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legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_British_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_British_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Break with the British Crown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_British_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Political reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Declaration of Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_breaks_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_breaks_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 War breaks out </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_breaks_out-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War breaks out subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_breaks_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_engagements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_engagements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early engagements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_engagements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_New_York_counter-offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_New_York_counter-offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British New York counter-offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_New_York_counter-offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriot_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriot_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Patriot resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriot_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_northern_strategy_fails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_northern_strategy_fails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 British northern strategy fails </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_northern_strategy_fails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Foreign intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalemate_in_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalemate_in_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Stalemate in the North </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalemate_in_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 War in the South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Western campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 British defeat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Strategy and commanders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy_and_commanders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategy and commanders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 American strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Continental Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Continental Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 British strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 British Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_troops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_troops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 German troops </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_troops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_as_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_as_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Revolution as civil war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution_as_civil_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revolution as civil war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution_as_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loyalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Loyalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 African Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Peace negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Territory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties_and_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties_and_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Casualties and losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties_and_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_War_commemoration_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_War_commemoration_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Revolutionary War commemoration stamps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_War_commemoration_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topics_of_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics_of_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Topics of the Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics_of_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_history_of_the_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_history_of_the_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Social history of the Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_history_of_the_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_in_the_American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_in_the_American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Others in the American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_in_the_American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_Revolutionary_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_Revolutionary_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Lists of Revolutionary military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_Revolutionary_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Legacy and related </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">American Revolutionary War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" > 101 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_Onafhanklikheidsoorlog" title="Amerikaanse Onafhanklikheidsoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse Onafhanklikheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanische_Revolution" title="Amerikanische Revolution – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amerikanische Revolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستقلال الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Independencia_d%27os_Estaus_Unius" title="Guerra d'Independencia d'os Estaus Unius – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra d'Independencia d'os Estaus Unius" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Independencia_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Guerra d'Independencia de los Estaos Xuníos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'Independencia de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_%C4%B0stiqlal_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="ABŞ İstiqlal müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ İstiqlal müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری ایستیقلال ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری ایستیقلال ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_To%CC%8Dk-li%CC%8Dp_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Bí-kok To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Америка үҙаллылығы өсөн һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Америка үҙаллылығы өсөн һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Вайна за незалежнасць ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасць ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Вайна за незалежнасьць ЗША – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасьць ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Американска война за независимост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска война за независимост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_rat_za_nezavisnost" title="Američki rat za nezavisnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Američki rat za nezavisnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_dieubidigezh_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Brezel dieubidigezh ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel dieubidigezh ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Independ%C3%A8ncia_dels_Estats_Units" title="Guerra de la Independència dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de la Independència dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_za_nez%C3%A1vislost" title="Americká válka za nezávislost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americká válka za nezávislost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Annibyniaeth_America" title="Rhyfel Annibyniaeth America – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Annibyniaeth America" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanske_uafh%C3%A6ngighedskrig" title="Amerikanske uafhængighedskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikanske uafhængighedskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanischer_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitskrieg" title="Amerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amerikanischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_iseseisvuss%C3%B5da" title="Ameerika iseseisvussõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika iseseisvussõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αμερικανική Επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανική Επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Milito_de_Sendependeco" title="Usona Milito de Sendependeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Milito de Sendependeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuen_Independentzia_Gerra" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuen Independentzia Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuen Independentzia Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنگ انقلاب آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ انقلاب آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanske_Un%C3%B4fhinklikenskriich" title="Amerikaanske Unôfhinklikenskriich – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaanske Unôfhinklikenskriich" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere_di_indipendence_merecane" title="Vuere di indipendence merecane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere di indipendence merecane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3ideach_Mheirice%C3%A1" title="Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Réabhlóideach Mheiriceá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%A8abhlaid_Ameireaganach" title="An Rèabhlaid Ameireaganach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rèabhlaid Ameireaganach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independencia_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Guerra de Independencia dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Independencia dos Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="미국 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Անկախության պատերազմ Հյուսիսային Ամերիկայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկախության պատերազմ Հյուսիսային Ամերիկայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अमेरिकी क्रन्तिकारी युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमेरिकी क्रन्तिकारी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_rat_za_neovisnost" title="Američki rat za neovisnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki rat za neovisnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usana_nedependo-milito" title="Usana nedependo-milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Usana nedependo-milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Revolusi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independentia_del_Statos_Unite" title="Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra de Independentia del Statos Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADska_frelsisstr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Bandaríska frelsisstríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bandaríska frelsisstríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27indipendenza_americana" title="Guerra d'indipendenza americana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'indipendenza americana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מלחמת העצמאות של ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העצמאות של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_R%C3%A9volusi_Am%C3%A9rika" title="Perang Révolusi Amérika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Révolusi Amérika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಕ್ರಾಂತಿಕಾರಿ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკის რევოლუციური ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკის რევოლუციური ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="АҚШ тәуелсіздігі үшін соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="АҚШ тәуелсіздігі үшін соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_uhuru_wa_Marekani" title="Vita ya uhuru wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya uhuru wa Marekani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Rerum_Novarum_Americanum" title="Bellum Rerum Novarum Americanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Rerum Novarum Americanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Savienoto_Valstu_Neatkar%C4%ABbas_kar%C5%A1" title="Amerikas Savienoto Valstu Neatkarības karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas Savienoto Valstu Neatkarības karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaneschen_Onofh%C3%A4ngegkeetskrich" title="Amerikaneschen Onofhängegkeetskrich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amerikaneschen Onofhängegkeetskrich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_nepriklausomyb%C4%97s_karas" title="JAV nepriklausomybės karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV nepriklausomybės karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolui_American" title="Revolui American – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Revolui American" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/merko_jecta_vlile_binxo_fasnu" title="merko jecta vlile binxo fasnu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="merko jecta vlile binxo fasnu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_f%C3%BCggetlens%C3%A9gi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Amerikai függetlenségi háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai függetlenségi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Американска војна за независност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американска војна за независност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അമേരിക്കൻ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കൻ സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യസമരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب الاستقلال الامريكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب الاستقلال الامريكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Revolusi_Amerika" title="Perang Revolusi Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Revolusi Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Andepend%C3%A9ncia_de_ls_Stados_Ounidos" title="Guerra de la Andependéncia de ls Stados Ounidos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra de la Andependéncia de ls Stados Ounidos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अमेरिकी क्रान्तिकारी युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अमेरिकी क्रान्तिकारी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="アメリカ独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_amerikanske_uavhengighetskrigen" title="Den amerikanske uavhengighetskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den amerikanske uavhengighetskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_amerikanske_revolusjonen" title="Den amerikanske revolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den amerikanske revolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_d%27Independ%C3%A9ncia_dels_Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Guèrra d'Independéncia dels Estats Units d'America – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra d'Independéncia dels Estats Units d'America" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSH_mustaqillik_urushi" title="AQSH mustaqillik urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSH mustaqillik urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰੀਕੀ ਇਨਕਲਾਬੀ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="امریکی جنگ انقلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکی جنگ انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د امريکا انقلابي جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د امريکا انقلابي جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoerkan_Revaluushaneri_Waar" title="Amoerkan Revaluushaneri Waar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Amoerkan Revaluushaneri Waar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_o_niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Wojna o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna o niepodległość Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Independ%C3%AAncia_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Guerra de Independência dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de Independência dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_Independen%C8%9B%C4%83_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Războiul de Independență al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Independență al Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Америцка война за независимость – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Америцка война за независимость" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Война за независимость США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за независимость США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_Indipend%C3%A8ntzia_de_Istados_Unidos" title="Gherra de Indipendèntzia de Istados Unidos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de Indipendèntzia de Istados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="American Revolutionary War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Revolucionare_Amerikane" title="Lufta Revolucionare Amerikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Revolucionare Amerikane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවීය යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවීය යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Revolutionary War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%A1_vojna_za_nez%C3%A1vislos%C5%A5" title="Americká vojna za nezávislosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Americká vojna za nezávislosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ka_vojna_za_neodvisnost" title="Ameriška vojna za neodvisnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriška vojna za neodvisnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="شەڕی شۆڕشگێڕیی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی شۆڕشگێڕیی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Амерички рат за независност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амерички рат за независност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_rat_za_nezavisnost" title="Američki rat za nezavisnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Američki rat za nezavisnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_vapaussota" title="Yhdysvaltain vapaussota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain vapaussota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanska_frihetskriget" title="Amerikanska frihetskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amerikanska frihetskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaang_Mapanghimagsik_sa_Amerika" title="Digmaang Mapanghimagsik sa Amerika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaang Mapanghimagsik sa Amerika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அமெரிக்கப் புரட்சிப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்கப் புரட்சிப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1775–1783 American war of independence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about military actions primarily. For origins and aftermath, see <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">American Revolutionary War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/288px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/432px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/576px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/143px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/215px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg/286px-Battle_of_Guilford_Courthouse_15_March_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1383" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/141px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/212px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg/282px-Battle_of_Trenton_by_Charles_McBarron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1407" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofLongisland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BattleofLongisland.jpg/143px-BattleofLongisland.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BattleofLongisland.jpg/215px-BattleofLongisland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BattleofLongisland.jpg/286px-BattleofLongisland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3918" data-file-height="2576" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg/141px-The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg" decoding="async" width="141" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg/212px-The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg/282px-The_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill_June_17_1775_by_John_Trumbull.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div style="text-align:left">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Warren_at_the_Battle_of_Bunker%27s_Hill,_June_17,_1775" title="The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775">The Death of General Warren</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Battle of Guilford Court House</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783<a href="#cite_note-20">[i]</a> (8 years, 4 months and 15 days) Ratification effective: May 12, 1784</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> American and allied victory <ul><li>Signing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> would not recognize American independence until signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>.</li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/First_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First British Empire">First British Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-4I7tG-21">[12]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Great Britain cedes generally, all mainland territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and north of <a href="/wiki/The_Floridas" title="The Floridas">the Floridas</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. <ul><li>Great Britain cedes <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li>Great Britain cedes <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a>: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="972" /> <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> (1775) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="972" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> (1775–1776) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (from 1776)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire in the American Revolution">New Hampshire</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts in the American Revolution">Massachusetts</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut in the American Revolution">Connecticut</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware in the American Revolution">Delaware</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Combatants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:CONGRESSOWN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/15px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/23px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CONGRESSOWN.jpg/30px-CONGRESSOWN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="138" /></a> Br. Canadien, Cong. rgts.<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/15px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/30px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Br. Canadien mil., Fr. led<a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"><div><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a><a href="#cite_note-bell-9">[5]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Catawba_people" title="Catawba people">Catawba</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Mohican</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[d]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cheraw" title="Cheraw">Cheraw</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pedee_people" title="Pedee people">Pedee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Combatants <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"><div><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="#cite_note-11">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick"><img alt="Duchy of Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig_%28-1814%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><a href="#cite_note-14">[f]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#Allies_of_Great_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German mercenaries/auxiliaries</a><a href="#cite_note-atwood1,23-15">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[g]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen-HK_(1736-1804).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/17px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/26px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/34px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="698" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen-HK_(1736-1804).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/17px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/26px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg/34px-Wappen-HK_%281736-1804%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="698" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Hanau" title="Hesse-Hanau">Hesse-Hanau</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg/19px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg/29px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="884" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/19px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/29px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg/19px-Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg/29px-Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg/38px-Wappen_Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Ansbach-Bayreuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansbach-Bayreuth">Ansbach</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg/19px-Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg/29px-Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg/38px-Blason_Principaut%C3%A9_d%27Anhalt-Zerbst_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst">Anhalt-Zerbst</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Hanover</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;"><div><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a><a href="#cite_note-bell-9">[5]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[h]</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a>  <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat"><img alt="Turncoat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a><a href="#cite_note-22">[j]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg/23px-George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg/35px-George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg/45px-George_Rogers_Clark_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez,_1st_Viscount_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_leaders_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War">full list...</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/23px-Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/35px-Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg/46px-Royal_standard_of_Great_Britain_%281714%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Lord George Germain</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[k]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_(colonial_administrator)" title="Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)">Henry Hamilton</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_leaders_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of military leaders in the American Revolutionary War">full list...</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a>:<div><ul><li>40,000 (average)<a href="#cite_note-duncan371-24">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[l]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a>:<div><ul><li>53 <a href="/wiki/Frigate#Age_of_sail" title="Frigate">frigates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a><a href="#cite_note-Greene-27">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[m]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a>: 2,131 (peak)<a href="#cite_note-30">[17]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_navies_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of United States state navies in the American Revolutionary War">State navies</a>:<div><ul><li>106 ships (total)<a href="#cite_note-31">[18]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li>France:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Army" title="French Royal Army">Army</a>: 10,800<a href="#cite_note-35">[n]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="French Royal Navy">Navy</a>: 2 fleets;<a href="#cite_note-38">[o]</a> escorts<a href="#cite_note-dull110-39">[24]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Spain:</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Army</a>: 12,000<a href="#cite_note-42">[p]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Navy</a>: 1 fleet;<a href="#cite_note-43">[q]</a> escorts</li><li>Native Americans: Unknown</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Great Britain:<div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">Army</a>:<div><ul><li>48,000 (average), most in North America<a href="#cite_note-46">[r]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Navy</a>:<div><ul><li>Task-force fleets & blockading squadrons<a href="#cite_note-49">[s]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalists_fighting_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Loyalists fighting in the American Revolution">Loyalist troops</a>:<div><ul><li>25,000 (total)<a href="#cite_note-savas41-50">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[t]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">German troops</a>:<div><ul><li>29,875 (total)<a href="#cite_note-Knesebeck-52">[32]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Native Americans:<div><ul><li>13,000<a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._393-53">[33]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States:<div><ul><li>178,800–223,800 total dead</li><li>6,800 killed</li><li>6,100 wounded</li><li>17,000 dead from disease<a href="#cite_note-oLlYw-54">[34]</a></li><li>25,000–70,000 war dead<a href="#cite_note-FFKG4-55">[35]</a></li><li>130,000 dead from smallpox<a href="#cite_note-2D11O-56">[36]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>France:<div><ul><li>2,112 killed– East Coast<a href="#cite_note-ApKKb-57">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[u]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Spain:<div><ul><li>371 killed – W. Florida<a href="#cite_note-gZqKm-60">[39]</a></li><li>4,000 dead – prisoners<a href="#cite_note-QEJS2-61">[40]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Native Americans: Unknown</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Great Britain:<div><ul><li>8,500 killed<a href="#cite_note-3kb8Q-62">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[v]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Germans:<div><ul><li>7,774 total dead</li><li>1,800 killed</li><li>4,888 deserted<a href="#cite_note-duncan371-24">[13]</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>:<div><ul><li>7,000 total dead</li><li>1,700 killed</li><li>5,300 dead from disease<a href="#cite_note-SlCBl-64">[42]</a></li></ul></div></li><li>Native Americans<div><ul><li>500 total dead<a href="#cite_note-2D11O-56">[36]</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_WarCampaigns_and_theaters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Revolutionary War</a> Campaigns and theaters</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was an armed conflict that was part of the broader <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, in which American <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> forces organized as the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and commanded by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>. The conflict was fought in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> ultimately recognizing the independence and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereignty</a> of the United States. After the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> gained dominance in North America with victory over the French in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1763, tensions and disputes arose between Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> over a variety of issues, including the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a>. The resulting British military occupation led to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> in 1770. Among further tensions, the British Parliament imposed the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in mid-1774. A British attempt to disarm the Americans and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> in April 1775 ignited the war. In June, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> formalized Patriot militias into the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and appointed Washington its commander-in-chief. The British Parliament declared the colonies to be in a <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">state of rebellion</a> in August 1775. The stakes of the war were formalized with passage of the <a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a> by the Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> two days later, on July 4, 1776. After a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">successful siege</a>, Washington's forces drove the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> out of Boston in March 1776, and British commander in chief <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a> responded by launching the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a>. Howe captured New York City in November. Washington responded by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">clandestinely crossing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> and winning small but significant victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a>. In the summer of 1777, as Howe was poised to capture <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a>, the Continental Congress fled to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. In October 1777, a separate northern British force under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> was forced to surrender at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a> in an American victory that proved crucial in convincing France and Spain that an independent United States was a viable possibility. France signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">commercial agreement</a> with the rebels, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> in February 1778. In 1779, the <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> undertook a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> campaign against the Iroquois who were largely allied with the British. Indian raids on the American frontier, however, continued to be a problem. Also, in 1779, Spain allied with France against Great Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>, though Spain did not formally ally with the Americans. Howe's replacement <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a> intended to take the war against the Americans into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a>. Despite some initial success, British general <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a> was besieged by a Franco-American force in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">Yorktown</a> in September and October 1781. Cornwallis was forced to surrender in October. The British wars with France and Spain continued for another two years, but fighting largely ceased in North America. In the Treaty of Paris, ratified on September 3, 1783, Great Britain acknowledged the sovereignty and independence of the United States, bringing the American Revolutionary War to an end. The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Treaties of Versailles</a> resolved Great Britain's conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain</a> and forced Great Britain to cede <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, and small territories in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to France, and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">Menorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-65">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-9w1sv-66">[44]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_to_revolution">Prelude to revolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="MAP of the 1763 Treaty of Paris claims in North America by the British and Spanish. The British claim east of the Mississippi River, including the Floridas ceded by Spain, and the previous French North America along the St. Lawrence River, west through the Great Lakes, and southerly along the east bank of the Mississippi River. Spanish claims added French cessions from French Louisiana east to the Mississippi River." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/220px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/330px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/440px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the territorial gains of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> following the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> with lands held by the British prior to 1763 (in red), land gained by Britain in 1763 (in pink), and lands ceded to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Kingdom of Spain</a> in secret during 1762 (in light yellow).</figcaption></figure> The French and Indian War, part of the wider global conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, ended with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1763)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Paris (1763)">1763 Peace of Paris</a>, which expelled <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> from their possessions in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wtW8l-67">[45]</a> Acquisition of territories in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, inhabited largely by French and Spanish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, led British authorities to consolidate their hold by populating them with English-speaking settlers. Preventing conflict between settlers and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian tribes</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> also avoided the cost of an expensive military occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass19803-68">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> was designed to achieve these aims by refocusing colonial expansion north into <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and south into <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> as the dividing line between British and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> possessions in America. Settlement was tightly restricted beyond the 1763 limits, and claims west of this line, including by <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts</a>, were rescinded despite the fact that each colony argued that their boundaries extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass19803-68">[46]</a> The vast exchange of territory ultimately destabilized existing alliances and trade networks between settlers and Indians in the west, while it proved impossible to prevent encroachment beyond the Proclamation Line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELass19804-69">[47]</a> With the exception of Virginia and others deprived of rights to western lands, the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">colonial legislatures</a> agreed on the boundaries but disagreed on where to set them. Many settlers resented the restrictions entirely, and enforcement required permanent garrisons along the frontier, which led to increasingly bitter disputes over who should pay for them.<a href="#cite_note-pb2Zp-70">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_and_legislation">Taxation and legislation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Riot" title="Pine Tree Riot">Pine Tree Riot</a></div> Although directly administered by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, acting through a local governor, the colonies were largely governed by native-born property owners. While external affairs were managed by London, colonial <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> were funded locally but with the ending of the French threat in 1763, the legislatures expected less taxation, not more. At the same time, the huge debt incurred by the Seven Years' War and demands from British taxpayers for cuts in government expenditure meant <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> expected the colonies to fund their own defense.<a href="#cite_note-pb2Zp-70">[48]</a> The new taxes levied on subjects in the colonies proved highly burdensome in colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, particularly for the poorer classes, and quickly became a source of much discontent.<a href="#cite_note-71">[49]</a> The 1763 to 1765 <a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a> instructed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(after_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (after 1707)">Royal Navy</a> to cease trading smuggled goods and enforce customs duties levied in American ports.<a href="#cite_note-pb2Zp-70">[48]</a> The most important was the 1733 <a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a>; routinely ignored before 1763, it had a significant economic impact since 85% of New England rum exports were manufactured from imported molasses. These measures were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act">Stamp Act</a>, which imposed additional taxes on the colonies to pay for defending the western frontier.<a href="#cite_note-4R8zt-72">[50]</a> In July 1765, the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a>, which repealed the Stamp Act and reduced tax on foreign molasses to help the New England economy, but re-asserted Parliamentary authority in the <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leqka-73">[51]</a> However, this did little to end the discontent; in 1768, a riot started in Boston when the authorities seized the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1768)" title="HMS Liberty (1768)">Liberty</a> on suspicion of smuggling.<a href="#cite_note-sImY5-74">[52]</a> Tensions escalated further in March 1770 when British troops fired on rock-throwing civilians, killing five in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kIDxS-75">[53]</a> The Massacre coincided with the partial repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> by the Tory-based <a href="/wiki/North_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ministry">North Ministry</a>, which came to power in January 1770 and remained in office until 1781. North insisted on retaining duty on tea to enshrine Parliament's right to tax the colonies; the amount was minor, but ignored the fact it was that very principle Americans found objectionable.<a href="#cite_note-HdjZT-76">[54]</a> In April 1772, colonialists staged the first American tax revolt in <a href="/wiki/Weare,_New_Hampshire" title="Weare, New Hampshire">Weare</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> against the British royal authority later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Riot" title="Pine Tree Riot">Pine Tree Riot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[55]</a> This occurrence would later inspire the design of the <a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Flag" title="Pine Tree Flag">Pine Tree Flag</a>. Tensions escalated following the destruction of a customs vessel in the June 1772 <a href="/wiki/Gaspee_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspee Affair">Gaspee Affair</a>, then came to a head in 1773. A <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_1772" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis of 1772">banking crisis</a> led to the near-collapse of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, which dominated the British economy; to support it, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>, giving it a trading monopoly in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Since most American tea was smuggled by the Dutch, the act was opposed by those who managed the illegal trade, while being seen as yet another attempt to impose the principle of taxation by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-oTpsv-78">[56]</a> In December 1773, a group called the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> disguised as <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> natives dumped 342 crates of tea into the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Harbor" title="Boston Harbor">Boston Harbor</a>, an event later known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>. The British Parliament responded by passing the so-called <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>, aimed specifically at Massachusetts, although many colonists and members of the Whig opposition considered them a threat to liberty in general. This led to increased sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> cause locally, in the British Parliament, and in the London press.<a href="#cite_note-t3NFX-79">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break_with_the_British_Crown">Break with the British Crown</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></div> Throughout the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_government_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies#Assembly" title="Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies">elected lower houses</a> in the colonial legislatures gradually wrested power from their governors.<a href="#cite_note-0pRKw-80">[58]</a> Dominated by smaller landowners and merchants, these assemblies now established ad-hoc provincial legislatures, variously called congresses, conventions, and conferences, effectively replacing royal control. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>, twelve colonies sent representatives to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> to agree on a unified response to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-0j3B4-81">[59]</a> Many of the delegates feared that an all-out boycott would result in war and sent a <a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> calling for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts.<a href="#cite_note-BkMNP-82">[60]</a> However, after some debate, on September 17, 1774, Congress endorsed the Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a> and on October 20 passed the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a>; based on a draft prepared by the <a href="/wiki/First_Virginia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="First Virginia Convention">First Virginia Convention</a> in August, the association instituted <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> and a full boycott of goods against Britain.<a href="#cite_note-yBXBu-83">[61]</a> While denying its authority over internal American affairs, a faction led by <a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a> insisted Congress recognize Parliament's right to regulate colonial trade.<a href="#cite_note-yBXBu-83">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[w]</a> Expecting concessions by the North administration, Congress authorized the extralegal committees and conventions of the colonial legislatures to enforce the boycott; this succeeded in reducing British imports by 97% from 1774 to 1775.<a href="#cite_note-RVpda-85">[62]</a> However, on February 9 Parliament declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and instituted a blockade of the colony.<a href="#cite_note-X94UC-86">[63]</a> In July, the <a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining Acts</a> limited colonial trade with the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> and Britain and barred New England ships from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Fishing" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland cod fisheries</a>. The increase in tension led to a scramble for control of militia stores, which each assembly was legally obliged to maintain for defense.<a href="#cite_note-JNwEc-87">[64]</a> On April 19, a British attempt to secure the Concord arsenal culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>, which began the Revolutionary War.<a href="#cite_note-Ng1sv-88">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_reactions">Political reactions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The artist's recreation of the Declaration signing with portraits of the entire Second Congress, as though all members were present. The Committee of Five are standing centered together presenting a parchment on the table." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, who were charged with drafting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, including (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (chair), <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (the Declaration's principal author), and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></figcaption></figure> After the Patriot victory at Concord, moderates in Congress led by <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> drafted the <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a>, offering to accept royal authority in return for George III mediating in the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-nessy25-89">[66]</a> However, since the petition was immediately followed by the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a>, Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Lord Dartmouth</a> viewed the offer as insincere; he refused to present the petition to the king, which was therefore rejected in early September.<a href="#cite_note-NXP0A-90">[67]</a> Although constitutionally correct, since George could not oppose his own government, it disappointed those Americans who hoped he would mediate in the dispute, while the hostility of his language annoyed even Loyalist members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-nessy25-89">[66]</a> Combined with the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a>, issued on August 23 in response to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle at Bunker Hill</a>, it ended hopes of a peaceful settlement.<a href="#cite_note-ketchum211-91">[68]</a> Backed by the Whigs, Parliament initially rejected the imposition of coercive measures by 170 votes, fearing an aggressive policy would simply drive the Americans towards independence.<a href="#cite_note-maier25-92">[69]</a> However, by the end of 1774 the collapse of British authority meant both Lord North and George III were convinced war was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-fFVBS-93">[70]</a> After Boston, Gage halted operations and awaited reinforcements; the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> approved the recruitment of new regiments, while allowing Catholics to enlist for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-lecky162-165-94">[71]</a> Britain also signed a series of treaties with German states to supply <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">additional troops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-davenport132-144-95">[72]</a> Within a year, it had an army of over 32,000 men in America, the largest ever sent outside Europe at the time.<a href="#cite_note-smith21-23-96">[73]</a> The employment of German soldiers against people viewed as British citizens was opposed by many in Parliament and by the colonial assemblies; combined with the lack of activity by Gage, opposition to the use of foreign troops allowed the Patriots to take control of the legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-miller410-97">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_Independence">Declaration of Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div> Support for independence was boosted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a>, which was published on January 10, 1776, and argued for American self-government and was widely reprinted.<a href="#cite_note-maier33-34-98">[75]</a> To draft the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> appointed the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mccullough119-99">[76]</a> The declaration was written almost exclusively by Jefferson, who wrote it largely in isolation between June 11 and June 28, 1776, in a three-story residence at 700 <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[77]</a> Identifying inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies as "one people", the declaration simultaneously dissolved political links with Britain, while including a long list of alleged violations of "English rights" committed by <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. This is also one of the first times that the colonies were referred to as "United States", rather than the more common <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ferling112-101">[78]</a> On July 2, Congress voted for independence and published the declaration on July 4,<a href="#cite_note-R0xyC-102">[79]</a> which <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> read to his troops in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> on July 9.<a href="#cite_note-7tFc1-103">[80]</a> At this point, the revolution ceased to be an internal dispute over trade and tax policies and had evolved into a civil war, since each state represented in Congress was engaged in a struggle with Britain, but also split between American Patriots and American Loyalists.<a href="#cite_note-IE7Bq-104">[81]</a> Patriots generally supported independence from Britain and a new national union in Congress, while Loyalists remained faithful to British rule. Estimates of numbers vary, one suggestion being the population as a whole was split evenly between committed Patriots, committed Loyalists, and those who were indifferent.<a href="#cite_note-DEcPu-105">[82]</a> Others calculate the split as 40% Patriot, 40% neutral, 20% Loyalist, but with considerable regional variations.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._235-106">[83]</a> At the onset of the war, the Second Continental Congress realized defeating Britain required foreign alliances and intelligence-gathering. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a> was formed for "the sole purpose of corresponding with our friends in Great Britain and other parts of the world". From 1775 to 1776, the committee shared information and built alliances through secret correspondence, as well as employing secret agents in Europe to gather intelligence, conduct undercover operations, analyze foreign publications, and initiate Patriot propaganda campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-cia2007-107">[84]</a> Paine served as secretary, while Benjamin Franklin and <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>, sent to France to recruit military engineers,<a href="#cite_note-108">[85]</a> were instrumental in securing French aid in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-rose43-109">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_breaks_out">War breaks out</h2></div> The Revolutionary War included two principal campaign theaters within the Thirteen Colonies—the <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern Theater</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern Theater</a>—and a smaller but strategically important third one <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">west of the Appalachian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EiVQB-110">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_engagements">Early engagements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shot_heard_round_the_world" title="Shot heard round the world">Shot heard round the world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Snow-covered street fighting of British and Tory Provincials repulsing an American assault" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/220px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/330px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg/440px-Canadian_militiamen_and_British_soldiers_repulse_the_American_assault_at_Sault-au-Matelot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The British repulse a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a> in December 1775</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Continental Sergeant William Jasper of the 2nd South Carolina Regiment, on a parapet raising the fort's South Carolina Revolutionary flag with its white crescent moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Sullivans_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant <a href="/wiki/William_Jasper" title="William Jasper">William Jasper</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_South_Carolina_Regiment" title="2nd South Carolina Regiment">2nd South Carolina Regiment</a> raises the fort's flag at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Battle of Sullivan's Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, in June 1776</figcaption></figure> On April 14, 1775, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">Commander-in-Chief, North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Massachusetts" title="List of colonial governors of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a>, received orders to take action against the Patriots. He decided to destroy militia ordnance stored at <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a>, who were considered the principal instigators of the rebellion. The operation was to begin around midnight on April 19, in the hope of completing it before the American Patriots could respond.<a href="#cite_note-oSWXd-111">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-icqWN-112">[89]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a> learned of the plan and notified Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(captain)" title="John Parker (captain)">Parker</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord</a> militia, who prepared to resist.<a href="#cite_note-Q5xrq-113">[90]</a> The first action of the war, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Shot_heard_round_the_world" title="Shot heard round the world">shot heard round the world</a>, was a brief skirmish at Lexington, followed by the full-scale Battles of Lexington and Concord. British troops suffered around 300 casualties before withdrawing to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, which was then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">besieged</a> by the militia.<a href="#cite_note-Hyy3u-114">[91]</a> In May 1775, 4,500 British reinforcements arrived under Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lSvP0-115">[92]</a> On June 17, they seized the <a href="/wiki/Charlestown_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown Peninsula">Charlestown Peninsula</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>, a frontal assault in which they suffered over 1,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-TZZpb-116">[93]</a> Dismayed at the costly attack which had gained them little,<a href="#cite_note-jP5Oe-117">[94]</a> Gage appealed to London for a larger army,<a href="#cite_note-ktPiL-118">[95]</a> but instead was replaced as commander by Howe.<a href="#cite_note-TZZpb-116">[93]</a> On June 14, 1775, Congress took control of Patriot forces outside Boston, and Congressional leader John Adams nominated Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nXlAp-119">[96]</a> On June 16, Hancock officially proclaimed him "General and Commander in Chief of the army of the United Colonies."<a href="#cite_note-Nx1rV-120">[97]</a> He assumed command on July 3, preferring to <a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">fortify Dorchester Heights</a> outside Boston rather than assaulting it.<a href="#cite_note-CH6Xw-121">[98]</a> In early March 1776, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> arrived with <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">heavy artillery</a> acquired in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rFWWw-122">[99]</a> Under cover of darkness, on March 5, Washington placed these on Dorchester Heights,<a href="#cite_note-E7Y0J-123">[100]</a> from where they could fire on the town and British ships in Boston Harbor. Fearing another Bunker Hill, Howe evacuated the city on <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(Massachusetts)" title="Evacuation Day (Massachusetts)">March 17</a> without further loss and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, while Washington moved south to New York City.<a href="#cite_note-IDjnL-124">[101]</a> Beginning in August 1775, <a href="/wiki/Privateer#United_States" title="Privateer">American privateers</a> raided towns in Nova Scotia, including <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._John_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on St. John (1775)">Saint John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charlottetown_(1775)" title="Raid on Charlottetown (1775)">Charlottetown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Yarmouth,_Nova_Scotia_(1775)" title="Raid on Yarmouth, Nova Scotia (1775)">Yarmouth</a>. In 1776, <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Eddy" title="Jonathan Eddy">Jonathan Eddy</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Canso_(1776)" title="Raid on Canso (1776)">Canso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland">Fort Cumberland</a> respectively. British officials in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> began negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#American_Revolution" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> for their support,<a href="#cite_note-QwMwp-125">[102]</a> while US envoys urged them to remain neutral.<a href="#cite_note-yGdMY-126">[103]</a> Aware of Native American leanings toward the British and fearing an Anglo-Indian attack from Canada, Congress authorized a second invasion in April 1775.<a href="#cite_note-eWWH5-127">[104]</a> After the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Battle of Quebec</a> on December 31,<a href="#cite_note-Jfxzh-128">[105]</a> the Americans maintained a loose blockade of the city until they retreated on May 6, 1776.<a href="#cite_note-yYbsM-129">[106]</a> A second defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a> on June 8 ended operations in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-qYcQ0-130">[107]</a> British pursuit was initially blocked by American naval vessels on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> until victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a> on October 11 forced the Americans to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>, while in December an uprising in Nova Scotia sponsored by Massachusetts was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland_(1776)" title="Battle of Fort Cumberland (1776)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84Tbw-131">[108]</a> These failures impacted public support for the Patriot cause,<a href="#cite_note-MCw6s-132">[109]</a> and aggressive anti-Loyalist policies in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="New England colonies">New England colonies</a> alienated the Canadians.<a href="#cite_note-ZFLSb-133">[110]</a> In Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">Dunmore's Proclamation</a> on November 7, 1775, promised freedom to any <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">slaves</a> who fled their Patriot masters and agreed to fight for the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-A8wFb-134">[111]</a> British forces were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Great_Bridge" title="Battle of Great Bridge">Great Bridge</a> on December 9 and took refuge on British ships anchored near Norfolk. When the <a href="/wiki/Third_Virginia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Virginia Convention">Third Virginia Convention</a> refused to disband its militia or accept martial law, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Lord Dunmore</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Norfolk" title="Burning of Norfolk">Burning of Norfolk</a> on January 1, 1776.<a href="#cite_note-1FC9n-135">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savage%27s_Old_Fields" title="Siege of Savage's Old Fields">siege of Savage's Old Fields</a> began on November 19 in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> between Loyalist and Patriot militias,<a href="#cite_note-CdDYP-136">[113]</a> and the Loyalists were subsequently driven out of the colony in the <a href="/wiki/Snow_Campaign" title="Snow Campaign">Snow Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3Ehts-137">[114]</a> Loyalists were recruited in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to reassert British rule in the South, but they were decisively defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moore%27s_Creek_Bridge" title="Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge">Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZWeHt-138">[115]</a> A British expedition sent to reconquer <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a> launched an attack on Charleston in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sullivan%27s_Island" title="Battle of Sullivan's Island">Battle of Sullivan's Island</a> on June 28, 1776,<a href="#cite_note-efEyN-139">[116]</a> but it failed.<a href="#cite_note-LWF70-140">[117]</a> A shortage of gunpowder led Congress to authorize a naval expedition against <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> to secure ordnance stored there.<a href="#cite_note-field104-141">[118]</a> On March 3, 1776, an American squadron under the command of Esek Hopkins landed at the east end of <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Nassau" title="Raid of Nassau">Nassau</a> and encountered minimal resistance at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Montagu" title="Fort Montagu">Fort Montagu</a>. Hopkins' troops then marched on <a href="/wiki/Old_Fort_of_Nassau" title="Old Fort of Nassau">Fort Nassau</a>. Hopkins had promised governor <a href="/wiki/Montfort_Browne" title="Montfort Browne">Montfort Browne</a> and the civilian inhabitants that their lives and property would not be in any danger if they offered no resistance; they complied. Hopkins captured large stores of powder and other munitions that was so great he had to impress an extra ship in the harbor to transport the supplies back home, when he departed on March 17.<a href="#cite_note-field117-118-142">[119]</a> A month later, after a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Block_Island" title="Battle of Block Island">brief skirmish</a> with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glasgow_(1757)" title="HMS Glasgow (1757)">HMS Glasgow</a>, they returned to <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>, the base for American naval operations.<a href="#cite_note-I4JgD-143">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_New_York_counter-offensive">British New York counter-offensive</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sailing ships on the Hudson River from afar, the scene emphases the two tall bluffs overlooking either side of the Hudson Narrows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg/220px-Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg/330px-Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg/440px-Forcing_a_Passage_of_the_Hudson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>The British used <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">the Narrows</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper New York Bay">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bay" title="Lower New York Bay">Lower New York Bay</a>, to isolate <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Manhattan)" title="Fort Washington (Manhattan)">Fort Washington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a> in November 1776.</figcaption></figure> After regrouping at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)#The_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a> in Nova Scotia,<a href="#cite_note-86AtO-144">[121]</a> Howe set sail for <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in June 1776 and began landing troops on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> near the entrance to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> on July 2. The Americans rejected Howe's informal attempt to negotiate peace on July 30;<a href="#cite_note-fu3mC-145">[122]</a> Washington knew that an attack on the city was imminent and realized that he needed advance information to deal with disciplined British regular troops. On August 12, 1776, Patriot <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knowlton" title="Thomas Knowlton">Thomas Knowlton</a> was ordered to form an elite group for reconnaissance and secret missions. <a href="/wiki/Knowlton%27s_Rangers" title="Knowlton's Rangers">Knowlton's Rangers</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a>, became the Army's first intelligence unit.<a href="#cite_note-mgY85-146">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[x]</a> When Washington was driven off <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, he soon realized that he would need to professionalize military intelligence. With aid from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tallmadge" title="Benjamin Tallmadge">Benjamin Tallmadge</a>, Washington launched the six-man <a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper spy ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014,_Chap.12-150">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[y]</a> The efforts of Washington and the Culper Spy Ring substantially increased the effective allocation and deployment of Continental regiments in the field.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014,_Chap.12-150">[126]</a> Throughout the war, Washington spent more than 10 percent of his total military funds on <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-w8uDs-152">[127]</a> Washington split the Continental Army into positions on <a href="/wiki/Manhattan#American_Revolution_and_the_early_United_States" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> in western Long Island.<a href="#cite_note-QzdDu-153">[128]</a> On August 27 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, Howe outflanked Washington and forced him back to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights#Early_settlement" title="Brooklyn Heights">Brooklyn Heights</a>, but he did not attempt to encircle Washington's forces.<a href="#cite_note-04huq-154">[129]</a> Through the night of August 28, Knox bombarded the British. Knowing they were up against overwhelming odds, Washington ordered the assembly of a war council on August 29; all agreed to retreat to Manhattan. Washington quickly had his troops assembled and ferried them across the East River to Manhattan on flat-bottomed <a href="/wiki/Bateau" title="Bateau">freight boats</a> without any losses in men or ordnance, leaving General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a>'s regiments as a rearguard.<a href="#cite_note-2BFMO-155">[130]</a> Howe met with a delegation from the Second Continental Congress at the September <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a>, but it failed to conclude peace, largely because the British delegates only had the authority to offer pardons and could not recognize independence.<a href="#cite_note-4FsKF-156">[131]</a> On September 15, Howe seized control of New York City when the British <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">landed at Kip's Bay</a> and unsuccessfully engaged the Americans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-5YPyI-157">[132]</a> On October 18, Howe failed to encircle the Americans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a>, and the Americans withdrew. Howe declined to close with Washington's army on October 28 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a>, and instead attacked a hill that was of no strategic value.<a href="#cite_note-baDUW-158">[133]</a> Washington's retreat isolated his remaining forces and the British captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a> on November 16. The British victory there amounted to Washington's most disastrous defeat with the loss of 3,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-iikrS-159">[134]</a> The remaining American regiments on Long Island fell back four days later.<a href="#cite_note-ImjPu-160">[135]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Henry Clinton</a> wanted to pursue Washington's disorganized army, but he was first required to commit 6,000 troops to capture <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island#Revolutionary_era,_1775–1790" title="History of Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, to secure the Loyalist port.<a href="#cite_note-uekYy-161">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[z]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a> pursued Washington, but Howe ordered him to halt.<a href="#cite_note-1TXji-164">[138]</a> The outlook following the defeat at Fort Washington appeared bleak for the American cause. The reduced Continental Army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men and was reduced further when enlistments expired at the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-U9aPa-165">[139]</a> Popular support wavered, and morale declined. On December 20, 1776, the Continental Congress abandoned the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia and moved to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, where it remained until February 27, 1777.<a href="#cite_note-SpAkV-166">[140]</a> Loyalist activity surged in the wake of the American defeat, especially in <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)#New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" title="History of New York (state)">New York state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kPQRy-167">[141]</a> In London, news of the victorious Long Island campaign was well received with festivities held in the capital. Public support reached a peak.<a href="#cite_note-sCNCR-168">[142]</a> Strategic deficiencies among Patriot forces were evident: Washington divided a numerically weaker army in the face of a stronger one, his inexperienced staff misread the military situation, and American troops fled in the face of enemy fire. The successes led to predictions that the British could win within a year.<a href="#cite_note-bCOlv-169">[143]</a> The British established winter quarters in the New York City area and anticipated renewed campaigning the following spring.<a href="#cite_note-w14iW-170">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriot_resurgence">Patriot resurgence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Washington standing up in a freight boat crossing a windy river filled with winter chunks of ice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a>, an iconic 1851 <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Emanuel Leutze</a> portrait depicting <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's covert crossing of the Delaware River on December 25–26, 1776</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_(1758-1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/220px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/330px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/440px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, the last U.S. president to fight in the Revolutionary War as a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officer, took part in the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossing of the Delaware River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></figcaption></figure> On the night of December 25–26, 1776, Washington <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossed the Delaware River</a>, leading a column of Continental Army troops from today's <a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks County, Pennsylvania</a>, to today's <a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer County, New Jersey</a>, in a logistically challenging and dangerous operation. Meanwhile, the Hessians were involved in numerous clashes with small bands of Patriots and were often aroused by false alarms at night in the weeks before the actual <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>. By Christmas they were tired, while a heavy snowstorm led their commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rall" title="Johann Rall">Johann Rall</a>, to assume no significant attack would occur.<a href="#cite_note-171">[145]</a> At daybreak on the 26th, the American Patriots surprised and overwhelmed Rall and his troops, who lost over 20 killed including Rall,<a href="#cite_note-172">[146]</a> while 900 prisoners, German cannons and supplies were captured.<a href="#cite_note-QceAB-173">[147]</a> The Battle of Trenton restored the American army's morale, reinvigorated the Patriot cause,<a href="#cite_note-mjfFg-174">[148]</a> and dispelled their fear of what they regarded as Hessian "mercenaries".<a href="#cite_note-yIUgZ-175">[149]</a> A British attempt to retake Trenton was repulsed at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a> on January 2;<a href="#cite_note-GGEem-176">[150]</a> during the night, Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis, then defeated his rearguard in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a> the following day. The two victories helped convince the French that the Americans were worthy military allies.<a href="#cite_note-G2skh-177">[151]</a> After his success at Princeton, Washington entered winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey#Eighteenth_century" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>, where he remained until May<a href="#cite_note-sZDyW-178">[152]</a> and received Congressional direction to inoculate all Patriot troops against <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4ru2u-179">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[aa]</a> With the exception of a <a href="/wiki/Forage_War" title="Forage War">minor skirmishing</a> between the two armies which continued until March,<a href="#cite_note-T0TSz-182">[155]</a> Howe made no attempt to attack the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-MdrQi-183">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_northern_strategy_fails">British northern strategy fails</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany,_1777.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg/220px-Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg/330px-Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg/440px-Burgoyne%27s_March_on_Albany%2C_1777.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> maneuvers and (inset) the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a> in September and October 1777</figcaption></figure> The 1776 campaign demonstrated that regaining <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> would be a prolonged affair, which led to a change in British strategy to isolating the north by taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, allowing them to focus on the south where Loyalist support was believed to be substantial.<a href="#cite_note-RnTHY-184">[157]</a> In December 1776, Howe wrote to the Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Lord Germain</a>, proposing a limited offensive against Philadelphia, while a second force moved down the Hudson from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FD6xX-185">[158]</a> Burgoyne supplied several alternatives, all of which gave him responsibility for the offensive, with Howe remaining on the defensive. The option selected required him to lead the main force south from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> down the Hudson Valley, while a detachment under <a href="/wiki/Barry_St._Leger" title="Barry St. Leger">Barry St. Leger</a> moved east from Lake Ontario. The two would meet at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Albany,_New_York_(1664%E2%80%931784)#1744−American_Revolution" title="History of Albany, New York (1664–1784)">Albany</a>, leaving Howe to decide whether to join them.<a href="#cite_note-qw8y4-186">[159]</a> Reasonable in principle, this did not account for the logistical difficulties involved and Burgoyne erroneously assumed Howe would remain on the defensive; Germain's failure to make this clear meant he opted to attack <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-UlroQ-187">[160]</a> Burgoyne set out on June 14, 1777, with a mixed force of British regulars, professional German soldiers and Canadian militia, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">captured Fort Ticonderoga</a> on July 5. As General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> retreated, his troops blocked roads, destroyed bridges, dammed streams, and stripped the area of food.<a href="#cite_note-KjViH-188">[161]</a> This slowed Burgoyne's progress and forced him to send out large foraging expeditions; on one of these, more than 700 British troops were captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a> on August 16.<a href="#cite_note-BNFDD-189">[162]</a> St Leger moved east and besieged <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix</a>; despite defeating an American relief force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a> on August 6, he was abandoned by his Indian allies and withdrew to Quebec on August 22.<a href="#cite_note-SzR6M-190">[163]</a> Now isolated and outnumbered by Gates, Burgoyne continued onto Albany rather than retreating to Fort Ticonderoga, reaching <a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_New_York" title="Saratoga, New York">Saratoga</a> on September 13. He asked Clinton for support while constructing defenses around the town.<a href="#cite_note-VbMeB-191">[164]</a> Morale among his troops rapidly declined, and an unsuccessful attempt to break past Gates at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Freeman Farms</a> on September 19 resulted in 600 British casualties.<a href="#cite_note-xIkVK-192">[165]</a> When Clinton advised he could not reach them, Burgoyne's subordinates advised retreat; a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_in_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance in force">reconnaissance in force</a> on October 7 was repulsed by Gates at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#Second_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Bemis Heights</a>, forcing them back into Saratoga with heavy losses. By October 11, all hope of escape had vanished; persistent rain reduced the camp to a "squalid hell" and supplies were dangerously low.<a href="#cite_note-MRVwq-193">[166]</a> Burgoyne capitulated on October 17; around 6,222 soldiers, including German forces commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Riedesel" title="Friedrich Adolf Riedesel">Friedrich Adolf Riedesel</a>, surrendered their arms before being taken to Boston, where they were to be transported to England.<a href="#cite_note-G36uo-194">[167]</a> After securing additional supplies, Howe made another attempt on Philadelphia by landing his troops in <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> on August 24.<a href="#cite_note-V3zgZ-195">[168]</a> He now compounded failure to support Burgoyne by missing repeated opportunities to destroy his opponent, defeating Washington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> on September 11, then allowing him to withdraw in good order.<a href="#cite_note-lgid0-196">[169]</a> After dispersing an American detachment at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli" title="Battle of Paoli">Paoli</a> on September 20, Cornwallis occupied Philadelphia on September 26, with the main force of 9,000 under Howe based just to the north at <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMKqn-197">[170]</a> Washington <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">attacked them</a> on October 4, but was repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-LEStg-198">[171]</a> To prevent Howe's forces in Philadelphia being resupplied by sea, the Patriots erected <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mifflin" title="Fort Mifflin">Fort Mifflin</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mercer" title="Fort Mercer">Fort Mercer</a> on the east and west banks of the Delaware respectively, and placed <a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">obstacles</a> in the river south of the city. This was supported by a small flotilla of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> ships on the Delaware, supplemented by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State Navy">Pennsylvania State Navy</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Hazelwood" title="John Hazelwood">John Hazelwood</a>. An attempt by the Royal Navy to take the forts in the October 20 to 22 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Bank" title="Battle of Red Bank">Battle of Red Bank</a> failed;<a href="#cite_note-75GN3-199">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcgeorge5-200">[173]</a> a second attack captured Fort Mifflin on November 16, while Fort Mercer was abandoned two days later when Cornwallis breached the walls.<a href="#cite_note-OKOhj-201">[174]</a> His supply lines secured, Howe tried to tempt Washington into giving battle, but after inconclusive skirmishing at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a> from December 5 to 8, he withdrew to Philadelphia for the winter.<a href="#cite_note-Hlf4h-202">[175]</a> On December 19, the Americans followed suit and entered winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a>; while Washington's domestic opponents contrasted his lack of battlefield success with Gates' victory at Saratoga,<a href="#cite_note-fsEEE-203">[176]</a> foreign observers such as Frederick the Great were equally impressed with Germantown, which demonstrated resilience and determination.<a href="#cite_note-KFJ3w-204">[177]</a> Over the winter, poor conditions, supply problems and low morale resulted in 2,000 deaths, with another 3,000 unfit for duty due to lack of shoes.<a href="#cite_note-USnEK-205">[178]</a> However, Baron <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a> took the opportunity to introduce <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> drill and infantry tactics to "model companies" in each Continental Army regiment, who then instructed their home units.<a href="#cite_note-NPYXp-206">[179]</a> Despite Valley Forge being only twenty miles away, Howe made no effort to attack their camp, an action some critics argue could have ended the war.<a href="#cite_note-A_Concluding_Commentary-207">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_intervention">Foreign intervention</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France in the American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_action_between_the_Serapis,_capt._Pearson,_the_Countess_of_Scarborough,_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From the left, in the background three sailing warships at sea, one clearly flying a British naval ensign; in the center-right foreground, three sailing warships, two of them firing broadsides with gun smoke starting to cover them up. There was no US flag on the American ship, so the British said John Paul Jones was a pirate." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/220px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/330px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg/440px-The_action_between_the_Serapis%2C_capt._Pearson%2C_the_Countess_of_Scarborough%2C_and_Paul_Jones%E2%80%99s_Squadron._R.Paton_-_K325.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head" title="Battle of Flamborough Head">Battle of Flamborough Head</a> with U.S. warships in European waters with access to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spanish</a> ports</figcaption></figure> Like his predecessors, French foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a> considered the 1763 Peace a national humiliation and viewed the war as an opportunity to weaken Britain. He initially avoided open conflict, but allowed American ships to take on cargoes in French ports, a technical violation of neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-RQia1-208">[181]</a> Vergennes persuaded <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> to secretly fund a <a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">government front company</a> to purchase munitions for the Patriots, carried in neutral Dutch ships and imported through <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-7Emll-209">[182]</a> Many Americans opposed a French alliance, fearing to "exchange one tyranny for another", but this changed after a series of military setbacks in early 1776. As France had nothing to gain from the colonies reconciling with Britain, Congress had three choices: making peace on British terms, continuing the struggle on their own, or proclaiming independence, guaranteed by France. Although the Declaration of Independence had wide public support, over 20% of Congressmen voted against an alliance with France.<a href="#cite_note-m8HfD-210">[183]</a> Congress agreed to the treaty with reluctance and as the war moved in their favor increasingly lost interest in it.<a href="#cite_note-Jh722-211">[184]</a> Silas Deane was sent to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to begin negotiations with Vergennes, whose key objectives were replacing Britain as the United States' primary commercial and military partner while securing the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a> from American expansion.<a href="#cite_note-AxPnm-212">[185]</a> These islands were extremely valuable; in 1772, the value of sugar and coffee produced by <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> on its own exceeded that of all American exports combined.<a href="#cite_note-XpW61-213">[186]</a> Talks progressed slowly until October 1777, when British defeat at Saratoga and their apparent willingness to negotiate peace convinced Vergennes only a permanent alliance could prevent the "disaster" of Anglo-American rapprochement. Assurances of formal French support allowed Congress to reject the Carlisle Peace Commission and insist on nothing short of complete independence.<a href="#cite_note-LV00I-214">[187]</a> On February 6, 1778, France and the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a> regulating trade between the two countries, followed by a defensive military alliance against Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a>. In return for French guarantees of American independence, Congress undertook to defend their interests in the West Indies, while both sides agreed not to make a separate peace; conflict over these provisions would lead to the 1798 to 1800 <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jh722-211">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> was invited to join on the same terms but refused, largely due to concerns over the impact of the Revolution on Spanish colonies in the Americas. Spain had complained on multiple occasions about encroachment by American settlers into <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a>, a problem that could only get worse once the United States replaced Britain.<a href="#cite_note-cLbUe-215">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="From the left, a coastal town set in the background of a harbor; in the foreground center-right in the approach to the harbor and curving into the right background, a line of French warships, one firing a broadside at the town." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/220px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/330px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg/440px-Entree_de_l_escadre_francaise_en_baie_de_Newport_1778_Ozanne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption>French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">d'Estaing</a>'s joint expedition with <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a> in August 1778</figcaption></figure> Although Spain ultimately made important contributions to American success, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>, Charles agreed only to support <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">France's war with Britain</a> outside America, in return for help in recovering <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1WkNc-216">[189]</a> The terms were confidential since several conflicted with American aims; for example, the French claimed exclusive control of the Newfoundland cod fisheries, a non-negotiable for colonies like Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-Zpiql-217">[190]</a> One less well-known impact of this agreement was the abiding American distrust of 'foreign entanglements'; the U.S. would not sign another treaty with France until their <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> agreement of 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Jh722-211">[184]</a> This was because the US had agreed not to make peace without France, while Aranjuez committed France to keep fighting until Spain recovered Gibraltar, effectively making it a condition of U.S. independence without the knowledge of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Sj8Yw-218">[191]</a> To encourage French participation in the struggle for independence, the U.S. representative in Paris, Silas Deane promised promotion and command positions to any French officer who joined the Continental Army. Such as <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a>, whom Congress via Dean appointed a major general,<a href="#cite_note-219">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[193]</a> on July 31, 1777.<a href="#cite_note-221">[194]</a> When the war started, Britain tried to borrow the Dutch-based <a href="/wiki/Scots_Brigade" title="Scots Brigade">Scots Brigade</a> for service in America, but pro-Patriot sentiment led the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> to refuse.<a href="#cite_note-REc39-222">[195]</a> Although the Republic was no longer a major power, prior to 1774 they still dominated the European carrying trade, and Dutch merchants made large profits shipping French-supplied munitions to the Patriots. This ended when Britain <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">declared war</a> in December 1780, a conflict that proved disastrous to the Dutch economy.<a href="#cite_note-2mejD-223">[196]</a> The British government failed to take into account the strength of the American merchant marine and support from European countries, which allowed the colonies to import munitions and continue trading with relative impunity. While well aware of this, the North administration delayed placing the Royal Navy on a war footing for cost reasons; this prevented the institution of an effective blockade.<a href="#cite_note-vh541-224">[197]</a> Traditional British policy was to employ European land-based allies to divert the opposition; in 1778, they were diplomatically isolated and faced war on multiple fronts.<a href="#cite_note-30Yfr-225">[198]</a> Meanwhile, George III had given up on subduing America while Britain had a European war to fight.<a href="#cite_note-BNJcV-226">[199]</a> He did not welcome war with France, but he held the <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis of 1759">British victories over France</a> in the Seven Years' War as a reason to believe in ultimate victory over France.<a href="#cite_note-0Xa9K-227">[200]</a> Britain subsequently changed its focus into the Caribbean theater,<a href="#cite_note-bdwF7-228">[201]</a> and diverted major military resources away from America.<a href="#cite_note-uPqly-229">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalemate_in_the_North">Stalemate in the North</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close up of Continental infantry fighting in a street; a company on line firing to the left off the painting; in the center the officer; right foreground a drummer boy and behind him a soldier reloading a musket." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Springfield_NJ_1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continentals</a> repulsing the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Battle of Springfield</a> in June 1780; "Give 'em Watts, boys!"</figcaption></figure> At the end of 1777, Howe resigned and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton on May 24, 1778; with French entry into the war, he was ordered to consolidate his forces in New York.<a href="#cite_note-uPqly-229">[202]</a> On June 18, the British departed Philadelphia with the reinvigorated Americans in pursuit; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a> on June 28 was inconclusive but boosted Patriot morale. That midnight, the newly installed Clinton continued his retreat to New York.<a href="#cite_note-ru2b1-230">[203]</a> A French naval force under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing</a> was sent to assist Washington; deciding New York was too formidable a target, in August they launched a combined attack on Newport, with General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> commanding land forces.<a href="#cite_note-2fC9I-231">[204]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a> was indecisive; badly damaged by a storm, the French withdrew to avoid risking their ships.<a href="#cite_note-hGItT-232">[205]</a> Further activity was limited to British raids on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chestnut_Neck" title="Battle of Chestnut Neck">Chestnut Neck</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Affair_at_Little_Egg_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Affair at Little Egg Harbor">Little Egg Harbor</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-aNa6z-233">[206]</a> In July 1779, the Americans captured British positions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paulus_Hook" title="Battle of Paulus Hook">Paulus Hook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g7TYG-234">[207]</a> Clinton unsuccessfully tried to tempt Washington into a decisive engagement by sending General <a href="/wiki/William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">raid Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tk2S6-235">[208]</a> In July, a large American naval operation, the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a>, attempted to retake <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">Maine</a> but was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-rBeAQ-236">[209]</a> Persistent <a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga#Frontier_Raids" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Iroquois raids</a> in New York and Pennsylvania led to the punitive <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> from July to September 1779. Involving more than 4,000 patriot soldiers, the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> campaign destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages and 160,000 bushels (4,000 mts) of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, leaving the Iroquois destitute and destroying the Iroquois confederacy as an independent power on the American frontier. However, 5,000 Iroquois fled to Canada, where, supplied and supported by the British, they continued their raids.<a href="#cite_note-mffSI-237">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soodalter-238">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Park_Service-239">[212]</a> During the winter of 1779–1780, the Continental Army suffered greater hardships than at Valley Forge.<a href="#cite_note-qGXr7-240">[213]</a> Morale was poor, public support fell away, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental dollar">Continental dollar</a> was virtually worthless, the army was plagued with supply problems, desertion was common, and mutinies occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompton_Mutiny" title="Pompton Mutiny">New Jersey Line</a> regiments over the conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Q0VqJ-241">[214]</a> In June 1780, Clinton sent 6,000 men under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Wilhelm von Knyphausen</a> to retake New Jersey, but they were halted by local militia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Battle of Connecticut Farms</a>; although the Americans withdrew, Knyphausen felt he was not strong enough to engage Washington's main force and retreated.<a href="#cite_note-cUzlf-242">[215]</a> A second attempt two weeks later ended in a British defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield_(1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Springfield (1780)">Battle of Springfield</a>, effectively ending their ambitions in New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-RoM95-243">[216]</a> In July, Washington appointed <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a> commander of <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>; his attempt to betray the fort to the British failed due to incompetent planning, and the plot was revealed when his British contact <a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">John André</a> was captured and executed.<a href="#cite_note-cmndD-244">[217]</a> Arnold escaped to New York and switched sides, an action justified in a pamphlet addressed "<a href="/wiki/To_the_Inhabitants_of_America" title="To the Inhabitants of America">To the Inhabitants of America</a>"; the Patriots condemned his betrayal, while he found himself almost as unpopular with the British.<a href="#cite_note-oKXqF-245">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_South">War in the South</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A birds-eye view over the British lines of artillery besieging the port of Charleston in the center-background, and landing some shots at the docks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg/220px-Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg/330px-Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg/440px-Sullivans-island-1050x777.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">siege of Charleston</a> in May 1780</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowpens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close-up of a cavalry melee on large horses with sabers and pistols drawn; Three redcoats center-right are engaging two Patriots in blue along with an African-American in a brown linen shirt and white pants, with his pistol drawn and leveled at a redcoat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/220px-Cowpens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/330px-Cowpens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cowpens.jpg/440px-Cowpens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> routs the <a href="/wiki/British_Legion_(American_Revolutionary_War)" title="British Legion (American Revolutionary War)">British Legion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Battle of Cowpens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cowpens,_South_Carolina" title="Cowpens, South Carolina">Cowpens, South Carolina</a>, in January 1781</figcaption></figure> The Southern Strategy was developed by Lord Germain, based on input from London-based Loyalists, including Joseph Galloway. They argued that it made no sense to fight the Patriots in the north where they were strongest, while the New England economy was reliant on trade with Britain. On the other hand, duties on tobacco made the South far more profitable for Britain, while local support meant securing it required small numbers of regular troops. Victory would leave a truncated United States facing British possessions in the south, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> on their western border; with the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic seaboard</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, Congress would be forced to agree to terms. However, assumptions about the level of Loyalist support proved wildly optimistic.<a href="#cite_note-WmAJ5-246">[219]</a> Germain ordered <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Pr%C3%A9vost" title="Augustine Prévost">Augustine Prévost</a>, the British commander in <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>, to advance into <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution#Return_of_the_British_Army" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a> in December 1778. <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_born_1739)" title="Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)">Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell</a>, an experienced officer, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">captured Savannah</a> on December 29, 1778. He recruited a Loyalist militia of nearly 1,100, many of whom allegedly joined only after Campbell threatened to confiscate their property.<a href="#cite_note-oVXIX-247">[220]</a> Poor motivation and training made them unreliable troops, as demonstrated in their defeat by Patriot militia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kettle_Creek" title="Battle of Kettle Creek">Battle of Kettle Creek</a> on February 14, 1779, although this was offset by British victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brier_Creek" title="Battle of Brier Creek">Brier Creek</a> on March 3.<a href="#cite_note-eTiqi-248">[221]</a> In June 1779, Prévost launched an abortive assault on Charleston, before retreating to Savannah, an operation notorious for widespread looting by British troops that enraged both Loyalists and Patriots. In October, a joint French and American operation under d'Estaing and General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a> failed to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">recapture Savannah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yBaSD-249">[222]</a> Prévost was replaced by Lord Cornwallis, who assumed responsibility for Germain's strategy; he soon realized estimates of Loyalist support were considerably over-stated, and he needed far more regular forces.<a href="#cite_note-fDcs9-250">[223]</a> Reinforced by Clinton, Cornwallis's troops captured Charleston in May 1780, inflicting the most serious Patriot defeat of the war; over 5,000 prisoners were taken and the Continental Army in the south effectively destroyed. On May 29, Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Banastre_Tarleton" title="Banastre Tarleton">Banastre Tarleton</a>'s mainly Loyalist force routed a Continental Army force nearly three times its size under Colonel Abraham Buford at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws" title="Battle of Waxhaws">Battle of Waxhaws</a>. The battle is controversial for allegations of a massacre, which were later used as a recruiting tool by the Patriots.<a href="#cite_note-9sQwG-251">[224]</a> Clinton returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis to oversee the south; despite their success, the two men left barely on speaking terms.<a href="#cite_note-zCa8T-252">[225]</a> The Southern strategy depended on local support, but this was undermined by a series of coercive measures. Previously, captured Patriots were sent home after swearing not to take up arms against the king; they were now required to fight their former comrades, while the confiscation of Patriot-owned plantations led formerly neutral "<a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">grandees</a>" to side with them.<a href="#cite_note-UE0Rz-253">[226]</a> Skirmishes at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamson%27s_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Williamson's Plantation">Williamson's Plantation</a>, Cedar Springs, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocky_Mount" title="Battle of Rocky Mount">Rocky Mount</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Hanging Rock</a> signaled widespread resistance to the new oaths throughout South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-eJXda-254">[227]</a> In July 1780, Congress appointed Gates commander in the south; he was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a> on August 16, leaving Cornwallis free to enter North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-CR0we-255">[228]</a> Despite battlefield success, the British could not control the countryside and Patriot attacks continued; before moving north, Cornwallis sent Loyalist militia under Major <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ferguson" title="Patrick Ferguson">Patrick Ferguson</a> to cover his left flank, leaving their forces too far apart to provide mutual support.<a href="#cite_note-P43ob-256">[229]</a> In early October, Ferguson was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Battle of Kings Mountain</a>, dispersing organized Loyalist resistance in the region.<a href="#cite_note-6Dbvn-257">[230]</a> Despite this, Cornwallis continued into North Carolina hoping for Loyalist support, while Washington replaced Gates with General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> in December 1780.<a href="#cite_note-MsfX6-258">[231]</a> Greene divided his army, leading his main force southeast pursued by Cornwallis; a detachment was sent southwest under <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a>, who defeated Tarleton's <a href="/wiki/British_Legion_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Legion (American Revolution)">British Legion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a> on January 17, 1781, nearly eliminating it as a fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-Y8Aqz-259">[232]</a> The Patriots now held the initiative in the south, with the exception of a <a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Richmond">raid on Richmond</a> led by Benedict Arnold in January 1781.<a href="#cite_note-kFdPt-260">[233]</a> Greene led Cornwallis on a series of countermarches around North Carolina; by early March, the British were exhausted and short of supplies and Greene felt strong enough to fight the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Battle of Guilford Court House</a> on March 15. Although victorious, Cornwallis suffered heavy casualties and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina#Revolutionary_era" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, seeking supplies and reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-NcMDc-261">[234]</a> The Patriots now controlled most of the Carolinas and Georgia outside the coastal areas; after a minor reversal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hobkirk%27s_Hill" title="Battle of Hobkirk's Hill">Battle of Hobkirk's Hill</a>, they recaptured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Watson" title="Siege of Fort Watson">Fort Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Motte" title="Siege of Fort Motte">Fort Motte</a> on April 15.<a href="#cite_note-Sfu2K-262">[235]</a> On June 6, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pickens_(congressman)" title="Andrew Pickens (congressman)">Andrew Pickens</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Augusta" title="Siege of Augusta">Augusta</a>, leaving the British in Georgia confined to Charleston and Savannah.<a href="#cite_note-ei9uo-263">[236]</a> The assumption Loyalists would do most of the fighting left the British short of troops and battlefield victories came at the cost of losses they could not replace. Despite halting Greene's advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eutaw_Springs" title="Battle of Eutaw Springs">Battle of Eutaw Springs</a> on September 8, Cornwallis withdrew to Charleston with little to show for his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Mn9U7-264">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_campaign">Western campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincennes_1779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="At left center, Virginia militia Colonel George Rogers Clark with buckskinned uniformed militia lined up behind him; at right center, red-coated British Quebec Governor Hamilton surrendering with ranks of white-uniformed Tory militia behind receding into the background; a drummer boy in the foreground; a line of British Indian allies lined up on the right receding into the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vincennes_1779.jpg/220px-Vincennes_1779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vincennes_1779.jpg/330px-Vincennes_1779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vincennes_1779.jpg/440px-Vincennes_1779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_(colonial_administrator)" title="Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)">Henry Hamilton</a> surrenders to Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a> in July 1779</figcaption></figure> From the beginning of the war, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez,_1st_Viscount_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Governor of Spanish Louisiana</a>, allowed the Americans to import supplies and munitions into <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans#Spanish_interregnum" title="History of New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, then ship them to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh#Gateway_to_the_West_(1763–1799)" title="History of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sDaXP-265">[238]</a> This provided an alternative transportation route for the Continental Army, bypassing the British blockade of the Atlantic Coast.<a href="#cite_note-T3jCI-266">[239]</a> In February 1778, an expedition of militia to destroy British military supplies in settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> was halted by adverse weather.<a href="#cite_note-zrHvB-267">[240]</a> Later in the year, a <a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">second campaign</a> was undertaken to seize the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> from the British. Virginia militia, <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadien</a> settlers, and Indian allies commanded by Colonel George Rogers Clark captured <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a> on July 4 and then secured <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a>, though Vincennes was recaptured by Quebec Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hamilton_(colonial_administrator)" title="Henry Hamilton (colonial administrator)">Henry Hamilton</a>. In early 1779, the Virginians counter-attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Vincennes" title="Siege of Fort Vincennes">siege of Fort Vincennes</a> and took Hamilton prisoner. Clark secured western <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">British Quebec</a> as the American Northwest Territory in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> brought the Revolutionary War to an end.<a href="#cite_note-A5cfw-268">[241]</a> When Spain joined France's war against Britain in the Anglo-French War in 1779, their treaty specifically excluded Spanish military action in North America. Later that year, however, Gálvez initiated offensive operations against British outposts.<a href="#cite_note-lGgZh-269">[242]</a> First, he cleared British garrisons in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana#1763–1779:_British_period" title="History of Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana#Spanish_interregnum_(1763–1803)" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bute" title="Fort Bute">Fort Bute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Natchez,_Mississippi#Colonial_history_(1716–1783)" title="History of Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi#European_colonial_period" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and captured five forts.<a href="#cite_note-zQHJI-270">[243]</a> In doing so, Gálvez opened navigation on the Mississippi River north to the American settlement in Pittsburgh.<a href="#cite_note-ipFTR-271">[244]</a> On May 25, 1780, British Colonel Henry Bird <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_invasion_of_Kentucky" title="Bird's invasion of Kentucky">invaded Kentucky</a> as part of a wider operation to clear American resistance from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>. Their advance on New Orleans was repelled by Spanish Governor Gálvez's offensive on <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>. Simultaneous British attacks were repulsed on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis" title="Battle of St. Louis">St. Louis</a> by the Spanish Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Leyba" title="Fernando de Leyba">de Leyba</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_County,_Virginia" title="Illinois County, Virginia">Virginia County courthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia, Illinois</a>, by Lieutenant Colonel Clark. The British initiative under Bird from Detroit was ended at the rumored approach of Clark.<a href="#cite_note-272">[ab]</a> The scale of violence in the <a href="/wiki/Licking_River_(Kentucky)#History" title="Licking River (Kentucky)">Licking River Valley</a>, was extreme "even for frontier standards." It led to <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> settlements, who joined Clark's militia when the British and their hired German soldiers withdrew to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-XfL5Q-273">[245]</a> The Americans responded with a major offensive along the <a href="/wiki/Mad_River_(Ohio)" title="Mad River (Ohio)">Mad River</a> in August which met with some success in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piqua" title="Battle of Piqua">Battle of Piqua</a> but did not end Indian raids.<a href="#cite_note-nolLI-274">[246]</a> French soldier <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_La_Balme" title="Augustin de La Balme">Augustin de La Balme</a> led a Canadian militia in an attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, but they dispersed when <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami natives</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> attacked the encamped settlers on November 5.<a href="#cite_note-nGyQz-275">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[ac]</a> The war in the west stalemated with the British garrison sitting in Detroit and the Virginians expanding westward settlements north of the Ohio River in the face of British-allied Indian resistance.<a href="#cite_note-b02bR-278">[249]</a> In 1781, Galvez and Pollock <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">campaigned east along the Gulf Coast</a> to secure West Florida, including British-held Mobile and Pensacola.<a href="#cite_note-COArV-279">[250]</a> The Spanish operations impaired the British supply of armaments to British Indian allies, which effectively suspended a military alliance to attack settlers between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-wwErI-280">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[ad]</a> In 1782, large scale retaliations between settlers and Native Americans in the region included the <a href="/wiki/Gnadenhutten_massacre" title="Gnadenhutten massacre">Gnadenhutten massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crawford_expedition" title="Crawford expedition">Crawford expedition</a>. The 1782 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blue_Licks" title="Battle of Blue Licks">Battle of Blue Licks</a> was one of the last major engagements of the war. News of the treaty between Great Britain and the United States arrived late that year. By this time, about 7% of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> settlers had been killed in battles against Native Americans, contrasted with 1% of the population killed in the Thirteen Colonies. Lingering resentments led to <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War#Course_of_the_war" title="Northwest Indian War">continued fighting in the west</a> after the war officially ended. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_defeat">British defeat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two lines of warships at sea sailing with full sails downwind away from the viewer and firing broadsides at one another; in the center foreground receding into the left background, six of the French fleet; in the right foreground receding to the center four of the British fleet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/220px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/330px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg/440px-BattleOfVirginiaCapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4963" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> fleet (left) engages the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a> on September 5, 1781</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Center foreground a British officer on the left standing surrenders to a mounted Continental officer; far left foreground receding into the center background, a British line of infantry then mounted cavalry, with a large white flag of surrender; far right foreground receding into the center background, a Continental line of infantry, then mounted cavalry, with a large US flag of the Army." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>British general <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a> surrenders at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> in October 1781</figcaption></figure> Clinton spent most of 1781 based in New York City; he failed to construct a coherent operational strategy, partly due to his difficult relationship with Admiral <a href="/wiki/Marriot_Arbuthnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriot Arbuthnot">Marriot Arbuthnot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ap5wX-282">[252]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a>, Cornwallis independently developed an aggressive plan for a campaign in Virginia, which he hoped would isolate Greene's army in the <a href="/wiki/Carolinas" title="Carolinas">Carolinas</a> and cause the collapse of Patriot resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. This strategy was approved by Lord Germain in London, but neither informed Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-mnb58-283">[253]</a> Washington and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> discussed their options: Washington wanted to attack the British in New York, and Rochambeau wanted to attack them in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where Cornwallis's forces were less established.<a href="#cite_note-xzQbp-284">[254]</a> Washington eventually gave way, and Lafayette took a combined Franco-American force into Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-bsnMy-285">[255]</a> Clinton misinterpreted his movements as preparations for an attack on New York and instructed Cornwallis to establish a fortified sea base, where the Royal Navy could evacuate British troops to help defend New York.<a href="#cite_note-b3QwE-286">[256]</a> When Lafayette entered Virginia, Cornwallis complied with Clinton's orders and withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown</a>, where he constructed strong defenses and awaited evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-SkAo5-287">[257]</a> An agreement by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> to defend the French West Indies allowed Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">François Joseph Paul de Grasse</a> to relocate to the Atlantic seaboard, a move Arbuthnot did not anticipate.<a href="#cite_note-ap5wX-282">[252]</a> This provided Lafayette naval support, while the failure of previous combined operations at <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> meant their coordination was planned more carefully.<a href="#cite_note-6XKWu-288">[258]</a> Despite repeated urging from his subordinates, Cornwallis made no attempt to engage Lafayette before he could establish siege lines.<a href="#cite_note-jzAf8-289">[259]</a> Expecting to be withdrawn within a few days, he also abandoned the outer defenses, which were promptly occupied by the besiegers and hastened British defeat.<a href="#cite_note-4QJnx-290">[260]</a> On August 31, a Royal Navy fleet under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Thomas Graves</a> left New York for Yorktown.<a href="#cite_note-xdltf-291">[261]</a> After landing troops and munitions for the besiegers on August 30, de Grasse remained in Chesapeake Bay and intercepted him on September 5; although the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a> was indecisive in terms of losses, Graves was forced to retreat, leaving Cornwallis isolated.<a href="#cite_note-pTsmW-292">[262]</a> An attempted breakout over <a href="/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)" title="York River (Virginia)">York River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia#Gloucester_County_formation_and_divisions" title="Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester Point</a> failed due to bad weather.<a href="#cite_note-0d9W7-293">[263]</a> Under heavy bombardment with dwindling supplies, on October 16 Cornwallis sent emissaries to General Washington to negotiate surrender; after twelve hours of negotiations, the terms of surrender were finalized the following day.<a href="#cite_note-g66wL-294">[264]</a> Responsibility for defeat was the subject of fierce public debate between Cornwallis, Clinton, and Germain. Clinton ultimately took most of the blame and spent the rest of his life in relative obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-irWjD-295">[265]</a> Subsequent to Yorktown, American forces were assigned to supervise the armistice between Washington and Clinton made to facilitate British departure following the January 1782 law of Parliament forbidding any further British offensive action in North America. British-American negotiations in Paris led to signed preliminary agreements in November 1782, which acknowledged U.S. independence. The enacted <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> war objective, a British withdrawal from North America and cession of these regions to the U.S., was completed in stages in East Coast cities.<a href="#cite_note-OtLkf-296">[266]</a> In the U.S. South, Generals Greene and Wayne observed the British remove their troops from Charleston on December 14, 1782.<a href="#cite_note-FF82B-297">[267]</a> Loyalist provincial militias of whites and free blacks and Loyalists with slaves were transported to Nova Scotia and the British West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-298">[ae]</a> Native American allies of the British and some freed blacks were left to escape unaided through the American lines. On April 9, 1783, Washington issued orders that "all acts of hostility" were to cease immediately. That same day, by arrangement with Washington, Carleton issued a similar order to British troops.<a href="#cite_note-zaInj-299">[268]</a> As directed by a Congressional resolution of May 26, 1783, all non-commissioned officers and enlisted were furloughed "to their homes" until the "definitive treaty of peace", when they would be automatically discharged. The U.S. armies were directly disbanded in the field as of Washington's General Orders on June 2, 1783.<a href="#cite_note-clMCt-300">[269]</a> Once the Treaty of Paris was signed with Britain on September 3, 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.<a href="#cite_note-OtLkf-296">[266]</a> The last British occupation of New York City ended on November 25, 1783, with the departure of Clinton's replacement, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Xx5DW-301">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_commanders">Strategy and commanders</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="West Point Military Academy MAP of America east of the Mississippi River. Campaigns noted in New England; in the middle colonies with three British (red sailing ship) naval victories; in the South with two British naval victories, and in Virginia with one French (blue sailing ship) naval victory. A Timeline bar graph below shows almost all British (red bar) victories on the left in the first half of the war, and almost all US (blue bar) victories on the right in the second half of the war." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg/220px-USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg/330px-USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg/440px-USMA01_Major_Campaigns_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="3791" /></a><figcaption>A map of principal campaigns in the American Revolutionary War<a href="#cite_note-BTKUJ-302">[271]</a> with British movements in red and American movements in blue; the timeline shows the British won most battles in the war's first half, but Americans won the most in the second.</figcaption></figure> To win their insurrection, Washington and the Continental Army needed to outlast the British will to fight. To restore <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, the British had to defeat the Continental Army quickly and compel the Second Continental Congress to retract its claim to self-governance.<a href="#cite_note-I7Xou-303">[272]</a> Historian Terry M. Mays of <a href="/wiki/The_Citadel" title="The Citadel">The Citadel</a> identifies three separate types of warfare during the Revolutionary War. The first was a colonial conflict in which objections to imperial trade regulation were as significant as taxation policy. The second was a civil war between American Patriots, American Loyalists, and those who preferred to remain neutral. Particularly in the south, many battles were fought between Patriots and Loyalists with no British involvement, leading to divisions that continued after independence was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-StQAE-304">[273]</a> The third element was a global war between France, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, and Britain, with America serving as one of several different war theaters.<a href="#cite_note-StQAE-304">[273]</a> After entering the Revolutionary War in 1778, France provided the Americans money, weapons, soldiers, and naval assistance, while French troops fought under U.S. command in North America. While Spain did not formally join the war in America, they provided access to the Mississippi River and captured British possessions on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> that denied bases to the Royal Navy, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Minorca_(1781)" title="Invasion of Minorca (1781)">retook Menorca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">besieged Gibraltar</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-ONzWM-305">[274]</a> Although the Dutch Republic was no longer a major power prior to 1774, they still dominated the European carrying trade, and Dutch merchants made large profits by shipping French-supplied munitions to the Patriots. This ended when Britain declared war in December 1780, and the conflict proved disastrous to the Dutch economy.<a href="#cite_note-72JXk-306">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_strategy">American strategy</h3></div> The Second Continental Congress stood to benefit if the Revolution evolved into a protracted war. Colonial state populations were largely prosperous and depended on local production for food and supplies rather than on imports from Britain. The thirteen colonies were spread across most of North American Atlantic seaboard, stretching 1,000 miles. Most colonial farms were remote from the seaports, and control of four or five major ports did not give Britain control over American inland areas. Each state had established internal distribution systems.<a href="#cite_note-lNS5K-307">[276]</a> Motivation was also a major asset: each colonial capital had its <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">own newspapers and printers</a>, and the Patriots enjoyed more popular support than the Loyalists. Britain hoped that the Loyalists would do much of the fighting, but found that the Loyalists did not engage as significantly as they had hoped.<a href="#cite_note-6bqxv-25">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Army">Continental Army</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)#American_Revolutionary_War_(1775-1783)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia (United States) § American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington,_1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal painting of General George Washington, standing in uniform, as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/220px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/330px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/440px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A 1776 portrait of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a>, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> When the Revolutionary War began, the Second Continental Congress lacked a professional army or navy. However, each of the colonies had a long-established system of local militia, which were combat-tested in support of British regulars in the French and Indian War. The colonial state legislatures independently funded and controlled their local militias.<a href="#cite_note-lNS5K-307">[276]</a> Militiamen were lightly armed, had little training, and usually did not have uniforms. Their units served for only a few weeks or months at a time and lacked the training and discipline of more experienced soldiers. Local county militias were reluctant to travel far from home and were unavailable for extended operations.<a href="#cite_note-JOPiQ-308">[277]</a> To compensate for this, the Continental Congress established a regular force known as the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, which proved to be the origin of the modern <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, and appointed Washington as its commander-in-chief. However, it suffered significantly from the lack of an effective training program and from largely inexperienced officers.<a href="#cite_note-4DbAi-309">[278]</a> Each state legislature appointed officers for both county and state militias and their regimental Continental line officers; although Washington was required to accept Congressional appointments, he was permitted to choose and command his own generals, such as Greene; his chief of artillery, Knox; and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, the chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-pSJBj-310">[279]</a> One of Washington's most successful general officer recruits was Steuben, a veteran of the Prussian general staff who wrote the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Drill_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary War Drill Manual">Revolutionary War Drill Manual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4DbAi-309">[278]</a> The development of the Continental Army was always a work in progress and Washington used both his regulars and state militias throughout the war; when properly employed, the combination allowed them to overwhelm smaller British forces, as they did in battles at Concord, Boston, Bennington, and Saratoga. Both sides used partisan warfare, but the state militias effectively suppressed Loyalist activity when British regulars were not in the area.<a href="#cite_note-JOPiQ-308">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[af]</a> Washington designed the overall military strategy in cooperation with Congress, established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs, personally recruited his senior officer corps, and kept the states focused on a common goal.<a href="#cite_note-l3gHY-314">[282]</a> Washington initially employed the inexperienced officers and untrained troops in <a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian strategies</a> rather than risk frontal assaults against Britain's professional forces.<a href="#cite_note-UxzJ5-315">[283]</a> Over the course of the war, Washington lost more battles than he won, but he never surrendered his troops and maintained a fighting force in the face of British field armies.<a href="#cite_note-oBjRC-316">[284]</a> By prevailing European standards, the armies in America were relatively small, limited by lack of supplies and logistics. The British were constrained by the logistical difficulty of transporting troops across the Atlantic and their dependence on local supplies. Washington never directly commanded more than 17,000 men,<a href="#cite_note-6Djag-317">[285]</a> and the combined Franco-American army in the decisive American victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> was only about 19,000.<a href="#cite_note-mtUen-318">[286]</a> At the beginning of 1776, Patriot forces consisted of 20,000 men, with two-thirds in the Continental Army and the other third in the state militias. About 250,000 American men served as regulars or as militia for the revolutionary cause during the war, but there were never more than 90,000 men under arms at any time.<a href="#cite_note-0HyhO-319">[287]</a> On the whole, American officers never equaled their British opponents in tactics and maneuvers, and they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes at Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777), and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> (1781) were won by trapping the British far from base with a greater number of troops.<a href="#cite_note-pSJBj-310">[279]</a> After 1778, Washington's army was transformed into a more disciplined and effective force, mostly as a product of <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Steuben" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>'s military training.<a href="#cite_note-4DbAi-309">[278]</a> Immediately after the Continental Army emerged from Valley Forge in June 1778, it proved its ability to match the military capabilities of the British at the Battle of Monmouth, including a black <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> regiment fending off a British bayonet attack and then counter charging the British for the first time as part of Washington's army.<a href="#cite_note-kgNGc-320">[288]</a> After the Battle of Monmouth, Washington came to realize that saving entire towns was not necessary, but preserving his army and keeping the revolutionary spirit alive was more important. Washington informed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, then president of the Second Continental Congress,<a href="#cite_note-322">[ag]</a> "that the possession of our towns, while we have an army in the field, will avail them little."<a href="#cite_note-76ZOZ-323">[290]</a> Although the Continental Congress was responsible for the war effort and provided supplies to the troops, Washington took it upon himself to pressure Congress and the state legislatures to provide the essentials of war; there was never nearly enough.<a href="#cite_note-CX4G4-324">[291]</a> Congress evolved in its committee oversight and established the Board of War, which included members of the military.<a href="#cite_note-rBEkF-325">[292]</a> Because the Board of War was also a committee ensnared with its own internal procedures, Congress also created the post of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, appointing Major General Benjamin Lincoln to the position in February 1781. Washington worked closely with Lincoln to coordinate civilian and military authorities and took charge of training and supplying the army.<a href="#cite_note-t1m52-326">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-4DbAi-309">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Navy">Continental Navy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Privateer#American_Revolutionary_War" title="Privateer">Privateer § American_Revolutionary_War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat_War" title="Whaleboat War">Whaleboat War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sail warships at sea with full sail; in the center middle ground, the US ship; in the background, four French warships in a haze giving it a cannon salute with gunpowder; small boats also in the water in the middle ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg/220px-First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg/330px-First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg/440px-First_Recognition_of_the_American_Flag_by_a_Foreign_Government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4980" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Ranger_(1777)" title="USS Ranger (1777)">USS Ranger</a> commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></figcaption></figure> During the first summer of the war, Washington began outfitting schooners and other small seagoing vessels to prey on ships supplying the British in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-N26y3-327">[294]</a> The Second Continental Congress established the Continental Navy on October 13, 1775, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a> as its first commander;<a href="#cite_note-ofLtd-328">[295]</a> for most of the war, the Continental Navy included only a handful of small frigates and sloops, supported by privateers.<a href="#cite_note-o5APS-329">[296]</a> On November 10, 1775, Congress authorized the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a>, which ultimately evolved into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ztc3C-312">[281]</a> John Paul Jones became the first American naval hero when he captured <a href="/wiki/HMS_Drake_(1777)" title="HMS Drake (1777)">HMS Drake</a> on April 24, 1778, the first victory for any American military vessel in British waters.<a href="#cite_note-L9ds0-330">[297]</a> The last such victory was by the frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Alliance_(1778)" title="USS Alliance (1778)">USS Alliance</a>, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">John Barry</a>. On March 10, 1783, the Alliance outgunned HMS Sybil in a 45-minute duel while escorting Spanish gold from Havana to the Congress in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-unG7V-331">[298]</a> After Yorktown, all US Navy ships were sold or given away; it was the first time in America's history that it had no fighting forces on the high seas.<a href="#cite_note-jC7za-332">[299]</a> Congress primarily commissioned privateers to reduce costs and to take advantage of the large proportion of colonial sailors found in the British Empire. In total, they included 1,700 ships that successfully captured 2,283 enemy ships to damage the British effort and to enrich themselves with the proceeds from the sale of cargo and the ship itself.<a href="#cite_note-OVxVT-333">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[ah]</a> About 55,000 sailors served aboard American privateers during the war.<a href="#cite_note-usmm-28">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="France in the American Revolution">France in the American Revolution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_Navy#Louis_XVI" title="History of the French Navy">History of the French Navy § Louis XVI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France#Ancien_Régime" title="Military history of France">Military history of France § Ancien Régime</a></div> At the beginning of the war, the Americans had no major international allies, since most nation-states waited to see how the conflict unfolded. Over time, the Continental Army established its military credibility. Battles such as the Battle of Bennington, the Battles of Saratoga, and even defeats such as the Battle of Germantown, proved decisive in gaining the support of powerful European nations, including France, Spain, and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War#Background" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Dutch Republic</a>; the Dutch moved from covertly supplying the Americans with weapons and supplies to overtly supporting them.<a href="#cite_note-zaqGl-336">[302]</a> The decisive American victory at Saratoga convinced <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a>, which was already a long-time rival of Britain, to offer the Americans the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The two nations also agreed to a defensive Treaty of Alliance to protect their trade and also guaranteed American independence from Britain. To engage the United States as a French ally militarily, the treaty was conditioned on Britain initiating a war on France to stop it from trading with the U.S. Spain and the Dutch Republic were invited to join by both France and the United States in the treaty, but neither was responsive to the request.<a href="#cite_note-yOYGS-337">[303]</a> On June 13, 1778, France declared war on Great Britain, and it invoked the French military alliance with the U.S., which ensured additional U.S. private support for French possessions in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[ai]</a> Washington worked closely with the soldiers and navy that France would send to America, primarily through Lafayette on his staff. French assistance made critical contributions required to defeat Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781.<a href="#cite_note-fNRxX-341">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[aj]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_strategy">British strategy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> The British military had considerable experience fighting in North America.<a href="#cite_note-cdOwo-344">[308]</a> However, in previous conflicts they benefited from local logistics and support from the colonial militia. In the American Revolutionary War, reinforcements had to come from Europe, and maintaining large armies over such distances was extremely complex; ships could take three months to cross the Atlantic, and orders from London were often outdated by the time they arrived.<a href="#cite_note-HZaQ9-345">[309]</a> Prior to the conflict, the colonies were largely autonomous economic and political entities, with no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance.<a href="#cite_note-Jvdgy-346">[310]</a> This meant that, unlike Europe where the fall of a capital city often ended wars, that in America continued even after the loss of major settlements such as Philadelphia, the seat of Congress, New York, and Charleston.<a href="#cite_note-WTNUb-347">[311]</a> British power was reliant on the Royal Navy, whose dominance allowed them to resupply their own expeditionary forces while preventing access to enemy ports. However, the majority of the American population was agrarian, rather than urban; supported by the French navy and blockade runners based in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>, their economy was able to survive.<a href="#cite_note-Pole_2004-348">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_2nd_Earl_of_Guilford" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford">Lord North</a>, Prime Minister since 1770, delegated control of the war in North America to <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord George Germain">Lord George Germain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Earl of Sandwich</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">head of the Royal Navy</a> from 1771 to 1782. Defeat at Saratoga in 1777 made it clear the revolt would not be easily suppressed, especially after the Franco-American alliance of February 1778. With Spain also expected to join the conflict, the Royal Navy needed to prioritize either the war in America or in Europe; Germain advocated the former, Sandwich the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Zfq4g-349">[313]</a> North initially backed the Southern strategy attempting to exploit divisions between the mercantile north and slave-owning south, but after the defeat of Yorktown, he was forced to accept that this policy had failed.<a href="#cite_note-6mBg1-350">[314]</a> It was clear the war was lost, although the Royal Navy forced the French to relocate their fleet to the Caribbean in November 1781 and resumed a close blockade of American trade.<a href="#cite_note-EiC1K-351">[315]</a> The resulting economic damage and rising inflation meant the US was now eager to end the war, while France was unable to provide further loans; Congress could no longer pay its soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-q5EIL-352">[316]</a> The geographical size of the colonies and limited manpower meant the British could not simultaneously conduct military operations and occupy territory without local support. Debate persists over whether their defeat was inevitable; one British statesman described it as "like trying to conquer a map".<a href="#cite_note-arzue-353">[317]</a> While <a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling</a> argues Patriot victory was nothing short of a miracle,<a href="#cite_note-holEy-354">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis</a> suggests the odds always favored the Americans, especially after Howe squandered the chance of a decisive British success in 1776, an "opportunity that would never come again".<a href="#cite_note-MqYnj-355">[319]</a> The US military history speculates the additional commitment of 10,000 fresh troops in 1780 would have placed British victory "within the realm of possibility".<a href="#cite_note-Ma3JT-356">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Army">British Army</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army during the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)#Military_service" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist (American Revolution) § Military service</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of the British commander-in-chief, Sir Thomas Gage in dress uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg/170px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg/255px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg/340px-Thomas_Gage_John_Singleton_Copley.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> Commander from 1763 to 1775</figcaption></figure> The expulsion of France from North America in 1763 led to a drastic reduction in British troop levels in the colonies; in 1775, there were only 8,500 regular soldiers among a civilian population of 2.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-0qbek-357">[321]</a> The bulk of military resources in the Americas were focused on defending sugar islands in the Caribbean; <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> alone generated more revenue than all thirteen American colonies combined.<a href="#cite_note-FJWrp-358">[322]</a> With the end of the Seven Years' War, the permanent army in Britain was also cut back, which resulted in administrative difficulties when the war began a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-Y118y-359">[323]</a> Over the course of the war, there were four separate British commanders-in-chief. The first was Thomas Gage, appointed in 1763, whose initial focus was establishing British rule in former French areas of Canada. Many in London blamed the revolt on his failure to take firm action earlier, and he was relieved after the heavy losses incurred at the Battle of Bunker Hill.<a href="#cite_note-cosou-360">[324]</a> His replacement was Sir William Howe, a member of the Whig faction in Parliament who opposed the policy of coercion advocated by Lord North; Cornwallis, who later surrendered at Yorktown, was one of many senior officers who initially refused to serve in North America.<a href="#cite_note-CZWL2-361">[325]</a> The 1775 campaign showed the British overestimated the capabilities of their own troops and underestimated the colonial militia, requiring a reassessment of tactics and strategy,<a href="#cite_note-pWpln-362">[326]</a> and allowing the Patriots to take the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-57mVs-363">[327]</a> Howe's responsibility is still debated; despite receiving large numbers of reinforcements, Bunker Hill seems to have permanently affected his self-confidence and lack of tactical flexibility meant he often failed to follow up opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-r4hyC-364">[328]</a> Many of his decisions were attributed to supply problems, such as his failure to pursue Washington's beaten army.<a href="#cite_note-MlUcq-365">[329]</a> Having lost the confidence of his subordinates, he was recalled after Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga.<a href="#cite_note-UkMe5-366">[330]</a> Following the failure of the Carlisle Commission, British policy changed from treating the Patriots as subjects who needed to be reconciled to enemies who had to be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-o6DjZ-367">[331]</a> In 1778, Howe was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-eA9wm-368">[332]</a> Regarded as an expert on tactics and strategy,<a href="#cite_note-UkMe5-366">[330]</a> like his predecessors Clinton was handicapped by chronic supply issues.<a href="#cite_note-BZg2c-369">[333]</a> In addition, Clinton's strategy was compromised by conflict with political superiors in London and his colleagues in North America, especially Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Mariot Arbuthnot</a>, replaced in early 1781 by Rodney.<a href="#cite_note-ap5wX-282">[252]</a> He was neither notified nor consulted when Germain approved Cornwallis's invasion of the south in 1781 and delayed sending him reinforcements believing the bulk of Washington's army was still outside New York City.<a href="#cite_note-mWJRm-370">[334]</a> After the surrender at Yorktown, Clinton was relieved by Carleton, whose major task was to oversee the evacuation of Loyalists and British troops from Savannah, Charleston, and New York City.<a href="#cite_note-YZsHH-371">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_troops">German troops</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian (soldier)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington,_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph,_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hessian troops surrender after Battle of Trenton, December 1776" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Surrender_of_the_Hessian_Troops_to_General_Washington%2C_after_The_Battle_of_Trenton._December_1776._Copy_of_lithograph%2C_1_-_NARA_-_532880.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> troops surrender after <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>'s victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a> in December 1776</figcaption></figure> During the 18th century, states commonly <a href="/wiki/Soldatenhandel" title="Soldatenhandel">hired foreign soldiers</a>, including Britain.<a href="#cite_note-jSAGZ-372">[336]</a> When it became clear additional troops were needed to suppress the revolt in America, it was decided to employ <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#Allies_of_Great_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">professional German soldiers</a>. There were several reasons for this, including public sympathy for the Patriot cause, a historical reluctance to expand the British army and the time needed to recruit and train new regiments.<a href="#cite_note-cCTlC-373">[337]</a> Many smaller states in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> had a long tradition of renting their armies to the highest bidder. The most important was <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a>, known as "the Mercenary State".<a href="#cite_note-NNZE8-374">[338]</a> The first supply agreements were signed by the North administration in late 1775; 30,000 Germans served in the American War.<a href="#cite_note-btSGH-375">[339]</a> Often generically referred to as "Hessians", they included men from many other states, including <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Hanover</a> and Brunswick.<a href="#cite_note-srbv4-376">[340]</a> Sir Henry Clinton recommended recruiting Russian troops whom he rated very highly, having seen them in action against the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Ottomans</a>; however, negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> made little progress.<a href="#cite_note-IqLsU-377">[341]</a> Unlike previous wars their use led to intense political debate in Britain, France, and even Germany, where <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> refused to provide passage through his territories for troops hired for the American war.<a href="#cite_note-schmidt208-209-378">[342]</a> In March 1776, the agreements were challenged in Parliament by Whigs who objected to "coercion" in general, and the use of foreign soldiers to subdue "British subjects".<a href="#cite_note-vyLv6-379">[343]</a> The debates were covered in detail by American newspapers; in May 1776 they received copies of the treaties themselves, provided by British sympathizers and smuggled into North America from London.<a href="#cite_note-tIwST-380">[344]</a> The prospect of foreign German soldiers being used in the colonies bolstered support for independence, more so than taxation and other acts combined; the King was accused of declaring war on his own subjects, leading to the idea there were now two separate governments.<a href="#cite_note-ImWYT-381">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-juHEN-382">[346]</a> By apparently showing Britain was determined to go to war, it made hopes of reconciliation seem naive and hopeless, while the employment of what was regarded as "foreign mercenaries" became one of the charges levelled against George III in the Declaration of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-schmidt208-209-378">[342]</a> The Hessian reputation within Germany for brutality also increased support for the Patriot cause among German American immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-taPBr-383">[347]</a> The presence of over 150,000 <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> meant both sides felt the German soldiers might be persuaded to desert; one reason Clinton suggested employing Russians was that he felt they were less likely to defect. When the first German troops arrived on Staten Island in August 1776, Congress approved the printing of handbills, promising land and citizenship to any willing to join the Patriot cause. The British launched a counter-campaign claiming deserters could be executed.<a href="#cite_note-mauch415-384">[348]</a> Desertion among the Germans occurred throughout the war, with the highest rate of desertion occurring between the surrender at Yorktown and the Treaty of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Nf6u9-385">[349]</a> German regiments were central to the British war effort; of the estimated 30,000 sent to America, some 13,000 became casualties.<a href="#cite_note-bnmql-386">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_as_civil_war">Revolution as civil war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalists">Loyalists</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist (American Revolution)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Legion_(Great_Britain)" title="American Legion (Great Britain)">American Legion (Great Britain)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27_American_Regiment" title="Prince of Wales' American Regiment">Prince of Wales' American Regiment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wounded British officer falls from his horse after being struck by gunfire; another British officer to his rights puts his hands forwards to support the wounded rider; troops skirmish in the background; men lie dead at the riders feet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg/220px-KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg/330px-KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg/440px-KingsMountain_DeathOfFerguson_Chappel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a> routed <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Battle of Kings Mountain</a> in 1780, raising Patriot morale.</figcaption></figure> Wealthy Loyalists convinced the British government that most of the colonists were sympathetic toward the Crown;<a href="#cite_note-6cWCe-387">[351]</a> consequently, British military planners relied on recruiting Loyalists, but had trouble recruiting sufficient numbers as the Patriots had widespread support.<a href="#cite_note-JOPiQ-308">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[ak]</a> Approximately 25,000 Loyalists fought for the British throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-savas41-50">[31]</a> Although Loyalists constituted about twenty percent of the colonial population,<a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._235-106">[83]</a> they were concentrated in distinct communities. Many of them lived among large plantation owners in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater region</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#Early_conflicts" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._235-106">[83]</a> When the British began probing the backcountry in 1777–1778, they were faced with a major problem: any significant level of organized Loyalist activity required a continued presence of British regulars.<a href="#cite_note-Gu69t-389">[352]</a> The available manpower that the British had in America was insufficient to protect Loyalist territory and counter American offensives.<a href="#cite_note-xeYC7-390">[353]</a> The Loyalist militias in the South were constantly defeated by neighboring Patriot militia. The Patriot victory at the Battle of Kings Mountain irreversibly impaired Loyalist militia capability in the South.<a href="#cite_note-NcMDc-261">[234]</a> When the early war policy was administered by Howe, the Crown's need to maintain Loyalist support prevented it from using the traditional revolt suppression methods.<a href="#cite_note-m4e3v-391">[354]</a> The British cause suffered when their troops ransacked local homes during an aborted attack on Charleston in 1779 that enraged both Patriots and Loyalists.<a href="#cite_note-yBaSD-249">[222]</a> After Congress rejected the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a> in 1778 and Westminster turned to "hard war" during Clinton's command, neutral colonists in the Carolinas often allied with the Patriots.<a href="#cite_note-dh9oI-392">[355]</a> Conversely, Loyalists gained support when Patriots intimidated suspected Tories by destroying property or <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarring and feathering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4VC7B-393">[356]</a> A Loyalist militia unit—the <a href="/wiki/British_Legion_(American_Revolutionary_War)" title="British Legion (American Revolutionary War)">British Legion</a>—provided some of the best troops in British service.<a href="#cite_note-b5poP-394">[357]</a> It was commanded by Tarleton and gained a fearsome reputation in the colonies for "brutality and needless slaughter".<a href="#cite_note-rankin-395">[358]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scene of Nancy Morgan Hart on the left with musket raised and child hiding behind her skirts, and behind; on the right two Loyalist soldiers are lying on the floor, and three are raising their hands defensively in alarm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif/220px-Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif/330px-Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif/440px-Nancy_Morgan_Hart.gif 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hart" title="Nancy Hart">Nancy Hart</a> single-handedly captured six <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> soldiers who barged into her home intending to ransack it.</figcaption></figure> Women played various roles during the Revolutionary War; they often accompanied their husbands when permitted. For example, throughout the war <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> was known to visit and provide aid to her husband George at various American camps.<a href="#cite_note-NsXgO-396">[359]</a> Women often accompanied armies as <a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">camp followers</a> to sell goods and perform necessary tasks in hospitals and camps, and numbered in the thousands during the war.<a href="#cite_note-s5toN-397">[360]</a> Women also assumed military roles: some dressed as men to directly support combat, fight, or act as spies on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-HUZJR-398">[361]</a> Anna Maria Lane joined her husband in the Army. The Virginia General Assembly later cited her bravery: she fought while dressed as a man and "performed extraordinary military services, and received a severe wound at the battle of Germantown ... with the courage of a soldier".<a href="#cite_note-F5oSv-399">[362]</a> On April 26, 1777, <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Ludington" title="Sybil Ludington">Sybil Ludington</a> is said to have ridden to alert militia forces to the British's approach; she has been called the "female Paul Revere".<a href="#cite_note-om7F0-400">[363]</a> Whether the ride occurred is questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-401">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-402">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-403">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eschner-404">[367]</a> A few others <a href="/wiki/List_of_wartime_cross-dressers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wartime cross-dressers">disguised themselves as men</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Sampson" title="Deborah Sampson">Deborah Sampson</a> fought until her gender was discovered and she was discharged as a result; <a href="/wiki/Sally_St._Clair" title="Sally St. Clair">Sally St. Clair</a> was killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-F5oSv-399">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_(1781),_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A scene of four uniformed soldiers of the Continental 1st Rhode Island Regiment. On the left, a black and a white soldier formally at "Attention" with Brown Bess muskets; on the right, a downcast white soldier walking back into formation with an officer barking at him holding a cat-o-nine tails for flogging." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/220px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/330px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png/440px-Soldiers_at_the_siege_of_Yorktown_%281781%29%2C_by_Jean-Baptiste-Antoine_DeVerger.png 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> soldiers, including one from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Rhode_Island_Regiment" title="1st Rhode Island Regiment">1st Rhode Island Regiment</a> on the left</figcaption></figure> When war began, the population of the Thirteen Colonies included an estimated 500,000 slaves, predominantly used as labor on <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Southern plantations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-517PM-405">[368]</a> In November 1775, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation that promised freedom to any Patriot-owned slaves willing to bear arms. Although the announcement helped to fill a temporary manpower shortage, white Loyalist prejudice meant recruits were eventually redirected to non-combatant roles. The Loyalists' motive was to deprive Patriot <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> of labor rather than to end slavery; Loyalist-owned slaves were returned.<a href="#cite_note-CJ6XK-406">[369]</a> The 1779 <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Proclamation" title="Philipsburg Proclamation">Philipsburg Proclamation</a> issued by Clinton extended the offer of freedom to Patriot-owned slaves throughout the colonies. It persuaded entire families to escape to British lines, many of which were employed growing food for the army by removing the requirement for military service. While Clinton organized the <a href="/wiki/Black_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pioneers">Black Pioneers</a>, he also ensured fugitive slaves were returned to Loyalist owners with orders that they were not to be punished.<a href="#cite_note-DKDsq-407">[370]</a> As the war progressed, service as regular soldiers in British units became increasingly common; Black Loyalists formed two regiments of the Charleston garrison in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-bfNHp-408">[371]</a> Estimates of the numbers who served the British during the war vary from 25,000 to 50,000, excluding those who escaped during wartime. Thomas Jefferson estimated that Virginia may have lost 30,000 slaves to escapes.<a href="#cite_note-zag2G-409">[372]</a> In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (about 30 percent of the enslaved population) either fled, migrated, or died, which significantly disrupted the plantation economies both during and after the war.<a href="#cite_note-yRG5O-410">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a> were barred from the Continental Army until Washington convinced Congress in January 1778 that there was no other way to replace losses from disease and desertion. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Rhode_Island_Regiment" title="1st Rhode Island Regiment">1st Rhode Island Regiment</a> formed in February included former slaves whose owners were compensated; however, only 140 of its 225 soldiers were black and recruitment stopped in June 1788.<a href="#cite_note-Ltvqf-411">[374]</a> Ultimately, around 5,000 African Americans served in the Continental Army and Navy in a variety of roles, while another 4,000 were employed in Patriot militia units, aboard privateers, or as teamsters, servants, and spies. After the war, a small minority received land grants or Congressional pensions; many others were returned to their masters post-war despite earlier promises of freedom.<a href="#cite_note-aJJzP-412">[375]</a> As a Patriot victory became increasingly likely, the treatment of Black Loyalists became a point of contention; after the surrender of Yorktown in 1781, Washington insisted all escapees be returned but Cornwallis refused. In 1782 and 1783, around 8,000 to 10,000 freed blacks were evacuated by the British from Charleston, Savannah, and New York; some moved onto London, while 3,000 to 4,000 settled in Nova Scotia.<a href="#cite_note-Bvc5o-413">[376]</a> White Loyalists transported 15,000 enslaved blacks to Jamaica and the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. The free Black Loyalists who migrated to the British West Indies included regular soldiers from Dunmore's <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Regiment">Ethiopian Regiment</a>, and those from Charleston who helped garrison the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bfNHp-408">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Native_Americans_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Native Americans in the American Revolution">Category:Native Americans in the American Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Brant_by_William_Berczy_c1794-1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of British regular army Colonel Joseph Brant, Iroquois Mohawk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Joseph_Brant_by_William_Berczy_c1794-1797.jpg/220px-Joseph_Brant_by_William_Berczy_c1794-1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Joseph_Brant_by_William_Berczy_c1794-1797.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> of the British-led <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#American_Revolution" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#American_Revolutionary_War" title="Mohawk people">Mohawks</a> in the war</figcaption></figure> Most Native Americans east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many tribes were divided over how to respond. A few tribes were friendly with the colonists, but most Natives opposed the union of the Colonies as a potential threat to their territory. Approximately 13,000 Natives fought on the British side, with the largest group coming from the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> tribes who deployed around 1,500 men.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._393-53">[33]</a> Early in July 1776, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> allies of Britain attacked the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">Washington District</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Colony">North Carolina</a>. Their defeat splintered both Cherokee settlements and people, and was directly responsible for the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_Cherokee" title="Chickamauga Cherokee">Chickamauga Cherokee</a>, who perpetuated the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a> against American settlers for decades after hostilities with Britain ended.<a href="#cite_note-finger2001-414">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> allies of Britain fought against Americans in Georgia and South Carolina. In 1778, a force of 800 Muscogee destroyed American settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Broad_River_(Georgia)" title="Broad River (Georgia)">Broad River</a> in Georgia. Muscogee warriors also joined <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brown_(loyalist)" title="Thomas Brown (loyalist)">Thomas Brown</a>'s raids into South Carolina and assisted Britain during the siege of Savannah.<a href="#cite_note-KPNF9-415">[378]</a> Many Native Americans were involved in the fight between Britain and Spain on the Gulf Coast and along the British side of the Mississippi River. Thousands of Muscogee, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> fought in major battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">Battle of Fort Charlotte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mobile (1781)">Battle of Mobile</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">siege of Pensacola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npQH7-416">[379]</a> The Iroquois Confederacy was shattered as a result of the American Revolutionary War. The <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a> tribes sided with the British; members of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawks</a> fought on both sides; and many <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a> sided with the Americans. To retaliate against raids on American settlement by Loyalists and their Indian allies, the Continental Army dispatched the Sullivan Expedition throughout New York to debilitate the Iroquois tribes that had sided with the British. Mohawk leaders <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Louis Cook">Joseph Louis Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> sided with the Americans and the British respectively, which further exacerbated the split.<a href="#cite_note-Q9pmz-417">[380]</a> In the western theater, conflicts between settlers and Native Americans led to lingering distrust.<a href="#cite_note-y9yCm-418">[381]</a> In the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Great Britain ceded control of the disputed lands between the Great Lakes and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, but Native inhabitants were not a part of the peace negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-lsicb-419">[382]</a> Tribes in the Northwest Territory joined as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a> and allied with the British to resist American settlement, and their conflict continued after the Revolutionary War as the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BnzRx-420">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_negotiations">Peace negotiations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of the four principal US ministers in Paris; left to right, John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and their secretary on the far right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> portrays the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">American mission</a> of (left–right): <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Temple Franklin</a>. The portrait was never completed because the British commissioners refused to pose. Laurens, pictured, was actually in London at the time it was painted.<a href="#cite_note-Usbu7-421">[384]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A New York City street scene with a mounted George Washington riding at the head of a parade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg/220px-Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg/330px-Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg/440px-Evacuation_Day_and_Washington%27s_Triumphal_Entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9416" data-file-height="7089" /></a><figcaption>Washington enters New York City at <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuation</a>, November 1783. <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Chapel" title="St. Paul's Chapel">St. Paul's Chapel</a> is on left. The parade route in 1783 went from <a href="/wiki/Bull%27s_Head_Tavern" title="Bull's Head Tavern">Bull's Head Tavern</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a>, then continued down <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Square" title="Chatham Square">Chatham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Pearl Street (Manhattan)">Pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall</a>, and ended at Cape's Tavern on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>.</figcaption></figure> The terms presented by the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a> in 1778 included acceptance of the principle of self-government. Parliament would recognize Congress as the governing body, suspend any objectionable legislation, surrender its right to local colonial taxation, and discuss including American representatives in the House of Commons. In return, all property confiscated from Loyalists would be returned, British debts honored, and locally enforced martial law accepted. However, Congress demanded either immediate recognition of independence or the withdrawal of all British troops; they knew the commission were not authorized to accept these, bringing negotiations to a rapid end.<a href="#cite_note-EVGwD-422">[385]</a> On February 27, 1782, a Whig motion to end the offensive war in America was carried by 19 votes.<a href="#cite_note-PpAUy-423">[386]</a> North resigned, obliging the king to invite <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a> to form a government; a consistent supporter of the Patriot cause, he made a commitment to U.S. independence a condition of doing so. George III reluctantly accepted and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">new government</a> took office on March 27, 1782; however, Rockingham died unexpectedly on July 1, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Lord Shelburne</a> who acknowledged American independence.<a href="#cite_note-6fSnW-424">[387]</a> When Lord Rockingham was elevated to Prime Minister, Congress consolidated its diplomatic consuls in Europe into a peace delegation at Paris. The dean of the delegation was Benjamin Franklin. He had become a celebrity in the French Court, but he was also influential in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>. Since the 1760s, Franklin had been an organizer of British American inter-colony cooperation, and then served as a colonial lobbyist to Parliament in London. John Adams had been consul to the Dutch Republic and was a prominent early New England Patriot. <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> of New York had been consul to Spain and was a past president of the Continental Congress. As consul to the Dutch Republic, Henry Laurens had secured a preliminary agreement for a trade agreement. Although active in the preliminaries, he was not a signer of the conclusive treaty.<a href="#cite_note-OtLkf-296">[266]</a> The Whig negotiators included long-time friend of Franklin <a href="/wiki/David_Hartley_(the_Younger)" title="David Hartley (the Younger)">David Hartley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oswald_(merchant)" title="Richard Oswald (merchant)">Richard Oswald</a>, who had negotiated Laurens' release from the Tower of London.<a href="#cite_note-OtLkf-296">[266]</a> The Preliminary Peace signed on November 30 met four key Congressional demands: independence, territory up to the Mississippi, navigation rights into the Gulf of Mexico, and fishing rights in Newfoundland.<a href="#cite_note-OtLkf-296">[266]</a> British strategy was to strengthen the U.S. sufficiently to prevent France from regaining a foothold in North America, and they had little interest in these proposals.<a href="#cite_note-6HMUl-425">[388]</a> However, divisions between their opponents allowed them to negotiate separately with each to improve their overall position, starting with the American delegation in September 1782.<a href="#cite_note-s8bf9-426">[389]</a> The French and Spanish sought to improve their position by creating the U.S. dependent on them for support against Britain, thus reversing the losses of 1763.<a href="#cite_note-0XLAe-427">[390]</a> Both parties tried to negotiate a settlement with Britain excluding the Americans; France proposed setting the western boundary of the U.S. along the Appalachians, matching the British 1763 Proclamation Line. The Spanish suggested additional concessions in the vital Mississippi River Basin, but required the cession of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a> in violation of the Franco-American alliance.<a href="#cite_note-0XLAe-427">[390]</a> Facing difficulties with Spain over claims involving the Mississippi River, and from France who was still reluctant to agree to American independence until all her demands were met, John Jay told the British that he was willing to negotiate directly with them, cutting off France and Spain, and Prime Minister Lord Shelburne, in charge of the British negotiations, agreed.<a href="#cite_note-iRKom-428">[391]</a> Key agreements for the United States in obtaining peace included recognition of US independence; all of the territory east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida and south of Canada; and fishing rights in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Banks">Grand Banks</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a>. The United States and Great Britain were each given perpetual access to the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-XAtfM-429">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-dKEt7-430">[393]</a> An Anglo-American Preliminary Peace was formally entered into in November 1782, and Congress endorsed the settlement on April 15, 1783. It announced the achievement of peace with independence, and the conclusive treaty was signed on September 2, 1783, in Paris, effective the following day when Britain signed its treaty with France. John Adams, who helped draft the treaty, claimed it represented "one of the most important political events that ever happened on the globe". Ratified respectively by Congress and Parliament, the final versions were exchanged in Paris the following spring.<a href="#cite_note-9BwsN-431">[394]</a> On November 25, the last British troops remaining in the U.S. were <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">evacuated from New York</a> to Halifax.<a href="#cite_note-Nuhdu-432">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3></div> The expanse of territory that was now the U.S. included millions of sparsely settled acres south of the Great Lakes line between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, much of which was part of Canada. The tentative colonial migration west became a flood during the war.<a href="#cite_note-0xR4w-433">[396]</a> Britain's extended post-war policy for the U.S. continued to try to establish an <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a> below the Great Lakes as late as 1814 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. The formally acquired western American lands continued to be populated by Indigenous tribes that had mostly been British allies.<a href="#cite_note-lsicb-419">[382]</a> In practice the British refused to abandon the forts on territory they formally transferred. Instead, they provisioned military allies for continuing frontier raids and sponsored the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795). British sponsorship of local warfare on the U.S. continued until the Anglo-American <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>, authored by Hamilton, went into effect on February 29, 1796.<a href="#cite_note-CrkMd-434">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[al]</a> Of the European powers with American colonies adjacent to the newly created U.S., Spain was most threatened by American independence, and it was correspondingly the most hostile to it.<a href="#cite_note-437">[am]</a> Its territory adjacent to the U.S. was relatively undefended, so Spanish policy developed a combination of initiatives. Spanish soft power diplomatically challenged the British territorial cession west to the Mississippi River and the previous northern boundaries of Spanish Florida.<a href="#cite_note-ImmKb-438">[399]</a> It imposed a high tariff on American goods, then blocked American settler access to the port of New Orleans. At the same time, the Spanish also sponsored war within the U.S. by Indian proxies in its Southwest Territory ceded by France to Britain, then Britain to the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-0xR4w-433">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties_and_losses">Casualties and losses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutionary_War_Cemetery,_Salem,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cemetery; grave stones in the foreground in staggered, irregular rows; behind them grass covered mounds of dead; an American flag in the background along a tree line." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg/170px-Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg/255px-Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg/340px-Revolutionary_War_Cemetery%2C_Salem%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>Mass graves from the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_York" title="Salem, New York">Salem, New York</a></figcaption></figure> The total loss of life throughout the conflict is largely unknown. As was typical in wars of the era, diseases such as smallpox claimed more lives than battle. Between 1775 and 1782, a <a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%9382_North_American_smallpox_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic">smallpox epidemic</a> throughout North America killed an estimated 130,000.<a href="#cite_note-3kb8Q-62">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[an]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a> suggests that Washington having his troops <a href="/wiki/Variolation" title="Variolation">inoculated</a> against the disease was one of his most important decisions.<a href="#cite_note-VcQK9-440">[400]</a> Up to 70,000 American Patriots died during active military service.<a href="#cite_note-gNorb-441">[401]</a> Of these, approximately 6,800 were killed in battle, while at least 17,000 died from disease. The majority of the latter died while <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> of the British, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War">prison ships</a> in New York Harbor.<a href="#cite_note-hQzBc-442">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[ao]</a> The number of Patriots seriously wounded or disabled by the war has been estimated from 8,500 to 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-Xwtjh-444">[403]</a> The French suffered 2,112 killed in combat in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-TO8lQ-445">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[ap]</a> The Spanish lost 124 killed and 247 wounded in West Florida.<a href="#cite_note-White_2010,_Essay-447">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[aq]</a> A British report in 1781 puts their total Army deaths at 6,046 in North America (1775–1779).<a href="#cite_note-3kb8Q-62">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[ar]</a> Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters; among those labeled German deserters, however, it is estimated that 1,800 were killed in combat.<a href="#cite_note-duncan371-24">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[as]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonsense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/220px-Commonsense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/330px-Commonsense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commonsense.jpg/440px-Commonsense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. motto <a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a>, meaning "A New Age Now Begins", is paraphrased from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a>, published January 10, 1776. "We have it in our power to begin the world over again", Paine wrote in it.<a href="#cite_note-McDonald,_Forrest_pp._6-457">[412]</a></figcaption></figure> The American Revolution set an example to overthrow both monarchy and colonial governments. The United States has the world's oldest written constitution, which was used as a model in other countries, sometimes word-for-word. The Revolution inspired revolutions in France, Haiti, Latin America, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Xqvd2-458">[413]</a> Although the Revolution eliminated many forms of inequality, it did little to change the status of women, despite the role they played in winning independence. Most significantly, it failed to end slavery. While many were uneasy over the contradiction of demanding liberty for some, yet denying it to others, the dependence of southern states on slave labor made abolition too great a challenge. Between 1774 and 1780, many of the states banned the importation of slaves, but the institution itself continued.<a href="#cite_note-0skc6-459">[414]</a> In 1782, Virginia passed a law permitting <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> and over the next eight years more than 10,000 slaves were given their freedom.<a href="#cite_note-DggJY-460">[415]</a> The number of abolitionist movements greatly increased, and by 1804 all the northern states had outlawed it.<a href="#cite_note-wneY7-461">[416]</a> However, slavery continued to be a serious social and political issue and caused divisions that would ultimately end in <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> The body of historical writings on the American Revolution cite many motivations for the Patriot revolt.<a href="#cite_note-g6SJo-462">[417]</a> American Patriots stressed the denial of their constitutional <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">rights as Englishmen</a>, especially "<a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">no taxation without representation</a>." Contemporaries credit the <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a> with laying the intellectual, moral, and ethical foundations for the American Revolution among the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, who were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and other Enlightenment writers and philosophers. <a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> has long been cited as a major influence on Revolutionary-era American thinking, but historians David Lundberg and <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._May" title="Henry F. May">Henry F. May</a> contend that Locke's <a href="/wiki/Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay Concerning Human Understanding">Essay Concerning Human Understanding</a> was far more widely read.<a href="#cite_note-463">[418]</a> Historians since the 1960s have emphasized that the Patriot constitutional argument was made possible by the emergence of an American nationalism that united the Thirteen Colonies. In turn, that nationalism was rooted in a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republican value system</a> that demanded consent of the governed and deeply opposed <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> control.<a href="#cite_note-fcrPt-464">[419]</a> In Britain, on the other hand, republicanism was largely a fringe ideology since it challenged the aristocratic control of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchy</a> and political system. Political power was not controlled by an aristocracy or nobility in the 13 colonies; instead, the colonial political system was based on the winners of free elections, which were open at the time to the majority of white men. In analysis of the Revolution, historians in recent decades have often cited three motivations behind it:<a href="#cite_note-ZBA7A-465">[420]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_history" title="Atlantic history">Atlantic history</a> view places the American story in a broader context, including subsequent revolutions in France and Haiti. It tends to reintegrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-ZJ2KF-466">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-WWA5Z-467">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-UTDV9-468">[423]</a></li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/New_social_history" class="mw-redirect" title="New social history">new social history</a>" approach looks at community social structure to find cleavages that were magnified into colonial cleavages.</li> <li>The ideological approach that centers on republicanism in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Uo7j4-469">[424]</a> Republicanism dictated there would be no royalty, aristocracy or national church but allowed for continuation of the British common law, which American lawyers and jurists understood and approved and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adopted British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choices for courts.<a href="#cite_note-dd44y-470">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-5N3hK-471">[426]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_War_commemoration_stamps">Revolutionary War commemoration stamps</h3></div> After the first <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">U.S. postage stamp</a> was issued in 1849, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a> frequently issued commemorative stamps celebrating people and events of the Revolutionary War. The first such stamp was the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> issue of 1926.<a href="#cite_note-ULvJk-472">[427]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Selected issues:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell,_1926_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Liberty Bell stamp, issued on the 150th anniversary of American independence in 1926"><img alt="The Liberty Bell stamp, issued on the 150th anniversary of American independence in 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/277px-150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/416px-150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg/555px-150th_Anniversary_of_the_Liberty_Bell%2C_1926_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> stamp, issued on the 150th anniversary of American independence in 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="150th anniversary of the Battles of Saratoga stamp featuring Burgoyne's surrender, issued in 1927"><img alt="150th anniversary of the Battles of Saratoga stamp featuring Burgoyne's surrender, issued in 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg/285px-Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg/427px-Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg/569px-Saratoga_1777_Oriskany_1927_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a> stamp featuring <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a>'s surrender, issued in 1927</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Washington at prayer at Valley Forge stamp, issued in 1928"><img alt="Washington at prayer at Valley Forge stamp, issued in 1928" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg/152px-Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg/229px-Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg/305px-Washington_at_Prayer_Valley_Forge_1928_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a> at prayer at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> stamp, issued in 1928</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="150th anniversary of the siege of Yorktown stamp featuring Rochambeau, Washington, and de Grasse, issued in 1931"><img alt="150th anniversary of the siege of Yorktown stamp featuring Rochambeau, Washington, and de Grasse, issued in 1931" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/270px-Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/405px-Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg/539px-Yorktown_1931_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="653" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a> stamp featuring <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a>, issued in 1931</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_in_the_United_States" title="1776 in the United States">1776 in the United States</a>: events, births, deaths, and other years</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics_of_the_Revolution">Topics of the Revolution</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committee of safety (American Revolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the American Revolution">Flags of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War">Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_history_of_the_Revolution">Social history of the Revolution</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States#American_Revolution" title="Christianity in the United States">Christianity in the United States#American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_Patriots_of_the_American_Revolution" title="The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution">The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States#American_Revolution" title="History of Poles in the United States">History of Poles in the United States#American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_clergy_in_the_American_Revolution" title="List of clergy in the American Revolution">List of clergy in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Patriots_(American_Revolution)" title="List of Patriots (American Revolution)">List of Patriots (American Revolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Quakers in the American Revolution">Quakers in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans#American_Revolution" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish Americans#American Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_in_the_American_Revolution">Others in the American Revolution</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Watauga Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_Revolutionary_military">Lists of Revolutionary military</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Forces_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War">List of British Forces in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Forces_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War">List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_weapons_in_the_American_Revolution" title="List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution">List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War">List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy_and_related">Legacy and related</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Men_of_the_Revolution" title="The Last Men of the Revolution">The Last Men of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_films_about_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="List of plays and films about the American Revolution">List of plays and films about the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_independence" title="List of wars of independence">List of wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War">Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Including the United Colonies period from 1776 to 1781 and the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> from 1781 to 1783. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Two independent "COR" Regiments, the Congress's Own Regiments, were recruited among British Canadiens. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Regiment">1st Canadian Regiment</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/James_Livingston_(American_Revolution)" title="James Livingston (American Revolution)">James Livingston</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chambly,_Quebec" title="Chambly, Quebec">Chambly, Quebec</a>;<a href="#cite_note-h5WNR-2">[1]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Regiment" title="2nd Canadian Regiment">2nd Canadian Regiment</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hazen" title="Moses Hazen">Moses Hazen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>, Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-kRctn-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_La_Balme" title="Augustin de La Balme">Augustin de La Balme</a> independently <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_La_Balme#American_Revolution" title="Augustin de La Balme">marched on Detroit</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France#Kingdom_of_France" title="Flag of France">French flag</a> with British Canadien militia recruited from western Quebec (<a href="/wiki/Illinois_County,_Virginia" title="Illinois County, Virginia">Illinois County, Virginia</a>) at the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois" title="Kaskaskia, Illinois">Kaskaskia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois" title="Cahokia, Illinois">Cahokia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kbqqr-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> (until 1779) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Sixty-five percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a> (16,000) and <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Hanau" title="Hesse-Hanau">Hesse-Hanau</a> (2,422), flying this same flag.<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Twenty percent of Britain's German auxiliaries employed in North America were from <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (5,723),<a href="#cite_note-12">[7]</a> flying this flag.<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The British hired over 30,000 professional soldiers from various German states who served in North America from 1775 to 1782.<a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a> Commentators and historians often refer to them as mercenaries or auxiliaries, terms that are sometimes used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-atwood1,23-15">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> (from 1779) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> A cease-fire in North America was proclaimed by Congress<a href="#cite_note-19">[11]</a> on April 11, 1783, under a cease-fire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified on January 14, 1784, in the U.S., with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Arnold served on the American side from 1775 to 1780; after defecting, he served on the British side from 1780 to 1783. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> 1780–1783 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The total in active duty service for the American Cause during the American Revolutionary War numbered 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-6bqxv-25">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> 5,000 sailors (peak),<a href="#cite_note-Greene-27">[15]</a> manning privateers, an additional 55,000 total sailors<a href="#cite_note-usmm-28">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> In 1780, General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> landed in Rhode Island with an independent command of about 6000 troops,<a href="#cite_note-32">[19]</a> and in 1781 Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a> landed nearly 4000 troops who were detached to Lafayette's Continental Army surrounding British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a> in Virginia at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[20]</a> An additional 750 French troops participated with the Spanish assault on <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beerman181-34">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> For five months in 1778 from July to November, the French deployed a fleet to assist American operations off of New York, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a> commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Henri Hector d'Estaing">d'Estaing</a>, with little result.<a href="#cite_note-36">[22]</a> In September 1781, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a> left the West Indies to defeat the British fleet off Virginia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>, then offloaded 3,000 troops and siege cannon to support Washington's <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">siege of Yorktown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miTsf-37">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a> deployed 500 Spanish regulars in his New Orleans-based attacks on British-held locations west of the Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Luisiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[25]</a> In later engagements, Galvez had 800 regulars from New Orleans to assault <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, reinforced by infantry from regiments of Jose de Ezpeleta from Havana. In the assault on Pensacola, the Spanish Army contingents from Havana exceeded 9,000.<a href="#cite_note-41">[26]</a> For the final days of the siege at Pensacola siege, Admiral Jose Solano's fleet landed 1,600 crack infantry veterans from that of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beerman181-34">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Admiral Jose Solano's fleet arrived from the Mediterranean Sea to support the Spanish conquest of English Pensacola, West Florida.<a href="#cite_note-beerman181-34">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> British 121,000 (global 1781)<a href="#cite_note-44">[27]</a> "Of 7,500 men in the Gibraltar garrison in September (including 400 in hospital), some 3,430 were always on duty".<a href="#cite_note-45">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Royal Navy 94 <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships-of-the-line</a> global, 104 <a href="/wiki/Frigate#Age_of_sail" title="Frigate">frigates</a> global,<a href="#cite_note-winfield-47">[29]</a> 37 <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> global,<a href="#cite_note-winfield-47">[29]</a> 171,000 sailors<a href="#cite_note-macksey6,176-48">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Contains a detailed listing of American, French, British, German, and Loyalist regiments; indicates when they were raised, the main battles, and what happened to them. Also includes the main warships on both sides, and all the important battles. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Beyond the 2112 deaths recorded by the French Government fighting for U.S. independence, additional men died fighting Britain in a war waged by France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic from 1778 to 1784, "overseas" from the American Revolution as posited by a British scholar[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] in his "War of the American Revolution".<a href="#cite_note-yt8Dp-58">[38]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Clodfelter reports that the total deaths among the British and their allies numbered 15,000 killed in battle or died of wounds. These included estimates of 3000 Germans, 3000 Loyalists and Canadians, 3000 lost at sea, and 500 Native Americans killed in battle or died of wounds.<a href="#cite_note-2D11O-56">[36]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> "Resolved, 4. That the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate in their legislative council: ... they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legislation in their several provincial legislatures, where their right of representation can alone be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal polity, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, ...: But, ... we cheerfully consent to the operation of such acts of the British parliament, as are bonafide, restrained to the regulation of our external commerce, for the purpose of securing the commercial advantages of the whole empire to the mother country, and the commercial benefits of its respective members; excluding every idea of taxation internal or external, [without the consent of American subjects]." quoted from the Declarations and Resolves of the First Continental Congress October 14, 1774. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> To learn when and where the attack would occur Washington asked for a volunteer among the Rangers to spy on activity behind enemy lines in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. Young <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a> stepped forward, but he was only able to provide Washington with nominal intelligence at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FLQKA-147">[124]</a> On September 21, Hale was recognized in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> tavern, and was apprehended with maps and sketches of British fortifications and troop positions in his pockets. Howe ordered that he be summarily hung as a spy without trial the next day.<a href="#cite_note-lFweM-148">[125]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Tallmadge's cover name became John Bolton, and he was the architect of the spy ring.<a href="#cite_note-Baker_2014,_Chap.12-150">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> The American prisoners were subsequently sent to the <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War#Prison_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners in the American Revolutionary War">infamous prison ships</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, where more American soldiers and sailors died of disease and neglect than died in every battle of the war combined.<a href="#cite_note-YCPdp-162">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> The mandate came by way of Benjamin Rush, chair of the Medical Committee. Congress had directed that all troops who had not previously survived smallpox infection be inoculated. In explaining himself to state governors, Washington lamented that he had lost "an army" to smallpox in 1776 by the "Natural way" of immunity.<a href="#cite_note-fsQm0-180">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Bird's expedition numbered 150 British soldiers, several hundred Loyalists, and 700 Shawnee, Wyandot, and Ottawa auxiliaries. The force skirted into the eastern regions of Patriot-conquered western Quebec that had been annexed as <a href="/wiki/Illinois_County,_Virginia" title="Illinois County, Virginia">Illinois County, Virginia</a>. His target was Virginia militia stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort-on-Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort-on-Shore">Lexington</a>. As they approached downriver on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, rumor among the natives spread that the feared Colonel Clark had discovered their approach. Bird's natives and Loyalists abandoned their mission 90 miles upriver to loot settlements at the <a href="/wiki/Licking_River_(Kentucky)#History" title="Licking River (Kentucky)">Licking River</a>. At the surrender of Ruddles Station, safe passage to families was promised, but 200 were massacred by Indian raiders. Grenier maintains that "The slaughter the Indians and rangers perpetrated was unprecedented". </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Most Native Americans living in the area remembered the French better than any of the British they had met. Despite the British military nearby, the <a href="/wiki/Miami_people#United_States_and_Tribal_Divide" title="Miami people">Miami people</a> sought to avoid fighting with either Virginian Clark or Frenchman La Balme. On La Balme's horseback advance on Detroit, he paused two weeks to ruin a local French trader and loot surrounding Miami towns. La Balme might have treated them as allies, but he pushed <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> into warrior leadership, converting most Miami tribes into British military allies, and launching the military career of one of the most successful opponents of westward settlement over the next 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-h260W-276">[248]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Governor Bernardo de Gálvez is only one of eight men made honorary US citizens for his service in the American Cause. see Bridget Bowman (29 December 2014). "Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid's Very Good Year". Roll Call. The Economist Group. Retrieved April 25, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> In Nova Scotia, a province that had been a Massachusetts county in the 1600s, British settlement of freed black Loyalists from the American Revolutionary War secured its Canadian claim there. Britain continued its last "Bourbon War" with the French and Spanish primarily amidst their mutually conflicting territorial claims adjacent the Caribbean Sea, including Jamaica, adjacent the Mediterranean Sea including <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and Isla Mallorca, and adjacent the Indian Ocean during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mysore War">Second Mysore War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> Three branches of the United States Military trace their roots to the American Revolutionary War; the Army comes from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>; the Navy comes from the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>, appointing <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a> as the Navy's first commander.<a href="#cite_note-63K4s-311">[280]</a> The Marine Corps links to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a>, created by Congress on November 10, 1775.<a href="#cite_note-ztc3C-312">[281]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Laurens was president of the Second Continental Congress at this time.<a href="#cite_note-6CNkb-321">[289]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> In what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat_War" title="Whaleboat War">Whaleboat War</a>, American privateers mainly from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> attacked and robbed British merchant ships and raided and robbed coastal communities of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> reputed to have Loyalist sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-dqbl5-334">[301]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> King George III feared that the war's prospects would make it unlikely he could reclaim the North American colonies.<a href="#cite_note-JuC0w-338">[304]</a> During the later years of the Revolution, the British were drawn into numerous other conflicts about the globe.<a href="#cite_note-OqppY-339">[305]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> The final elements for US victory over Britain and US independence was assured by direct military intervention from France, as well as ongoing French supply and commercial trade over the final three years of the war.<a href="#cite_note-jPPnA-342">[307]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> On militia see Boatner 1974, p. 707; Weigley 1973, ch. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> For the thirteen years prior to the Anglo-American commercial <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> of 1796 under President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, the British maintained five forts in New York state: two forts at northern Lake Champlain, and three beginning at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> stretching east along Lake Ontario. In the Northwest Territory, they garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Fort_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Detroit">Fort Detroit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1S547-435">[398]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> There had been native-born Spanish (hidalgo) uprisings in several American colonies during the American Revolution, contesting mercantilist reforms of Carlos III that had removed privileges inherited from the Conquistadors among <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomiendas</a>, and they also challenged Jesuit dominance in the Catholic Church there. American ship captains were known to have smuggled banned copies of the Declaration of Independence into Spanish Caribbean ports, provoking Spanish colonial discontent. </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> In addition to as many as 30% deaths in port cities, and especially high rates among the closely confined prisoner-of-war ships, scholars have reported large numbers lost among the Mexican population, and large percentage losses among the American Indian along trade routes, Atlantic to Pacific, Eskimo to Aztec. </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> If the upper limit of 70,000 is accepted as the total net loss for the Patriots, it would make the conflict proportionally deadlier than the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Uncertainty arises from the difficulties in accurately calculating the number of those who succumbed to disease, as it is estimated at least 10,000 died in 1776 alone.<a href="#cite_note-duncan371-24">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> Elsewhere around the world, the French lost another approximately 5,000 total dead in conflicts 1778–1784.<a href="#cite_note-TO8lQ-445">[404]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-448"><a href="#cite_ref-448">^</a> During the same time period in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, the Dutch suffered around 500 total killed, owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-White_2010,_Essay-447">[405]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VdGXi-449">[406]</a> In the first three years of the Anglo-French War (1778), British list 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas; and 3,326 in the West Indies (1778–1780).<a href="#cite_note-3kb8Q-62">[41]</a> In 1784, a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during British conflicts outside of North America, encompassing Europe, the Caribbean, and the East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-g1sff-450">[407]</a> Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds outside of its North American engagements.<a href="#cite_note-duncan371-24">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Around 171,000 <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">sailors</a> served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during British conflicts worldwide 1775–1784; approximately a quarter of whom had been <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">pressed</a> into service. Around 1,240 were killed in battle, while an estimated 18,500 died from disease (1776–1780).<a href="#cite_note-ICbFh-452">[408]</a> The greatest killer at sea was <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, a disease caused by <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-HKwDq-453">[409]</a> It was not until 1795 that scurvy was eradicated from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> after the Admiralty declared <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> were to be issued among the standard daily <a href="/wiki/Grog" title="Grog">grog</a> rations of sailors.<a href="#cite_note-xPtQE-454">[410]</a> Around 42,000 sailors <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserted</a> worldwide during the era.<a href="#cite_note-macksey6,176-48">[30]</a> The impact on merchant shipping was substantial; 2,283 were taken by American privateers.<a href="#cite_note-OVxVT-333">[300]</a> Worldwide 1775–1784, an estimated 3,386 British <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">merchant ships</a> were seized by enemy forces during the war among Americans, French, Spanish, and Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-We1Cr-455">[411]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <dl><dd>Year dates enclosed in [brackets] denote year of original printing</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-h5WNR-2"><a href="#cite_ref-h5WNR_2-0">^</a> <a href="#smith1907">Smith 1907, p. 86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kRctn-3"><a href="#cite_ref-kRctn_3-0">^</a> <a href="#everest1977">Everest 1977, p. 38</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kbqqr-5"><a href="#cite_ref-kbqqr_5-0">^</a> <a href="#seineke1981">Seineke 1981, p. 36, fn</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTortora2015" class="citation web cs1">Tortora, Daniel J. 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Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1015–1044. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2568604">10.2307/2568604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568604">2568604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Making+Nations%2FMaking+States%3A+American+Historians+in+the+Context+of+Empire&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1015-1044&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2568604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2568604&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZBA7A-465"><a href="#cite_ref-ZBA7A_465-0">^</a> Robin Winks, ed. 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History Compass. 8 (8): 951–963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00705.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2010.00705.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=951-963&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2010.00705.x&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWA5Z-467"><a href="#cite_ref-WWA5Z_467-0">^</a> Eliga H. Gould, Peter S. Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-UTDV9-468"><a href="#cite_ref-UTDV9_468-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gould, Eliga H. (1999). "A virtual nation: Greater Britain and the imperial legacy of the American Revolution". American Historical Review. 104 (2): 476–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2650376">10.2307/2650376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2650376">2650376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+virtual+nation%3A+Greater+Britain+and+the+imperial+legacy+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=476-489&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2650376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2650376%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Eliga+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uo7j4-469"><a href="#cite_ref-Uo7j4_469-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_KennedyLizabeth_Cohen2015" class="citation book cs1">David Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ6aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">American Pageant</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1305537422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1305537422"><bdi>978-1305537422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pageant&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1305537422&rft.au=David+Kennedy&rft.au=Lizabeth+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ6aBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dd44y-470"><a href="#cite_ref-dd44y_470-0">^</a> Ellen Holmes Pearson. "Revising Custom, Embracing Choice: Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law", in Gould and Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2005) pp. 93–113 </li> <li id="cite_note-5N3hK-471"><a href="#cite_ref-5N3hK_471-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anton-Hermann_Chroust" title="Anton-Hermann Chroust">Anton-Hermann Chroust</a>, Rise of the Legal Profession in America (1965) vol. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-ULvJk-472"><a href="#cite_ref-ULvJk_472-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousemanKloetzel2019" class="citation book cs1">Houseman; Kloetzel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lhB5tAEACAAJ">Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps and Covers</a>. Amos Media Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0894875595" title="Special:BookSources/978-0894875595"><bdi>978-0894875595</bdi></a>. <q>Stamps listed in chronological order</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scott+Specialized+Catalogue+of+United+States+Stamps+and+Covers&rft.pub=Amos+Media+Company&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0894875595&rft.au=Houseman&rft.au=Kloetzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlhB5tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War">Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="abrams" class="citation web cs1">Abrams, Creighton W. (July 16, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armyhistory.org/the-yorktown-campaign-october-1781/">"The Yorktown Campaign, October 1781"</a>. National Museum, United States Army, Army Historical Foundation. Retrieved May 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum%2C+United+States+Army%2C+Army+Historical+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Yorktown+Campaign%2C+October+1781&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Creighton+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmyhistory.org%2Fthe-yorktown-campaign-october-1781%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="adams1911" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Charles Francis (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgALAAAAIAAJ">Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society: Campaign of 1777</a>. Vol. 44. Massachusetts Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Massachusetts+Historical+Society%3A+Campaign+of+1777&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCgALAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="adams63" class="citation book cs1">—— (1963) [1895–1896]. Jameson, J. Franklin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanhistoric18951896jame/page/n7/mode/2up/search/mcclary">The American historical review</a>. New York: Kraus Reprints.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+historical+review&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kraus+Reprints&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanhistoric18951896jame%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fmcclary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="alden1969" class="citation book cs1">—— (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV0xAAAAQBAJ">A History of the American Revolution</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306803666" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306803666"><bdi>978-0306803666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0306803666&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgV0xAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="alden1976" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R. (1976). American Revolution, Seventeen Seventy Five to Seventeen Eighty-Three. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061330117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061330117"><bdi>978-0061330117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolution%2C+Seventeen+Seventy+Five+to+Seventeen+Eighty-Three&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0061330117&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="alexander2010" class="citation book cs1">—— (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&pg=PA356">Encyclopedia of African American History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851097746" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851097746"><bdi>978-1851097746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1851097746&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuivtCqOlpTsC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Allison&Ferreiro2018" class="citation book cs1">Allison, David K; Ferreiro, Larrie D., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IlpnDwAAQBAJ">The American Revolution: A World War</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588346599" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588346599"><bdi>978-1588346599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+World+War&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1588346599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlpnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ammerman" class="citation book cs1">Ammerman, David (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Eh2AAAAMAAJ">In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813905259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813905259"><bdi>978-0813905259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Common+Cause%3A+American+Response+to+the+Coercive+Acts+of+1774&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0813905259&rft.aulast=Ammerman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Eh2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="armour1941" class="citation journal cs1">Armour, Alexander W. (October 1941). "Revolutionary War Discharges". William and Mary Quarterly. 21 (4). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 344–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920145">10.2307/1920145</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920145">1920145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+War+Discharges&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-360&rft.date=1941-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Alexander+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="roy2006" class="citation book cs1">Archuleta, Roy A. 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Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160873300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160873300"><bdi>978-0160873300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Generals+and+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+1775%E2%80%932005%3A+Portraits+%26+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+United+States+Army%27s+Senior+Officer&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0160873300&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=William+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwyykzbi4pUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="bellot" class="citation thesis cs1">Bellot, LJ (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/89064/RICE0099.pdf?sequence=1">Canada v Guadeloupe in Britain's old colonial empire: the Peace of Paris of 1763</a> (PDF) (PhD). 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HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0007390915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0007390915"><bdi>978-0007390915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+Redcoats%3A+The+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0007390915&rft.aulast=Bicheno&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxw2hAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="billias1969" class="citation book cs1">Billias, George Athan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0euvXS-AwD4C">George Washington's Opponents: British Generals and Admirals in the American Revolution</a>. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Opponents%3A+British+Generals+and+Admirals+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Billias&rft.aufirst=George+Athan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0euvXS-AwD4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="black1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ysC9rOCxGhgC">"Naval Power, Strategy and Foreign Policy, 1775–1791"</a>. In Michael Duffy (ed.). Parameters of British Naval Power, 1650–1850. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press. pp. 95–120, here: 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0859893855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0859893855"><bdi>978-0859893855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naval+Power%2C+Strategy+and+Foreign+Policy%2C+1775%E2%80%931791&rft.btitle=Parameters+of+British+Naval+Power%2C+1650%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Exeter%2C+UK&rft.pages=95-120%2C+here%3A+105&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0859893855&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DysC9rOCxGhgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="black2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owQaAQAAIAAJ">War for America: The Fight for Independence, 1775–1783</a>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750928083" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750928083"><bdi>978-0750928083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+America%3A+The+Fight+for+Independence%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0750928083&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowQaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Black2011" class="citation book cs1">—— (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC">Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253005618" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253005618"><bdi>978-0253005618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+America%3A+The+Struggle+for+Mastery+in+North+America%2C+1519%E2%80%931871&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0253005618&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEIst_CSWOqIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="boatner74" class="citation book cs1">Boatner, Mark M. (1974) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQN2AAAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of the American Revolution'</a>. D. McKay Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679504405" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679504405"><bdi>978-0679504405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Revolution%27&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0679504405&rft.aulast=Boatner&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQN2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="borick2003" class="citation book cs1">Borick, Carl P. (2003). A Gallant Defense: the Siege of Charleston, 1780. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570034879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570034879"><bdi>978-1570034879</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5051139">5051139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gallant+Defense%3A+the+Siege+of+Charleston%2C+1780&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5051139&rft.isbn=978-1570034879&rft.aulast=Borick&rft.aufirst=Carl+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Britannica.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="degrasseEB2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Joseph-Paul-comte-de-Grasse-marquis-de-Grasse-Tilly">"François Joseph Paul, count de Grasse"</a>. Britannica.com. 2021. p. Wikisourse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Joseph+Paul%2C+count+de+Grasse&rft.pages=Wikisourse&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFrancois-Joseph-Paul-comte-de-Grasse-marquis-de-Grasse-Tilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="brown41" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Weldon A (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoYlAQAAMAAJ">Empire Or Independence A Study in the Failure Of Reconciliation 1774–1783</a>. Kennikat Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Or+Independence+A+Study+in+the+Failure+Of+Reconciliation+1774%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Kennikat+Press&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Weldon+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoYlAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="buchanan97" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHh2AAAAMAAJ">The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471164029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471164029"><bdi>978-0471164029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Guilford+Courthouse%3A+The+American+Revolution+in+the+Carolinas&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0471164029&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHh2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="burgoyne1860" class="citation book cs1">—— (1860). O'Callaghan, E. B. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orderlybookoflie00burg">Orderly book of Lieut. Gen. John Burgoyne, from his entry into the state of New York until his surrender at Saratoga, 16th Oct. 1777</a>. Albany, N.Y., J. Munsell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orderly+book+of+Lieut.+Gen.+John+Burgoyne%2C+from+his+entry+into+the+state+of+New+York+until+his+surrender+at+Saratoga%2C+16th+Oct.+1777&rft.pub=Albany%2C+N.Y.%2C+J.+Munsell&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forderlybookoflie00burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Burke1785" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Edmond, ed. (1785). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5tNAAAAcAAJ">Annual Register: World Events, 1783</a>. London: Jay Dodsley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Register%3A+World+Events%2C+1783&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jay+Dodsley&rft.date=1785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5tNAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="burrows2008a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows" title="Edwin G. Burrows">Burrows, Edwin G.</a> (Fall 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/patriots-or-terrorists">"Patriots or Terrorists"</a>. American Heritage. 58 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323233806/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/patriots-or-terrorists">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Patriots+or+Terrorists&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fpatriots-or-terrorists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="burrows2008b" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpUs4J8XEXoC">Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners During the Revolutionary War</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786727049" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786727049"><bdi>978-0786727049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Patriots%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+American+Prisoners+During+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786727049&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpUs4J8XEXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="butterfield" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Consul W. (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007936660">History of George Rogers Clark's Conquest of the Illinois and the Wabash Towns 1778–1779</a>. Columbus, Ohio: Heer. <q>online at Hathi Trust</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+George+Rogers+Clark%27s+Conquest+of+the+Illinois+and+the+Wabash+Towns+1778%E2%80%931779&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Heer&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Consul+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F007936660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cadwalader1901" class="citation book cs1">Cadwalader, Richard McCall (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniasoc00socigoog">Observance of the One Hundred and Twenty-third Anniversary of the Evacuation of Philadelphia by the British Army: Fort Washington and the Encampment of White Marsh, November 2, 1777</a>. Press of the New Era Printing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pennsylvaniasoc00socigoog/page/n26">20</a>–28. Retrieved January 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observance+of+the+One+Hundred+and+Twenty-third+Anniversary+of+the+Evacuation+of+Philadelphia+by+the+British+Army%3A+Fort+Washington+and+the+Encampment+of+White+Marsh%2C+November+2%2C+1777&rft.pages=20-28&rft.pub=Press+of+the+New+Era+Printing+Company&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Cadwalader&rft.aufirst=Richard+McCall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpennsylvaniasoc00socigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Calhoon1973" class="citation book cs1">Calhoon, Robert McCluer (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy53AAAAMAAJ">The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, 1760–1781</a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801490088" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801490088"><bdi>978-0801490088</bdi></a>. <q>The Founding of the American Republic Series</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loyalists+in+Revolutionary+America%2C+1760%E2%80%931781&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0801490088&rft.aulast=Calhoon&rft.aufirst=Robert+McCluer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZy53AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="calloway2007" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&q=mercenaries">The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195331271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195331271"><bdi>978-0195331271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scratch+of+a+Pen%3A+1763+and+the+Transformation+of+North+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195331271&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtxG369-VHQC%26q%3Dmercenaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="cannon2015" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ">The Oxford Companion to British History</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199677832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199677832"><bdi>978-0199677832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199677832&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Crowcroft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vL8CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="carp1990" class="citation book cs1">Carp, E. Wayne (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DL66YCXMbZ8C">To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783</a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807842690" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807842690"><bdi>978-0807842690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Starve+the+Army+at+Pleasure%3A+Continental+Army+Administration+and+American+Political+Culture%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0807842690&rft.aulast=Carp&rft.aufirst=E.+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDL66YCXMbZ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="carroll2001" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Francis M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiEkygEACAAJ">A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783–1842</a>. 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UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826327956" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826327956"><bdi>978-0826327956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+the+Independence+of+the+United+States%3A+An+Intrinsic+Gift&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0826327956&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz96CAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Direland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="chartrand63" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUQ8vgAACAAJ">Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege</a>. 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Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465025145" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465025145"><bdi>978-0465025145</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701015376">701015376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=If+By+Sea%3A+The+Forging+of+the+American+Navy+%E2%80%93+from+the+Revolution+to+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701015376&rft.isbn=978-0465025145&rft.aulast=Daughan&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFmJ9HTq7QIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="davenport1917" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Frances G; Paullin, Charles O. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeantreaties04daveuoft/page/144/mode/2up">European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies</a>. Vol. IV. Washington, D.C. Carnegie Institution of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Treaties+Bearing+on+the+History+of+the+United+States+and+Its+Dependencies&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.+Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Frances+G&rft.au=Paullin%2C+Charles+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeantreaties04daveuoft%2Fpage%2F144%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="daviesk1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davies, K.G., ed. (1972–1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000774193">Documents of the American Revolution, 1779–1783</a>. Vol. 16 has title:Documents of the American Revolution, 1779–1780. Vol. 12, 15, 17, 18. Shannon: Irish University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0716520856" title="Special:BookSources/978-0716520856"><bdi>978-0716520856</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836225">836225</a>. <q>Colonial Office Series: Great Britain, America and Canada</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1779%E2%80%931783&rft.place=Shannon&rft.series=Vol.+16+has+title%3ADocuments+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1779%E2%80%931780&rft.pub=Irish+University+Press&rft.date=1972%2F1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F836225&rft.isbn=978-0716520856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000774193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="davisengerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Lance E; Engerman, Stanley L (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AyeqDTmM7BIC">Naval Blockades in Peace and War: An Economic History since 1750</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139458481" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139458481"><bdi>978-1139458481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Blockades+in+Peace+and+War%3A+An+Economic+History+since+1750&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1139458481&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Lance+E&rft.au=Engerman%2C+Stanley+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAyeqDTmM7BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="davis75" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Burke (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pT92AAAAMAAJ">George Washington and the American Revolution</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394463889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394463889"><bdi>978-0394463889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0394463889&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpT92AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dictionary of American Biography <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="rochDAB" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2310004552/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=744d6016">"Jean Baptiste Donatien De Vimeur Rochambeau"</a>. Gale in Context. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Retrieved June 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean+Baptiste+Donatien+De+Vimeur+Rochambeau&rft.series=Gale+in+Context&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FBT2310004552%2FGPS%3Fu%3Dwikipedia%26sid%3DGPS%26xid%3D744d6016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Deane2018" class="citation news cs1">Deane, Mark (May 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wgno.com/news-with-a-twist/nola-300-that-time-when-spanish-new-orleans-helped-america-win-independence/">"That time when Spanish New Orleans helped America win independence"</a>. WGNO-ABC-TV. Retrieved October 6, 2020. <q>Exhibit at the Cabildo Museum, 'Recovered Memories: Spain, New Orleans, and the Support for the American Revolution'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WGNO-ABC-TV&rft.atitle=That+time+when+Spanish+New+Orleans+helped+America+win+independence&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwgno.com%2Fnews-with-a-twist%2Fnola-300-that-time-when-spanish-new-orleans-helped-america-win-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Debrett1781" class="citation book cs1">Debrett, J., ed. (1781). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parliamentaryre11parlgoog/page/n2/mode/2up">Parliamentary Register, House of Commons, Fifteenth Parliament of Great Britain</a>. Vol. 1. Printed for J. Almon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Register%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Fifteenth+Parliament+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Printed+for+J.+Almon&rft.date=1781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparliamentaryre11parlgoog%2Fpage%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="donne" class="citation book cs1">Donne, W. Bodham, ed. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b750334&view=1up&seq=5">The correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North from 1768 to 1783</a>. Vol. 2. J. Murray. <q>online at Hathi Trust</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+correspondence+of+King+George+the+Third+with+Lord+North+from+1768+to+1783&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b750334%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="duffy1987" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Christopher (2005) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZiRAgAAQBAJ">The Military Experience in the Age of Reason, 1715–1789</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135794583" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135794583"><bdi>978-1135794583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Experience+in+the+Age+of+Reason%2C+1715%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1135794583&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZiRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="dull1975" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R (2015) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WF9BgAAQBAJ">The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774–1787</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691069203" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691069203"><bdi>978-0691069203</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1500030">1500030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+and+American+Independence%3A+A+Study+of+Arms+and+Diplomacy%2C+1774%E2%80%931787&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1500030&rft.isbn=978-0691069203&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WF9BgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="dull1987" class="citation book cs1">—— (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W86WS9Z0ycYC">A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300038866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300038866"><bdi>978-0300038866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0300038866&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW86WS9Z0ycYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="duncan1931" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Louis Caspar (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tj0JAAAAIAAJ">Medical Men in the American Revolution, 1775–1783</a>. Medical field service school.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Men+in+the+American+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Medical+field+service+school&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Louis+Caspar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTj0JAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="dunkerly" class="citation web cs1">Dunkerly, Robert M. (April 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2014/04/8-fast-facts-about-camp-followers/">"8 Fast Facts about Camp Followers"</a>. Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved August 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8+Fast+Facts+about+Camp+Followers&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Dunkerly&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2014%2F04%2F8-fast-facts-about-camp-followers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="eelking1893" class="citation book cs1">Eelking, Max von (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanalliedtroo00eelk/page/n11/mode/2up">The German Allied Troops in the North American War of Independence, 1776–1783</a>. Translated from German by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_George_Rosengarten" title="Joseph George Rosengarten">J. G. Rosengarten</a>. Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, NY. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/72081186">72081186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Allied+Troops+in+the+North+American+War+of+Independence%2C+1776%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Joel+Munsell%27s+Sons%2C+Albany%2C+NY.&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F72081186&rft.au=Eelking%2C+Max+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanalliedtroo00eelk%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="eclov2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Eclov, Jon Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.und.edu/theses/1417">Informal Alliance: Royal Navy And U.S. Navy Co-Operation Against Republican France During The Quasi-War And Wars Of The French Revolution</a> (PhD). University of North Dakota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Informal+Alliance%3A+Royal+Navy+And+U.S.+Navy+Co-Operation+Against+Republican+France+During+The+Quasi-War+And+Wars+Of+The+French+Revolution&rft.inst=University+of+North+Dakota&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eclov&rft.aufirst=Jon+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.und.edu%2Ftheses%2F1417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="edler" class="citation book cs1">Edler, Friedrich (2001) [1911]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dutchrepublic00edlerich/page/n8/mode/2up">The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution</a>. University Press of the Pacific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898752698" title="Special:BookSources/0898752698"><bdi>0898752698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+The+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0898752698&rft.aulast=Edler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdutchrepublic00edlerich%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ellis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y9Rko9sT3kC">His Excellency: George Washington</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400032532" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400032532"><bdi>978-1400032532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Excellency%3A+George+Washington&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1400032532&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y9Rko9sT3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ellis2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4RqZJzho1QC">Revolutionary Summer: The Birth of American Independence</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307701220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307701220"><bdi>978-0307701220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Summer%3A+The+Birth+of+American+Independence&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0307701220&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4RqZJzho1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Encyclopædia Britannica <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="estaingEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Estaing,_Charles_Hector,_Comte_d%27">"Estaing, Charles Hector, Comte d'" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 789.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Estaing%2C+Charles+Hector%2C+Comte+d%27&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=789&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="everest1977" class="citation book cs1">Everest, Allan Seymour (1977). Moses Hazen and the Canadian Refugees in the American Revolution. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815601296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815601296"><bdi>978-0815601296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moses+Hazen+and+the+Canadian+Refugees+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0815601296&rft.aulast=Everest&rft.aufirst=Allan+Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="faust1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bernhardt_Faust" title="Albert Bernhardt Faust">Faust, Albert Bernhardt</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanelementinu00faus">The German element in the United States</a>. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+element+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Albert+Bernhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanelementinu00faus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ferling2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl">A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199728701" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199728701"><bdi>978-0199728701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0199728701&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ferling2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lyjjEsqlqo0C">Almost a Miracle</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199758470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199758470"><bdi>978-0199758470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+a+Miracle&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199758470&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlyjjEsqlqo0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ferling2015" class="citation book cs1">—— (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0fCBwAAQBAJ">Whirlwind: The American Revolution and the War That Won It</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620401736" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620401736"><bdi>978-1620401736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whirlwind%3A+The+American+Revolution+and+the+War+That+Won+It&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing%2C+US&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1620401736&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0fCBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fernández1885" class="citation book cs1">Fernández y Fernández, Enrique (2004) [1885]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND93AAAAMAAJ">Spain's Contribution to the independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift</a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826327949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826327949"><bdi>978-0826327949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Contribution+to+the+independence+of+the+United+States%3A+An+Intrinsic+Gift&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0826327949&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+y+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DND93AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="field" class="citation book cs1">Field, Edward (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/esekhopkinsco00fiel/page/n7/mode/2up">Esek Hopkins, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Navy During the American Revolution, 1775 to 1778: Master Mariner, politician, Brigadier General, Naval Officer, and Philanthropist</a>. Preston & Rounds Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esek+Hopkins%2C+Commander-in-Chief+of+the+Continental+Navy+During+the+American+Revolution%2C+1775+to+1778%3A+Master+Mariner%2C+politician%2C+Brigadier+General%2C+Naval+Officer%2C+and+Philanthropist&rft.pub=Preston+%26+Rounds+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fesekhopkinsco00fiel%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="finger2001" class="citation book cs1">Finger, John (2001). <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Frontiers:_Three_Regions_in_Transition" title="Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition">Tennessee Frontiers: Three Regions in Transition</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253108722" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253108722"><bdi>978-0253108722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Frontiers%3A+Three+Regions+in+Transition&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0253108722&rft.aulast=Finger&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fischer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC">Washington's Crossing</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170344"><bdi>978-0195170344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Crossing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195170344&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOreq1YztDcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fischer2008" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Joseph R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7ikGwAACAAJ">A Well-Executed Failure: The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois</a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570038372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570038372"><bdi>978-1570038372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Well-Executed+Failure%3A+The+Sullivan+Campaign+against+the+Iroquois&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1570038372&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7ikGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fiske1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, John</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCcQAAAAYAAJ">The American Revolution: In Two Volumes</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+In+Two+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+Riverside+Press&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXCcQAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fiske1902" class="citation book cs1">—— (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA516">Harpers' Encyclopaedia of United States History</a>. Vol. 9. Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpers%27+Encyclopaedia+of+United+States+History&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sJAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fleming" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (2005) [1973]. Barbara J. Mitnick (ed.). New Jersey in the American Revolution. Rivergate Books, Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813536022" title="Special:BookSources/0813536022"><bdi>0813536022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jersey+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Rivergate+Books%2C+Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0813536022&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fleming2006" class="citation book cs1">—— (2006). Washington's Secret War. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060829629" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060829629"><bdi>978-0060829629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Secret+War&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0060829629&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fortescue" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=Bednore%201783&pg=PA489">A history of the British army</a>. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+British+army&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GlKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBednore%25201783%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="harwell2011" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Douglas Southall; Harwell, Richard Barksdale (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7hWBcg2iLooC">Washington</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439105337" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439105337"><bdi>978-1439105337</bdi></a>. <q>An abridgement in one volume by Richard Harwell of the seven-volume biography of George Washington</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439105337&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Southall&rft.au=Harwell%2C+Richard+Barksdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7hWBcg2iLooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="french1932" class="citation book cs1">French, Allen (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYwGAQAAIAAJ">General Gage's Informers</a>. University of Michigan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Gage%27s+Informers&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYwGAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frothingham" class="citation book cs1">Frothingham, Richard (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu9BAAAAIAAJ">History of the Siege of Boston, and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill: also an Account of the Bunker Hill Monument</a>. Little, Brown, & Company – via Google Books ebook.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Siege+of+Boston%2C+and+of+the+Battles+of+Lexington%2C+Concord%2C+and+Bunker+Hill%3A+also+an+Account+of+the+Bunker+Hill+Monument&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Frothingham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCu9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gabriel2012" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Michael P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpx2CQAAQBAJ&q=mercenaries">The Battle of Bennington: Soldiers and Civilians</a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1609495152" title="Special:BookSources/978-1609495152"><bdi>978-1609495152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bennington%3A+Soldiers+and+Civilians&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1609495152&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpx2CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmercenaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gaff" class="citation book cs1">Gaff, Alan D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEI11WSV3WcC&q=Augustin">Bayonets in the Wilderness. 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"Preliminary Articles of Peace" (30 November 1782). 18th Century; British-American Diplomacy. Yale Law School Avalon Project. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="glatthaar" class="citation book cs1">Glattharr, Joseph T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XedxagDKH7EC">Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution</a>. Hill & Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809046003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809046003"><bdi>978-0809046003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Allies%3A+The+Oneida+Indians+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0809046003&rft.aulast=Glattharr&rft.aufirst=Joseph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXedxagDKH7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="golway2005" class="citation book cs1">Golway, Terry (2005). Washington's General: Nathanael Greene and the Triumph of the American Revolution. 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Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470756447" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470756447"><bdi>978-0470756447</bdi></a>. <q>Collection of essays focused on political and social history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0470756447&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jack+P.&rft.au=Pole%2C+J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxK1NuzpAcH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="grenier" class="citation book cs1">Grenier, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGCin1JJp8cC&q=bird">The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814</a>. 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University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813190143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813190143"><bdi>978-0813190143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Rogers+Clark+and+the+War+in+the+West&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0813190143&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKsQ7yKYkaoC%26q%3DHenry%2BHamilton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Harvey2004" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMWSDwAAQBAJ">A Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War</a>. 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Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465027248" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465027248"><bdi>978-0465027248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0465027248&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShQAtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hibbert" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGSAwAAQBAJ">Redcoats and Rebels</a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844156993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844156993"><bdi>978-1844156993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redcoats+and+Rebels&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1844156993&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwGSAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="higginbotham1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Higginbotham" title="Don Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Don</a> (1983) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGYqAAAAYAAJ">The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789</a>. Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0930350448" title="Special:BookSources/0930350448"><bdi>0930350448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+American+Independence%3A+Military+Attitudes%2C+Policies%2C+and+Practice%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0930350448&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGYqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="higginbotham1987" class="citation book cs1">—— (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZD0Wh99HEC">George Washington and the American Military Tradition</a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820324005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820324005"><bdi>978-0820324005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Military+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0820324005&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzZD0Wh99HEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hoffman" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Ronald (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwKoMgAACAAJ">Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778</a>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813908649" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813908649"><bdi>978-0813908649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+and+Revolution%3A+The+Franco-American+Alliance+of+1778&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0813908649&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwKoMgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hogeland2017" class="citation book cs1">Hogeland, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-hQDQAAQBAJ">Autumn of the Black Snake</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374107345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374107345"><bdi>978-0374107345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autumn+of+the+Black+Snake&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0374107345&rft.aulast=Hogeland&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-hQDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="horn1989" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Pierre L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marquisdelafayet0000horn">Marquis de Lafayette</a>. New York : Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555468132" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555468132"><bdi>978-1555468132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marquis+de+Lafayette&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1555468132&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Pierre+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarquisdelafayet0000horn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="howat2017" class="citation web cs1">Howat, Kenna (November 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.org/trend-tradition-magazine/spring-2017/fighting-common-soldier/">"Revolutionary Spies: Women Spies of the American Revolution"</a>. National Women's History Museum. Retrieved August 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Spies%3A+Women+Spies+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft.aulast=Howat&rft.aufirst=Kenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colonialwilliamsburg.org%2Ftrend-tradition-magazine%2Fspring-2017%2Ffighting-common-soldier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hubbard2017" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Robert Ernest (2017). Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476664538" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476664538"><bdi>978-1476664538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+General+Israel+Putnam%3A+Hero+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1476664538&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="hunt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Paula D. (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftneq_a_00452">"Sybil Ludington, the Female Paul Revere: The Making of a Revolutionary War Heroine"</a>. The New England Quarterly. 88 (2): 187–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Ftneq_a_00452">10.1162/tneq_a_00452</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4866">0028-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57569643">57569643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sybil+Ludington%2C+the+Female+Paul+Revere%3A+The+Making+of+a+Revolutionary+War+Heroine&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-222&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57569643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-4866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Ftneq_a_00452&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Paula+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1162%252Ftneq_a_00452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ingrao2003" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Charles W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdXBnelX89YC&q=%22mercenary+state%22">The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform Under Frederick II, 1760–1785</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521533225" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521533225"><bdi>978-0521533225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hessian+Mercenary+State%3A+Ideas%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Reform+Under+Frederick+II%2C+1760%E2%80%931785&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521533225&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdXBnelX89YC%26q%3D%2522mercenary%2Bstate%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="inman" class="citation magazine cs1">Inman, George (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/pennsylvaniamaga27hist#page/176/mode/1up">"Losses of the Military and Naval Forces Engaged in the War of the American Revolution"</a>. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. XXVII, no. 1. pp. 176–205. <q>open access online at Internet Archive</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Losses+of+the+Military+and+Naval+Forces+Engaged+in+the+War+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=176-205&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Inman&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpennsylvaniamaga27hist%23page%2F176%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="jackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rI_S-HgFdccC">Empire City: New York Through the Centuries</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231109093" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231109093"><bdi>978-0231109093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+City%3A+New+York+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0231109093&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrI_S-HgFdccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="james2013" class="citation book cs1">James, James Alton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoUUngEACAAJ">The Life of George Rogers Clark</a>. Literary Licensing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1494118921" title="Special:BookSources/978-1494118921"><bdi>978-1494118921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Rogers+Clark&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1494118921&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=James+Alton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoUUngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="jasanoff2012" class="citation book cs1">Jasanoff, Maya (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKsn09oVwQC">Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400075478" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400075478"><bdi>978-1400075478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%27s+Exiles%3A+American+Loyalists+in+the+Revolutionary+World&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1400075478&rft.aulast=Jasanoff&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuGKsn09oVwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="jefferson1780" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson, Thomas</a> (2018). Julian P. Boyd (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_5ZDwAAQBAJ">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 4: October 1780 to February 1781</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691184692" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691184692"><bdi>978-0691184692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Thomas+Jefferson%2C+Volume+4%3A+October+1780+to+February+1781&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0691184692&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_5ZDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="johnston1897" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Henry Phelps (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofharlemhe00john_0/page/n10/mode/2up">The Battle of Harlem Heights</a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Harlem+Heights&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Henry+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofharlemhe00john_0%2Fpage%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="jones2002" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&q=crucible+of+power">Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913</a>. Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0842029162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0842029162"><bdi>978-0842029162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Power%3A+A+History+of+American+Foreign+Relations+to+1913&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0842029162&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTFyLOUrdGFwC%26q%3Dcrucible%2Bof%2Bpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kaminski1995" class="citation book cs1">Kaminski, John P., ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3SDQgfxsCIC">A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate Over the Constitution</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945612339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945612339"><bdi>978-0945612339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Necessary+Evil%3F%3A+Slavery+and+the+Debate+Over+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0945612339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt3SDQgfxsCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lskaplan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (September 1983). "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge". International History Review. 5 (3). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 431–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1983.9640322">10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105317">40105317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Paris%2C+1783%3A+A+Historiographical+Challenge&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431-442&rft.date=1983-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1983.9640322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105317%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="katcher" class="citation book cs1">Katcher, Philip (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ld2AAAAMAAJ">Encyclopedia of British, Provincial, and German Army Units, 1775–1783</a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811705424" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811705424"><bdi>978-0811705424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British%2C+Provincial%2C+and+German+Army+Units%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0811705424&rft.aulast=Katcher&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ld2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="keiley1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keiley, Jarvis (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Jean-Baptiste-Donatien_de_Vimeur,_Count_de_Rochambeau">"Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, Count de Rochambeau" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean-Baptiste-Donatien+de+Vimeur%2C+Count+de+Rochambeau&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Keiley&rft.aufirst=Jarvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kelly" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, James; Smith, Barbara Clark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wMaAQAAIAAJ">Jamestown, Quebec, Santa Fe: Three North American Beginnings</a>. Smithsonian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588342416" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588342416"><bdi>978-1588342416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamestown%2C+Quebec%2C+Santa+Fe%3A+Three+North+American+Beginnings&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1588342416&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Smith%2C+Barbara+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wMaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kennedy2014" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Frances H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTSTAwAAQBAJ">The American Revolution: A Historical Guidebook</a>. Oxford UP. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199324224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199324224"><bdi>978-0199324224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+Historical+Guidebook&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199324224&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Frances+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTSTAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ketchum73" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Ketchum" title="Richard M. Ketchum">Ketchum, Richard M</a> (2014) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWf2AwAAQBAJ">The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton</a>. Henry Holt and Company (reprint of 1973). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466879515" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466879515"><bdi>978-1466879515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+Soldiers%3A+The+Battles+for+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company+%28reprint+of+1973%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1466879515&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWf2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ketchum97" class="citation book cs1">—— (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w00MBAAAQBAJ">Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805046816" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805046816"><bdi>978-0805046816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saratoga%3A+Turning+Point+of+America%27s+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0805046816&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw00MBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ketchum2014a" class="citation book cs1">—— (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGf2AwAAQBAJ&q=frontal">Decisive Day: The Battle for Bunker Hill</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466879508" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466879508"><bdi>978-1466879508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Day%3A+The+Battle+for+Bunker+Hill&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1466879508&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGf2AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfrontal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ketchum2014b" class="citation book cs1">—— (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwEDBAAAQBAJ&q=6,000">Victory at Yorktown: The Campaign That Won the Revolution</a>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1466879539" title="Special:BookSources/978-1466879539"><bdi>978-1466879539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Yorktown%3A+The+Campaign+That+Won+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1466879539&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwEDBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D6%2C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kolchin1994" class="citation book cs1">Kolchin, Peter (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3nMRwAACAAJ">American Slavery: 1619–1877</a>. New York: Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809015542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809015542"><bdi>978-0809015542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Slavery%3A+1619%E2%80%931877&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0809015542&rft.aulast=Kolchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3nMRwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988">, p. 73</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ernst" class="citation book cs1">Knesebeck, Ernst von dem (2017) [1845]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNF3DgAAQBAJ&q=Hanover">Geschichte der kurhannoverschen Truppen: in Gibraltar, Menorca und Ostindien</a>. Im Verlage der Helwingschen Hof-Buchhandlung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9925057382" title="Special:BookSources/978-9925057382"><bdi>978-9925057382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+kurhannoverschen+Truppen%3A+in+Gibraltar%2C+Menorca+und+Ostindien&rft.pub=Im+Verlage+der+Helwingschen+Hof-Buchhandlung&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9925057382&rft.aulast=Knesebeck&rft.aufirst=Ernst+von+dem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNF3DgAAQBAJ%26q%3DHanover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kupperman" class="citation book cs1">Kupperman, Karen Ordahl (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIp7_e8KMJ0C">The Jamestown Project</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674027022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674027022"><bdi>978-0674027022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jamestown+Project&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674027022&rft.aulast=Kupperman&rft.aufirst=Karen+Ordahl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIp7_e8KMJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lanctot" class="citation book cs1">Lanctot, Gustave (1967). Canada and the American Revolution 1774–1783. Translated by Cameron, Margaret M. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70781264">70781264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+American+Revolution+1774%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70781264&rft.aulast=Lanctot&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="landrum1897" class="citation book cs1">Landrum, John Belton O'Neall (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialandrevo00landgoog">Colonial and Revolutionary History of Upper South Carolina</a>. Greenville, SC: Shannon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187392639">187392639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+and+Revolutionary+History+of+Upper+South+Carolina&rft.place=Greenville%2C+SC&rft.pub=Shannon&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187392639&rft.aulast=Landrum&rft.aufirst=John+Belton+O%27Neall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialandrevo00landgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lanning2009" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GEs53wMr7EC&pg=PA193">American Revolution 100: The Battles, People, and Events of the American War for Independence, Ranked by Their Significance</a>. Sourcebooks. pp. 195–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402241703" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402241703"><bdi>978-1402241703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolution+100%3A+The+Battles%2C+People%2C+and+Events+of+the+American+War+for+Independence%2C+Ranked+by+Their+Significance&rft.pages=195-196&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1402241703&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GEs53wMr7EC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lanning2012" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQ-uPQAACAAJ">Defenders Of Liberty: African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a>. Citadel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559725132" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559725132"><bdi>978-1559725132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+Of+Liberty%3A+African+Americans+in+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1559725132&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQ-uPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass1980" class="citation book cs1">Lass, William (1980). Minnesota's Boundary with Canada: Its Evolution Since 1783. Minnesota Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873511537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873511537"><bdi>978-0873511537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota%27s+Boundary+with+Canada%3A+Its+Evolution+Since+1783&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0873511537&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lecky3" class="citation book cs1">Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofengland03leck/page/n6/mode/2up">A History of England in the Eighteenth Century</a>. Vol. 3. London: Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=London%3A+Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Lecky&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+Hartpole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofengland03leck%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lecky4" class="citation book cs1">—— (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3cUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70">A History of England</a>. Vol. 4. pp. 70–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+England&rft.pages=70-78&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Lecky&rft.aufirst=William+Edward+Hartpole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3cUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lefkowitz2007" class="citation book cs1">Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCcRAQAAMAAJ">Benedict Arnold's Army: The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War</a>. Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932714036" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932714036"><bdi>978-1932714036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%27s+Army%3A+The+1775+American+Invasion+of+Canada+during+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1932714036&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCcRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lengel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel" title="Edward G. Lengel">Lengel, Edward</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHTGAAAACAAJ">General George Washington</a>. New York: Random House Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812969504" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812969504"><bdi>978-0812969504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House+Paperbacks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0812969504&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHTGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lockhart" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq8KX4VOgJEC">The Drillmaster at Valley Forge: The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army</a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061451645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061451645"><bdi>978-0061451645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Drillmaster+at+Valley+Forge%3A+The+Baron+de+Steuben+and+the+Making+of+the+American+Army&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0061451645&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=Paul+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIq8KX4VOgJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="louisXVI1778b" class="citation archive">Louis XVI, his most Christian King; Commissioners of the United States of America. "Treaty of Alliance" (6 February 1778). 18th Century. Yale Law School Avalon Project.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lowell84" class="citation book cs1">Lowell, Edward Jackson (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hessiansotherger00lowe/page/n4/mode/2up">The Hessians and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the revolutionary war</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hessians+and+the+other+German+auxiliaries+of+Great+Britain+in+the+revolutionary+war&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers.&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Lowell&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhessiansotherger00lowe%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lowenthal2009" class="citation book cs1">Lowenthal, Larry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPEQAQAAMAAJ">Hell on the East River: British Prison Ships in the American Revolution</a>. Purple Mountain Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0916346768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0916346768"><bdi>978-0916346768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+on+the+East+River%3A+British+Prison+Ships+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Purple+Mountain+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0916346768&rft.aulast=Lowenthal&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPEQAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mackesy93" class="citation book cs1">Mackesy, Piers (1993) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKJ2AAAAMAAJ">The War for America: 1775–1783</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803281929" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803281929"><bdi>978-0803281929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+America%3A+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0803281929&rft.aulast=Mackesy&rft.aufirst=Piers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKJ2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988">– Highly regarded examination of British strategy and leadership. An introduction by John W. Shy with his biographical sketch of Mackesy.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mahan1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Alfred Thayer</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seanpowerinf00maha/page/n6/mode/2up">The influence of sea power upon history, 1660–1783</a>. Boston : Little, Brown and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+sea+power+upon+history%2C+1660%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Thayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseanpowerinf00maha%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mahan1898" class="citation book cs1">—— (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso00maha">Major Operations of the Royal Navy, 1762–1783: Being Chapter XXXI in The Royal Navy. A History</a>. Boston: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46778589">46778589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Operations+of+the+Royal+Navy%2C+1762%E2%80%931783%3A+Being+Chapter+XXXI+in+The+Royal+Navy.+A+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46778589&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajoroperationso00maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mahan2020" class="citation book cs1">—— (2020) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/majoroperationso1913maha">The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence</a>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486842103" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486842103"><bdi>978-0486842103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Major+Operations+of+the+Navies+in+the+War+of+American+Independence&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0486842103&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Thayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmajoroperationso1913maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="maier1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvsCEY5oI8sC">American scripture: making the Declaration of Independence</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679779087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679779087"><bdi>978-0679779087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+scripture%3A+making+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0679779087&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvsCEY5oI8sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mauch2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mauch, Christof (Winter 1998). "Images of America—Political Myths—Historiography: "Hessians" in the War of Independence". Amerikastudien / American Studies. 48 (3). Universitätsverlag WINTER Gmbh: 411–423. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41157873">41157873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amerikastudien+%2F+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Images+of+America%E2%80%94Political+Myths%E2%80%94Historiography%3A+%22Hessians%22+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-423&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41157873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mauch&rft.aufirst=Christof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mays2019" class="citation book cs1">Mays, Terry M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e35_DwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of the American Revolution</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538119723" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538119723"><bdi>978-1538119723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1538119723&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=Terry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De35_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mccrady1775" class="citation book cs1">McCrady, Edward (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthca00mccr">The history of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775–1780</a>. New York, The Macmillan Company; London, Macmillan & Co., ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+South+Carolina+in+the+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931780&rft.pub=New+York%2C+The+Macmillan+Company%3B+London%2C+Macmillan+%26+Co.%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=McCrady&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsouthca00mccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mccullough2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu1mC6zWNTwC">1776</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743287708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743287708"><bdi>978-0743287708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1776&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743287708&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duu1mC6zWNTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mcgeorge1905" class="citation book cs1">McGeorge, Wallace (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofredbankr00mcge">The battle of Red Bank, resulting in the defeat of the Hessians and the destruction of the British frigate Augusta, Oct. 22 and 23, 1777</a>. Camden, New Jersey, Sinnickson Chew, printers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+battle+of+Red+Bank%2C+resulting+in+the+defeat+of+the+Hessians+and+the+destruction+of+the+British+frigate+Augusta%2C+Oct.+22+and+23%2C+1777&rft.pub=Camden%2C+New+Jersey%2C+Sinnickson+Chew%2C+printers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=McGeorge&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofredbankr00mcge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mcguire2011" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, Thomas J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsNi7Byog6kC&pg=PA166">Stop the Revolution: America in the Summer of Independence and the Conference for Peace</a>. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811745086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811745086"><bdi>978-0811745086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stop+the+Revolution%3A+America+in+the+Summer+of+Independence+and+the+Conference+for+Peace&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0811745086&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOsNi7Byog6kC%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="middlekauff1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2007) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nya0ODz-B-cC">The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199740925" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199740925"><bdi>978-0199740925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Cause%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199740925&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnya0ODz-B-cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="middleton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00253359.2014.866373">"Naval Resources and the British Defeat at Yorktown, 1781"</a>. 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(1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huu6xgEACAAJ">Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America: 1776–1818  (Documents 1–40)</a>. Vol. II. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaties+and+Other+International+Acts+of+the+United+States+of+America%3A+1776%E2%80%931818+%3Csmall%3E%28Documents+1%E2%80%9340%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhuu6xgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="miller1959" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John C. 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Imprenta de la Revista Médica. p. 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Gibraltar+y+de+su+campo&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+Revista+M%C3%A9dica&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=Francisco+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHRmkdBONd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="morgan2012" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Edmund S. (2012) [1956]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QC1dtQAACAAJ">The Birth of the Republic: 1763–1789</a> (4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226923420" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226923420"><bdi>978-0226923420</bdi></a>. <q>foreword by Joseph Ellis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Republic%3A+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226923420&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQC1dtQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="morley2002" class="citation book cs1">Morley, Vincent (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iBrJz9XYzNgC&pg=PA154">Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, 1760–1783</a>. 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The Journal of American History. 79 (2): 543–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2080046">10.2307/2080046</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2080046">2080046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Eighteenth-Century+Colonial+Legislatures+and+Their+Constituents&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=543-567&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2080046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2080046%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Alison+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="otfinoski" class="citation book cs1">Otfinoski, Steven (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqAaRdNGCYIC">The New Republic</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761429388" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761429388"><bdi>978-0761429388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Republic&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0761429388&rft.aulast=Otfinoski&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqAaRdNGCYIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="oshaughnessy2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (Spring 2004). "If Others Will Not Be Active, I Must Drive": George III and the American Revolution". Early American Studies. 2 (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 1–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Feam.2007.0037">10.1353/eam.2007.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546502">23546502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143613757">143613757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Studies&rft.atitle=If+Others+Will+Not+Be+Active%2C+I+Must+Drive%22%3A+George+III+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-46&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143613757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23546502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Feam.2007.0037&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="nessy" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFc-UCp6ZQsC">The Men Who Lost America</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300191073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300191073"><bdi>978-0300191073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+Who+Lost+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300191073&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFc-UCp6ZQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="kramnick82" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas (1982). Kramnick, Isaac (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xNAMDp9NasC">Common Sense</a>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140390162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140390162"><bdi>978-0140390162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Sense&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0140390162&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8xNAMDp9NasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pancake1985" class="citation book cs1">Pancake, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisdestructivew00panc">This Destructive War</a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817301910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817301910"><bdi>978-0817301910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Destructive+War&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0817301910&rft.aulast=Pancake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisdestructivew00panc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="palmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Dave Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zANrP6rOOJkC">George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596981645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596981645"><bdi>978-1596981645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Benedict+Arnold%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Patriots&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1596981645&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Dave+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzANrP6rOOJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pares" class="citation book cs1">Pares, Richard (1963) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001314334">War and Trade in the West Indies, 1739–1763</a>. F. Cass Press. <q>online at Hathi Trust</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Trade+in+the+West+Indies%2C+1739%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=F.+Cass+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pares&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001314334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="paterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-alDgRk-IYC&pg=PA13">American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920</a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547225647" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547225647"><bdi>978-0547225647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Relations%2C+Volume+1%3A+A+History+to+1920&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0547225647&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-alDgRk-IYC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="paullin" class="citation book cs1">Paullin, Charles (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navyamericanrev01paulgoog">The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements Oscar</a>. The Burrows Brothers Co. <q>paullin massachusetts navy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+navy+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+its+administration%2C+its+policy+and+its+achievements+Oscar&rft.pub=The+Burrows+Brothers+Co&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Paullin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavyamericanrev01paulgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pearson2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Pearson, Jesse T (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a437052.pdf">The Failure of British Strategy during the Southern Campaign of the American Revolutionary War, 1780–81</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228062141/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a437052.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Failure+of+British+Strategy+during+the+Southern+Campaign+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War%2C+1780%E2%80%9381&rft.inst=Faculty+of+the+U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Jesse+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa437052.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="peckham74" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Howard Henry (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khuuQgAACAAJ">The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226653181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226653181"><bdi>978-0226653181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Toll+of+Independence%3A+Engagements+%26+Battle+Casualties+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0226653181&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Howard+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhuuQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="peterson1975" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Merrill D. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195019094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195019094"><bdi>978-0195019094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+New+Nation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0195019094&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcOXEb0O4-UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="philbrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ1iCgAAQBAJ">Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0698153233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0698153233"><bdi>978-0698153233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valiant+Ambition%3A+George+Washington%2C+Benedict+Arnold%2C+and+the+Fate+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0698153233&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZ1iCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="piecuch2004" class="citation journal cs1">Piecuch, Jim (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southerncampaign.org/newsletter/v1n2.pdf">"Massacre or Myth? Banastre Tarleton at the Waxhaws, May 29, 1780"</a> (PDF). Southern Campaigns of the American Revolution. 1 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.southerncampaign.org/newsletter/v1n2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Campaigns+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=Massacre+or+Myth%3F+Banastre+Tarleton+at+the+Waxhaws%2C+May+29%2C+1780&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Piecuch&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southerncampaign.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fv1n2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pybus2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pybus, Cassandra (2005). "Jefferson's Faulty Math: The Question of Slave Defections in the American Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly. 62 (2): 243–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3491601">10.2307/3491601</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3491601">3491601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jefferson%27s+Faulty+Math%3A+The+Question+of+Slave+Defections+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-264&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3491601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3491601%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pybus&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="raab" class="citation book cs1">Raab, James W. 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"Sir Joseph Yorke, Dutch Politics and the Origins of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War". The Historical Journal. 31 (3): 571–589. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00023499">10.1017/S0018246X00023499</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639757">2639757</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154619712">154619712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Sir+Joseph+Yorke%2C+Dutch+Politics+and+the+Origins+of+the+Fourth+Anglo-Dutch+War&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=571-589&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154619712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639757%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00023499&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hamish+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="scott1990" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Hamish M. 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Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198201953" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198201953"><bdi>978-0198201953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Age+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0198201953&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hamish+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkndnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="showalter2007" class="citation web cs1">Showalter, Dennis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/hessians-the-best-armies-money-could-buy.htm">"Hessians: The Best Armies Money Could Buy"</a>. Military History Magazine/HistoryNet. Retrieved October 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hessians%3A+The+Best+Armies+Money+Could+Buy&rft.pub=Military+History+Magazine%2FHistoryNet&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fhessians-the-best-armies-money-could-buy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="schwamenfeld2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Schwamenfeld, Steven W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:176453/datastream/PDF/view">"The Foundation of British Strength": National Identity and the British Common Soldier</a> (PHD). Florida State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22The+Foundation+of+British+Strength%22%3A+National+Identity+and+the+British+Common+Soldier&rft.inst=Florida+State+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schwamenfeld&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsu.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Ffsu%3A176453%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="seineke1981" class="citation book cs1">Seineke, Kathrine Wagner (1981). George Rogers Clark: Adventure in the Illinois and Selected Documents of the American Revolution at the Frontier Posts. Polyanthos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9992016531" title="Special:BookSources/9992016531"><bdi>9992016531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Rogers+Clark%3A+Adventure+in+the+Illinois+and+Selected+Documents+of+the+American+Revolution+at+the+Frontier+Posts&rft.pub=Polyanthos&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9992016531&rft.aulast=Seineke&rft.aufirst=Kathrine+Wagner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="selby2007" class="citation book cs1">Selby, John E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfCBYZs_jIMC">The Revolution in Virginia, 1775–1783</a>. Colonial Williamsburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879352332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0879352332"><bdi>978-0879352332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+in+Virginia%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Colonial+Williamsburg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0879352332&rft.aulast=Selby&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfCBYZs_jIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="simmons2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Simmons" title="Edwin H. Simmons">Simmons, Edwin Howard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9">The United States Marines: A History</a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1591147905" title="Special:BookSources/1591147905"><bdi>1591147905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Marines%3A+A+History&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1591147905&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="simms" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izhwqC3W23UC">Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783</a>. 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The Mariner's Mirror. 94, 2008 (2): 160–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2008.10657052">10.1080/00253359.2008.10657052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162207993">162207993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Scurvy+in+the+Royal+Navy+1793%E2%80%931800%3A+A+Challenge+to+Current+Orthodoxy&rft.volume=94%2C+2008&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-175&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2008.10657052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162207993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2008.10657052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="walker1992" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James W. 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New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1199083234" title="Special:BookSources/978-1199083234"><bdi>978-1199083234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traitorous+Hero%3A+The+Life+and+Fortunes+of+Benedict+Arnold&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-1199083234&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Willard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy192AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wallaceray2015" class="citation book cs1">——; Ray, Michael (September 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution">American Revolution</a>. 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253280299" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253280299"><bdi>978-0253280299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Way+of+War&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0253280299&rft.aulast=Weigley&rft.aufirst=Russell+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77wNLMJn8CEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="white2020" class="citation web cs1">White, Matthew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://necrometrics.com/wars18c.htm#AmRev">"Spanish casualties in The American Revolutionary war"</a>. 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Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852851453" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852851453"><bdi>978-1852851453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+North%3A+The+Prime+Minister+Who+Lost+America&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1852851453&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David K (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2GrR0Eyh-4C">The Southern Strategy: Britain's Conquest of South Carolina and Georgia, 1775–1780</a>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570035739" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570035739"><bdi>978-1570035739</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232001108">232001108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Strategy%3A+Britain%27s+Conquest+of+South+Carolina+and+Georgia%2C+1775%E2%80%931780&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232001108&rft.isbn=978-1570035739&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2GrR0Eyh-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="winfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Rif (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJCCAwAAQBAJ">British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1714–1792</a>. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxgcDgAAQBAJ">Friends Divided: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson</a>. Penguin Press, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735224711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735224711"><bdi>978-0735224711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+Divided%3A+John+Adams+and+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=Penguin+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0735224711&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxgcDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="wood1995" class="citation book cs1">Wood, W. J. (2003) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ims9O7z2zc0C">Battles of the Revolutionary War, 1775–1781</a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306806179" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306806179"><bdi>978-0306806179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Revolutionary+War%2C+1775%E2%80%931781&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0306806179&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIms9O7z2zc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="yaniz" class="citation web cs1">Yaniz, Jose I. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519344.pdf">"The Role of Spain in the American Revolution: An Unavoidable Mistake"</a> (PDF). Marine Corps University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924021946/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519344.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Spain+in+the+American+Revolution%3A+An+Unavoidable+Mistake&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yaniz&rft.aufirst=Jose+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa519344.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="jareditors2025" class="citation web cs1">Franklin, Bruce H (November 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/11/which-side-benefited-the-most-from-the-native-americans/">"Which Side Benefitted the Most from the Native Americans"</a>. Journal of the American Revolution. Retrieved November 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=Which+Side+Benefitted+the+Most+from+the+Native+Americans&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Bruce+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fwhich-side-benefited-the-most-from-the-native-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Canada's Digital Collections Program <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="blackcancol" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117055926/http://www.blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/revolution/philipsburg.htm">"The Philipsburg Proclamation"</a>. Black Loyalists: Our History, Our People. Industry Canada: Canada's Digital Collections Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/revolution/philipsburg.htm">the original</a> on November 17, 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Loyalists%3A+Our+History%2C+Our+People&rft.atitle=The+Philipsburg+Proclamation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackloyalist.com%2Fcanadiandigitalcollection%2Fstory%2Frevolution%2Fphilipsburg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>History.org <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="womens2009" class="citation web cs1">Aron, Paul (2020) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume7/nov08/women_revarmy.cfm">"Women's Service with the Revolutionary Army : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site"</a>. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved October 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Service+with+the+Revolutionary+Army+%3A+The+Colonial+Williamsburg+Official+History+%26+Citizenship+Site&rft.pub=The+Colonial+Williamsburg+Foundation&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org%2Fhistory%2Fteaching%2Fenewsletter%2Fvolume7%2Fnov08%2Fwomen_revarmy.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Maryland State House <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="clements2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdstatehouse/html/road_peace.html">""The Road to Peace, A Chronology: 1779–1784"</a>. William L. Clements Library / The Maryland State House. 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Road+to+Peace%2C+A+Chronology%3A+1779%E2%80%931784&rft.pub=William+L.+Clements+Library+%2F+The+Maryland+State+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsa.maryland.gov%2Fmsa%2Fmdstatehouse%2Fhtml%2Froad_peace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The History Place <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="unlikelyvictory" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/revwar-77.htm">"An Unlikely Victory 1777–1783"</a>. The History Place. Retrieved September 16, 2020. <q>American Revolution timeline</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Place&rft.atitle=An+Unlikely+Victory+1777%E2%80%931783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Funitedstates%2Frevolution%2Frevwar-77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Totallyhistory.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="redcoats2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://totallyhistory.com/red-coats/">"Red Coats"</a>. Totallyhistory.com. 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Coats&rft.pub=Totallyhistory.com&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fred-coats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>U.S. Merchant Marine <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="usmm2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmm.org/revolution.html">"Privateers and Mariners in the Revolutionary War"</a>. U.S. Merchant Marine. 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Privateers+and+Mariners+in+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=U.S.+Merchant+Marine&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmm.org%2Frevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>U.S. National Archives <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="national" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0186#ARHN-01-03-02-0186-fn-0001">"Continental Congress: Remarks on the Provisional Peace Treaty"</a>. U.S. National Archives. 1783. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+Congress%3A+Remarks+on+the+Provisional+Peace+Treaty&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Archives&rft.date=1783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-03-02-0186%23ARHN-01-03-02-0186-fn-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Valley Forge National Historic Park <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="vafo.nhp" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/vafo/learn/historyculture/valley-forge-history-and-significance.htm">"Overview of History and Significance of Valley Forge"</a>. Valley Forge National Historical Park, Pennsylvania. August 12, 2019 [2007].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valley+Forge+National+Historical+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Overview+of+History+and+Significance+of+Valley+Forge&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fvafo%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fvalley-forge-history-and-significance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yale Law School, Massachusetts Act <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="yale'mga" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/mass_gov_act.asp">"Great Britain : Parliament – The Massachusetts Government Act; May 20, 1774"</a>. Yale Law School: The Avalon Project. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+%3A+Parliament+%E2%80%93+The+Massachusetts+Government+Act%3B+May+20%2C+1774&rft.pub=Yale+Law+School%3A+The+Avalon+Project&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Fmass_gov_act.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War">Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography of George Washington</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allison, David, and Larrie D. Ferreiro, eds. The American Revolution: A World War (Smithsonian, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Revolution-World-War/dp/1588346331/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft, George</a> (1854–1878). History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent – eight volumes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+of+America%2C+from+the+discovery+of+the+American+continent+%E2%80%93+eight+volumes&rft.date=1854%2F1878&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"> Volumes committed to the American Revolution: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds07bancuoft">Vol. 7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds08bancuoft">Vol. 8</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds09bancuoft">Vol. 9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofuniteds10bancuoft">Vol. 10</a></li> <li>Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution. Penguin, 1998 (paperback reprint)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">British Army (1916) [7 August 1781]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001658143">Proceedings of a Board of general officers of the British army at New York, 1781</a>. New-York Historical Society. Collections. The John Watts de Peyster publication fund series, no. 49. New York Historical Society. <q>The board of inquiry was convened by Sir Henry Clinton into Army accounts and expenditures</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+a+Board+of+general+officers+of+the+British+army+at+New+York%2C+1781&rft.series=New-York+Historical+Society.+Collections.+The+John+Watts+de+Peyster+publication+fund+series%2C+no.+49&rft.pub=New+York+Historical+Society&rft.date=1916&rft.au=British+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001658143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne, John</a> (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofexpeditio00burg">A state of the expedition from Canada : as laid before the House of commons</a>. London : Printed for J. Almon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+state+of+the+expedition+from+Canada+%3A+as+laid+before+the+House+of+commons&rft.pub=London+%3A+Printed+for+J.+Almon&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofexpeditio00burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, Lyman H. (June 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3143556">"Psychological Warfare in 1776: The Jefferson-Franklin Plan to Cause Hessian Desertions"</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 94 (3). American Philosophical Society: 233–241. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3143556">3143556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Psychological+Warfare+in+1776%3A+The+Jefferson-Franklin+Plan+to+Cause+Hessian+Desertions&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-241&rft.date=1950-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3143556%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Lyman+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3143556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="name" class="citation book cs1">Cate, Alan C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l24SiYu1AjgC">Founding Fighters: The Battlefield Leaders Who Made American Independence</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275987078" title="Special:BookSources/0275987078"><bdi>0275987078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Fighters%3A+The+Battlefield+Leaders+Who+Made+American+Independence&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0275987078&rft.aulast=Cate&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl24SiYu1AjgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Caughey, John W. (1998). Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana 1776–1783. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1565545175" title="Special:BookSources/978-1565545175"><bdi>978-1565545175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernardo+de+G%C3%A1lvez+in+Louisiana+1776%E2%80%931783&rft.place=Gretna&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1565545175&rft.aulast=Caughey&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chartrand, Rene. The French Army in the American War of Independence (1994). Short (48 pp), very well illustrated descriptions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Christie, Ian R.; Labaree, Benjamin W. (1976). Empire or independence, 1760–1776. Phaidon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714816142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714816142"><bdi>978-0714816142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+or+independence%2C+1760%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0714816142&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Ian+R.&rft.au=Labaree%2C+Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clarfield, Gerard (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-OhkgEACAAJ">United States Diplomatic History: From Revolution to Empire</a>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0130292322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0130292322"><bdi>978-0130292322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Diplomatic+History%3A+From+Revolution+to+Empire&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0130292322&rft.aulast=Clarfield&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-OhkgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clode, Charles M. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryforcesc00clodgoog/page/n7/mode/2up">The military forces of the crown; their administration and government</a>. Vol. 2. London, J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+forces+of+the+crown%3B+their+administration+and+government&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Clode&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryforcesc00clodgoog%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a>, eds. The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six': The Story of the American Revolution as told by Participants. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234145">online</a></li> <li>Conway, Stephen. The War of American Independence 1775–1783. Publisher: E. Arnold, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340625201" title="Special:BookSources/0340625201">0340625201</a>. 280 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Creigh, Alfred (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwashing00crei/page/49">History of Washington County</a>. B. Singerly. p. 49. <q>ann hupp indian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Washington+County&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=B.+Singerly&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Creigh&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwashing00crei%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cook, Fred J. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatmannerofmen001544mbp/page/n3/mode/2up">What Manner of Men</a>. William Morrow and Co. 59-11702. <q>Allan McLane, Chapter VIII, pp. 275–304</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Manner+of+Men&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co.&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Fred+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatmannerofmen001544mbp%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Wallace Evan (July 1939). "Privateering around Long Island during the Revolution". New York History. 20 (3). Fenimore Art Museum: 283–294. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23134696">23134696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=Privateering+around+Long+Island+during+the+Revolution&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-294&rft.date=1939-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23134696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Wallace+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Downes, Randolph C. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Council-Fires-Upper-Ohio-Narrative/dp/B07GH35VCG">Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795</a>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822952017" title="Special:BookSources/0822952017"><bdi>0822952017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+Fires+on+the+Upper+Ohio%3A+A+Narrative+of+Indian+Affairs+in+the+Upper+Ohio+Valley+until+1795&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=0822952017&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Randolph+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FCouncil-Fires-Upper-Ohio-Narrative%2Fdp%2FB07GH35VCG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Francis (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofroyalre02duncuoft">History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery</a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Regiment+of+Artillery&rft.pub=London%3A+John+Murray&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofroyalre02duncuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John E.</a> (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lifQ0G0m9WwC&q=lafayette">Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195134094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195134094"><bdi>978-0195134094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+World+Ablaze%3A+Washington%2C+Adams%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0195134094&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlifQ0G0m9WwC%26q%3Dlafayette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1970" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (1970). The Perils of Peace. New York: The Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061139116" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061139116"><bdi>978-0061139116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perils+of+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Dial+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0061139116&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a>, "Whose Revolution?: The history of the United States' founding from below" (review of <a href="/wiki/Woody_Holton" title="Woody Holton">Woody Holton</a>, Liberty Is Sweet: The Hidden History of the American Revolution, Simon & Schuster, 2021, 800 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, vol. 314, no. 8 (18–25 April 2022), pp. 32–37. Highlighted are the struggles and tragic fates of America's Indians and Black slaves. For example, "In 1779 [George] Washington dispatched a contingent of soldiers to upstate New York to burn Indian towns and crops and seize hostages 'of every age and sex.' The following year, while serving as governor of Virginia, [Thomas] Jefferson ordered troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> to enter the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a> and bring about the expulsion or 'extermination' of local Indians." (pp. 34–35.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=Bednore%201783&pg=PA489">A history of the British army</a>. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+British+army&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GlKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DBednore%25201783%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fredriksen, John C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZIdNNZVDzgC">Revolutionary War Almanac Almanacs of American wars Facts on File library of American history</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816074686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816074686"><bdi>978-0816074686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+War+Almanac+Almanacs+of+American+wars+Facts+on+File+library+of+American+history.&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0816074686&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZIdNNZVDzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Russell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia5ivgAACAAJ">Washington at Valley Forge</a>. Holiday House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823420698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823420698"><bdi>978-0823420698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+at+Valley+Forge&rft.pub=Holiday+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0823420698&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa5ivgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-BarnesRyerson2006" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Ryerson, Richard A, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851094080" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851094080"><bdi>978-1851094080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1851094080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1982" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Sylvia R (1982). The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292780408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292780408"><bdi>978-0292780408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Soldier+in+America%3A+A+Social+History+of+Military+Life+in+the+Revolutionary+Period&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0292780408&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Alan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-c7-udZhrvgC">Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipation in the War for Independence</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226101552" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226101552"><bdi>978-0226101552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Patriots+and+Loyalists%3A+Fighting+for+Emancipation+in+the+War+for+Independence&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226101552&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-c7-udZhrvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Grant, John N. (1973). "Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776–1815". The Journal of Negro History. 58 (3): 253–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2716777">10.2307/2716777</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2716777">2716777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150064269">150064269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Black+Immigrants+into+Nova+Scotia%2C+1776%E2%80%931815&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-270&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150064269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2716777%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2716777&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Merrill (2004). The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution 1763–1776. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872207059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872207059"><bdi>978-0872207059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+a+Nation%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Revolution+1763%E2%80%931776&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0872207059&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Henry Phelps (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yorktowncampaign00johnrich">The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis, 1781</a>. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/426009">426009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yorktown+Campaign+and+the+Surrender+of+Cornwallis%2C+1781&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Bros&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F426009&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Henry+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyorktowncampaign00johnrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hagist, Don N. (Winter 2011). "Unpublished Writings of Roger Lamb, Soldier of the American War of Independence". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 89 (360). Society for Army Historical Research: 280–290. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44232931">44232931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Unpublished+Writings+of+Roger+Lamb%2C+Soldier+of+the+American+War+of+Independence&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=360&rft.pages=280-290&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44232931%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hagist&rft.aufirst=Don+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Rodger (January 1990). "The Hidden War: British Intelligence Operations during the American Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly. 47 (1). 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576078129" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576078129"><bdi>978-1576078129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576078129&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMIDrggs8TsC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC">Dictionary of Wars</a> (3rd ed.). 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Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstemancipator0000levy/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375761041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375761041"><bdi>978-0375761041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Emancipator%3A+Slavery%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Quiet+Revolution+of+Robert+Carter&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0375761041&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstemancipator0000levy%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Library of Congress <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/peace/">"Revolutionary War: Groping Toward Peace, 1781–1783"</a>. 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Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615928316" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615928316"><bdi>978-1615928316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+African+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1615928316&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEXj4gHHARgC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whaples" title="Robert Whaples">Whaples, Robert</a> (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. 55 (1): 144. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.4975">10.1.1.482.4975</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602">10.1017/S0022050700040602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123771">2123771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691938">145691938</a>. <q>There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Where+Is+There+Consensus+Among+American+Economic+Historians%3F+The+Results+of+a+Survey+on+Forty+Propositions&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.482.4975%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040602&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whaples" title="Robert Whaples">Whaples, Robert</a> (March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a>. 55 (1): 144. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.482.4975">10.1.1.482.4975</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602">10.1017/S0022050700040602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2123771">2123771</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691938">145691938</a>. <q>There is an overwhelming consensus that Americans' economic standard of living on the eve of the Revolution was among the highest in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Where+Is+There+Consensus+Among+American+Economic+Historians%3F+The+Results+of+a+Survey+on+Forty+Propositions&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.482.4975%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040602&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GVfuAAAAMAAJ">The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787</a>. Williamsburg, VA: Institute of Early American History and Culture. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393006445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393006445"><bdi>978-0393006445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+American+Republic%2C+1776%E2%80%931787&rft.place=Williamsburg%2C+VA&rft.pages=653&rft.pub=Institute+of+Early+American+History+and+Culture&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0393006445&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGVfuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Zeller-Frederick, Andrew A. (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/04/the-hessians-who-escaped-washingtons-trap-at-trenton/">"The Hessians Who Escaped Washington's Trap at Trenton"</a>. Journal of the American Revolution. Bruce H. Franklin. <q>Citing William M. Dwyer and Edward J. Lowell, The Hessians: And the Other German Auxiliaries in the Revolutionary War, 1970</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Hessians+Who+Escaped+Washington%27s+Trap+at+Trenton&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.aulast=Zeller-Frederick&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fthe-hessians-who-escaped-washingtons-trap-at-trenton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zlatich, Marko; Copeland, Peter. General Washington's Army (1): 1775–78 (1994). Short (48pp), very well illustrated descriptions.</li> <li>——. General Washington's Army (2): 1779–83 (1994). Short (48pp), very well illustrated descriptions.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="382" data-mwtitle="En-American_Revolutionary_War-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/En-American_Revolutionary_War-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/En-American_Revolutionary_War-article.ogg/En-American_Revolutionary_War-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" 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War"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415155049/https://www.westpoint.edu/academics/academic-departments/history/american-revolution">Archived</a> April 15, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/revolution/home.html">Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508072510/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/revwar.htm">Bibliographies of the War of American Independence</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement (by  colony or location)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The Turtle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Continental_Army_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Army" title="Template:Continental Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Army" title="Template talk:Continental Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Continental_Army_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Continental_Army" title="Departments of the Continental Army">Departments</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units" title="List of Continental Army units">Units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Line" title="Connecticut Line">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Line" title="Georgia Line">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Line" title="Maryland Line">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Line" title="Massachusetts Line">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Line" title="New Hampshire Line">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Line" title="New Jersey Line">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Line" title="New York Line">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Line" title="North Carolina Line">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line" title="Pennsylvania Line">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Line" title="Rhode Island Line">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Line" title="South Carolina Line">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Line" title="Virginia Line">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1775)" title="List of Continental Army units (1775)">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1776)" title="List of Continental Army units (1776)">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units_(1777%E2%80%931784)" title="List of Continental Army units (1777–1784)"> 1777–1784</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Continental_regiments_and_Additional_Continental_regiments" title="Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments">Extra Continental regiments and Additional Continental regiments</a></li> <li>Other units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Regiment">1st Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Regiment" title="2nd Canadian Regiment">2nd Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottendorf%27s_Corps" title="Ottendorf's Corps">Ottendorf's Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War">Militia units that participated alongside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cavalry Units <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="1st Continental Light Dragoons">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="2nd Continental Light Dragoons">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="3rd Continental Light Dragoons">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Continental_Light_Dragoons" title="4th Continental Light Dragoons">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand%27s_Legion" title="Armand's Legion">Armand's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's</a></li></ul></li> <li>Artillery Regiments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="Continental Artillery Regiment">Knox's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="1st Continental Artillery Regiment">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="2nd Continental Artillery Regiment">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="3rd Continental Artillery Regiment">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Continental_Artillery_Regiment" title="4th Continental Artillery Regiment">4th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Line Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompton_Mutiny" title="Pompton Mutiny">Pompton Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulations_for_the_Order_and_Discipline_of_the_Troops_of_the_United_States" title="Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States">Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States</a> (1779)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">George Washington in the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_involving_the_English/British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts involving the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a>/<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Ireland</a> (1593–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars" title="Anglo-Powhatan Wars">Virginia</a> (1609–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Swally" title="Battle of Swally">Swally</a> (1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_capture_of_Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Persian capture of Ormuz">Ormuz</a> (1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_Genocide_of_1626" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinago Genocide of 1626">Saint Kitts</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1628" title="Action of 17 July 1628">Quebec</a> (1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a> (1634–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a> (1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a> (1641–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians#English_colony_(1654–1667)" title="History of the Acadians">Acadia</a> (1654–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1654–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1655–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1662)" title="Battle of Tangier (1662)">1st Tangier</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1664)" title="Battle of Tangier (1664)">2nd Tangier</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> (1675–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mughal_War_(1686%E2%80%931690)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)">Child's War</a> (1686–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Siamese_War" title="Anglo-Siamese War">Siam</a> (1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komenda_Wars" title="Komenda Wars">Ghana</a> (1694–1700)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_War" title="Tuscarora War">Tuscarora War</a> (1711–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> (1715–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War/Dummer's War</a> (1722–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1740–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (1746–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia</a> (1749–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a> (1756–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Cherokee_War" title="Anglo-Cherokee War">Anglo-Cherokee War</a> (1758–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_Revolt" title="Tacky's Revolt">Jamaica</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1762–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a> (1765–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a> (1769–73)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rohilla_War" title="First Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1773–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1775–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1779–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast</a> (1781–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Radharam" title="Revolt of Radharam">Assam</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a> (1788–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Crisis" title="Nootka Crisis">Nootka Sound</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1789–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotiote_War" title="Cotiote War">Cotiote (Wayanad) War</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Rohilkhand</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Maroon_War" title="Second Maroon War">Jamaica</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9don%27s_rebellion" title="Fédon's rebellion">Grenada</a> (1795–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ceylon" title="Invasion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> (1796–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1798%E2%80%931800)" title="Siege of Malta (1798–1800)">Malta</a> (1798–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> (1798–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dwyer#Guerilla_campaign" title="Michael Dwyer">Dwyer's guerrilla campaign</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a> (1799–1805)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_Uprising_in_Newfoundland" title="United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> (1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1803–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_convict_rebellion" title="Castle Hill convict rebellion">Castle Hill convict rebellion</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> (1806–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_expedition_of_1807" title="Alexandria expedition of 1807">Egypt</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froberg_mutiny" title="Froberg mutiny">Froberg mutiny</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_of_1808" title="Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808">Santo Domingo</a> (1808–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1809)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1809)">Martinique</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1810)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1810)">Guadeloupe</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_%C3%8Ele_Bonaparte" title="Invasion of Île Bonaparte">Reunion</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">Mauritius</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles#The_Quincy_era" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java</a> (1810–11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a> (1811–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">USA</a> (1812–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Nepal</a> (1814–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1815)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1815)">Guadeloupe</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slachter%27s_Nek_Rebellion" title="Slachter's Nek Rebellion">Cape Colony</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third Anglo-Maratha War</a> (1817–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Guiana</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Ashanti_wars" title="Anglo-Ashanti wars">Anglo-Ashanti wars</a> (1824–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1824–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War (Van Diemen's Land)</a> (1828–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_War" title="Baptist War">Jamaica</a> (1831–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naning_War" title="Naning War">Malacca</a> (1831–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a> (1837–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Expedition" title="Aden Expedition">Aden Expedition</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1839%E2%80%931841)" title="Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)">Egyptian–Ottoman War</a> (1839–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> (1845–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1845–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (1845–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Canton" title="Expedition to Canton">Canton</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">British Honduras</a> (1847–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Ceylon</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> (1848–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka Rebellion</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> (1854–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> (1856–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> (1856–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion</a> (1857–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Rajab_Ali" title="Revolt of Rajab Ali">Revolt of Rajab Ali</a> (1857–58)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima" title="Bombardment of Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela campaign</a> (1863–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duar_War" title="Duar War">Duar War</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian Rebellion in Canada</a> (1866–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Manitoba</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_War" title="Perak War">Perak</a> (1875–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1879–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basuto_Gun_War" title="Basuto Gun War">Basutoland</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> (1881–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian War</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">Saskatchewan</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition" title="Emin Pasha Relief Expedition">Central Africa</a> (1886–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_Expedition_of_1888" title="Hazara Expedition of 1888">Hazara</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Mashonaland</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza%E2%80%93Nagar_Campaign" title="Hunza–Nagar Campaign">Hunza–Nagar Campaign</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War" title="Anglo-Manipur War">Anglo-Manipur War</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Uprising" title="Pahang Uprising">Pahang Uprising</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">Matabeleland</a> (1893–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">North Borneo</a> (1894–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitral_Expedition" title="Chitral Expedition">Chitral Expedition</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid South Africa</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War" title="Anglo-Zanzibar War">Anglo-Zanzibar War</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="First Chimurenga">Matabeleland</a> (1896–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_Expedition_of_1897" title="Benin Expedition of 1897">Benin Expedition</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1897%E2%80%931898" title="Mohmand campaign of 1897–1898">First Mohmand campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a> (1897–98)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War_(1899)" title="Six-Day War (1899)">Six-Day War</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1898–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> (1900–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">West Africa</a> (1901–02)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">Tibet expedition</a> (1903–04)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_in_the_Tochi" title="Operations in the Tochi">Tochi</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Nyasaland</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_rebellion" title="Bussa rebellion">Nigeria</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_against_the_Mohmands,_Bunerwals_and_Swatis_in_1915" title="Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Swatis in 1915">Peshawar</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_blockade" title="Mohmand blockade">Mohmand</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Quebec</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adubi_War" title="Adubi War">Nigeria</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1919–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Kurdistan</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Transjordan</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink%27s_War" title="Pink's War">Pink's War</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_revolt" title="Ikhwan revolt">Ikhwan revolt</a> (1927–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Redshirt_Rebellion,_Indian_North_West_Frontier_1930%E2%80%931931" title="Afridi Redshirt Rebellion, Indian North West Frontier 1930–1931">Tirah</a> (1930–31)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Barzani revolt</a> (1931–32)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Second Mohmand campaign</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Waziristan campaign</a> (1936–39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woyane_rebellion" title="Woyane rebellion">Ethiopia</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish revolt in Palestine</a> (1944–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Indochina</a> (1945–46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Indonesia</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cession_movement_of_Sarawak" title="Anti-cession movement of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1946–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> (1948–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Kenya Emergency</a> (1952–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Oman</a> (1954–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–59)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Oman</a> (1962–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_revolt" title="Brunei revolt">Brunei</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Sarawak</a> (1962–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Malaysia</a> (1962–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden</a> (1963–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639078">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=1259064819">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=1259064819</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Category:American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li><li><a 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242.136 11 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 5.04% 216.918 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.51% 194.195 3 Template:Sfn"," 4.19% 180.474 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.02% 129.923 45 Template:Efn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.893","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11580050,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Allison\u0026amp;Ferreiro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Black2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Burke1785\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCogliano2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_KennedyLizabeth_Cohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEschner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFremont-BarnesRyerson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrey1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousemanKloetzel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLass1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenouf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRignault2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoodalter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTortora2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyrrell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Calhoon1973\"] = 1,\n [\"Deane2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Debrett1781\"] = 1,\n [\"Frothingham\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Morris1982\"] = 1,\n [\"Rappleye2010\"] = 1,\n [\"USCon1795\"] = 1,\n [\"abrams\"] = 1,\n [\"adams1911\"] = 1,\n [\"adams63\"] = 1,\n [\"alden1969\"] = 1,\n [\"alden1976\"] = 1,\n [\"alexander2010\"] = 1,\n [\"alexrose\"] = 1,\n [\"ammerman\"] = 1,\n [\"armour1941\"] = 1,\n [\"arwcampaigns\"] = 1,\n [\"atwood2002\"] = 1,\n [\"axelrod2009\"] = 1,\n [\"axelrod2014\"] = 1,\n [\"babits\"] = 1,\n [\"baer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"bailyn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"baker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"bass\"] = 1,\n [\"beerman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"belcher1\"] = 1,\n [\"bell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"bellot\"] = 1,\n [\"bemis1958\"] = 1,\n [\"benn1993\"] = 1,\n [\"berkin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"bibko2016\"] = 1,\n [\"bicheno14\"] = 1,\n [\"billias1969\"] = 1,\n [\"black1992\"] = 1,\n [\"black2001\"] = 1,\n [\"blackcancol\"] = 1,\n [\"boatner74\"] = 1,\n [\"borick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"brown41\"] = 1,\n [\"buchanan97\"] = 1,\n [\"burgoyne1860\"] = 1,\n [\"burrows2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"burrows2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"butterfield\"] = 1,\n [\"cadwalader1901\"] = 1,\n [\"calloway2007\"] = 1,\n [\"cannon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"carp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"carroll2001\"] = 1,\n [\"cashin\"] = 1,\n [\"cave2004\"] = 1,\n [\"chambers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"chandler\"] = 1,\n [\"chartrand63\"] = 1,\n [\"chavez\"] = 1,\n [\"chernow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"clayton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"clements2007\"] = 1,\n [\"clode1869a\"] = 1,\n [\"clodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"cogliano2003\"] = 1,\n [\"conway\"] = 1,\n [\"corwin\"] = 1,\n [\"crocker\"] = 1,\n [\"curtis1926\"] = 1,\n [\"dale2005\"] = 1,\n [\"daughan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"davenport1917\"] = 1,\n [\"daviesk1972\"] = 1,\n [\"davis75\"] = 1,\n [\"davisengerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"degrasseEB2021\"] = 1,\n [\"donne\"] = 1,\n [\"duffy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"dull1975\"] = 1,\n [\"dull1987\"] = 1,\n [\"duncan1931\"] = 1,\n [\"dunkerly\"] = 1,\n [\"eclov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"edler\"] = 1,\n [\"eelking1893\"] = 1,\n [\"ellis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"ellis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"ernst\"] = 1,\n [\"estaingEB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"everest1977\"] = 1,\n [\"faust1909\"] = 1,\n [\"ferling2003\"] = 1,\n [\"ferling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"ferling2015\"] = 1,\n [\"fernández1885\"] = 1,\n [\"fgreene1913\"] = 1,\n [\"field\"] = 1,\n [\"finger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"fischer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"fischer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"fiske1891\"] = 1,\n [\"fiske1902\"] = 1,\n [\"fleming\"] = 1,\n [\"fleming2006\"] = 1,\n [\"fortescue\"] = 1,\n [\"french1932\"] = 1,\n [\"gabriel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"gaff\"] = 1,\n [\"geoIII1782\"] = 1,\n [\"glatthaar\"] = 1,\n [\"golway2005\"] = 1,\n [\"goos\"] = 1,\n [\"gordon\"] = 1,\n [\"grainger2005\"] = 1,\n [\"grenier\"] = 1,\n [\"gutman\"] = 1,\n [\"harrington2018\"] = 1,\n [\"harrison2001\"] = 1,\n [\"harwell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"hazard54\"] = 1,\n [\"herring2011\"] = 1,\n [\"hibbert\"] = 1,\n [\"hibbert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"higginbotham1983\"] = 1,\n [\"higginbotham1987\"] = 1,\n [\"hoffman\"] = 1,\n [\"hogeland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"horn1989\"] = 1,\n [\"howat2017\"] = 1,\n [\"hubbard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"hunt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"ingrao2003\"] = 1,\n [\"inman\"] = 1,\n [\"jackson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"james2013\"] = 1,\n [\"jareditors2025\"] = 1,\n [\"jasanoff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"jefferson1780\"] = 1,\n [\"jgreene2008\"] = 1,\n [\"johnston1897\"] = 1,\n [\"jones2002\"] = 1,\n [\"kaminski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"katcher\"] = 1,\n [\"keiley1912\"] = 1,\n [\"kelly\"] = 1,\n [\"kennedy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"ketchum2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"ketchum2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"ketchum73\"] = 1,\n [\"ketchum97\"] = 1,\n [\"kolchin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"kramnick82\"] = 1,\n [\"kupperman\"] = 1,\n [\"lanctot\"] = 1,\n [\"landrum1897\"] = 1,\n [\"lanning2009\"] = 1,\n [\"lanning2012\"] = 1,\n [\"lecky3\"] = 1,\n [\"lecky4\"] = 1,\n [\"lefkowitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"lengel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"lockhart\"] = 1,\n [\"louisXVI1778b\"] = 1,\n [\"lowell84\"] = 1,\n [\"lowenthal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"lskaplan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"mackesy93\"] = 1,\n [\"mahan1890\"] = 1,\n [\"mahan1898\"] = 1,\n [\"mahan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"maier1998\"] = 1,\n [\"mauch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"mays2019\"] = 1,\n [\"mccrady1775\"] = 1,\n [\"mccullough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"mcgeorge1905\"] = 1,\n [\"mcguire2011\"] = 1,\n [\"middlekauff1982\"] = 1,\n [\"middleton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"miller1931\"] = 1,\n [\"miller1959\"] = 1,\n [\"mitchell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"montero\"] = 1,\n [\"morgan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"morley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"morrill\"] = 1,\n [\"morris1965\"] = 1,\n [\"morrissey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"mulhall\"] = 1,\n [\"name\"] = 1,\n [\"namier1985\"] = 1,\n [\"nash2005\"] = 1,\n [\"nash2012\"] = 1,\n [\"national\"] = 1,\n [\"nelson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"nessy\"] = 1,\n [\"nester2004\"] = 1,\n [\"o\u0026#039;brien2008\"] = 1,\n [\"olsen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"oshaughnessy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"otfinoski\"] = 1,\n [\"palmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"pancake1985\"] = 1,\n [\"pares\"] = 1,\n [\"paterson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"paullin\"] = 1,\n [\"pearson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"peckham74\"] = 1,\n [\"peterson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"philbrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"piecuch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"pybus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"raab\"] = 1,\n [\"randall\u0026#039;mhq\"] = 1,\n [\"rankin\"] = 2,\n [\"redcoats2012\"] = 1,\n [\"reeve\"] = 1,\n [\"reidD2017\"] = 1,\n [\"reidJ1987\"] = 1,\n [\"renaut1922\"] = 1,\n [\"revamintel\"] = 1,\n [\"reynolds2012\"] = 1,\n [\"rinaldi\"] = 1,\n [\"risch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"ritcheson\"] = 1,\n [\"rochDAB\"] = 1,\n [\"rose2013\"] = 1,\n [\"rosssman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"roy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"russell\"] = 1,\n [\"savas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"schecter\"] = 1,\n [\"scheer1959\"] = 1,\n [\"schmidt1958\"] = 1,\n [\"schwamenfeld2007\"] = 1,\n [\"scott1988\"] = 1,\n [\"scott1990\"] = 1,\n [\"seineke1981\"] = 1,\n [\"selby2007\"] = 1,\n [\"showalter2007\"] = 1,\n [\"simmons2003\"] = 1,\n [\"simms\"] = 1,\n [\"skaggs1977\"] = 1,\n [\"smithD2012\"] = 1,\n [\"smithJ1907a\"] = 1,\n [\"smithJ1907b\"] = 1,\n [\"sparks1829\"] = 1,\n [\"stanley\"] = 1,\n [\"stedman1\"] = 1,\n [\"stephen1885\"] = 1,\n [\"stewartR\"] = 1,\n [\"stockley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"stone1994\"] = 1,\n [\"stryker1898\"] = 1,\n [\"syrett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"taffe\"] = 1,\n [\"taylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"tellier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"thomas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"tolson\"] = 1,\n [\"trevelyan1912a\"] = 1,\n [\"trevelyan1912b\"] = 1,\n [\"tucker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"turner1920\"] = 1,\n [\"unlikelyvictory\"] = 1,\n [\"uscb1975\"] = 1,\n [\"usmm2012\"] = 1,\n [\"vafo.nhp\"] = 1,\n [\"vale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"walker1992\"] = 1,\n [\"wallace54\"] = 1,\n [\"wallaceray2015\"] = 1,\n [\"ward1952\"] = 1,\n [\"wardA1925\"] = 1,\n [\"wardH1999\"] = 1,\n [\"washington1932\"] = 1,\n [\"watsonclark\"] = 1,\n [\"weeks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"weigley1977\"] = 1,\n [\"white2020\"] = 1,\n [\"whiteley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"wilson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"winfield2007\"] = 1,\n [\"womens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"wood1992\"] = 1,\n [\"wood1995\"] = 1,\n [\"wood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"yale\u0026#039;mga\"] = 1,\n [\"yaniz\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months and days\"] = 1,\n [\"American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"American conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"British colonial campaigns\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 18,\n [\"Campaignbox American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite archive\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 282,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 45,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 30,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 12,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Natural Causes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Page?\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snds\"] = 1,\n [\"Specify\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Turncoat\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 11,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","16.8"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Revolutionary_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40949","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q40949","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-16T19:23:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T04:26:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b8\/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis.jpg","headline":"1775\u20131783 war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, which won independence as the United States of America"}</script> </body> </html>