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href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Christianity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Christianity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gospels,_Acts,_and_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels,_Acts,_and_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Gospels, Acts, and epistles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospels,_Acts,_and_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Book of Revelation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patristic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Patristic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Islam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Islam subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Islamic tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Affiliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Other traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_mysticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_mysticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Islamic mysticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_mysticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Satanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Satanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Satanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theistic_Satanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theistic_Satanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Theistic Satanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theistic_Satanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheistic_Satanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheistic_Satanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Atheistic Satanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atheistic_Satanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Allegations of worship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 In visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Satan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" > 104 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शैतान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शैतान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="شيطان (شخصية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيطان (شخصية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চয়তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চয়তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%C3%A1s" title="Satanás – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Satanás" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeytan" title="Şeytan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şeytan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شیطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সাতান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шатан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шатан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanas" title="Satanas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Satanas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satana" title="Satana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Satana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%C3%A0s" title="Satanàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Satanàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шуйтан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шуйтан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanassu" title="Satanassu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Satanassu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="إبليس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إبليس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatan" title="Saatan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saatan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Σατανάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σατανάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%C3%A1s" title="Satanás – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Satanás" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satano" title="Satano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Satano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شیطان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satane" title="Satane – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Satane" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tan" title="Sátan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sátan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%C3%A1s" title="Satanás – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Satanás" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Йилбаз – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йилбаз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%84" title="사탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Սատանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սատանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="शैतान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शैतान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotona" title="Sotona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sotona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satano" title="Satano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Satano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setan" title="Setan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Setan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satana" title="Satana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Satana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%9F" title="שטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ეშმაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეშმაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шайтан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шайтан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetani" title="Shetani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shetani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeytan" title="Şeytan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şeytan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanas" title="Satanas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Satanas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81tans" title="Sātans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sātans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%97tonas" title="Šėtonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šėtonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%A1n" title="Sátán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sátán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satana" title="Satana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Satana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="സാത്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാത്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatana" title="Hatana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hatana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ქერქენჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქერქენჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ساتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syaitan" title="Syaitan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syaitan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1k-d%C3%A1ng" title="Sák-dáng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sák-dáng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="サタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شیطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شیطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="សាតាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាតាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szatan" title="Szatan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szatan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan%C3%A1s" title="Satanás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Satanás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanas" title="Satanas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Satanas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱭᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satani" title="Satani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Satani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szatan" title="Szatan – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szatan" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شەیتان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەیتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satana" title="Satana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Satana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saatana" title="Saatana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saatana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanas" title="Satanas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Satanas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சாத்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шайтан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шайтан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="షైతాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షైతాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ซาตาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาตาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шайтон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шайтон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeytan" title="Şeytan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeytan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soton" title="Soton – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Soton" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" title="Satan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Satan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanas" title="Satanas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Satanas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saytaane" title="Saytaane – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Saytaane" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%BD%86" title="撒但 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure in Abrahamic religions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the figure in the Abrahamic religions. For personifications of evil in various cultures, see <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Satan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Satan (disambiguation)">Satan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg/170px-Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg/255px-Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg/340px-Codex_Gigas_devil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the Devil on <a href="/wiki/Codex_Gigas" title="Codex Gigas">Codex Gigas</a>, early thirteenth century</figcaption></figure> Satan,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">the Devil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">entity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> who <a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">seduces</a> humans into <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> (or falsehood). In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>, typically regarded as a metaphor for the <a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">yetzer hara</a>, or 'evil inclination'. In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, he is usually seen as a <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a> who has rebelled against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God</a>, who nevertheless allows him temporary power over the fallen world and a host of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> is an evil entity (<a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">shaitan</a>) made of fire who was cast out of Heaven because he refused to bow before the newly created <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> and incites humans to sin by infecting their minds with waswās ('evil suggestions'). A figure known as ha-satan ("the satan") first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as a heavenly <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a>, subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (God), who prosecutes the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">nation of Judah</a> in the heavenly court and tests the loyalty of Yahweh's followers. During the <a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental period</a>, possibly due to influence from the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Angra Mainyu</a>, the satan developed into a malevolent entity with abhorrent qualities in <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualistic opposition</a> to God. In the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocryphal</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, Yahweh grants the satan (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a>) authority over a <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">group of fallen angels</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">their offspring</a>, to tempt humans to sin and punish them. Although the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> does not mention him, Christians often identify the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">serpent in the Garden of Eden</a> as Satan. In the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, Satan <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">tempts Jesus in the desert</a> and is identified as the cause of illness and temptation. In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, Satan appears as a <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Ancient_serpent" title="Serpents in the Bible">Great Red Dragon</a>, who is defeated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael the Archangel</a> and cast down from Heaven. He is later bound for <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">one thousand years</a>, but is briefly set free before being ultimately defeated and cast into the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of Fire</a>. In the Middle Ages, Satan played a minimal role in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and was used as a <a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">comic relief</a> figure in <a href="/wiki/Mystery_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery plays">mystery plays</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, Satan's significance greatly increased as beliefs such as <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">demonic possession</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">witchcraft</a> became more prevalent. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, belief in the existence of Satan was harshly criticized by thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. Nonetheless, belief in Satan has persisted, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Although Satan is generally viewed as evil, some groups have very different beliefs. In <a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">theistic Satanism</a>, Satan is considered a deity who is either worshipped or revered. In <a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a>, Satan is a symbol of virtuous characteristics and liberty. Satan's appearance is never described in the Bible, but, since the ninth century, he has often been shown in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> with horns, cloven hooves, unusually hairy legs, and a tail, often naked and holding a pitchfork. These are an amalgam of traits derived from various pagan deities, including <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>. Satan appears frequently in <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Christian literature</a>, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a>, all variants of the classic <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> story, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a>, and the poems of <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> He continues to appear in film, television, and music. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg/220px-Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg/330px-Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg/440px-Gustav_Jaeger_Bileam_Engel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Balaam and the Angel (1836) by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_J%C3%A4ger_(painter)" title="Gustav Jäger (painter)">Gustav Jäger</a>. The angel in this incident is referred to as a "satan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200615–16-9">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> term śāṭān (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שָׂטָן) is a generic noun meaning "accuser" or "adversary",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200616-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> and is derived from a verb meaning primarily "to obstruct, oppose".<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> In the earlier biblical books, e.g. 1 Samuel 29:4, it refers to human adversaries, but in the later books, especially <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> 1–2 and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> 3, to a supernatural entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> When used without the definite article (simply satan), it can refer to any accuser,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20061–13,_28–29-13">[11]</a> but when it is used with the definite article (ha-satan), it usually refers specifically to the heavenly accuser, literally, the satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20061–13,_28–29-13">[11]</a> The word with the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> Ha-Satan (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: הַשָּׂטָן hasSāṭān) occurs 17 times in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a>, in two books of the Hebrew Bible: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> ch. 1–2 (14×) and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> 3:1–2 (3×).<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15">[13]</a> It is translated in English bibles mostly as 'Satan'. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/220px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/330px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/440px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2787" /></a><figcaption>The Examination of <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1821) by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></figcaption></figure> The word does not occur in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, which mentions only a <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">talking serpent</a> and does not identify the serpent with any supernatural entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200614-16">[14]</a> The first occurrence of the word "satan" in the Hebrew Bible in reference to a supernatural figure comes from Numbers 22:22,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200616-10">[8]</a> which describes the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of Yahweh</a> confronting <a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a> on his donkey:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200615–16-9">[7]</a> "Balaam's departure aroused the wrath of <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, and the Angel of Yahweh stood in the road as a satan against him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200616-10">[8]</a> In 2 Samuel 24,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Yahweh sends the "Angel of Yahweh" to inflict a plague against Israel for three days, <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">killing 70,000 people</a> as punishment for <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> having taken a census without his approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200620-19">[17]</a> 1 Chronicles 21:1<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> repeats this story,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200620-19">[17]</a> but replaces the "Angel of Yahweh" with an entity referred to as "a satan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200620-19">[17]</a> Some passages clearly refer to the satan, without using the word itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200618–19-21">[19]</a> 1 Samuel 2:12<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)#The_sons_of_Eli" title="Eli (biblical figure)">sons of Eli</a> as "sons of <a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a>";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">[21]</a> the later usage of this word makes it clearly a synonym for "satan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">[21]</a> In 1 Samuel 16:14–2,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Yahweh sends a "troubling spirit" to torment King <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> as a mechanism to ingratiate David with the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200618-25">[23]</a> In 1 Kings 22:19–25,<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> the prophet <a href="/wiki/Micaiah" title="Micaiah">Micaiah</a> describes to King <a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> a vision of Yahweh sitting on his throne surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Host of Heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">[21]</a> Yahweh asks the Host which of them will lead Ahab astray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">[21]</a> A "spirit", whose name is not specified, but who is analogous to the satan, volunteers to be "a Lying Spirit in the mouth of all his Prophets".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_of_Job">Book of Job</h4></div> The satan appears in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a>, a poetic dialogue set within a prose framework,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> which may have been written around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> In the text, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> is a righteous man favored by Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> Job 1:6–8<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> describes the "<a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">sons of God</a>" (bənê hāʼĕlōhîm) presenting themselves before Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> Yahweh asks one of them, "the satan", where he has been, to which he replies that he has been roaming around the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> Yahweh asks, "Have you considered My servant Job?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">[25]</a> The satan replies by urging Yahweh to let him torture Job, promising that Job will abandon his faith at the first tribulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621–22-29">[27]</a> Yahweh consents: the satan destroys Job's servants and flocks, yet Job refuses to condemn Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621–22-29">[27]</a> The first scene repeats itself, with the satan presenting himself to Yahweh alongside the other "sons of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200622-30">[28]</a> Yahweh points out Job's continued faithfulness, to which the satan insists that more testing is necessary;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200622-30">[28]</a> Yahweh once again gives him permission to test Job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200622-30">[28]</a> In the end, Job remains faithful and righteous, and it is implied that the satan is shamed in his defeat.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_of_Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</h4></div> Zechariah 3:1–7<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> contains a description of a vision dated to the middle of February of 519 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200623-33">[31]</a> in which an angel shows <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a> a scene of <a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua the High Priest</a> dressed in filthy rags, representing the nation of Judah and its sins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200624-34">[32]</a> on trial with Yahweh as the judge and the satan standing as the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200624-34">[32]</a> Yahweh rebukes the satan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200624-34">[32]</a> and orders for Joshua to be given clean clothes, representing Yahweh's forgiveness of Judah's sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200624-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_period">Second Temple period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_(flat_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/220px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/330px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg/440px-Achaemenid_Empire_under_different_kings_%28flat_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, in which Jews lived during the early <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> allowing <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> ideas about <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> to influence the Jewish conception of Satan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a>, when Jews were living in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, Judaism was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the religion of the Achaemenids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1977102-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Jewish conceptions of Satan were impacted by <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> the Zoroastrian spirit of evil, darkness, and ignorance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Hebrew ha-Satan in Job and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> is translated by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word diabolos (slanderer), the same word in the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Greek New Testament</a> from which the English word "<a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>" is derived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200630-38">[36]</a> Where satan is used to refer to human enemies in the Hebrew Bible, such as <a href="/wiki/Hadad_the_Edomite" title="Hadad the Edomite">Hadad the Edomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rezon_the_Syrian" title="Rezon the Syrian">Rezon the Syrian</a>, the word is left untranslated but transliterated in the Greek as satan, a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200630-38">[36]</a> The idea of Satan as an opponent of God and a purely evil figure seems to have taken root in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a> during the Second Temple Period,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson,2-39">[37]</a> particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypses_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypses Apocrypha">apocalypses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford,651-40">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> have revealed to have been nearly as popular as the Torah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200642–43-41">[39]</a> describes a group of 200 angels known as the "<a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a>", who are assigned to supervise the earth, but instead abandon their duties and have sexual intercourse with human women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200634–35-42">[40]</a> The leader of the Watchers is <a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Semjâzâ</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200635-43">[41]</a> and another member of the group, known as <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>, spreads sin and corruption among humankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200635-43">[41]</a> The Watchers are ultimately sequestered in isolated caves across the earth<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200635-43">[41]</a> and are condemned to face judgement at the end of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200635-43">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, written in around 150 BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200636-44">[42]</a> retells the story of the Watchers' defeat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200636–37-45">[43]</a> but, in deviation from the Book of Enoch, <a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a>, the "Chief of Spirits", intervenes before all of their demon offspring are sealed away, requesting for Yahweh to let him keep some of them to become his workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637-46">[44]</a> Yahweh acquiesces to this request<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637-46">[44]</a> and Mastema uses them to tempt humans into committing more sins, so that he may punish them for their wickedness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637–40-47">[45]</a> Later, Mastema induces Yahweh to test <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> by ordering him to <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">sacrifice Isaac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637–40-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a>, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher called Satanael.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphic">pseudepigraphic</a> text of an uncertain date and unknown authorship. The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori who was cast out of heaven<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> and an evil spirit who knew the difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a>, the devil is taken to be the being who brought death into the world, but originally the culprit was recognized as Cain.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200670–78-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly201728–30-54">[52]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, which is used in reference to one of the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, later became a common name for Satan in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/220px-Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/330px-Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/440px-Shofar-16-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3606" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>The sound of a <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a> (pictured) is believed to symbolically confuse Satan.</figcaption></figure> Most Jews do not believe in the existence of a supernatural omnimalevolent figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198922–24-56">[54]</a> Traditionalists and philosophers in <a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">medieval Judaism</a> adhered to <a href="/wiki/Rational_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational theology">rational theology</a>, rejecting any belief in rebel or fallen angels, and viewing <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> as abstract.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The rabbis usually interpreted the word satan lacking the article ha- as it is used in the Tanakh as referring strictly to human adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> Nonetheless, the word satan has occasionally been metaphorically applied to evil influences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198924-59">[57]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exegesis">Jewish exegesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">yetzer hara</a> ("evil inclination") mentioned in Genesis 6:5.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyc-61">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> image of Satan is contradictory. While Satan's identification with the abstract yetzer hara remains uniform over the sages' teachings, he is generally identified as an entity with divine agency. For instance, the sages considered Satan to be an <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">angel of death</a> (later given the name "<a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>"), as God prohibiting Satan from killing Job would imply he would otherwise be able to do so,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> yet despite this syncretization with a known heavenly body, Satan is identified as the yetzer hara in the very same passage. Satan's status as a 'physical' entity is strengthened by numerous other rabbinical anecdotes: one tale describes two separate incidents where Satan appeared as a woman in order to tempt <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> into sin,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> while another describes Satan taking the form of an ill-mannered, diseased beggar in order to tempt the sage Peleimu into breaking the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> of hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Another passage relates that Satan once kissed the feet of <a href="/wiki/Aha_bar_Jacob" title="Aha bar Jacob">Aha bar Jacob</a> for having taught his students that his objectionable actions are done only to serve the intents of God.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> Rabbinical scholarship on the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> generally follows the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in identifying "the satan" from the prologue as a metaphor for the yetzer hara and not an actual entity.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Satan is rarely mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a> literature, but is found in Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford,651-40">[38]</a> According to a narration, the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>, which is primarily intended to remind Jews of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">teshuva</a>, is also intended symbolically to "confuse the accuser" (Satan) and prevent him from rendering any <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> against the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> presents Satan as an agent of God whose function is to tempt humans into sinning so that he may accuse them in the heavenly court.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jews</a> of the eighteenth century associated ha-Satan with Baal Davar.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Each modern sect of Judaism has its own interpretation of Satan's identity. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> outwardly embraces Talmudic teachings on Satan, and involves Satan in religious life far more inclusively than other sects. Satan is mentioned explicitly in some daily prayers, including during <a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">Shacharit</a> and certain post-meal benedictions, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhot (Talmud)">Talmud</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">the Jewish Code of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, Satan is generally seen in his Talmudic role as a metaphor for the yetzer hara and the symbolic representation of innate human qualities such as selfishness.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil in Christianity</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradise_Lost_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/170px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/255px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Paradise_Lost_12.jpg/340px-Paradise_Lost_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton's</a> “<a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>“, depicting the "Fall of Lucifer"</figcaption></figure> The most common English synonym for "Satan" is "<a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>", which descends from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> devel, from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> dēofol, that in turn represents an early <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> borrowing of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> diabolus (also the source of "diabolical"). This in turn was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> diabolos "<a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">slanderer</a>", from diaballein "to slander": dia- "across, through" + ballein "to hurl".<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> In the New Testament, the words Satan and diabolos are used interchangeably as synonyms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999731-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a>, meaning "Lord of Flies", is the contemptuous name given in the Hebrew Bible and New Testament to a <a href="/wiki/Philistine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philistine">Philistine</a> god whose original name has been reconstructed as most probably "Ba'al Zabul", meaning "<a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> the Prince".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999154–155-76">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> identify Satan and Beelzebub as the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999731-74">[72]</a> The name <a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a> (meaning "place of destruction") is used six times in the Old Testament, mainly as a name for one of the regions of <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley20091-77">[75]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#9:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 9:11</a> describes Abaddon, whose name is translated into Greek as Apollyon, meaning "the destroyer", as an angel who rules the <a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">Abyss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> In modern usage, Abaddon is sometimes equated with Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley20091-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gospels,_Acts,_and_epistles">Gospels, Acts, and epistles</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_(1854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/170px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/255px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg/340px-Ary_Scheffer_-_The_Temptation_of_Christ_%281854%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>The Devil depicted in The Temptation of Christ, by <a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Ary Scheffer</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> The three Synoptic Gospels all describe the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">temptation of Christ</a> by Satan in the desert (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:1–11</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#1:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 1:12–13</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#4:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 4:1–13</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> Satan first shows Jesus a stone and tells him to turn it into bread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> He also takes him to the pinnacle of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> in Jerusalem and commands Jesus to throw himself down so that the angels will catch him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> Satan takes Jesus to the top of a tall mountain as well; there, he shows him the kingdoms of the earth and promises to give them all to him if he will bow down and worship him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> Each time Jesus rebukes Satan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> and, after the third temptation, he is administered by the angels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">[77]</a> Satan's promise in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:8–9</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#4:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 4:6–7</a> to give Jesus all the kingdoms of the earth implies that all those kingdoms belong to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-80">[78]</a> The fact that Jesus does not dispute Satan's promise indicates that the authors of those gospels believed this to be true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-80">[78]</a> Satan plays a role in some of the <a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables of Jesus</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower" title="Parable of the Sower">Parable of the Sower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Tares" title="Parable of the Tares">Parable of the Weeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Parable of the Sheep and the Goats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Strong_Man" title="Parable of the Strong Man">Parable of the Strong Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–102-81">[79]</a> According to the Parable of the Sower, Satan "profoundly influences" those who fail to understand the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–100-82">[80]</a> The latter two parables say that Satan's followers will be punished on <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgement Day">Judgement Day</a>, with the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats stating that the Devil, his angels, and the people who follow him will be consigned to "eternal fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012100–101-83">[81]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> accused Jesus of exorcising demons through the power of Beelzebub, Jesus responds by telling the Parable of the Strong Man, saying: "how can someone enter a strong man's house and plunder his goods, unless he first binds the strong man? Then indeed he may plunder his house" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:29" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 12:29</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2012428-84">[82]</a> The strong man in this parable represents Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012102-85">[83]</a> The Synoptic Gospels identify Satan and his demons as the causes of illness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-80">[78]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#4:39" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 4:39</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#5:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 5:13</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#13:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 13:11–16</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-80">[78]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> describes the Devil as "him who holds the power of death" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Hebrews#2:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Hebrews">Hebrews 2:14</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2014113-86">[84]</a> The author of <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> attributes more power to Satan than either Matthew and Mark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695–96-87">[85]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 22:31</a>, Jesus grants Satan the authority to test <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006102,_142-88">[86]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#22:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 22:3–6</a> states that <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a> betrayed Jesus because "Satan entered" him<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695–96-87">[85]</a> and, in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#5:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 5:3</a>, Peter describes Satan as "filling" <a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias</a>'s heart and causing him to sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006106-89">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> only uses the name Satan three times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107-90">[88]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#8:44" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 8:44</a>, Jesus says that his Jewish or Judean enemies are the children of the Devil rather than the children of Abraham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107-90">[88]</a> The same verse describes the Devil as "a man-killer from the beginning"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107-90">[88]</a> and "a liar and the father of lying."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond200411-91">[89]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#13:2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 13:2</a> describes the Devil as inspiring Judas to betray Jesus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006109-92">[90]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#12:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 12:31–32</a> identifies Satan as "the <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a> of this Cosmos", who is destined to be overthrown through Jesus's death and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112-93">[91]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#16:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 16:7–8</a> promises that the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> will "accuse the World concerning sin, justice, and judgement", a role resembling that of the Satan in the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112–113-94">[92]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Jude#1:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Jude">Jude 9</a> refers to a dispute between <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael the Archangel</a> and the Devil over the body of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006128–129-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavidsMoo2016-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-LucasGreen2014-97">[95]</a> Some interpreters understand this reference to be an allusion to the events described in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Zechariah#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Zechariah">Zechariah 3:1–2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsMoo2016-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-LucasGreen2014-97">[95]</a> The classical theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> attributes this reference to the non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006129-99">[97]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_H._Charlesworth" title="James H. Charlesworth">James H. Charlesworth</a>, there is no evidence the surviving book of this name ever contained any such content.<a href="#cite_note-OTP-100">[98]</a> Others believe it to be in the lost ending of the book.<a href="#cite_note-OTP-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> The second chapter of the pseudepigraphical <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130-102">[100]</a> copies much of the content of the Epistle of Jude,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130-102">[100]</a> but omits the specifics of the example regarding Michael and Satan, with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Peter">2 Peter 2:10–11</a> instead mentioning only an ambiguous dispute between "Angels" and "Glories".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130-102">[100]</a> Throughout the New Testament, Satan is referred to as a "tempter" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#4:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 4:3</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> "the ruler of the demons" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#12:24" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 12:24</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006271-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> "the God of this Age" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#4:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 4:4</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200666-104">[102]</a> "the evil one" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_John#5:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 John">1 John 5:18</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> and "a roaring lion" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#5:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 5:8</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006271-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_of_Revelation">Book of Revelation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Saint_Michel,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/170px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/255px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/340px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12542" data-file-height="21200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Michael_Vanquishing_Satan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael Vanquishing Satan">St. Michael Vanquishing Satan</a> (1518) by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, depicting Satan being cast out of heaven by <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael the Archangel</a>, as described in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:7–8</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> represents Satan as the supernatural ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the ultimate cause of all evil in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006144-105">[103]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#2:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 2:9–10</a>, as part of the letter to the church at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a> refers to the Jews of Smyrna as "a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Satan" title="Synagogue of Satan">synagogue of Satan</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006142-106">[104]</a> and warns that "the Devil is about to cast some of you into prison as a test [peirasmos], and for ten days you will have affliction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006142-106">[104]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#2:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 2:13–14</a>, in the letter to the church of <a href="/wiki/Pergamum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergamum">Pergamum</a>, John warns that Satan lives among the members of the congregation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">[105]</a> and declares that "Satan's throne" is in their midst.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">[105]</a> Pergamum was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Roman Province of Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">[105]</a> and "Satan's throne" may be referring to the monumental <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a> in the city, which was dedicated to the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">[105]</a> or to a temple dedicated to the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">[105]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:3</a> describes a vision of a <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Ancient_serpent" title="Serpents in the Bible">Great Red Dragon</a> with seven heads, ten horns, seven crowns, and a massive tail,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006149–150-108">[106]</a> an image which is likely inspired by the vision of the <a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">four beasts from the sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150-109">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a> described in various Old Testament passages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151-110">[108]</a> The Great Red Dragon knocks "a third of the sun... a third of the moon, and a third of the stars" out the sky<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151-111">[109]</a> and pursues the <a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151-111">[109]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:7–9</a> declares: "<a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">And war broke out in Heaven</a>. Michael and his angels fought against the Dragon. The Dragon and his angels fought back, but they were defeated, and there was no longer any place for them in Heaven. Dragon the Great was thrown down, that ancient serpent who is called Devil and Satan, the one deceiving the whole inhabited World – he was thrown down to earth, and his angels were thrown down with him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151–152-112">[110]</a> Then a voice booms down from Heaven heralding the defeat of "the Accuser" (ho Kantegor), identifying the Satan of Revelation with the satan of the Old Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152-113">[111]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:1–3</a>, Satan is bound with a chain and hurled into the <a href="/wiki/Abyss_(religion)" title="Abyss (religion)">Abyss</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-114">[112]</a> where he is imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">one thousand years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-114">[112]</a> In <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:7–10</a>, he is set free and gathers his armies along with <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> to wage war against the righteous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-114">[112]</a> but is defeated with fire from Heaven, and cast into the <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">lake of fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-114">[112]</a> Some Christians associate Satan with the number <a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a>, which <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#13:18" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 13:18</a> describes as the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-six-115">[113]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">the beast</a> mentioned in Revelation 13 is not Satan,<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> and the use of 666 in the Book of Revelation has been interpreted as a reference to the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, as 666 is the numeric value of his name in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-six-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_era">Patristic era</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 120px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -20px; left: -10px; width: 400px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens, c. 1615, depicting Eve reaching for the forbidden fruit beside the Devil portrayed as a serpent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/400px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/600px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/800px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3875" /></a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" title="File:Jan Brueghel de Oude en Peter Paul Rubens - Het aards paradijs met de zondeval van Adam en Eva.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Paul Rubens">Pieter Paul Rubens</a>, c. 1615, depicting Eve reaching for the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> beside the Devil portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpent</a> </div> </div> </div>Christians have traditionally interpreted the unnamed serpent in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> as Satan due to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 12:7</a>, which calls Satan "that ancient serpent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> This verse, however, is probably intended to identify Satan with the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152-113">[111]</a> a monstrous sea-serpent whose destruction by Yahweh is prophesied in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#27:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 27:1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151-110">[108]</a> The first recorded individual to identify Satan with the serpent from the Garden of Eden was the second-century AD Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20097–8-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006176-118">[116]</a> in chapters 45 and 79 of his <a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006176-118">[116]</a> Other early <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a> to mention this identification include <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006117-119">[117]</a> The early Christian Church, however, encountered opposition from pagans such as <a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a>, who claimed in his treatise <a href="/wiki/The_True_Word" title="The True Word">The True Word</a> that "it is blasphemy... to say that the greatest God... has an adversary who constrains his capacity to do good" and said that Christians "impiously divide the kingdom of God, creating a rebellion in it, as if there were opposing factions within the divine, including one that is hostile to God".<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzifer_(Lucifer)_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg/170px-Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg/255px-Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg/340px-Luzifer_%28Lucifer%29_painting_by_Franz_von_Stuck_1890_National_Gallery_in_Sofia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(Stuck)" title="Lucifer (Stuck)">Lucifer</a> (1890) by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Stuck">Franz Stuck</a>. Because of Patristic interpretations of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#14:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 14:12</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation, the name "<a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>" is sometimes used in reference to Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler19234–5-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006191–208-122">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The name Heylel, meaning "morning star" (or, in Latin, <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>),<a href="#cite_note-123">[c]</a> was a name for <a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar</a>, the god of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite mythology">Canaanite mythology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002171–172-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006191-125">[122]</a> who attempted to scale the walls of the heavenly city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaird1980225-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2002171–172-124">[121]</a> but was vanquished by the <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">god of the sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaird1980225-126">[123]</a> The name is used in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#14:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">Isaiah 14:12</a> in metaphorical reference to the king of Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaird1980225-126">[123]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ezekiel#28:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ezekiel">Ezekiel 28:12–15</a> uses a description of a <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_cherub_in_Eden" title="Ezekiel's cherub in Eden">cherub in Eden</a> as a polemic against <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_II" title="Ithobaal II">Ithobaal II</a>, the king of Tyre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatmore20124-127">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Father</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 184 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 253), who was only aware of the actual text of these passages and not the original myths to which they refer, concluded in his treatise <a href="/wiki/On_the_First_Principles" title="On the First Principles">On the First Principles</a>, which is preserved in a Latin translation by <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Tyrannius Rufinus</a>, that neither of these verses could literally refer to a human being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006195–197-128">[125]</a> He concluded that Isaiah 14:12 is an allegory for Satan and that Ezekiel 28:12–15 is an allusion to "a certain Angel who had received the office of governing the nation of the Tyrians", but was hurled down to Earth after he was found to be corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006197-130">[127]</a> In his apologetic treatise <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>, however, Origen interprets both Isaiah 14:12 and Ezekiel 28:12–15 as referring to Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200698-131">[128]</a> According to Henry Ansgar Kelly, Origen seems to have adopted this new interpretation to refute unnamed persons who, perhaps under the influence of Zoroastrian radical dualism, believed "that Satan's original nature was Darkness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006198-132">[129]</a> The later Church Father <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 347 – 420), translator of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, accepted Origen's theory of Satan as a fallen angel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006202–206-133">[130]</a> and wrote about it in his commentary on the Book of Isaiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006202–206-133">[130]</a> In Christian tradition ever since, both Isaiah 14:12<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler19235-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200698,_199–208-135">[132]</a> and Ezekiel 28:12–15 have been understood as allegorically referring to Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatmore201252–53-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006199–208-137">[134]</a> For most Christians, Satan has been regarded as an angel who rebelled against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinther200910-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200698,_199–208-135">[132]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom theory of atonement</a>, which was popular among early Christian theologians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006215–217-140">[137]</a> Satan gained power over humanity through <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>'s sin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006215–216-141">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Christ's death on the cross</a> was a ransom to Satan in exchange for humanity's liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006216-142">[139]</a> This theory holds that Satan was tricked by God<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlantingaThompsonLundberg2010-143">[140]</a> because Christ was not only free of sin, but also the incarnate Deity, whom Satan lacked the ability to enslave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlantingaThompsonLundberg2010-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> described a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypical</a> form of the ransom theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a> but Origen was the first to propose it in its fully developed form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a> The theory was later expanded by theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrannius_Rufinus" title="Tyrannius Rufinus">Rufinus of Aquileia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a> In the eleventh century, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> criticized the ransom theory, along with the associated <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> theory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006217-144">[141]</a> resulting in the theory's decline in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006217-144">[141]</a> The theory has nonetheless retained some of its popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEddyBeilby200886-139">[136]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> firmly believed that Satan and his demons had the power to possess humans,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2003237-145">[142]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> were widely practiced by Jews, Christians, and pagans alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2003237-145">[142]</a> Belief in <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> continued through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond20041–7-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerber20041–3-147">[144]</a> Exorcisms were seen as a display of God's power over Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerber20043-148">[145]</a> The vast majority of people who thought they were possessed by the Devil did not suffer from hallucinations or other "spectacular symptoms", but "complained of anxiety, religious fears, and evil thoughts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborn1998213-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg/180px-Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg/270px-Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg/360px-Silvester_II._and_the_Devil_Cod._Pal._germ._137_f216v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="620" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Medieval miniature depicting <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> consorting with Satan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1460)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg/180px-Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg/270px-Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg/360px-Hans_Memling_-_Hell_-_WGA14941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="940" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of Satan from <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Earthly_Vanity_and_Divine_Salvation_(Memling)" title="Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation (Memling)">Triptych of Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1485)</div></div></div></div></div> Satan had minimal role in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Christian theology">medieval Christian theology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a> but he frequently appeared as a recurring comedic <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a> in late medieval <a href="/wiki/Mystery_play" title="Mystery play">mystery plays</a>, in which he was portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Comic_relief" title="Comic relief">comic relief</a> figure who "frolicked, fell, and farted in the background".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Jeffrey Burton Russell</a> describes the medieval conception of Satan as "more pathetic and repulsive than terrifying"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1984225-151">[148]</a> and he was seen as little more than a nuisance to God's overarching plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a>, a collection of saints' lives compiled in around 1260 by the Dominican Friar <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, contains numerous stories about encounters between saints and Satan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006220–229-152">[149]</a> in which Satan is constantly duped by the saints' cleverness and by the power of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006220–229-152">[149]</a> Henry Ansgar Kelly remarks that Satan "comes across as the opposite of fearsome".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006229-153">[150]</a> The Golden Legend was the most popular book during the High and Late Middle Ages<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006219-154">[151]</a> and more manuscripts of it have survived from the period than for any other book, including even the Bible itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006219-154">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a>, written in the eleventh century AD, condemns belief in <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">witchcraft</a> as heretical,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> but also documents that many people at the time apparently believed in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> Witches were believed to <a href="/wiki/Broom#Magic" title="Broom">fly through the air on broomsticks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> consort with demons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> perform in "<a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">lurid sexual rituals</a>" in the forests,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> murder human infants and eat them as part of Satanic rites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011133-156">[153]</a> and engage in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">conjugal relations</a> with demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098–9-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011133-156">[153]</a> In 1326, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> Super illius Specula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a> which condemned folk divination practices as consultation with Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a> By the 1430s, the Catholic Church began to regard witchcraft as part of a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">vast conspiracy</a> led by Satan himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011132-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/180px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/270px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg/360px-St._Francis_Borgia_Helping_a_Dying_Impenitent_by_Goya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1016" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1788 by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia,_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía">Saint Francis Borgia</a> performing an exorcism. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, exorcisms were seen as displays of God's power over Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerber20043-148">[145]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/180px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/270px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/360px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1565" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">During the early modern period, witches were widely believed to engage in sexually explicit Satanic rituals with demons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011131-155">[152]</a> such as the one shown in this illustration by <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Ma%C3%ABle" title="Martin van Maële">Martin van Maële</a> in the 1911 edition of <a href="/wiki/Satanism_and_Witchcraft_(book)" title="Satanism and Witchcraft (book)">Satanism and Witchcraft</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a>, Christians gradually began to regard Satan as increasingly powerful<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098–9-157">[154]</a> and the fear of Satan's power became a dominant aspect of the worldview of Christians across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerber20043-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> taught that, rather than trying to argue with Satan, Christians should avoid temptation altogether by seeking out pleasant company;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainton1978377-160">[157]</a> Luther especially recommended music as a safeguard against temptation, since the Devil "cannot endure <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">gaiety</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainton1978377-160">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> repeated a maxim from <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> that "Man is like a horse, with either God or the devil as rider."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker199556-161">[158]</a> In the late fifteenth century, a series of witchcraft panics erupted in France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011132-159">[156]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Inquisitor" title="Inquisitor">Inquisitors</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sprenger" title="Jacob Sprenger">Jacob Sprenger</a> argued in their book <a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a>, published in 1487, that all <a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">maleficia</a> ("sorcery") was rooted in the work of Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006262–263-162">[159]</a> In the mid-sixteenth century, the panic spread to England and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a> Both Protestants and Catholics alike firmly believed in witchcraft as a real phenomenon and supported its prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomsett2011130-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006262-164">[161]</a> In the late 1500s, the Dutch demonologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weyer" title="Johann Weyer">Johann Weyer</a> argued in his treatise <a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a> that witchcraft did not exist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack2015-165">[162]</a> but that Satan promoted belief in it to lead Christians astray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack2015-165">[162]</a> The panic over witchcraft intensified in the 1620s and continued until the end of the 1600s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a> Brian Levack estimates that around 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft during the entire span of the witchcraft hysteria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20099-158">[155]</a> The early English settlers of North America, especially the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, believed that Satan "visibly and palpably" reigned in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200916-166">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a> claimed that the Devil made rebellious Puritan women give birth to <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a> monsters with claws, sharp horns, and "on each foot three claws, like a young fowl".<a href="#cite_note-db-167">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a> wrote that devils swarmed around Puritan settlements "like the <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">frogs of Egypt</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200917-168">[165]</a> The Puritans believed that the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> were worshippers of Satan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200915–16-169">[166]</a> and described them as "children of the Devil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200916-166">[163]</a> Some settlers claimed to have seen Satan himself appear in the flesh at native ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200917-168">[165]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Old and New Light">new light</a>" preachers portrayed their "old light" critics as ministers of Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200937-170">[167]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, Satan's primary role in <a href="/wiki/American_evangelicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American evangelicalism">American evangelicalism</a> was as the opponent of the evangelical movement itself, who spent most of his time trying to hinder the ministries of evangelical preachers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200937–43-171">[168]</a> a role he has largely retained among present-day <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism#In_the_United_States" title="Christian fundamentalism">American fundamentalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200944–45-172">[169]</a> By the early 1600s, skeptics in Europe, including the English author <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a> and the Anglican bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Bancroft_(bishop)" title="John Bancroft (bishop)">John Bancroft</a>, had begun to criticize the belief that demons still had the power to possess people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond20047-173">[170]</a> This skepticism was bolstered by the belief that <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> only occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>, which had long since ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond20048-174">[171]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers, such as <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, attacked the notion of Satan's existence altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> Voltaire labelled <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> a "disgusting fantasy"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> and declared that belief in Hell and Satan were among the many lies propagated by the Catholic Church to keep humanity enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> By the eighteenth century, trials for witchcraft had ceased in most western countries, with the notable exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, where they continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006264-176">[173]</a> Belief in the power of Satan, however, remained strong among traditional Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006264-176">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg/200px-Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg/300px-Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg/400px-Lucifer_Liege_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Le_g%C3%A9nie_du_mal" title="Le génie du mal">The Genius of Evil</a> (1848) by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Geefs" title="Guillaume Geefs">Guillaume Geefs</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> developed its own views on Satan. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a>, the Devil offered to be the redeemer of mankind for the sake of his own glory. Conversely, Jesus offered to be the redeemer of mankind so that his father's will would be done. After his offer was rejected, Satan became rebellious and was subsequently cast out of heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010158-177">[174]</a> In the Book of Moses, <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain</a> is said to have "loved Satan more than God"<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> and conspired with Satan to kill <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a>. It was through this pact that Cain became a <a href="/wiki/Master_Mahan" title="Master Mahan">Master Mahan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> The Book of Moses also says that <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> was tempted by Satan before calling upon the name of the "<a href="/wiki/Monogen%C4%93s" title="Monogenēs">Only Begotten</a>", which caused Satan to depart. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Davies" title="Douglas Davies">Douglas Davies</a> asserts that this text "reflects" the temptation of Jesus in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2010119-180">[177]</a> Belief in Satan and demonic possession remains strong among Christians in the United States<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2013-181">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoddard2007-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2009xvii–xix,_3-183">[180]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaiola2014-184">[181]</a> According to a 2013 poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a>, fifty-seven percent of people in the United States believe in a literal Devil,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2013-181">[178]</a> compared to eighteen percent of people in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2013-181">[178]</a> Fifty-one percent of Americans believe that Satan has the power to possess people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2013-181">[178]</a> W. Scott Poole, author of Satan in America: The Devil We Know, has opined that "In the United States over the last forty to fifty years, a composite image of Satan has emerged that borrows from both popular culture and theological sources" and that most American Christians do not "separate what they know [about Satan] from the movies from what they know from various ecclesiastical and theological traditions".<a href="#cite_note-db-167">[164]</a> The Catholic Church generally played down Satan and exorcism during late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaiola2014-184">[181]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> brought renewed focus on the Devil in the early 2010s, stating, among many other pronouncements, that "The devil is intelligent, he knows more theology than all the theologians together."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaiola2014-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosica2015-185">[182]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christianity</a> tends to view Satan "as a [figurative] mythological attempt to express the reality and extent of evil in the universe, existing outside and apart from humanity but profoundly influencing the human sphere".<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGinn_(theologian)" title="Bernard McGinn (theologian)">Bernard McGinn</a> describes multiple traditions detailing the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> and Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> In the dualist approach, Satan will become incarnate in the Antichrist, just as <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">God became incarnate in Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> However, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> thought, this view is problematic because it is too similar to Christ's incarnation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> Instead, the "indwelling" view has become more accepted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> which stipulates that the Antichrist is a human figure inhabited by Satan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> since the latter's power is not to be seen as equivalent to God's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabinet2001-187">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devil#Islam" title="Devil">Devil § Islam</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> equivalent of the word Satan is <a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shaitan</a> (شيطان, from the <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">triliteral root</a> š-ṭ-n شط⁬ن). The word itself is an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> (meaning "astray" or "distant", sometimes translated as "devil") that can be applied to both <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> ("al-ins", الإنس) and <a href="/wiki/Jinn#Islamic_beliefs" title="Jinn">al-jinn</a> (الجن), but it is also used in reference to Satan in particular. In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, Satan's name is <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Arabic pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈibliːs]</a>), probably a derivative of the Greek word diabolos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> Muslims do not regard Satan as the cause of evil, but as a tempter, who takes advantage of humans' inclinations toward self-centeredness.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran">Quran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/220px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/330px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/440px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Bal%27ami" title="Abu Ali Bal'ami">Abu Ali Bal'ami</a>'s Persian translation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">Annals of al-Tabari</a>, showing Satan (<a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>) refusing to prostrate before the newly created man (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</figcaption></figure> Seven <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">chapters</a> in the Quran describe how <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> ordered all the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">angels</a> and Iblis to bow before the newly created human, <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008175-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> All the angels bowed, but Iblis refused,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008175-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> claiming to be superior to Adam because he was made from fire, whereas Adam was made from clay (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=12">7:12</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> Consequently, God expelled him from <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Paradise</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> and condemned him to <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008181-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> Iblis thereafter became a <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a>, "an ungrateful disbeliever",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> whose sole mission is to lead humanity astray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> (Q<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/17?startingVerse=62">17:62</a>) God allows Iblis to do this,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> because he knows that the righteous will be able to resist Iblis's attempts to misguide them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">[9]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a>, while the lot of Satan remains in question,<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> those who followed him will be thrown into the fires of Jahannam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008181-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> After his banishment from Paradise, Iblis, who thereafter became known as Al-Shaitan ("the Demon"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008181-191">[188]</a> lured <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> into <a href="/wiki/Taboo#In_religion_and_mythology" title="Taboo">eating</a> the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008181-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The primary characteristic of Satan, aside from his <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Despair">despair</a>, is his ability to cast evil suggestions (waswās) into men and women.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/15?startingVerse=45">15:45</a> states that Satan has no influence over the righteous,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a> but that those who fall in error are under his power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/7?startingVerse=156">7:156</a> implies that those who obey God's laws are immune to the temptations of Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/56?startingVerse=79">56:79</a> warns that Satan tries to keep Muslims from reading the Quran<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008179-197">[194]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=98">16:98–100</a> recommends reciting the Quran as an antidote against Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008179-197">[194]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/35?startingVerse=6">35:6</a> refers to Satan as the enemy of humanity<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008179-197">[194]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/36?startingVerse=60">36:60</a> forbids humans from worshipping him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008179-197">[194]</a> In the Quranic retelling of the story of <a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Job</a>, Job knows that Satan is the one tormenting him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008179-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_tradition">Islamic tradition</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affiliation">Affiliation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angels_(mal%C4%81%CA%BEika)_meet_Adam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/220px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="488" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/330px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png/440px-Angels_%28mal%C4%81%CA%BEika%29_meet_Adam.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>The angels meet Adam, and their body language reveals they share, albeit to a lesser degree, the defiant reaction of Iblīs, who stands at the back haughtily turning his head away. According to some traditions, God created Iblīs as a beautiful angel named ʿAzāzīl and he is depicted here as such. He is portrayed with his characteristic darker skin to denote his impending fall but has wings of an angel and wears the contemporary ‘angelic hairstyle,’ a loop of hair tied on top of the head.</figcaption></figure> In the Quran, Satan is apparently an angel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> while, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/18?startingVerse=50">18:50</a>, he is described as "from the jinns".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> This, combined with the fact that he describes himself as having been made from fire, posed a major problem for <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Muslim exegetes of the Quran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> who disagree on whether Satan is a fallen angel or the leader of a group of evil jinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008175–178-198">[195]</a> According to a hadith from <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, Iblis was actually an angel whom God created out of fire. Ibn Abbas asserts that the word jinn could be applied to earthly jinn, but also to "fiery angels" like Satan.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a>, an eminent Muslim theologian who lived in the seventh century AD, was quoted as saying: "Iblis was not an angel even for the time of an eye wink. He is the origin of Jinn as Adam is of Mankind."<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The medieval Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Abu al-Zamakhshari</a> states that the words angels and jinn are synonyms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008183-201">[198]</a> Another Persian scholar, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">al-Baydawi</a>, instead argues that Satan hoped to be an angel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008183-201">[198]</a> but that his actions made him a jinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008183-201">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Abu Mansur al-Maturidi</a> who is reverred as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidiyyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunni orthodoxy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">kalam</a>) argued that since angels can be blessed by God, they are also put to a test and can be punished. Accordingly, Satan became a devil (shaiṭān) or jinn after he refused to obey.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_Khamis" title="Tarikh Khamis">Tarikh Khamis</a> narrates that Satan was a jinn who was admitted into Paradise as a reward for his righteousness and, unlike the angels, was given the choice to obey or disobey God.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> When he was expelled from Paradise, Satan blamed humanity for his punishment.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Concerning the fiery origin of Iblis, <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a> and Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibshihi<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> state that all supernatural creatures originated from fire but the angels from its light and the jinn from its blaze, thus fire denotes a disembodiment origin of all spiritual entities.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Maqdisi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi">Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi</a> argued that only the angels of mercy are created from light, but <a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">angels of punishment</a> have been created from fire.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>, who died in around 923 AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> writes that, before Adam was created, earthly jinn made of smokeless fire roamed the earth and spread corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008175–176-208">[205]</a> He further relates that Iblis was originally an angel named Azazil or Al-Harith,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008183–184-209">[206]</a> from a group of angels, created from the <a href="/wiki/Sam%C5%ABm" class="mw-redirect" title="Samūm">fires of simoom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> sent by God to confront the earthly jinn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> Azazil defeated the jinn in battle and drove them into the mountains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a> but he became convinced that he was superior to humans and all the other angels, leading to his downfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a> In this account, Azazil's group of angels were called jinn because they guarded <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (Paradise).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201580–81-212">[209]</a> In another tradition recorded by Al-Tabari, Satan was one of the earthly jinn, who was taken captive by the angels<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> and brought to Heaven as a prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> God appointed him as judge over the other jinn and he became known as Al-Hakam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008178-196">[193]</a> He fulfilled his duty for a thousand years before growing negligent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> but was rehabilitated again and resumed his position until his refusal to bow before Adam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006185-188">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecca2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mecca2.jpg/220px-Mecca2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mecca2.jpg/330px-Mecca2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mecca2.jpg/440px-Mecca2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>A stoning of the Devil from 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_honored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/220px-Adam_honored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg/330px-Adam_honored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Adam_honored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Angels bow before the newly created Adam, but <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> (top right on the picture) refuses to prostrate.</figcaption></figure> During the first two centuries of Islam, Muslims almost unanimously accepted the traditional story known as the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a> as true.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20173-213">[210]</a> According to this narrative, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> was told by Satan to add words to the Quran which would allow Muslims to pray for the intercession of pagan goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> He mistook the words of Satan for <a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">divine inspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20173-213">[210]</a> Modern Muslims almost universally reject this story as heretical, as it calls the integrity of the Quran into question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed20171-215">[212]</a> On the third day of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, Muslim pilgrims to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> throw seven stones at a pillar known as the Jamrah al-’Aqabah, symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Stoning_of_the_Devil" title="Stoning of the Devil">stoning of the Devil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2011-216">[213]</a> This ritual is based on the Islamic tradition that, when God ordered <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Abraham</a> to sacrifice his son <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ishmael</a>, Satan tempted him three times not to do it, and, each time, Abraham responded by throwing seven stones at him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2011-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-globe-217">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> teach that newborn babies cry because Satan touches them while they are being born, and that this touch causes people to have an aptitude for sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabbour2014-218">[215]</a> This doctrine bears some similarities to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabbour2014-218">[215]</a> Muslim tradition holds that only <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Mary</a> were not touched by Satan at birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabbour2014-218">[215]</a> However, when he was a boy, Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">heart</a> was literally opened by an angel, who removed a black <a href="/wiki/Thrombus" title="Thrombus">clot</a> that symbolized sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJabbour2014-218">[215]</a> Muslim tradition preserves a number of stories involving dialogues between Jesus and Iblis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a> all of which are intended to demonstrate Jesus's virtue and Satan's depravity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184–185-219">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> records an Islamic retelling of Jesus's temptation by Satan in the desert from the Synoptic Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a> Ahmad quotes Jesus as saying, "The greatest sin is love of the world. Women are the ropes of Satan. Wine is the key to every evil."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184–185-219">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abu Uthman al-Jahiz</a> credits Jesus with saying, "The world is Satan's farm, and its people are his plowmen."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008184-211">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> tells an anecdote about how Jesus went out one day and saw Satan carrying ashes and honey;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008185-220">[217]</a> when he asked what they were for, Satan replied, "The honey I put on the lips of backbiters so that they achieve their aim. The ashes I put on the faces of orphans, so that people come to dislike them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008185-220">[217]</a> The thirteenth-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Sibt ibn al-Jawzi">Sibt ibn al-Jawzi</a> states that, when Jesus asked him what truly broke his back, Satan replied, "The neighing of horses in the cause of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008185-220">[217]</a> Muslims believe that Satan is also the cause of deceptions originating from the mind and desires for evil. He is regarded as a cosmic force for separation, despair and spiritual envelopment. Muslims do distinguish between the satanic temptations and the murmurings of the bodily lower self (<a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a>). The lower self-commands the person to do a specific task or to fulfill a specific desire; whereas the inspirations of Satan tempt the person to do evil in general and, after a person successfully resists his first suggestion, Satan returns with new ones.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> If a Muslim feels that Satan is inciting him to sin, he is advised to seek refuge with God by reciting: "In the name of Allah, I seek refuge in you, from Satan the outcast." Muslims are also obliged to "seek refuge" before reciting the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_mysticism">Islamic mysticism</h3></div> According to some adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> mysticism, Iblis refused to bow to Adam because he was fully devoted to God alone and refused to bow to anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVicchio2008183-201">[198]</a> For this reason, Sufi masters regard Satan and Muhammad as the two most perfect monotheists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">[220]</a> Sufis reject the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadiAhmadi199879-224">[221]</a> and instead believe in the <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">unity of existence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadiAhmadi199879-224">[221]</a> In the same way that Muhammad was the instrument of God's mercy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">[220]</a> Sufis regard Satan as the instrument of God's wrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">[220]</a> For the Muslim Sufi scholar <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a>, Iblis was the paragon of lovers in self-sacrifice for refusing to bow down to Adam out of pure devotion to God<a href="#cite_note-Ghazali-225">[222]</a> Ahmad Ghazali's student <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adi_ibn_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir">Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir</a> was among the Sunni Muslim mystics who defended Iblis, asserted that evil was also God's creation, Sheikh Adi argued that if evil existed without the will of God, then God would be powerless and powerlessness can't be attributed to God.<a href="#cite_note-GARNIK-226">[223]</a> Some Sufis assert, since Iblis was destined by God to become a devil, God will also restore him to his former angelic nature. <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar</a> compares Iblis's damnation to the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a>: Both were accused unjustly, but their punishment had a greater meaning. In the end, Iblis will be released from hell.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> However, not all Muslim Sufi mystics are in agreement with a positive depiction of Iblis. <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>'s viewpoint on Iblis is much more in tune with Islamic orthodoxy. Rumi views Iblis as the manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">great sins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">haughtiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">envy</a>. He states: "(Cunning) intelligence is from Iblis, and love from Adam."<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h2></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, Satan is not regarded as an independent evil power as he is in some faiths,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbduʾl-Bahá1982294–295-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000135–136,_304-230">[227]</a> but signifies the lower nature of humans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbduʾl-Bahá1982294–295-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000135–136,_304-230">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/%60Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abdu'l-Bahá">`Abdu'l-Bahá</a> explains: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan—the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEʻAbduʾl-Bahá1982294–295-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000135–136,_304-230">[227]</a> All other evil spirits described in various faith traditions—such as <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, demons, and jinns—are also metaphors for the base character traits a human being may acquire and manifest when he turns away from God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008112-231">[228]</a> Actions, that are described as "satanic" in some Baháʼí writings, denote humans' deeds caused by selfish desires.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satanism">Satanism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/200px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/300px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg/400px-Baphomet_by_%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>The Sabbatic Goat, also known as the Goat of Mendes or <a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a>, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a>, has become one of the most common symbols of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005444–446-233">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theistic_Satanism">Theistic Satanism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentagram4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/200px-Pentagram4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/300px-Pentagram4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pentagram4.svg/400px-Pentagram4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">inverted pentagram</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a>, is the most notable and widespread symbol of Satanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen2005444–446-233">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a>, commonly referred to as "devil worship",<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> views Satan as a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, whom individuals may supplicate to.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> It consists of loosely affiliated or independent groups and cabals, which all agree that Satan is a real entity.<a href="#cite_note-mlo_interview-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atheistic_Satanism">Atheistic Satanism</h3></div> Atheistic Satanism, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a> (practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Satanic_Church" title="First Satanic Church">First Satanic Church</a>) and <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a>, holds that Satan does not exist as a literal anthropomorphic entity, but rather as a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a> which Satanists perceive to be permeated and motivated by a force that has been given many names by humans over the course of time. In this religion, "Satan" is not viewed or depicted as a hubristic, irrational, and fraudulent creature, but rather is revered with <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>-like attributes, symbolizing liberty and individual empowerment. To adherents, he also serves as a conceptual framework and an external metaphorical projection of the Satanist's highest personal potential.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> In his essay "Satanism: The Feared Religion", the current High Priest of the Church of Satan, <a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Gilmore" title="Peter H. Gilmore">Peter H. Gilmore</a>, further expounds that "...Satan is a symbol of Man living as his prideful, carnal nature dictates. The reality behind Satan is simply the dark evolutionary force of <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> that permeates all of nature and provides the drive for survival and propagation inherent in all living things. Satan is not a conscious entity to be worshiped, rather a reservoir of power inside each human to be tapped at will".<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> LaVeyan Satanists embrace the original etymological meaning of the word "Satan" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שָּׂטָן satan, meaning "adversary"). According to Gilmore, "The Church of Satan has chosen Satan as its primary symbol because in Hebrew it means adversary, opposer, one to accuse or question. We see ourselves as being these Satans; the adversaries, opposers and accusers of all spiritual belief systems that would try to hamper enjoyment of our life as a human being."<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Post-LaVeyan Satanists, like the adherents of The Satanic Temple, argue that the human animal has a natural altruistic and communal tendency, and frame Satan as a figure of struggle against injustice and activism. They also believe in bodily autonomy, that personal beliefs should conform to science and inspire nobility, and that people should atone for their mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_worship">Allegations of worship</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/200px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/300px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg/400px-Muerte-Blanca_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></figcaption></figure> The main deity in the tentatively <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European</a> pantheon of the <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melek_Taus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melek Taus">Melek Taus</a>, is similar to the devil in Christian and Islamic traditions, as he refused to bow down before humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Drower1941-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006186-243">[240]</a> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> often consider Melek Taus to be Satan.<a href="#cite_note-Drower1941-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006186-243">[240]</a> However, rather than being Satanic, Yazidism can be understood as a remnant of a pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> Indo-European religion, and/or a <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulat</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adi_ibn_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir">Shaykh Adi</a>. In fact, there is no entity in Yazidism which represents evil in opposition to God; such <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a> is rejected by Yazidis.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a>, practitioners of a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a> religion, were accused of worshipping Satan by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> stated in his work <a href="/wiki/Vox_in_Rama" title="Vox in Rama">Vox in Rama</a> that the Cathars believed that God had erred in casting <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> out of heaven and that Lucifer would return to reward his faithful. On the other hand, according to Catharism, the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator god</a> of the material world worshipped by the Catholic Church is actually Satan.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> is a modern, <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Neopagan</a> religion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689-246">[243]</a> whose practitioners many Christians have incorrectly assumed to worship Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689-246">[243]</a> In actuality, Wiccans do not believe in the existence of Satan or any analogous figure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689-246">[243]</a> and have repeatedly and emphatically rejected the notion that they venerate such an entity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689-246">[243]</a> The cult of the skeletal figure of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a>, which has grown exponentially in Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-MRamirez-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> has been denounced by the Catholic Church as Devil-worship.<a href="#cite_note-gray-249">[246]</a> However, devotees of Santa Muerte view her as an <a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">angel of death</a> created by God,<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> and many of them identify as Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Much modern folklore about Satanism does not originate from the actual beliefs or practices of theistic or atheistic Satanists, but rather from a mixture of medieval Christian folk beliefs, political or sociological conspiracy theories, and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncycUrbLeg-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailssataninamerica0000wscopage42_42–43]-255">[252]</a> An example is the "Satanic ritual abuse" scare of the 1980s—beginning with the memoir <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Remembers" title="Michelle Remembers">Michelle Remembers</a>—which depicted Satanism as a vast <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy</a> of elites with a predilection for <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EncycUrbLeg-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-254">[251]</a> This genre frequently describes Satan as physically incarnating in order to receive worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailssataninamerica0000wscopage42_42–43]-255">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil in popular culture">Devil in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">If he was once as handsome as he now is ugly and, despite that, raised his brows against his Maker, one can understand, how every sorrow has its source in him!<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a>, Canto XXXIV (Verse translation by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Here we may reign secure, and in my choice to reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Satan in <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> Book I, lines 261–263</cite></div></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Satan</a> appears as a giant demon, frozen mid-breast in ice at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)#Ninth_Circle_(Treachery)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Ninth Circle of Hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981210–212-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006265–266-257">[254]</a> Satan has three faces and a pair of bat-like wings affixed under each chin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211-258">[255]</a> In his three mouths, Satan gnaws on <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger">Brutus</a>, Judas Iscariot, and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211-258">[255]</a> whom Dante regarded as having betrayed the "two greatest heroes of the human race":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212-259">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, the founder of the new order of government, and Jesus, the founder of the new order of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212-259">[256]</a> As Satan beats his wings, he creates a cold wind that continues to freeze the ice surrounding him and the other sinners in the Ninth Circle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211-258">[255]</a> Dante and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> climb up Satan's shaggy legs until gravity is reversed and they fall through the earth into the southern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212-259">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg/220px-GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg/330px-GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg/440px-GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>Satan in <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a></figcaption></figure> Satan appears in several stories from <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201747–50-260">[257]</a> including "<a href="/wiki/The_Summoner%27s_Tale#Sources" title="The Summoner's Tale">The Summoner's Prologue</a>", in which a <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> arrives in Hell and sees no other friars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201750-261">[258]</a> but is told there are millions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201750-261">[258]</a> Then Satan lifts his tail to reveal that all of the friars live inside his anus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201750-261">[258]</a> Chaucer's description of Satan's appearance is clearly based on Dante's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201750-261">[258]</a> The legend of <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>, recorded in the 1589 chapbook <a href="/wiki/Historia_von_D._Johann_Fausten_(chapbook)" title="Historia von D. Johann Fausten (chapbook)">The History of the Damnable Life and the Deserved Death of Doctor John Faustus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268-262">[259]</a> concerns a pact allegedly made by the German scholar <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Faust" title="Johann Georg Faust">Johann Georg Faust</a> with a demon named <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a> agreeing <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">to sell his soul to Satan</a> in exchange for twenty-four years of earthly pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268-262">[259]</a> This chapbook became the source for <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268–269-263">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> features <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">Satan</a> as its main protagonist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbart199545–46-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–79-265">[262]</a> Milton portrays Satan as a tragic <a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">antihero</a> destroyed by his own <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–79-265">[262]</a> The poem, which draws extensive inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200480–81-266">[263]</a> recreates Satan as a complex literary character,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–78-267">[264]</a> who dares to rebel against the "tyranny" of God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006272-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–80-269">[266]</a> in spite of God's own <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006272-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200480-270">[267]</a> The English poet and painter <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> famously quipped that "The reason Milton wrote in fetters when he wrote of Angels & God, and at liberty when of Devils & Hell, is because he was a true poet and of the Devils party without knowing it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200420-271">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a>, the sequel to Paradise Lost, is a retelling of Satan's temptation of Jesus in the desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006274-272">[269]</a> William Blake regarded Satan as a model of <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">unjust authority</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> and features him in many of his poems and illustrations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> including his 1780 book <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> in which Satan is celebrated as the ultimate rebel, the incarnation of human emotion and the epitome of freedom from all forms of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200910-175">[172]</a> Based on the Biblical passages portraying Satan as the accuser of sin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner198661-273">[270]</a> Blake interpreted Satan as "a promulgator of moral laws".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner198661-273">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_visual_art">In visual art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_romana,_mosaico_con_eros,_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG/220px-Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG/330px-Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG/440px-Arte_romana%2C_mosaico_con_eros%2C_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3390" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_mosaic" title="Roman mosaic">Roman mosaic</a> showing a horned, goat-legged <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a> holding a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_crook" title="Shepherd's crook">shepherd's crook</a>. Much of Satan's traditional iconography is apparently derived from Pan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a></figcaption></figure> Satan's appearance does not appear in the Bible or in early Christian writings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> does write that "Satan disguises himself as an angel of light" (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Corinthians#11:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Corinthians">2 Corinthians 11:14</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers201489-277">[274]</a> The Devil was never shown in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">early Christian artwork</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> and may have first appeared in the sixth century in one of the mosaics of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_Nuovo" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo">Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo</a>. The mosaic "Christ the Good Sheppard" features a blue-violet angel at the left hand side of Christ behind three goats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1984129-278">[275]</a> Depictions of the devil became more common in the ninth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199572-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1984130-280">[277]</a> where he is shown with cloven hooves, hairy legs, the tail of a goat, pointed ears, a beard, a flat nose, and a set of horns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole20098-150">[147]</a> Satan may have first become associated with goats through the <a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Parable of the Sheep and the Goats</a>, recorded in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#25:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 25:31–46</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilch1995167-281">[278]</a> in which Jesus separates sheep (representing the saved) from goats (representing the damned); the damned are thrown into an "everlasting fire" along with Satan and his angels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012100–101-83">[81]</a> Medieval Christians were known to adapt previously existing pagan iconography to suit depictions of Christian figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> Much of Satan's traditional iconography in Christianity appears to be derived from <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> a rustic, goat-legged fertility god in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> Early Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> equated the Greek <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">fauns</a>, whom Pan resembled, with demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> The Devil's pitchfork appears to have been adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Trident_of_Poseidon" title="Trident of Poseidon">trident</a> wielded by the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> and Satan's flame-like hair seems to have originated from the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, Satan and devils appear in all works of Christian art: in paintings, sculptures, and on cathedrals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199545–46-282">[279]</a> Satan is usually depicted naked,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> but his genitals are rarely shown and are often covered by animal furs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">[272]</a> The goat-like portrayal of Satan was especially closely associated with him in his role as the object of worship by sorcerers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295-283">[280]</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubus</a>, a demon believed to rape human women in their sleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295-283">[280]</a> Italian frescoes from the late Middle Ages onward frequently show Satan chained in Hell, feeding on the bodies of the perpetually damned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006280-284">[281]</a> These frescoes are early enough to have inspired Dante's portrayal in his Inferno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006280-284">[281]</a> As the serpent in the Garden of Eden, Satan is often shown as a snake with arms and legs as well the head and full-breasted upper torso of a woman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006281–284-285">[282]</a> Satan and his demons could take any form in medieval art,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006285-286">[283]</a> but, when appearing in their true form, they were often shown as short, hairy, black-skinned humanoids with clawed and bird feet and extra faces on their chests, bellies, genitals, buttocks, and tails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006285-286">[283]</a> The modern popular culture image of Satan as a well-dressed gentleman with small horns and a tail originates from portrayals of Mephistopheles in the operas <a href="/wiki/La_damnation_de_Faust" title="La damnation de Faust">La damnation de Faust</a> (1846) by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mefistofele" title="Mefistofele">Mefistofele</a> (1868) by <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Boito" title="Arrigo Boito">Arrigo Boito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295-283">[280]</a> Illustrations of Satan/Iblis in Islamic paintings often depict him black-faced, a feature which would later symbolize any satanic figure or heretic, and with a black body, to symbolize his corrupted nature. Another common depiction of Iblis shows him wearing a special head covering, clearly different from the traditional Islamic turban. In one painting, however, Iblis wears a traditional Islamic head covering.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> The turban probably refers to a narration of Iblis' fall: there he wore a turban, then he was sent down from heaven.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> Many other pictures show and describe Iblis at the moment, when the angels prostrate themselves before Adam. Here, he is usually seen beyond the outcrop, his face transformed with his wings burned, to the envious countenance of a devil.<a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> Iblis and his cohorts (div or shayatin) are often portrayed in Turko-Persian art as bangled creatures with flaming eyes, only covered by a short skirt. Similar to European arts, who took traits of pagan deities to depict devils, they depicted such demons often in a similar fashion to that of Hindu deities.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg/290px-Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg/435px-Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg/580px-Le_Songe_de_Tartini_par_Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Tartini's Dream (1824) by <a href="/wiki/Louis-L%C3%A9opold_Boilly" title="Louis-Léopold Boilly">Louis-Léopold Boilly</a></figcaption></figure> References to Satan in music can be dated back to the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Giuseppe Tartini</a> was inspired to write his most famous work, the <a href="/wiki/Violin_Sonata_in_G_minor_(Tartini)" title="Violin Sonata in G minor (Tartini)">Violin Sonata in G minor</a>, also known as "The Devil's Trill", after dreaming of the Devil playing the violin. Tartini claimed that the sonata was a lesser imitation of what the Devil had played in his dream.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Niccolò Paganini</a> was believed to have derived his musical talent from a deal with the Devil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpignesi2003281-292">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a> features a narrative that involves Satan.<a href="#cite_note-crack-293">[290]</a> In the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> became known as the "Devil's Music" as they were considered "dangerous and unholy".<a href="#cite_note-crack-293">[290]</a> According to legend, blues musician <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Johnson_(guitarist)" title="Tommy Johnson (guitarist)">Tommy Johnson</a> was a terrible guitarist before exchanging his soul to the Devil for a guitar. Later, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson" title="Robert Johnson">Robert Johnson</a> claimed that he had sold his soul in return for becoming a great blues guitarist.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Satanic symbolism appears in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> from the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> assumes the role of Lucifer in <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Sympathy_for_the_Devil" title="Sympathy for the Devil">Sympathy for the Devil</a>" (1968),<a href="#cite_note-crack-293">[290]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a> portrayed the Devil in numerous songs, including "<a href="/wiki/War_Pigs" title="War Pigs">War Pigs</a>" (1970) and "<a href="/wiki/N.I.B." title="N.I.B.">N.I.B.</a>" (1970).<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv/170px--The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="170" height="128" data-durationhint="199" data-mwtitle="The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv/The_Haunted_Castle_1896.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Castle_(1896_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Haunted Castle (1896 film)">The Haunted Castle</a> (1896) (3:12)</figcaption></figure> The Devil is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Vampire_bat" title="Vampire bat">vampire bat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Castle_(1896_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Haunted Castle (1896 film)">The Haunted Castle</a> (1896),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince20041-296">[293]</a> which is often considered the first <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> So-called "Black Masses" have been portrayed in sensationalist <a href="/wiki/B-movie" class="mw-redirect" title="B-movie">B-movies</a> since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2000157–158-298">[295]</a> One of the first films to portray such a ritual was the 1965 film <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_the_Devil" title="Eye of the Devil">Eye of the Devil</a>, also known as 13. <a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a>, a former black magician, served as a consultant on the film to ensure that the rituals portrayed in it were depicted accurately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2000157-299">[296]</a> Over the next thirty years, the novels of <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a> and the films of <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Film Productions</a> both played a major role in shaping the popular image of Satanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2000157–158-298">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(film)" title="Rosemary's Baby (film)">film version</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ira_Levin" title="Ira Levin">Ira Levin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(novel)" title="Rosemary's Baby (novel)">Rosemary's Baby</a> established made Satanic themes a staple of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2000159-300">[297]</a> Later films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/The_Omen" title="The Omen">The Omen</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Angel_Heart" title="Angel Heart">Angel Heart</a> (1987) and <a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Advocate_(1997_film)" title="The Devil's Advocate (1997 film)">The Devil's Advocate</a> (1997) feature Satan as an antagonist.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkish</a> horror film <a href="/wiki/Semum" title="Semum">Semum</a> (2008) is based the representation of Satan in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Islamic scriptures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cythraul" title="Cythraul">Cythraul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">Prince of Darkness (Satan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Manichaeism)" title="Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)">Prince of Darkness (Manichaeism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">saṭani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set (deity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שָּׂטָן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: sāṭān, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'adversary';<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ὁ σατανᾶς or σατάν, ho satanas/satan;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الشَّيطان ash-shayṭān, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'astray', 'distant', or sometimes 'devil' </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> In many cases, the translators of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the pre-Christian translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a>, chose to render the Hebrew word sâtan as the Greek word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:διάβολος">διάβολος</a> (diábolos), meaning "opponent" or "accuser".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200628–31-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a> This is the root of the modern English word Devil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3,_28–31-5">[4]</a> Both the words satanas and diábolos are used interchangeably in the New Testament and in later Christian writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> both use the word satanas more frequently than diábolos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006114-6">[5]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> uses the word diábolos more frequently and so do the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> The Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation of this passage renders Heylel as "<a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler19234–5-121">[119]</a> and this name continues to be used by some Christians as an alternative name for Satan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohler19234–5-121">[119]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd197513_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyd1975">Boyd 1975</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200628–31-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200628–31_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 28–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3,_28–31-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20062–3,_28–31_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 2–3, 28–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006114-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006114_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Baillie, E. M. (2014). Facing the Fiend: Satan as a Literary Character. England: Wipf and Stock Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200615–16-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200615–16_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200615–16_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200616-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200616_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200616_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200616_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampo2009603-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampo2009603_11-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampo2009">Campo 2009</a>, p. 603. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> ed. <a href="/wiki/George_Arthur_Buttrick" title="George Arthur Buttrick">Buttrick, George Arthur</a>; The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly20061–13,_28–29-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20061–13,_28–29_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly20061–13,_28–29_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 1–13, 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Stephen M. Hooks – 2007 "As in Zechariah 3:1–2 the term here carries the definite article (has'satan="the satan") and functions not as a...the only place in the Hebrew Bible where the term "Satan" is unquestionably used as a proper name is <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> 21:1." </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0">^</a> Coogan, Michael D.; A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context, Oxford University Press, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200614-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200614_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0422.htm#22">Numbers 22:22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08b24.htm#1">2 Samuel 24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200620-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200620_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200620_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200620_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a21.htm#1">1 Chronicles 21:1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200618–19-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200618–19_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a02.htm#12">1 Samuel 2:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200619-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200619_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200619_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200619_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200619_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200619_23-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a16.htm#14">1 Samuel 16:14–23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200618-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200618_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a22.htm#19">1 Kings 22:19–25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621_27-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2701.htm#6">Job 1:6–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200621–22-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621–22_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200621–22_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200622-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200622_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200622_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200622_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSteinmann" class="citation journal cs1">Steinmann, AE. "The structure and message of the Book of Job". Vetus Testamentum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+message+of+the+Book+of+Job&rft.aulast=Steinmann&rft.aufirst=AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2303.htm#1">Zechariah 3:1–7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200623-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200623_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200624-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200624_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200624_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200624_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200624_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1977102-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1977102_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1977">Russell 1977</a>, p. 102. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRussell1977 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Peter Clark, Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to Ancient Faith 1998, p. 152 "There are so many features that Zoroastrianism seems to share with the Judeo-Christian tradition that it would be difficult to ... Historically the first point of contact that we can determine is when the Achaemenian Cyrus conquered Babylon ..539 BC" </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn1995" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Shan M.M. (1995). Heaven, heroes, and happiness : the Indo-European roots of Western ideology. Lanham, Md.: University press of America. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8191-9860-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8191-9860-9"><bdi>0-8191-9860-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven%2C+heroes%2C+and+happiness+%3A+the+Indo-European+roots+of+Western+ideology.&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=University+press+of+America&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8191-9860-9&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Shan+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200630-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200630_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200630_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson,2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,2_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2004" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, David R. (2004). Enochic Judaism. London: T&T Clark International. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7089-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7089-0"><bdi>0-8264-7089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enochic+Judaism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark+International&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8264-7089-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford,651-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford,651_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford,651_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2011" class="citation book cs1">Berlin, Adele, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Berlin+Grossman%22misinterpretation+of+is%22&pg=PA651">The Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973004-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Jewish+religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=651&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973004-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26q%3DBerlin%2BGrossman%2522misinterpretation%2Bof%2Bis%2522%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200642–43-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200642–43_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200634–35-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200634–35_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200635-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200635_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200635_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200635_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200635_43-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200636-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200636_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200636–37-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200636–37_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200637_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200637_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200637–40-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200637–40_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200637–40_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Introduction to the Book of Jubilees, 15. Theology. Some of our Author's Views: Demonology, by R.H. Charles. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 18:3. On this tradition, see A. Orlov, "The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch", in: A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (Albany: SUNY, 2011) 85–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> "And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" – <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 29:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> "The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" – <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">2 Enoch</a> 31:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TR0iC8EVUT0C&q=devil+death&pg=PA27">The Book of Wisdom: With Introduction and Notes, p. 27, Object of the book, by A. T. S. Goodrick</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200670–78-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200670–78_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 70–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly201728–30-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly201728–30_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2017">Kelly 2017</a>, pp. 28–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Alexander Altmann, Alfred L. Ivry, Elliot R. Wolfson, Allan Arkush Perspectives on Jewish Thought and Mysticism Taylor & Francis 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-057-02194-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-057-02194-7">978-9-057-02194-7</a> p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198922–24-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198922–24_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlustrom1989">Glustrom 1989</a>, pp. 22–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamberger2006" class="citation book cs1">Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen angels : soldiers of satan's realm (1 paperback ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Jewish Publ. Soc. of America. pp. 148, 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0"><bdi>0-8276-0797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+angels+%3A+soldiers+of+satan%27s+realm&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=148%2C+149&rft.edition=1+paperback&rft.pub=Jewish+Publ.+Soc.+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8276-0797-0&rft.aulast=Bamberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exegesis">Jewish exegesis</a> of 1 Samuel 29:4 and 1 Kings 5:18 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&dq=Berlin+Grossman%22misinterpretation+of+is%22&pg=PA651">Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion, 2011, p. 651</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198924-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlustrom198924_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlustrom1989">Glustrom 1989</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0106.htm#5">Genesis 6:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyc-61"><a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyc_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13219-satan">"Satan"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satan&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13219-satan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.16a.8?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi">"Bava Batra 16a:8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bava+Batra+16a%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBava_Batra.16a.8%3Fven%3DWilliam_Davidson_Edition_-_English%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.81a.13?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi">"Kiddushin 81a"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiddushin+81a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKiddushin.81a.13%3Fven%3DWilliam_Davidson_Edition_-_English%26lang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.81b.1?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Kiddushin 81b"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiddushin+81b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKiddushin.81b.1%3Fven%3DWilliam_Davidson_Edition_-_English%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Bava_Batra.16a.9?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Bava Batra 16a"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bava+Batra+16a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FBava_Batra.16a.9%3Fven%3DWilliam_Davidson_Edition_-_English%26lang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Robert Eisen Associate Professor of Religious Studies George Washington University The Book of Job in Medieval Jewish Philosophy 2004 p. 120 "Moreover, Zerahfiiah gives us insight into the parallel between the Garden of Eden story and the Job story alluded to ... both Satan and Job's wife are metaphors for the evil inclination, a motif Zerahfiiah seems to identify with the imagination." </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Ronald L. Eisenberg Dictionary of Jewish Terms: A Guide to the Language of Judaism Taylor Trade Publications 2011; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-589-79729-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-589-79729-1">978-1-589-79729-1</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Rabbi Rachel Timoner Breath of Life: God as Spirit in Judaism Paraclete Press 2011; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-557-25899-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-557-25899-1">978-1-557-25899-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson, 1967 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <abbr title="Babylonian">b.</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.46a.6">Berakhot 46a.6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1999–2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Newman, Yona (1999–2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518194809/http://www.yonanewman.org/kizzur/kizzur44.html">"Part 1 Kitzur Shulchan Aruch Linear Translation: The Laws of finger washing and the blessings after the meal"</a>, yonanewman.org, archived from the original on 2016-05-18</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=yonanewman.org&rft.atitle=Part+1+Kitzur+Shulchan+Aruch+Linear+Translation%3A+The+Laws+of+finger+washing+and+the+blessings+after+the+meal&rft.date=1999%2F2009&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Yona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonanewman.org%2Fkizzur%2Fkizzur44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/2001/06/what-reform-jews-believe.aspx">"What Reform Jews Believe: Central tenets of this faith, based on the questions in the Belief-O-Matic quiz"</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Reform+Jews+Believe%3A+Central+tenets+of+this+faith%2C+based+on+the+questions+in+the+Belief-O-Matic+quiz.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Ffaiths%2F2001%2F06%2Fwhat-reform-jews-believe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=devil">"American Heritage Dictionary: Devil"</a>. Retrieved 2006-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary%3A+Devil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Ddevil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999731-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999731_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999731_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999">van der Toorn, Becking & Willem 1999</a>, p. 731. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2012:9&version=nrsv">Revelation 12:9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999154–155-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999154–155_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999">van der Toorn, Becking & Willem 1999</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiley20091-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley20091_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiley20091_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuiley2009">Guiley 2009</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#9:11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 9:11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200688–95_79-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 88–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695_80-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–102-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–102_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekmannBolt2012">Beekmann & Bolt 2012</a>, p. 99–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–100-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt201299–100_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekmannBolt2012">Beekmann & Bolt 2012</a>, p. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012100–101-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012100–101_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012100–101_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekmannBolt2012">Beekmann & Bolt 2012</a>, p. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2012428-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2012428_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2012">Peterson 2012</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012102-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekmannBolt2012102_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekmannBolt2012">Beekmann & Bolt 2012</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBass2014113-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBass2014113_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBass2014">Bass 2014</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200695–96-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695–96_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200695–96_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006102,_142-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006102,_142_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 102, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006106-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006106_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006107_90-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlmond200411-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlmond200411_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlmond2004">Almond 2004</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006109-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006109_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112–113-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006112–113_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006128–129-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006128–129_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsMoo2016-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsMoo2016_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsMoo2016_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_H._DavidsDouglas_J._MooRobert_Yarbrough2016" class="citation book cs1">Peter H. Davids; Douglas J. Moo; Robert Yarbrough (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opOGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240">1 and 2 Peter, Jude, 1, 2, and 3 John</a>. Zondervan. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-53025-1"><bdi>978-0-310-53025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+and+2+Peter%2C+Jude%2C+1%2C+2%2C+and+3+John&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-310-53025-1&rft.au=Peter+H.+Davids&rft.au=Douglas+J.+Moo&rft.au=Robert+Yarbrough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopOGCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LucasGreen2014-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LucasGreen2014_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LucasGreen2014_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._LucasChristopher_Green2014" class="citation book cs1">R. C. Lucas; Christopher Green (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbadAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT168">The Message of 2 Peter & Jude</a>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 168–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9784-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-9784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Message+of+2+Peter+%26+Jude&rft.pages=168-&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-9784-1&rft.au=R.+C.+Lucas&rft.au=Christopher+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbadAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf04.vi.v.iv.iv.html">"ANF04. Fathers of the Third Century: Tertullian, Part Fourth; Minucius Felix; Commodian; Origen, Parts First and Second"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ANF04.+Fathers+of+the+Third+Century%3A+Tertullian%2C+Part+Fourth%3B+Minucius+Felix%3B+Commodian%3B+Origen%2C+Parts+First+and+Second&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf04.vi.v.iv.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006129-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006129_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-OTP-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OTP_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OTP_100-1">b</a> James Charlesworth Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, p. 76, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=Jude+Moses&pg=PA76">Google books link</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> The Assumption of Moses: a critical edition with commentary By Johannes Tromp. p. 270 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006130_102-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006271-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006271_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006271_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200666-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200666_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006144-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006144_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006142-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006142_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006142_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143_107-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006143_107-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006149–150-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006149–150_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006150–151_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151–152-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006151–152_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006152_113-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2006-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2006_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2006_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2006_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2006_114-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarland2006">Garland 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-six-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-six_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-six_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorn2013" class="citation news cs1">Schorn, Joel (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscatholic.org/articles/201309/what-666-bible-27901">"What is 666 in the Bible?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claretians#Publications" title="Claretians">U.S. Catholic</a>. 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Paulist Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-809-13619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-809-13619-3">978-0-809-13619-3</a>. page 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Patrick Sookhdeo Understanding Islamic Theology BookBaby 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-989-29054-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-989-29054-8">978-0-989-29054-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeoffroy2010150_223-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeoffroy2010">Geoffroy 2010</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmadiAhmadi199879-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmadiAhmadi199879_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmadiAhmadi199879_224-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmadiAhmadi1998">Ahmadi & Ahmadi 1998</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazali-225"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazali_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhorban_Elmi2019" class="citation web cs1">Ghorban Elmi (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337198008">"Ahmad Ghazali's Satan"</a>. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Ghazali%27s+Satan&rft.date=2019-11&rft.au=Ghorban+Elmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F337198008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GARNIK-226"><a href="#cite_ref-GARNIK_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Arakelova2014" class="citation book cs1">Victoria Arakelova, Garnik S.Asatrian (2014). The Religion of the Peacock angel The Yezidis and their spirit world. Routledge. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-761-2"><bdi>978-1-84465-761-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Peacock+angel+The+Yezidis+and+their+spirit+world&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-761-2&rft.aulast=Victoria+Arakelova&rft.aufirst=Garnik+S.Asatrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. p. 177 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004069060" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004069060">978-9004069060</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1993" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, Annemarie (1993). The Triumphal Sun: A Study of the Works of Jalaloddin Rumi. 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A&C Black. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08269-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08269-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Re-enchantment+of+the+West&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08269-5&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg05THJPH5xUC%26q%3DThe%2BRe-enchantment%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Satanism and Demonology, by Lionel & Patricia Fanthorpe, <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Press" title="Dundurn Press">Dundurn Press</a>, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXs7AgAAQBAJ&dq=Theistic%20satanism&pg=PT74">p. 74, "If, as theistic Satanists believe, the devil is an intelligent, self-aware entity..." "Theistic Satanism then becomes explicable in terms of Lucifer's ambition to be the supreme god and his rebellion against Yahweh. [...] This simplistic, controntational view is modified by other theistic Satanists who do not regard their hero as evil: far from it. For them he is a freedom fighter..."</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlo_interview-237"><a href="#cite_ref-mlo_interview_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/extreme/slayermagazine/interview_mlo2.html">"Interview_MLO"</a>. Slayer Magazine. Angelfire. 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Retrieved 2015-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Religion+%26+Spirituality&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+LaVeyan+Satanism+and+the+Church+of+Satan&rft.au=Catherine+Beyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltreligion.about.com%2Fod%2Falternativereligionsaz%2Fa%2Fsatanism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagus_Peter_H._Gilmore2007" class="citation web cs1">Magus Peter H. Gilmore (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/WhatTheDevil.html">"What, The Devil?"</a>. churchofsatan.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029100415/http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/WhatTheDevil.html">Archived</a> from the original on Oct 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofsatan.com&rft.atitle=What%2C+The+Devil%3F&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Magus+Peter+H.+Gilmore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofsatan.com%2FPages%2FWhatTheDevil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/_FAQ03.html">"F.A.Q. 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London: John Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213044641/http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm">Archived</a> from the original on Feb 13, 2024 – via Avesta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacock+Angel.+Being+Some+Account+of+Votaries+of+a+Secret+Cult+and+Their+Sanctuaries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fyezidi%2Fpeacock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006186-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006186_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006186_243-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Birgül Açikyildiz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBCMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion</a> I.B.Tauris 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72061-0">978-0-857-72061-0</a> p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> James Wasserman The Templars and the Assassins: The Militia of Heaven Simon and Schuster 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-594-77873-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-594-77873-5">978-1-594-77873-5</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689_246-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagherAshcraft200689_246-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006">Gallagher & Ashcraft 2006</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-MRamirez-247"><a href="#cite_ref-MRamirez_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2007" class="citation news cs1">Ramirez, Margaret (September 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103095726/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/death-chicago-08,0,2114588.story">"'Saint Death' comes to Chicago"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/death-chicago-08,0,2114588.story">the original</a> on Nov 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Saint+Death%27+comes+to+Chicago&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fdeath-chicago-08%2C0%2C2114588.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22462181">"Vatican declares Mexican Death Saint blasphemous"</a>. BBC News. 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+declares+Mexican+Death+Saint+blasphemous&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-22462181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gray-249"><a href="#cite_ref-gray_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2007" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Steven (2007-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031221449/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1671984,00.html">"Santa Muerte: The New God in Town"</a>. Chicago: Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1671984,00.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+Muerte%3A+The+New+God+in+Town&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1671984%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadiz_Klemack2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cadiz Klemack, John (2012-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Santa-Muerte-Catholic-Christian-Church-Religion-Cult-Melrose-Hollywood-Satanic-Angel-of-Death-153462975.html">"Saint or Satan?: "Angel of Death" Worshipped in LA"</a>. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved 2017-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Saint+or+Satan%3F%3A+%22Angel+of+Death%22+Worshipped+in+LA&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Cadiz+Klemack&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbclosangeles.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2FSanta-Muerte-Catholic-Christian-Church-Religion-Cult-Melrose-Hollywood-Satanic-Angel-of-Death-153462975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadiz_Klemack2016" class="citation news cs1">Cadiz Klemack, John (2016-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-ritual-santamuerte/mexicans-worship-cult-of-saint-death-idUSKCN0YT2GZ">"Mexicans worship cult of 'Saint Death'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 2017-12-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mexicans+worship+cult+of+%27Saint+Death%27&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Cadiz+Klemack&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mexico-ritual-santamuerte%2Fmexicans-worship-cult-of-saint-death-idUSKCN0YT2GZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Cinema of the Occult: New Age, Satanism, Wicca, and Spiritualism in Film, Carrol Lee Fry, Associated University Presse, 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PA92">pp. 92–98</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncycUrbLeg-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncycUrbLeg_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncycUrbLeg_253-1">b</a> Encyclopedia of Urban Legends, Updated and Expanded Edition, by Jan Harold Brunvand, ABC-CLIO, 31 Jul 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubT7rPmPdpoC&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PT694">pp. 694–695</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_254-1">b</a> Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media, by Bill Ellis, University Press of Kentucky <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLcqlypMCe8C&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PA125">p. 125</a> In discussing myths about groups accused of Satanism, "...such myths are already pervasive in <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, and the development of the modern "Satanic Scare" would be impossible to explain without showing how these myths helped organize concerns and beliefs". Accusations of Satanism are traced from the <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch hunts</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a> in the 1980s, with a distinction made between what modern Satanists believe and what is believed about Satanists. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailssataninamerica0000wscopage42_42–43]-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailssataninamerica0000wscopage42_42–43]_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailssataninamerica0000wscopage42_42–43]_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoole2009">Poole 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sataninamerica0000wsco/page/42">42–43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981210–212-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981210–212_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowlie1981">Fowlie 1981</a>, pp. 210–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006265–266-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006265–266_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 265–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981211_258-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowlie1981">Fowlie 1981</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowlie1981212_259-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowlie1981">Fowlie 1981</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201747–50-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling201747–50_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTambling2017">Tambling 2017</a>, pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETambling201750-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling201750_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling201750_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling201750_261-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETambling201750_261-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTambling2017">Tambling 2017</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268_262-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268–269-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006268–269_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerbart199545–46-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerbart199545–46_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerbart1995">Verbart 1995</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–79-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–79_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–79_265-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, pp. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200480–81-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200480–81_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–78-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–78_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006272-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006272_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006272_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–80-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200477–80_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, pp. 77–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200480-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200480_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson200420-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryson200420_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBryson2004">Bryson 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006274-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006274_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner198661-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner198661_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner198661_273-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner1986">Werner 1986</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544–45-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544–45_274-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLink1995">Link 1995</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELink2010264-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink2010264_275-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFLink2010">Link 2010</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199544-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199544_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLink1995">Link 1995</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers201489-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers201489_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChambers2014">Chambers 2014</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1984129-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1984129_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1984">Russell 1984</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199572-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199572_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLink1995">Link 1995</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1984130-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1984130_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1984">Russell 1984</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilch1995167-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilch1995167_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPilch1995">Pilch 1995</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELink199545–46-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELink199545–46_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLink1995">Link 1995</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006295_283-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006280-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006280_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006280_284-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006281–284-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006281–284_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, pp. 281–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2006285-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006285_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2006285_286-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshMilsteinYiśraʼel1991" class="citation book cs1">Brosh, Na'ama; Milstein, Rachel; Yiśraʼel, Muzeʼon (1991). Biblical stories in Islamic painting. 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Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0"><bdi>0-8276-0797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Angels%3A+Soldiers+of+Satan%27s+Realm&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8276-0797-0&rft.aulast=Bamberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBass2014" class="citation cs2">Bass, Justin (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQuvCwAAQBAJ&q=hebrews+2%3A14+death&pg=PA113">The Battle for the Keys: Revelation 1:18 and Christ's Descent into the Underworld</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-839-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-839-6"><bdi>978-1-62564-839-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Keys%3A+Revelation+1%3A18+and+Christ%27s+Descent+into+the+Underworld&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-839-6&rft.aulast=Bass&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQuvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhebrews%2B2%253A14%2Bdeath%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekmannBolt2012" class="citation cs2">Beekmann, Sharon; Bolt, Peter G. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q9xMAwAAQBAJ&q=parablese">Silencing Satan: Handbook of Biblical Demonology</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-055-6"><bdi>978-1-61097-055-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencing+Satan%3A+Handbook+of+Biblical+Demonology&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-055-6&rft.aulast=Beekmann&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq9xMAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dparablese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1975" class="citation cs2">Boyd, James W. (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6A3AAAAIAAJ&q=Devil+diabolos+etymology&pg=PA13">"Terminology Centered Around Satan and the Devil"</a>, Satan and Māra: Christian and Buddhist Symbols of Evil, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04173-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04173-7"><bdi>90-04-04173-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terminology+Centered+Around+Satan+and+the+Devil&rft.btitle=Satan+and+M%C4%81ra%3A+Christian+and+Buddhist+Symbols+of+Evil&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04173-7&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6A3AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DDevil%2Bdiabolos%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryson2004" class="citation cs2">Bryson, Michael (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF9sm2kTTgMC&q=John+Milton+Satan+tragic+hero&pg=PA77">The Tyranny of Heaven: Milton's Rejection of God as King</a>, Cranbury, New Jersey; London, and Mississauga, Ontario: Rosemont Publishing and Printing Corp., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-859-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-859-0"><bdi>0-87413-859-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Heaven%3A+Milton%27s+Rejection+of+God+as+King&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey%3B+London%2C+and+Mississauga%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Rosemont+Publishing+and+Printing+Corp.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-87413-859-0&rft.aulast=Bryson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOF9sm2kTTgMC%26q%3DJohn%2BMilton%2BSatan%2Btragic%2Bhero%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cabinet, Kristofer Widholm and Bernard McGinn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/widholm.php">"Antichrist: An Interview with Bernard McGinn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (magazine)">Cabinet Magazine</a>. Issue 5 Evil Winter. Cabinet Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cabinet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Antichrist%3A+An+Interview+with+Bernard+McGinn&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cabinet&rft.aufirst=Kristofer+Widholm+and+Bernard+McGinn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetmagazine.org%2Fissues%2F5%2Fwidholm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaird1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Bradford_Caird" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bradford Caird">Caird, George Bradford</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78LYAAAAMAAJ&q=Heylel+king+of+Babylon">The Language and Imagery of the Bible</a>, London: Westminster Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21378-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21378-7"><bdi>978-0-664-21378-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+and+Imagery+of+the+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21378-7&rft.aulast=Caird&rft.aufirst=George+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78LYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHeylel%2Bking%2Bof%2BBabylon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: I. In the Old Testament", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1913), pp. 29–33 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142352">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Feb., 1913), pp. 98–102 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142425">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: III. In the New Testament", The Biblical World, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Mar., 1913), pp. 167–172 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3142755">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation cs2">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009), "Satan", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=Satan+in+Islam&pg=PA603">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, New York City: Infobase Publishing, pp. 603–604, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E603-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3DSatan%2Bin%2BIslam%26pg%3DPA603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2014" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Aaron (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vph0AwAAQBAJ&q=satan+bat+wings&pg=PA89">Devoted</a>, Colorado Springs, Colorado: NavPress, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61291-637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61291-637-8"><bdi>978-1-61291-637-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devoted&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=NavPress&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61291-637-8&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVph0AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsatan%2Bbat%2Bwings%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Davies" title="Douglas Davies">Davies, Douglas J.</a> (2010). Fallen Joseph Smith, Jesus, and Satanic Opposition: Atonement, Evil and the Mormon Vision. University of Durham, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-0830-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-0830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Joseph+Smith%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Satanic+Opposition%3A+Atonement%2C+Evil+and+the+Mormon+Vision&rft.pub=University+of+Durham%2C+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-0830-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2002" class="citation cs2">Day, John (2002) [2000], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xadCgAAQBAJ&q=Lucifer">Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan</a>, Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6830-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6830-6"><bdi>0-8264-6830-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yahweh+and+the+Gods+and+Goddesses+of+Canaan&rft.place=Sheffield%2C+England&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-6830-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xadCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLucifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBeilby2008" class="citation cs2">Eddy, P. R.; Beilby, J. (2008), "Atonement", in Dyrness, William A.; Kärkkäinen, Veli-Matti (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncqkZnDSeo4C&q=ransom+theology&pg=PA86">Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church</a>, Downers Grove, Illinois and Nottingham, England: IVP Academic, pp. 84–92, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2454-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-2454-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atonement&rft.btitle=Global+Dictionary+of+Theology%3A+A+Resource+for+the+Worldwide+Church&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois+and+Nottingham%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-2454-0&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Beilby%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncqkZnDSeo4C%26q%3Dransom%2Btheology%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2000" class="citation cs2">Ellis, Bill (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vaAeBgAAQBAJ&q=film">Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media</a>, Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2170-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2170-1"><bdi>0-8131-2170-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raising+the+Devil%3A+Satanism%2C+New+Religions%2C+and+the+Media&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8131-2170-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvaAeBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Empson, William. Milton's God (1966)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiola2014" class="citation cs2">Faiola, Anthony (10 May 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/a-modern-pope-gets-old-school-on-the-devil/2014/05/10/f56a9354-1b93-4662-abbb-d877e49f15ea_story.html">"A modern pope gets old school on the Devil: A renewed interest in exorcism"</a>, The Washington Post, The WP Company, LLC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+modern+pope+gets+old+school+on+the+Devil%3A+A+renewed+interest+in+exorcism&rft.date=2014-05-10&rft.aulast=Faiola&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fa-modern-pope-gets-old-school-on-the-devil%2F2014%2F05%2F10%2Ff56a9354-1b93-4662-abbb-d877e49f15ea_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerber2004" class="citation cs2">Ferber, Sarah (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBaStWM_LfcC&q=skepticism">Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France</a>, New York City and London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21265-0"><bdi>0-415-21265-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demonic+Possession+and+Exorcism+in+Early+Modern+France&rft.place=New+York+City+and+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-21265-0&rft.aulast=Ferber&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBaStWM_LfcC%26q%3Dskepticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (2003) [1987], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuKkxU4-ncC&q=demonic+possession+early+Christianity&pg=PA237">Backgrounds of Early Christianity</a> (third ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2221-5"><bdi>0-8028-2221-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backgrounds+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-2221-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuKkxU4-ncC%26q%3Ddemonic%2Bpossession%2Bearly%2BChristianity%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1987" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01474-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01474-4"><bdi>0-691-01474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Enemy%3A+Satan+%26+the+Combat+Myth&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-691-01474-4&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1987" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Satanic Epic. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11339-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11339-4"><bdi>0-691-11339-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satanic+Epic&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-691-11339-4&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlie1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fowlie" title="Wallace Fowlie">Fowlie, Wallace</a> (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MLeDrZBn2ncC&q=Satan+Dante%27s+Inferno&pg=PA212">A Reading of Dante's Inferno</a>, Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-25888-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-25888-2"><bdi>0-226-25888-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reading+of+Dante%27s+Inferno&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-226-25888-2&rft.aulast=Fowlie&rft.aufirst=Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLeDrZBn2ncC%26q%3DSatan%2BDante%2527s%2BInferno%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherAshcraft2006" class="citation cs2">Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClaySHbUEogC&q=Do+Wiccans+worship+Satan%3F&pg=RA2-PA189">Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: History and Controversies</a>, vol. 1, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98713-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98713-2"><bdi>0-275-98713-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+and+Alternative+Religions+in+America%3A+History+and+Controversies&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-98713-2&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Eugene+V.&rft.au=Ashcraft%2C+W.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClaySHbUEogC%26q%3DDo%2BWiccans%2Bworship%2BSatan%253F%26pg%3DRA2-PA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_E._Garland" title="David E. Garland">Garland, David E.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ajr2CVDw8k4C&q=lake+of+fire&pg=PT842">Hebrews - Revelation</a>, The Expositor's Bible Commentary: Revised Edition, vol. 13, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-86624-4"><bdi>978-0-310-86624-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrews+-+Revelation&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.series=The+Expositor%27s+Bible+Commentary%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-310-86624-4&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjr2CVDw8k4C%26q%3Dlake%2Bof%2Bfire%26pg%3DPT842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gentry" title="Kenneth Gentry">Gentry, Kenneth</a> (2002). The Beast of Revelation. American Vision. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915815-41-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-915815-41-9"><bdi>0-915815-41-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+of+Revelation&rft.pub=American+Vision&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-915815-41-9&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffroy2010" class="citation cs2">Geoffroy, Éric (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOaMDeBp2W4C&q=Satan+in+Sufism+Eric+Geoffroy&pg=PA150">Introduction to Sufism: The Inner Path of Islam</a>, Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935493-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935493-10-5"><bdi>978-1-935493-10-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sufism%3A+The+Inner+Path+of+Islam&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=World+Wisdom&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-935493-10-5&rft.aulast=Geoffroy&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOaMDeBp2W4C%26q%3DSatan%2Bin%2BSufism%2BEric%2BGeoffroy%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinther2009" class="citation cs2">Ginther, James R. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2WnNX13tsYC&q=Satan+in+medieval+theology&pg=PA10">The Westminster Handbook to Medieval Theology</a>, The Westminster Handbooks to Christian Theology, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22397-7"><bdi>978-0-664-22397-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Handbook+to+Medieval+Theology&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.series=The+Westminster+Handbooks+to+Christian+Theology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22397-7&rft.aulast=Ginther&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2WnNX13tsYC%26q%3DSatan%2Bin%2Bmedieval%2Btheology%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlustrom1989" class="citation cs2">Glustrom, Simon (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8nR8e7FzY0C&q=Satan+Judaism&pg=PA22">The Myth and Reality of Judaism: 82 Misconceptions Set Straight</a>, West Orange, New Jersey: Behrman House, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87441-479-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87441-479-2"><bdi>0-87441-479-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+and+Reality+of+Judaism%3A+82+Misconceptions+Set+Straight&rft.place=West+Orange%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Behrman+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-87441-479-2&rft.aulast=Glustrom&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8nR8e7FzY0C%26q%3DSatan%2BJudaism%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kersey_Graves" title="Kersey Graves">Graves, Kersey</a> (1995). Biography of Satan: Exposing the Origins of the Devil. Book Tree. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885395-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-885395-11-6"><bdi>1-885395-11-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Satan%3A+Exposing+the+Origins+of+the+Devil&rft.pub=Book+Tree&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-885395-11-6&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Kersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley2009" class="citation cs2">Guiley, Rosemary (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHosWhaeWDQC&q=Abaddon+Apollyon&pg=PA1">The Encyclopedia of Demons and Demonology</a>, New York City: Facts On File, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7314-6"><bdi>978-0-8160-7314-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Demons+and+Demonology&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7314-6&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHosWhaeWDQC%26q%3DAbaddon%2BApollyon%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>‘’The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia’’;ed. Buttrick, George Arthur; Abingdon Press 1962</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabbour2014" class="citation cs2">Jabbour, Nabeel (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SC_0AgAAQBAJ&q=babies+cry+because+of+satan+islam&pg=PT259">The Crescent through the Eyes of the Cross: Insights from an Arab Christian</a>, London: Omnibus Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61521-512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61521-512-6"><bdi>978-1-61521-512-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+through+the+Eyes+of+the+Cross%3A+Insights+from+an+Arab+Christian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61521-512-6&rft.aulast=Jabbour&rft.aufirst=Nabeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSC_0AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbabies%2Bcry%2Bbecause%2Bof%2Bsatan%2Bislam%26pg%3DPT259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacobs, Joseph, and Ludwig Blau. "Satan", The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S&search=Satan#ixzz0UQlw0zPS">online</a> pp 68–71</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2013" class="citation cs2">Jordan, William (27 September 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yougov.co.uk/news/2013/09/27/18-brits-believe-possession-devil-and-half-america/">"18% of Brits believe in possession by the devil"</a>, yougov.co.uk, YouGov</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=yougov.co.uk&rft.atitle=18%25+of+Brits+believe+in+possession+by+the+devil&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyougov.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2013%2F09%2F27%2F18-brits-believe-possession-devil-and-half-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Kelly" title="Henry A. Kelly">Kelly, Henry Ansgar</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&q=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&pg=PA12">Satan: A Biography</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60402-4"><bdi>978-0-521-60402-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60402-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPIpQg0lRbMC%26q%3Dintitle%3Asatan%2Binauthor%3Akelly%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2017" class="citation cs2">Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIuIDwAAQBAJ">Satan in the Bible, God's Minister of Justice</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-1331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-1331-9"><bdi>978-1-5326-1331-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan+in+the+Bible%2C+God%27s+Minister+of+Justice&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-1331-9&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIuIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kent, William. "Devil." The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) Vol. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm">online older article</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler1923" class="citation cs2">Kohler, Kaufmann (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pUDXAAAAMAAJ&q=Lucifer&pg=PA68">Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion with Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy</a>, New York City, New York: The Macmillan Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell+in+Comparative+Religion+with+Special+Reference+to+Dante%27s+Divine+Comedy&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpUDXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLucifer%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevack2015" class="citation cs2">Levack, Brian P. (2015), "54. Johann Weyer: the Possession of the Nuns at Wertet, 1550", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDLCQAAQBAJ&q=Weyer">The Witchcraft Sourcebook</a>, New York City London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-77497-1"><bdi>978-1-138-77497-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=54.+Johann+Weyer%3A+the+Possession+of+the+Nuns+at+Wertet%2C+1550&rft.btitle=The+Witchcraft+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York+City+London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-77497-1&rft.aulast=Levack&rft.aufirst=Brian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUDLCQAAQBAJ%26q%3DWeyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation cs2">Lewis, James R. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxCwyChmJrAC&q=pentagram+Satan&pg=PA21">Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture</a>, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-759-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-759-4"><bdi>1-57607-759-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satanism+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Religion%2C+Folklore%2C+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57607-759-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxCwyChmJrAC%26q%3Dpentagram%2BSatan%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink1995" class="citation cs2">Link, Luther (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EU7Qt5HSmHAC&q=appearance">The Devil: A Mask Without a Face</a>, London, England: Reaktion Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948462-67-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-948462-67-1"><bdi>0-948462-67-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%3A+A+Mask+Without+a+Face&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-948462-67-1&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEU7Qt5HSmHAC%26q%3Dappearance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink2010" class="citation cs2">Link, Luther (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=devil+poseidon+pan&pg=PA264">"Devil"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; Settis, Salvatore (eds.), The Classical Tradition, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 264–265, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03572-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03572-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Devil&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03572-0&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbqF8z2bq3sC%26q%3Ddevil%2Bposeidon%2Bpan%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2011" class="citation cs2">McMillan, M. E. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjYhBQAAQBAJ&q=stoning+of+the+Devil&pg=PA35">The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam</a>, London: Saqi Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-437-6"><bdi>978-0-86356-437-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Mecca%3A+The+Politics+of+Pilgrimage+in+Early+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-437-6&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjYhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstoning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDevil%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn1998" class="citation cs2">Osborn, Ian (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVgTAAAAQBAJ&q=Obsessive+Compulsive+Disorder+in+antiquity&pg=PA210">Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals: The Hidden Epidemic of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</a>, New York City, New York: Dell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-50847-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-50847-9"><bdi>0-440-50847-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tormenting+Thoughts+and+Secret+Rituals%3A+The+Hidden+Epidemic+of+Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dell+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-440-50847-9&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVgTAAAAQBAJ%26q%3DObsessive%2BCompulsive%2BDisorder%2Bin%2Bantiquity%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Osborne, B. A. E. "Peter: Stumbling-Block and Satan", Novum Testamentum, Vol. 15, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp. 187–190 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560340">in JSTOR</a> on "Get thee behind me, Satan!"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai">The Origin of Satan</a>. Vintage; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72232-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-72232-7"><bdi>0-679-72232-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Satan&rft.pub=Vintage%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-679-72232-7&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadameveserpent00elai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1995" class="citation cs2">Parker, Thomas Henry Louis (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUjkllpf53YC">Calvin: An Introduction to his Thought</a>, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25602-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25602-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin%3A+An+Introduction+to+his+Thought&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25602-9&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUjkllpf53YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatmore2012" class="citation cs2">Patmore, Hector M. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smxPS7QRR5MC&q=Satan">Adam, Satan, and the King of Tyre: The Interpretation of Ezekiel 28:11–19 in Late Antiquity</a>, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20880-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20880-3"><bdi>978-90-04-20880-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adam%2C+Satan%2C+and+the+King+of+Tyre%3A+The+Interpretation+of+Ezekiel+28%3A11%E2%80%9319+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20880-3&rft.aulast=Patmore&rft.aufirst=Hector+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmxPS7QRR5MC%26q%3DSatan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard. "Modern Satanism: Dark Doctrines and Black Flames". In <a href="#CITEREFLewisPetersen2005">Lewis & Petersen (2005)</a>, pp. 423–458. Harvc error: no target: CITEREFLewisPetersen2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2012" class="citation cs2">Peterson, Robert A. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOfvFbQKjy4C&q=parable+strongman+satan&pg=PA428">Salvation Accomplished by the Son: The Work of Christ</a>, Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-2360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-2360-1"><bdi>978-1-4335-2360-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salvation+Accomplished+by+the+Son%3A+The+Work+of+Christ&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-2360-1&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOfvFbQKjy4C%26q%3Dparable%2Bstrongman%2Bsatan%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilch1995" class="citation cs2">Pilch, John J. (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pF-rHLv1oHUC&q=devil+associated+with+goats+sheep+and+the+goats&pg=PA167">The Cultural World of Jesus: Sunday by Sunday, Volume 1</a>, Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-2286-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-2286-0"><bdi>0-8146-2286-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+World+of+Jesus%3A+Sunday+by+Sunday%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=The+Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8146-2286-0&rft.aulast=Pilch&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpF-rHLv1oHUC%26q%3Ddevil%2Bassociated%2Bwith%2Bgoats%2Bsheep%2Band%2Bthe%2Bgoats%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantingaThompsonLundberg2010" class="citation cs2">Plantinga, Richard J.; Thompson, Thomas J.; Lundberg, Matthew D. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nV3cAwAAQBAJ&q=ransom+theology&pg=PT318">An Introduction to Christian Theology</a>, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69037-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69037-9"><bdi>978-0-521-69037-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69037-9&rft.aulast=Plantinga&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+Matthew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnV3cAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dransom%2Btheology%26pg%3DPT318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2009" class="citation cs2">Poole, W. Scott (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWYqgsRLXykC&q=Satan+and+Puritanism&pg=PA15">Satan in America: The Devil We Know</a>, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0062-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-0062-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan+in+America%3A+The+Devil+We+Know&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0062-3&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWYqgsRLXykC%26q%3DSatan%2Band%2BPuritanism%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince2004" class="citation cs2">Prince, Stephen (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0ZgaAcKJ9sC&q=devil+haunted+castle+1896&pg=PA1">The Horror Film</a>, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3363-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3363-5"><bdi>0-8135-3363-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horror+Film&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey+and+London&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8135-3363-5&rft.aulast=Prince&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0ZgaAcKJ9sC%26q%3Ddevil%2Bhaunted%2Bcastle%2B1896%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rebhorn Wayne A. "The Humanist Tradition and Milton's Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary", SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, Vol. 13, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1973), pp. 81–93 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/449871">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosica2015" class="citation cs2">Rosica, The Rev. Thomas (20 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/20/living/pope-francis-devil/index.html">"Why is Pope Francis so obsessed with the devil?"</a>, CNN, Turner Broadcasting System</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Why+is+Pope+Francis+so+obsessed+with+the+devil%3F&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Rosica&rft.aufirst=The+Rev.+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F20%2Fliving%2Fpope-francis-devil%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudwin1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilian_Rudwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilian Rudwin (page does not exist)">Rudwin, Maximilian</a> (1970). The Devil in Legend and Literature. Open Court. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87548-248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87548-248-1"><bdi>0-87548-248-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+in+Legend+and+Literature&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-87548-248-1&rft.aulast=Rudwin&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity (1987a) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801494095">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Satan: The Early Christian Tradition (1987b) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801494133">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1984" class="citation cs2">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_AcX5Znv6cC&q=theology">Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages</a>, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9429-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9429-X"><bdi>0-8014-9429-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucifer%3A+The+Devil+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8014-9429-X&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_AcX5Znv6cC%26q%3Dtheology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801497183">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Russell, Jeffrey Burton. The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801480566">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Schaff, D. S. "Devil" in New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (1911), <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a>; vol 3 pp. 414–417 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03.d.iii.html">online</a></li> <li>Scott, Miriam Van. The Encyclopedia of Hell (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0312244428">excerpt and text search</a> comparative religions; also popular culture</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation cs2">Smith, Peter (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/135">A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith</a>, Oxford, UK: Oneworld, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/135">135–136, 304</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=135-136%2C+304&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Smith, Peter (2008), An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpignesi2003" class="citation cs2">Spignesi, Stephen J. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ufXPKUqorS8C&q=devil+niccolo+paganini&pg=PA281">The Italian 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Cultural, Scientific, and Politics, Past and Present</a>, New York: Citadel Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-2399-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-2399-9"><bdi>0-8065-2399-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+100%3A+A+Ranking+of+the+Most+Influential+Cultural%2C+Scientific%2C+and+Politics%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8065-2399-9&rft.aulast=Spignesi&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DufXPKUqorS8C%26q%3Ddevil%2Bniccolo%2Bpaganini%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard2007" class="citation cs2">Stoddard, Ed (29 November 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-religion-beliefs/poll-finds-more-americans-believe-in-devil-than-darwin-idUSN2922875820071129">Poll finds more Americans believe in devil than Darwin</a>, Reuters</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poll+finds+more+Americans+believe+in+devil+than+Darwin&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-religion-beliefs%2Fpoll-finds-more-americans-believe-in-devil-than-darwin-idUSN2922875820071129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTambling2017" class="citation cs2">Tambling, Jeremy (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTYUDgAAQBAJ&q=Chaucer+the+Devil&pg=PA47">Histories of the Devil: From Marlowe to Mann and the Manichees</a>, London: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers Ltd., <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-51832-3">10.1057/978-1-137-51832-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51832-3"><bdi>978-1-137-51832-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Devil%3A+From+Marlowe+to+Mann+and+the+Manichees&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-51832-3&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51832-3&rft.aulast=Tambling&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTYUDgAAQBAJ%26q%3DChaucer%2Bthe%2BDevil%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsett2011" class="citation cs2">Thomsett, Michael C. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LDbhV7u1_yIC&q=witchcraft+heretical+Canon+Episcopi&pg=PA131">Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History</a>, Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland & Company, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4448-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-4448-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+in+the+Roman+Catholic+Church%3A+A+History&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=MacFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4448-9&rft.aulast=Thomsett&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLDbhV7u1_yIC%26q%3Dwitchcraft%2Bheretical%2BCanon%2BEpiscopi%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomashoff2016" class="citation cs2">Tomashoff, Craig (13 November 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/evolution-angels-tv-shows-938103">"From 'Touched by an Angel' to 'Lucifer': TV's Heavenly Creatures Are Evolving"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>, Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, retrieved 2017-12-22</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=From+%27Touched+by+an+Angel%27+to+%27Lucifer%27%3A+TV%27s+Heavenly+Creatures+Are+Evolving&rft.date=2016-11-13&rft.aulast=Tomashoff&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fevolution-angels-tv-shows-938103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingWillem1999" class="citation cs2">van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Willem, Pieter (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&q=Baalzebub">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a> (second ed.), Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2491-9"><bdi>0-8028-2491-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdman%27s+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8028-2491-9&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=Willem%2C+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26q%3DBaalzebub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbart1995" class="citation cs2">Verbart, André (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbD6gN93ACQC&q=Paradise+Lost+Satan+protagonist&pg=PA45">Fellowship in Paradise Lost: Vergil, Milton, Wordsworth</a>, vol. 97, Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5183-882-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-5183-882-4"><bdi>90-5183-882-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fellowship+in+Paradise+Lost%3A+Vergil%2C+Milton%2C+Wordsworth&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands+and+Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=90-5183-882-4&rft.aulast=Verbart&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbD6gN93ACQC%26q%3DParadise%2BLost%2BSatan%2Bprotagonist%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicchio2008" class="citation cs2">Vicchio, Stephen J. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GULkDAAAQBAJ&q=Satan&pg=PA91">Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith</a>, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-304-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55635-304-8"><bdi>978-1-55635-304-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Figures+in+the+Islamic+Faith&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55635-304-8&rft.aulast=Vicchio&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGULkDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSatan%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1986" class="citation cs2">Werner, Bette Charlene (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCqby9KJCB8C&q=Illustrations+for+Paradise+Lost">Blake's Vision of the Poetry of Milton: Illustrations to Six Poems</a>, Cranbury, New Jersey, London, England, and Mississauga, Ontario: Associated University Presses, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-5084-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-5084-2"><bdi>0-8387-5084-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blake%27s+Vision+of+the+Poetry+of+Milton%3A+Illustrations+to+Six+Poems&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey%2C+London%2C+England%2C+and+Mississauga%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8387-5084-2&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Bette+Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCqby9KJCB8C%26q%3DIllustrations%2Bfor%2BParadise%2BLost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wray, T. J. and Gregory Mobley. The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403969337">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p005494p">The Devil</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Martin Palmer, Alison Rowlands and David Wootton (In Our Time, Dec. 11, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satan300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satan" title="Template:Satan"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satan" title="Template talk:Satan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satan300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">In the Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower" title="Parable of the Sower">Parable of the Sower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Strong_Man" title="Parable of the Strong Man">Parable of the Strong Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Tares" title="Parable of the Tares">Parable of the Tares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">The Sheep and the Goats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/150px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/225px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg/300px-Blake_Book_of_Job_Linell_set_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2787" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">Deuterocanonical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_Adam_and_Eve_with_Satan" title="Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan">Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Bartholomew" title="Questions of Bartholomew">Questions of Bartholomew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">Other names & related figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baphomet" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beelzebub" title="Beelzebub">Beelzebub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel%27s_cherub_in_Eden" title="Ezekiel's cherub in Eden">Ezekiel's cherub in Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li>His Infernal Majesty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li> <li>Mr. S</li> <li>Old Scratch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temeluchus" title="Temeluchus">Temeluchus</a></li> <li>The Adversary</li> <li>The Big D</li> <li>The Father of Lies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_darkness_(Manichaeism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of darkness (Manichaeism)">The Dark Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">The Devil</a></li> <li>The Evil One</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Darkness_(Satan)" title="Prince of Darkness (Satan)">The Prince of Darkness</a></li> <li>The Wicked One</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">Yetzer Hara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%">In literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Goethe's Faust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_One" title="Faust, Part One">Faust, Part One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faust,_Part_Two" title="Faust, Part Two">Faust, Part Two</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Satan" title="Dante's Satan">Dante's Satan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Faust" title="Johann Georg Faust">Johann Georg Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Regained" title="Paradise Regained">Paradise Regained</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summoner%27s_Tale" title="The Summoner's Tale">The Summoner's Tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #c21d03; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After_School_Satan" title="After School Satan">After School Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_LaVey" title="Anton LaVey">Anton LaVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Satan" title="Church of Satan">Church of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Satanic_Church" title="First Satanic Church">First Satanic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_lesser_magic" title="Greater and lesser magic">Greater and lesser magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto_(Satanism)" title="Grotto (Satanism)">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Satan" title="Hail Satan">Hail Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy of Satan">Joy of Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaVeyan_Satanism" title="LaVeyan Satanism">LaVeyan Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladists">Palladists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan_Speaks!" title="Satan Speaks!">Satan Speaks!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan_Takes_a_Holiday" title="Satan Takes a Holiday">Satan Takes a Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Black_Light" title="Temple of the Black Light">Temple of the Black Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Notebook" title="The Devil's Notebook">The Devil's Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_infernal_names" title="The infernal names">The infernal names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_of_Saint-S%C3%A9caire" title="The Mass of Saint-Sécaire">The Mass of Saint-Sécaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Rituals" title="The Satanic Rituals">The Satanic Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Temple" title="The Satanic Temple">The Satanic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Witch" title="The Satanic Witch">The Satanic Witch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as Karīm (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The kalb (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAnkabūt (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li>Dābbat al-Arḍ (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li>Ḥimār (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li>Kirāman Kātibīn (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel">Muqarrabun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a> ('The Spirit') <ul><li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Islam">ash-Shayṭān</a> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a> or Wildān</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li>Dhūn-Nūn ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a> ('Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li>Al-Masīḥ (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li>Ibn Maryam (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li>ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li>Malik (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of ʿAzīz (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li>Imraʾat Firʿawn (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_in_Islam" title="Pharaoh in Islam">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li>Ḥawāriyyūn (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li>Qawm Lūṭ (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes, ethnicities or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Ar-Rūm</a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li>Ahl Madyan <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li>Qawm Tubbaʿ (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ahl al-Bayt ('People of the Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li>Ahl as-Suffa (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li>Majūs <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li>Ahl al-Kitāb (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li>Naṣārā (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yahūd (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li>Madyan (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</li> <li>Miṣr (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li>Makkah (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li>Kaʿbah (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li>ʿArim Sabaʾ (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li>Al-Wādil-Ayman (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li>Bābil (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li>Qaryat Yūnus ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a> (Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li>Masjid (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li>Masjid Qubāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</a> (Black Stone) & <a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr">Ghār ath-Thawr</a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li>Dār an-Nadwa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of al-Aḥzāb</a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a> (The Friday)</li> <li>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a> ('Remembrance', including <a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a> ('Praising'), <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a>): <ul><li>Al-ʿAshiyy (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li>Al-Ghuduww ('The Mornings') <ul><li>Al-Bukrah ('The Morning')</li> <li>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li>Al-Layl ('The Night') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a> ('The Noon')</li> <li>Dulūk ash-Shams ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a> ('The Evening')</li> <li>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li>Al-Aṣīl ('The Afternoon')</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects of people or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols (cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li>Jibt and <a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The ʿijl (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Maṣābīḥ (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li>Al-Qamar (The Moon)</li> <li>Kawākib (Planets) <ul><li>Al-Arḍ (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li>Nujūm (Stars) <ul><li>Ash-Shams (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>Baṣal (Onion)</li> <li>Fūm (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li>Shaṭʾ (Shoot)</li> <li>Sūq (Plant stem)</li> <li>Zarʿ (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ʿAdas (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li>Baql (Herb)</li> <li>Qith-thāʾ (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li>Rummān (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li>Tīn (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li>Zaytūn (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li>Athl (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li>Sidr (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Līnah (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li>Nakhl (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Māʾ (Water or fluid) <ul><li>Nahr (River)</li> <li>Yamm (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li>Sharāb (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: Names are sorted alphabetically. 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