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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>gender of God</b> can be viewed as a literal or as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> aspect of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religions, gods often have <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">genders</a> which would enable them to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexually interact</a> with each other, and even with humans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> worship a single <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, which in most interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, is not believed to have a physical body. Though often referred to with <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">gendered pronouns</a>, many Abrahamic denominations use "divine gender" primarily as an <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> to better relate to the <a href="/wiki/Concept_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept of God">concept of God</a>, with no sexual connotation. In Christian traditions with the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, who is male, is believed to be the physical manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existent</a> <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Christian Bible</a>, God is usually described in male terms in biblical sources,<sup id="cite_ref-pagels_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagels-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">female analogy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis 1</a>:26–27,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coogan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coogan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_123" title="Psalm 123">Psalm 123</a>:2-3,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">Luke 15</a>:8–10;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mother in <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_32" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 32">Deuteronomy 32</a>:18,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_66" title="Isaiah 66">Isaiah 66</a>:13,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_49" title="Isaiah 49">Isaiah 49</a>:15,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_42" title="Isaiah 42">Isaiah 42</a>:14,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_131" title="Psalm 131">Psalm 131</a>:2;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a mother hen in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">Matthew 23</a>:37<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">Luke 13</a>:34,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although never directly referred to as being female. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Gender of God in Judaism">Gender of God in Judaism</a></div> <p>Although the gender of God in Judaism is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> with masculine imagery and grammatical forms, traditional Jewish philosophy does not attribute the concept of sex to God.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, Jewish <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadic literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> do treat God as gendered. The ways in which God is gendered have also changed across time, with some modern Jewish thinkers viewing God as outside of the <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Postel" title="Guillaume Postel">Guillaume Postel</a> (16th century), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michelangelo_Lanci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michelangelo Lanci (page does not exist)">Michelangelo Lanci</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Lanci" class="extiw" title="it:Michelangelo Lanci">it</a>]</sup> (19th century), and Mark Sameth (21st century) theorize that the four letters of the personal name of God, YHWH, are a cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel would have read in reverse as <i>huhi</i>, "heshe", signifying a dual-gendered deity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Gender of God in Christianity">Gender of God in Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cima_da_Conegliano,_God_the_Father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/220px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/330px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg/440px-Cima_da_Conegliano%2C_God_the_Father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cima_da_Conegliano" title="Cima da Conegliano">Cima da Conegliano</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1510–1517</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian groups</a> conceive of God as <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Triune</a>, believing that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and God the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> are distinct persons, but one being that is wholly God.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God the Son (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>), having been incarnated as a human man, is masculine. Classical western philosophy believes that God lacks a literal sex as it would be impossible for God to have a body (a prerequisite for sex).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Classical western philosophy states that God should be referred to (in most contexts) as masculine by analogy; the reason being God's relationship with the world as begetter of the world and revelation (i.e. analogous to an active instead of receptive role in sexual intercourse).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others interpret God as neither male nor female.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, Book 239, states that God is called "Father", while his love for man may also be depicted as motherhood. However, God ultimately transcends the human concept of sex, and "is neither man nor woman: He is God."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCCs239_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCCs239-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to most Christian denominations, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) teaches that God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit are physically distinct while being one in purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some LDS Church members also believe that God the Father is married to a divine woman, referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are considered to be spirit children of these heavenly parents.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Holy_Spirit">The Holy Spirit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Holy Spirit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Gender of the Holy Spirit">Gender of the Holy Spirit</a></div> <p>The New Testament refers to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> as masculine in a number of places, where the masculine Greek word "Paraclete" occurs, for "Comforter", most clearly in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, chapters <a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts were particularly significant when Christians were debating whether the New Testament teaches that the Holy Spirit is a fully divine person, or some kind of "force." All major English Bible translations have retained the masculine pronoun for the Spirit, as in John 16:13. Although it has been noted that in the original Greek, in some parts of John's Gospel, the neuter Greek word <i>pneuma</i> is also used for the Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-cathex_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathex-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS) doctrine teaches that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are three distinct and separate beings. LDS God has a physical body, and thus is not only identified as being a man, but has a physical sex, that being male.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same is for Jesus, God's son, but not for the Holy Spirit, which has a spiritual form.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is also married to the Heavenly Mother. It is unknown if she has a physical body or defined sex like God. However, she is identified as the "mother" and uses she/her pronouns, so it can be assumed that she is viewed as a woman or womanly figure in opposition to God's male figure. LDS believers do not pray to the Heavenly Mother,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as God is the one who hears and answers prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those who view the Heavenly Mother as part of the Godhead risk excommunication,<sup id="cite_ref-:132_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the LDS website claims that they honor her Godhood.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should also be noted that the Heavenly Mother's exact role is unknown. For example, it is unknown if she is an equal partner to God, also partaking in creation, or if she reflect a human woman's role to a human man's, that of submission.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LDS believe that redeemed humans can ascend to godhood, which is what Jesus did.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Heavenly Quran</a></div> <p>Islam teaches that God (<i>Allah</i>) is beyond any comparison, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)#Islam" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, and thus God is beyond any gender attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic only possesses gendered pronouns ("he" and "she") but does not have gender neutral pronouns ("it"), and "he" is typically used in cases where the subject's gender is indeterminate. Thus, Allah is typically referred to as "he", despite not having any gender attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="The_Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>The Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baha%27u%27llah" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'u'llah">Baha'u'llah</a> uses the Mother as an attribute of God: "He Who is well-grounded in all knowledge, He Who is the Mother, the Soul, the Secret, and the Essence".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baha'u'llah further writes that "Every single letter proceeding out of the mouth of God is indeed a Mother Letter, and every word uttered by Him Who is the Well Spring of Divine Revelation is a Mother Word, and His Tablet a Mother Tablet."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Primal Will of God is personified as <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_Heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maid of Heaven">the maid of heaven</a> in the Baháʼí writings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender in Hinduism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, there are diverse approaches to conceptualizing God and gender. Many Hindus focus upon impersonal <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) which is genderless. Other Hindu traditions conceive God as <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgynous</a> (both female and male), alternatively as either male or female, while cherishing gender <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, that is without denying the existence of other Gods in either gender.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> tradition conceives of God as a female. Other <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> traditions of Hinduism have both male and female gods. In ancient and medieval Indian mythology, each masculine <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a> of the Hindu pantheon is partnered with a feminine who is often a <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-adishakti.org_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adishakti.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest of the Hindu scriptures is the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> (2nd millennium BC). The first word of the Rigveda is the name <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, the god of fire, to whom many of the vedic hymns are addressed, along with <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> the warrior. Agni and Indra are both male divinities. </p><p>The <i>Rigveda</i> refers to a creator (<a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a>), distinct from Agni and Indra. This creator is identified with <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the first cause), born of Vishnu's navel, in later scriptures. Hiranyagarbha and Prajapati are male divinities, as is Brahma (who has a female consort, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/150px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/225px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/300px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Rigveda</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many other gods in the <i>Rigveda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are "not simple forces of nature," and possess "complex character and their own mythology."<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include goddesses of water (Āpaḥ) and dawn (<a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Uṣas</a>), and the complementary pairing of Father Heaven and Mother Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are all "subservient to the abstract, but active positive 'force of truth' [<a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a>]...which pervades the universe and all actions of the gods and humans."<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force is sometimes mediated or represented by moral gods (the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80dityas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ādityas"><i>Āditya</i></a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuṇa</a>) or even Indra.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Āditya are male and Ṛta is personified as masculine in later scriptures (see also <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>). </p><p>In some Hindu philosophical traditions, God is depersonalized as the quality-less <a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Nirguna Brahman</a>, the fundamental life force of the universe. However, theism itself is central to Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many Hindus focus upon God in the neutral form,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> being of neuter gender grammatically, there are prominent Hindu traditions that conceive God as female, even as the source of the male form of God, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shakta" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a> denomination. Hinduism, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school, views the creation of the cosmos as the result of the play of two radically distinct principles: the feminine matter (<a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a>) and the masculine spirit (<a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>). Prakṛti is the primordial matter which is present before the cosmos becomes manifest. Prakṛti is seen as being "the power of nature, both animate and inanimate. As such, nature is seen as dynamic energy" (Rae, 1994). Prakriti is originally passive, immobile and pure potentiality by nature . Only through her contact with the kinetic Purusha she unfolds into the diverse forms before us. The idea of Prakṛti/Purusha leads to the concept of the Divine Consort. Almost every <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a> of the Hindu pantheon has a feminine consort (<a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-adishakti.org_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adishakti.org-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Gender of God in Sikhism">Gender of God in Sikhism</a></div><p>The scripture of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>. Printed as a heading for the Guru Granth, and for each of its major divisions, is the <a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mul Mantra">Mul Mantra</a>, a short summary description of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God</a>, in Punjabi. Sikh tradition has it that this was originally composed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Dev">Guru Nanak</a> (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism. </p><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span lang="pa">ੴ ਸਤਿ ਨਾਮੁ ਕਰਤਾ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਨਿਰਭਉ ਨਿਰਵੈਰੁ ਅਕਾਲ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਜੂਨੀ ਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ ॥</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṃ gura prasādi.</i></span></i></dd> <dd>English: One Universal God, The Name Is Truth, The Creator, Fearless, Without Hatred, Image Of The Timeless One, Beyond Birth, Self-Existent, By Guru's Grace.</dd> <dd></dd> <dd>According to Sikhi, God has "No" Gender. Mool Mantar describes God as being "Ajuni" (lit. not in any incarnations) which implies that God is not bound to any physical forms. This concludes: the All-pervading Lord is Gender-less.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ਸੁੰਨ ਮੰਡਲ ਇਕੁ ਜੋਗੀ ਬੈਸੇ ॥ ਨਾਰਿ ਨ ਪੁਰਖੁ ਕਹਹੁ ਕੋਊ ਕੈਸੇ ॥ ਤ੍ਰਿਭਵਣ ਜੋਤਿ ਰਹੇ ਲਿਵ ਲਾਈ ॥ ਸੁਰਿ ਨਰ ਨਾਥ ਸਚੇ ਸਰਣਾਈ ॥ </p><p>Sunn mandal ik Yogi baiseh. Naar nuh purakhu kahahu kou kaiseh. Tribhavan joth raheh liv laaee. Suri nar naath sacheh saranaaee </p><p> The Yogi, the Primal Lord, sits in the Realm of Absolute Stillness (state free of mind's wanderings or Phurne). (Since God) is neither male nor female; how can anyone describe Him? The three worlds center their attention on His Light. The godly beings and the Yogic masters seek the Sanctuary of this True Lord.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>SGGS. Ang 685</cite></div></blockquote><p>However, the Guru Granth Sahib consistently refers to God as "He" and "Father" (with some exceptions), typically because the Guru Granth Sahib was written in north Indian <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sant_Bhasha" title="Sant Bhasha">Sant Bhasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> with influences of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) which have no neutral gender. English translations of the teachings may eliminate any gender specifications. From further insights into the Sikh philosophy, it can be deduced that God is, sometimes, referred to as the Husband to the Soul-brides, in order to make a patriarchal society understand what the relationship with God is like. Also, God is considered to be the Father, Mother, and Companion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unificationism">Unificationism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unificationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unificationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unificationism">Unificationism</a> views God, the Creator, as having dual characteristics of masculinity and femininity. Since an artist, like God, can only express that which is within the boundaries of their own nature, and according to Genesis 1:27, "So God created mankind in his own image, male and female he created them", indicating that God's image includes both male and female attributes. </p><p>Due to the more active role of masculinity, mankind typically portrays God as male, but the more receptive or supportive and nurturing role within God's characteristics is less emphasized or even neglected or ignored in writings and in art.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animist_religions">Animist religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Animist religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animist religions</a> are common among oral societies, many of which still exist in the 21st century. Typically, natural forces and <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a> spiritual guides feature in these religions, rather than fully-fledged personal divinities with established personalities. It is in <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> that such deities are found. Animist religions often, but not always, attribute gender to spirits considered to permeate the world and its events. Polytheistic religions, however, almost always attribute gender to their gods, though a few notable divinities are associated with various forms of <a href="/wiki/Epicene" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicene">epicene</a> characteristics—gods that manifest alternatingly as male and female, gods with one male and one female "face", and gods whose most distinctive characteristic is their unknown gender.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist_spirituality">Feminist spirituality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Feminist spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In her essay "Why Women Need the Goddess", <a href="/wiki/Carol_Patrice_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Patrice Christ">Carol P. Christ</a> argues the notion of there having been an ancient religion of a supreme goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was first presented in the spring of 1978 as a <a href="/wiki/Keynote" title="Keynote">keynote address</a> for the "Great Goddess Re-emerging" conference at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. Christ also co-edited the classic <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">feminist religion</a> anthologies <i>Weaving the Visions: New Patterns in Feminist Spirituality</i> (1989) and <i>Womanspirit Rising</i> (1979/1989), the latter of which include her 1978 essay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bible_translation" title="Gender in Bible translation">Gender in Bible translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Gender of God in Christianity">Gender of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Gender of the Holy Spirit">Gender of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God_in_Sikhism" title="Gender of God in Sikhism">Gender of God in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Krishna" title="Radha Krishna">Radha Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">Sky father</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The fact that we always refer to God as 'He' is also not meant to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God." Kaplan, Aryeh (Rabbi). 1983. <i>The Aryeh Kaplan Reader</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mesorah_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesorah Publications">Mesorah Publications</a>. p. 144.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verses">Verses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Verses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Genesis#1:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Genesis">Genesis 1:26–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#123:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 123:2–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#15:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 15:8–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#32:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 32:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#66:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 66:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#49:15" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 49:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#42:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 42:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#131:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 131:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#23:37" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 23:37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#13:34" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 13:34</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pagels-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pagels_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine H.</a> 1976. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenpriests.org/body/pagels.asp">What Became of God the Mother? Conflicting Images of God in Early Christianity</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i> 2(2):293–303. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704065520/http://www.womenpriests.org/body/pagels.asp">Archived</a> 4 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coogan_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coogan" title="Michael Coogan">Coogan, Michael</a> (October 2010). "6. Fire in Divine Loins: God's Wives in Myth and Metaphor". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog"><i>God and Sex. What the Bible Really Says</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/175">175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>humans are modeled on <i>elohim</i>, specifically in their sexual differences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Fire+in+Divine+Loins%3A+God%27s+Wives+in+Myth+and+Metaphor&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex.+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=175&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22earlier+form+1551;+final+state+1566%22&pg=PA337"><i>Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God</i></a>. Boston: Brill. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004288171" title="Special:BookSources/9789004288171"><bdi>9789004288171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tetragrammaton%3A+Western+Christians+and+the+Hebrew+Name+of+God&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004288171&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xyoBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522earlier%2Bform%2B1551%3B%2Bfinal%2Bstate%2B1566%2522%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Postel, Guillame (1969). Secret, François (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EmkytAEACAAJ"><i>Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers</i></a> (in French). Springer. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789024702039" title="Special:BookSources/9789024702039"><bdi>9789024702039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+thr%C3%A9sor+des+proph%C3%A9ties+de+l%27univers&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9789024702039&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Guillame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEmkytAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanci1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lanci, Michelangelo (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4WAAAAQAAJ&dq=Paralipomeni+Alla+Illustrazione+Della+Sagra+Scrittura&pg=PR15"><i>Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura</i></a> (in Italian) (Facsimile of the first ed.). Dondey-Dupre. pp. 100–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1274016911" title="Special:BookSources/978-1274016911"><bdi>978-1274016911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paralipomeni+alla+illustrazione+della+sagra+Scrittura&rft.pages=100-113&rft.edition=Facsimile+of+the+first&rft.pub=Dondey-Dupre&rft.date=1845&rft.isbn=978-1274016911&rft.aulast=Lanci&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-q4WAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DParalipomeni%2BAlla%2BIllustrazione%2BDella%2BSagra%2BScrittura%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSameth2020" class="citation book cs1">Sameth, Mark (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22"><i>The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. pp. ix, 8, 22–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9384-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9384-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Name%3A+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God&rft.pages=ix%2C+8%2C+22-26&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7&rft.aulast=Sameth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozzpDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522The%2BName%3A%2BA%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDual-Gendered%2BHebrew%2BName%2Bfor%2BGod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grudem, Wayne A. 1994. <i>Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.</i> Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Person"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Person">"Person" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Person&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a>. [1485] 2017. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1003.htm#article1">Question 3: The simplicity of God</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">The Summa Theologiæ of St. Thomas Aquinas</a></i> I (online ed.), translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. article 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine of Hippo</a>. [c. 397] 1885. <a href="//archive.org/details/confessionsaugu00shedgoog/page/n186/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:confessionsaugu00shedgoog/page/n186/mode/2up"><i>The Confessions of Augustine</i> VII</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Greenough_Thayer_Shedd" title="William Greenough Thayer Shedd">W. G. T. Shedd</a>. Andover: Warren F. Draper.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangPeter_Kreeft2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Lang, David</a>; Peter Kreeft (2002). "Chapter Five: Why Male Priests?". <i>Why Matter Matters: Philosophical and Scriptural Reflections on the Sacraments</i>. Our Sunday Visitor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931709347" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931709347"><bdi>978-1931709347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+Why+Male+Priests%3F&rft.btitle=Why+Matter+Matters%3A+Philosophical+and+Scriptural+Reflections+on+the+Sacraments&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1931709347&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Peter+Kreeft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtemeierLongstaff1996" class="citation book cs1">Achtemeier, P; Longstaff (1996). <i>Harper Collins Bible Dictionary</i>. Harper Collins. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-060037-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-060037-3"><bdi>0-06-060037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper+Collins+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=377-378&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-06-060037-3&rft.aulast=Achtemeier&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Longstaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, H (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604214727/http://archive.elca.org/onebody/bs1_name_and_gender_of_god.html">"Name and Gender of God"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.elca.org/onebody/bs1_name_and_gender_of_god.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Name+and+Gender+of+God&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.elca.org%2Fonebody%2Fbs1_name_and_gender_of_god.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Bordwell" title="David Bordwell">Bordwell, David</a>. 2002. <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-324-8">978-0-86012-324-8</a>. p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCCs239-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCCs239_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> • <b>Latin</b>: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deum humanam sexuum transcendere distinctionem. Ille nec vir est nec femina, Ille est Deus</i></span>." "Pater per Filium revelatus." <i>Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Citta del Vaticano</a>: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1993. 1-2-1-1-2 ¶ 239.  • <b>English</b>: "We ought therefore to recall that God transcends the human distinction between the sexes. He is neither man nor woman: God Has No Gender ." "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">I Believe in God the Father</a>." Ch. 1 in <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> I.ii. Vatican: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a>. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303003725/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P17.HTM">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. art. 1, para. 2, li. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/aaronic-priesthood-manual-3/lesson-1-the-godhead?lang=eng">"Aaronic Priesthood Manual 3 – Lesson 1: The Godhead"</a>. LDS Church. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aaronic+Priesthood+Manual+3+%E2%80%93+Lesson+1%3A+The+Godhead&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fmanual%2Faaronic-priesthood-manual-3%2Flesson-1-the-godhead%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonDahlWelch1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Q._Cannon" title="Donald Q. Cannon">Cannon, Donald Q.</a>; Dahl, Larry; <a href="/wiki/John_W._Welch" title="John W. Welch">Welch, John</a> (January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1989/01/the-restoration-of-major-doctrines-through-joseph-smith-the-godhead-mankind-and-the-creation?lang=eng">"The Restoration of Major Doctrines through Joseph Smith: The Godhead, Mankind, and Creation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Restoration+of+Major+Doctrines+through+Joseph+Smith%3A+The+Godhead%2C+Mankind%2C+and+Creation&rft.date=1989-01&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=Donald+Q.&rft.au=Dahl%2C+Larry&rft.au=Welch%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1989%2F01%2Fthe-restoration-of-major-doctrines-through-joseph-smith-the-godhead-mankind-and-the-creation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinckley1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_B._Hinckley" title="Gordon B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics+%E2%80%93+The+Family%3A+A+Proclamation+to+the+World&rft.date=1995-09-23&rft.au=First+Presidency+and+Council+of+the+Twelve+Apostles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Ftopics%2Ffamily-proclamation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Family:_A_Proclamation_to_the_World" title="The Family: A Proclamation to the World">The Family: A Proclamation to the World</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nestle, et al. 1993. <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i> (27th ed.). 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PR17, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Hinduism Today, Hawaii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adishakti.org-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adishakti.org_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adishakti.org_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adishakti.org/forum/concept_of_shakti_hinduism_as_a_liberating_force_for_women_1-18-2005.htm">"The Concept of Shakti: Hinduism as a Liberating Force for Women"</a>. <i>www.adishakti.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adishakti.org&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Shakti%3A+Hinduism+as+a+Liberating+Force+for+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adishakti.org%2Fforum%2Fconcept_of_shakti_hinduism_as_a_liberating_force_for_women_1-18-2005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witzel-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witzel_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a>. 2001. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf">Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts</a>." <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i> 7(3):1–115. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1084-7561">1084-7561</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Slater, Robert Lawson. 1964. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1385227">Religious theism which is central to Hinduism</a>" (book review). <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a></i> 4(1):117–18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1385227">10.2307/1385227</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1385227">1385227</a>. <b>Reviewed book</b>: Ashby, Philip H. <i>History and Future of Religious Thought: Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurbani.org/articles/webart270.htm">"IS GOD MALE OR FEMALE?"</a>. <i>www.gurbani.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gurbani.org&rft.atitle=IS+GOD+MALE+OR+FEMALE%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurbani.org%2Farticles%2Fwebart270.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhwomen.com/equality/GodsGender.htm">"God's Gender"</a>. <i>www.sikhwomen.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikhwomen.com&rft.atitle=God%27s+Gender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhwomen.com%2Fequality%2FGodsGender.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon1994" class="citation book cs1">Moon, Sun Myung (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34446768"><i>Sermons of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon</i></a>. New York: Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910621-73-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-910621-73-X"><bdi>0-910621-73-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34446768">34446768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermons+of+the+Reverend+Sun+Myung+Moon.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holy+Spirit+Association+for+the+Unification+of+World+Christianity&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34446768&rft.isbn=0-910621-73-X&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Sun+Myung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34446768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+of+God" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "We are yet more strongly reminded by the two-fold nature of Phanes of the epicene god-heads, who occur frequently in the Babylonian pantheon." Banerjee, Gauranga Nath. 2007. <i>Hellenism in Ancient India</i>. Read Books. p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Patrice_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Patrice Christ">Christ, Carol P.</a> 1978. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womrel.sitehost.iu.edu/Rel433%20Readings/Christ_WhyWomenNeedGoddess.pdf">Why Women Need the Goddess</a>." <a href="/wiki/Heresies:_A_Feminist_Publication_on_Art_and_Politics" title="Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics"><i>Heresies</i></a> (The Great Goddess Issue):8–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goddessariadne.org/why-women-need-the-goddess-part-1">e-text</a>. — Pp. 273–87 in Womanspirit Rising: A Feminist Reader on Religion, edited by C. P. Christ and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">J. Plaskow</a>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. 1979. — Pp. 117–32 in <i>Laughter of Aphrodite: Reflections on a Journey to the Goddess</i>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. 1987.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berke, Matthew. 1996. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=3891&var_recherche=god+male">God and Gender in Judaism</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i> 64:33–38.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_N._Dorff" title="Elliot N. Dorff">Dorff, Elliot N.</a> 1984. <i>Male and Female God Created Them: Equality with Distinction</i>. University Papers. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_University" title="American Jewish University">University of Judaism</a>. pp. 13–23.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernard_Eller" title="Vernard Eller">Eller, Vernard</a>. 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hccentral.com/eller6/index.html"><i>The Language of Canaan and the Grammar of Feminism</i>.</a> Grand Rapids, MI: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.">William B Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>.</li> <li>Harlow, Jules. 1997. "Feminist Linguistics and Jewish Liturgy." <i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism_(journal)" title="Conservative Judaism (journal)">Conservative Judaism</a></i> 49:3–25.</li> <li>Johnson, Elizabeth. 1984. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121033736/http://www.womenpriests.org/classic/johnson3.asp">The Incomprehensibility of God and the Image of God Male and Female</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Theological_Studies_(journal)" title="Theological Studies (journal)">Theological Studies</a></i> 45:441–65.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Platinga, Alvin Carl</a>. 2000. "God, Arguments for the Existence of." <i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li>Sameth, Mark. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondispatches.org/our-father-who-art-our-mother-the-open-secret-queer-history-of-god/">Our Father, Who Art Our Mother: The (Open) Secret Queer History of God | Religion Dispatches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Swinburne, Richard G.</a> 1995. "God." In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Philosophy" title="The Oxford Companion to Philosophy">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">T. Honderich</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_of_God&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/God" class="extiw" title="q:God">God</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net-burst.net/god/mother.htm">God as Mother (A Christian view)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiritbride.com/">The Spirit and the Bride</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9606/berke.html">God and Gender in Judaism</a></li> <li>Mouser, William E. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiveaspects.org/articles/masculine.html">Is God Masculine?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026064444/http://www.fiveaspects.org/articles/masculine.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiveaspects.org/">International Council for Gender Studies</a>, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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