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Manuel de Cagigal y Monserrat (page does not exist)">Juan de Cagigal</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, had learned of the defeat, had fallen into disfavour with Gálvez, and was about to remove him from command altogether. Nevertheless, Gálvez requested reinforcements but none were coming from the governor. However, this time the Spanish with their French allies were on the defensive, their strategy having changed somewhat after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">Battle of the Saintes</a>. Paranoia swept through the Spanish command and set back their task of defending Havana and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>, which took priority over any offensive operations. Further military operations by the Bourbon allies in the Americas were also placed on hold due to the concentration of military operations in Europe (particularly at Gibraltar), and peace talks in Europe were taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavez,_p._165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British forces were able to take advantage of this inaction by <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1783)">recapturing the Bahamas in 1783</a>. Lawrie and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> held the British settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> until the end of the war. </p><p>For his efforts, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Despard" title="Edward Despard">Despard</a> was rewarded with the honour of <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Honduras" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Honduras">Superintendent of the Bay of Honduras</a>, and for a number of years ruled the territory that became <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 702</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay, p. 96. "Despard's reconquest of the Black River settlements ensured through various treaties over the next decade that Great Britain would have a presence in Central America which would last until September 1981 with the independence of Belize."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson pg. 338 (Appendix)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatson pg. 338 (Appendix). "27 officers, 715 rank and file. With this detachment were taken 1 stand of colours, 2 twelve-pounders, 7 six-pounders, 11 fourpounders, iron – 4 four-pounders brass; 1 eight-inch howitzer, and 1,000 firelocks, which, together with the artillery in Fort Balling, amount to 31 pieces of cannon, 1 cohorn, 1 howitzer, 1000 firelocks, a quantity of ammunition, and 2 stand of colours."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C151-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C151_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chávez, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chavez,_p._165-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chavez,_p._165_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavez, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson,_p._701-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawson,_p._701_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 701</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beatson, Robert. <i>Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, from 1727 to 1783</i>, Vol. I; Vol. III, Appendix, London, 1804.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDawson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Frank Griffith (November 1983). "William Pitt's Settlement at Black River on the Mosquito Shore: A Challenge to Spain in Central America, 1732–87". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>63</b> (4). Duke University Press: 677–706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2514901">10.2307/2514901</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2514901">2514901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=William+Pitt%27s+Settlement+at+Black+River+on+the+Mosquito+Shore%3A+A+Challenge+to+Spain+in+Central+America%2C+1732%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=677-706&rft.date=1983-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2514901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2514901%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Frank+Griffith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Black+River" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chavez" class="citation book cs1">Chávez, Thomas E (2004). <i>Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift</i>. UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2794-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2794-9"><bdi>978-0-8263-2794-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/149117944">149117944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+Independence+of+the+United+States%3A+An+Intrinsic+Gift&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F149117944&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2794-9&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Black+River" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jay, Mike (2004). <i>The Unfortunate Colonel Despard</i>. Bantam Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-593-05195-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-593-05195-5">0-593-05195-5</a></li> <li>Nichols, John (1782). <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i>, Volume 52. London.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&oldid=1253750203">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Black_River&oldid=1253750203</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1782" title="Category:Conflicts in 1782">Conflicts in 1782</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_Spain" title="Category:Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain">Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_involving_Great_Britain" title="Category:Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain">Battles of the American Revolutionary War involving Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1779%E2%80%931783)" title="Category:Battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)">Battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–1783)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th_century_in_Honduras" title="Category:18th century in Honduras">18th century in Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1782_in_North_America" title="Category:1782 in North America">1782 in North America</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_December_2010" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2010">Vague or ambiguous time from December 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 17:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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