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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Varieties and cultivars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_and_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish moss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الطحلب الإسباني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطحلب الإسباني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilandsie_provazovkovit%C3%A1" title="Tilandsie provazovkovitá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tilandsie provazovkovitá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="خزه اسپانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خزه اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B8%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="틸란드시아 우스네오이데스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틸란드시아 우스네오이데스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლუიზიანური ხავსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუიზიანური ხავსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_pany%C3%B2l" title="Bab panyòl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bab panyòl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedenin%C4%97_tilandsija" title="Kedeninė tilandsija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kedeninė tilandsija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzm%C3%B3szer%C5%B1_szak%C3%A1llbrom%C3%A9lia" title="Zuzmószerű szakállbromélia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zuzmószerű szakállbromélia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="الطحلب الاسبانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الطحلب الاسبانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachtli" title="Pachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Pachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans_mos" title="Spaans mos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans mos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%89%E3%82%AD" title="サルオガセモドキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルオガセモドキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_mose" title="Spansk mose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spansk mose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opl%C4%85twa_brodaczkowa" title="Oplątwa brodaczkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oplątwa brodaczkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sach%27a_millma" title="Sach'a millma – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sach'a millma" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Тилландсия уснеевидная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тилландсия уснеевидная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_moss" title="Spanish moss – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish moss" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naavatillandsia" title="Naavatillandsia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naavatillandsia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_mossa" title="Spansk mossa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spansk mossa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B5" title="เคราฤษี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคราฤษี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" title="Tillandsia usneoides – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tillandsia usneoides" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E8%90%9D%E5%87%A4%E6%A2%A8" title="松萝凤梨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="松萝凤梨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311524#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_moss" title="View the content 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<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Spanish moss </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg/220px-Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg/330px-Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg/440px-Spanish_moss_at_the_Mcbryde_Garden_in_hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tillandsia_subg._Diaphoranthema" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tillandsia" title="Tillandsia"><i>Tillandsia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tillandsia_subg._Diaphoranthema" title="Tillandsia subg. Diaphoranthema"><i>Tillandsia</i> subg. <i>Diaphoranthema</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>T. usneoides</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Tillandsia usneoides</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) L., 1762<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-j_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Renealmia usneoides</i> <small>L.</small></li> <li><i>Dendropogon usneoides</i> <small>(L.) Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Strepsia usneoides</i> <small>(L.) Nutt. ex Steud.</small></li> <li><i>Tillandsia trichoides</i> <small>Kunth</small></li> <li><i>Tillandsia filiformis</i> <small>Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small></li> <li><i>Tillandsia crinita</i> <small>Willd. ex Beer</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Spanish moss</b> (<i><b>Tillandsia usneoides</b></i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> that often grows upon large trees in tropical and subtropical climates. It is native to much of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. It has been naturalized in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>). It is known as "grandpa's beard" in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most known in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, it commonly is found on the southern live oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a></i>) and bald cypress (<i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i>) in the lowlands, swamps, and marshes of the mid-Atlantic and Southeastern states, from the coast of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and west to southern <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eFloras_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eFloras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BONAP_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BONAP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it superficially resembles its namesake, the <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Usnea" title="Usnea">Usnea</a></i>, it is neither a lichen nor a <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> (instead being a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliad family</a>), and it is not native to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanishmoss1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spanishmoss1.jpg/220px-Spanishmoss1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spanishmoss1.jpg/330px-Spanishmoss1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Spanishmoss1.jpg/440px-Spanishmoss1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of Spanish moss</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish moss consists of one or more slender stems, bearing alternate thin, curved or curly, and heavily scaled <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 inches) long and 1 mm (0.04 inches) broad, that grow vegetatively in a chain-like fashion (pendant), forming hanging structures of up to 6 m (20 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-floridata.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floridata.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gray-green garlands have occasionally been found hanging down as much as 26 feet (eight meters).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plant has no <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-floridata.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floridata.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UF-IFAS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF-IFAS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its flowers are yellow-green and small, with spreading petals. The <a href="/wiki/Scape_(botany)" title="Scape (botany)">scape</a> is partly hidden within the leaf sheath.<sup id="cite_ref-eFloras_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eFloras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish moss propagates both by seed and <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</a> by fragments that are carried on the wind and stick to tree limbs or that are carried to other locations by birds as nesting material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish moss is in the family <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a> (the bromeliads). Formerly, it was placed in the genera <i>Anoplophytum</i>, <i>Caraguata</i>, and <i>Renealmia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific name</a> of the plant, <i>usneoides</i>, means "resembling <i><a href="/wiki/Usnea" title="Usnea">Usnea</a></i>", a lichen.<sup id="cite_ref-Damrosch_Neal_2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Damrosch_Neal_2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish moss' primary range is in the Southeastern United States (including <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, where the climate is warm enough and a relatively high average <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> occurs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In North America, it occurs in a broad band following the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the southern Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-BONAP_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BONAP-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern limit of its natural range is <a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Virginia" title="Northampton County, Virginia">Northampton County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with colonial-era reports of it in southern <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ray-1688_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-1688-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A quick search does not find "Mariae" or "Maryland". (February 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mdrare_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdrare-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where no populations are now known to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been introduced to locations around the world with similar conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where it first established itself in the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Lei_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lei-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County,_NC_IMG_4472.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG/220px-Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG/330px-Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG/440px-Spanish_moss_in_Pender_County%2C_NC_IMG_4472.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Spanish moss growing along the limb of a tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish moss is not parasitic: it is an <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphyte</a> that absorbs nutrients and water through its own leaves from the air and rain falling upon it. While its presence rarely kills the trees on which it grows, it occasionally becomes so thick that, by shading the leaves of the tree, it slows the growth rate of the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-floridata.com_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floridata.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can use the water-conserving strategy of <a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism" title="Crassulacean acid metabolism">crassulacean acid metabolism</a> for photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kluge-et-al-1973_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kluge-et-al-1973-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haslam-et-al-2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haslam-et-al-2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the southern U.S., the plant seems to show preferences for southern live oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_virginiana" title="Quercus virginiana">Quercus virginiana</a></i>) and bald cypress (<i><a href="/wiki/Taxodium_distichum" title="Taxodium distichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i>) because of their high rates of foliar mineral leaching (calcium, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>) that provides an abundant supply of nutrients to the epiphytic plant.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also colonize other tree species such as sweetgum (<i><a href="/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua" title="Liquidambar styraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i>), crepe-myrtles (<i><a href="/wiki/Lagerstroemia" title="Lagerstroemia">Lagerstroemia</a></i> spp.), other oaks, and even <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also grows more uncommonly on artificial structures such as fencing and telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-eFloras_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eFloras-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish moss shelters a number of creatures, including <a href="/wiki/Rat_snake" title="Rat snake">rat snakes</a> and three species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>. One species of <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">jumping spider</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pelegrina_tillandsiae" title="Pelegrina tillandsiae">Pelegrina tillandsiae</a></i>, has been found only on Spanish moss.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although widely presumed to infest Spanish moss, in one study of the ecology of the plant, <a href="/wiki/Chiggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiggers">chiggers</a> were not present among thousands of other arthropods identified on the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish moss is sensitive to airborne contaminants. It does not grow in areas where smoke is common, such as near chimneys. It has receded from urban areas due to increasing air pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-floridata.com_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-floridata.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_folklore">Culture and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG/220px-Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG/330px-Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG/440px-Sp_moss_flower_1545.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Spanish-moss with open <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">seed capsule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Santee National Wildlife Refuge">Santee National Wildlife Refuge</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish moss is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a> imagery and <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> culture, due to its propensity for growing in subtropical humid southern locales such as <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, Southern Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">east</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">south</a> Texas, and extreme southern Virginia. </p><p>One anecdote about the origin of Spanish moss is called "the Meanest Man Who Ever Lived", in which the man's white hair grew very long and got caught on trees.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish moss was <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to Hawaii in the nineteenth century. It became a popular <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lei_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lei (Hawaii)">lei</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Lei_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lei-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hawaii, it was named "ʻumiʻumi-o-Dole" after the beard of <a href="/wiki/Sanford_B._Dole" title="Sanford B. Dole">Sanford B. Dole</a>, the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a>. It is also known as <a href="/wiki/Hinahina" title="Hinahina">hinahina</a>, ("silvery") borrowing the name of the native heliotrope used in lei until shoreline development made access difficult. It has become a substitute for the native <a href="/wiki/Hinahina" title="Hinahina">hinahina</a> in lei used for pageantry. In the early 21st century the plant was heavily marketed as "<a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_hair" title="Pele's hair">Pele's hair</a>"/"lauoho-o-Pele", which actually refers to a type of filamentous <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg/220px-Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg/330px-Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg/440px-Spanish_moss_under_20x_magnification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Spanish moss under 20x magnification, showing scale-like <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg/150px-Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg/225px-Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg/300px-Tillandsia_usneoides_%27Munro%27s_Filiformis%27_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Munro's Filiformis'</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg/150px-Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg/225px-Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg/300px-Tillandsia_%27Odin%27s_Genuina%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Odin's Genuina'</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish moss has been used for various purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a>, mulch, packing material, mattress stuffing, and fiber. In the early 1900s it was used commercially in the padding of car seats.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 10,000 tons of processed Spanish moss was produced in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, it is collected in smaller quantities for use in arts and crafts, as bedding for flower gardens, and as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Bousillage" title="Bousillage">bousillage</a>, a traditional wall covering material. In some parts of Latin America and Louisiana, it is used in <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico#Nativity_scenes" title="Christmas in Mexico">nativity scenes</a>. </p><p>In the desert regions of southwestern United States, dried Spanish moss is sometimes used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">evaporative coolers</a>, colloquially known as "swamp coolers" (and in some areas as "desert coolers"), which are used to cool homes and offices much less expensively than air conditioners. The cooling technology uses a pump that squirts water onto a pad made of Spanish moss plants; a fan then pulls air through the pad, and into the building. Evaporation of the water on the pads serves to reduce air temperature, cooling the building.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_and_cultivars">Varieties and cultivars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Varieties and cultivars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Maurice's Robusta'<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Munro's Filiformis' – a natural <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a> with very fine, green leaves that is native to <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and that is also known in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Trade_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade designation">trade designations</a> <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">El Finito</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">Silver Ghost</span>, it conforms to the description of the now-defunct variety <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> var. <i>filiformis</i> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Andr%C3%A9" title="Édouard André">André</a>) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Christian_Mez" title="Carl Christian Mez">Mez</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Odin's Genuina' : a natural variety with brown rather than green or yellow flower <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> that is native to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Spanish Gold'<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Tight and Curly'<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Nezley' (<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Tillandsia_mallemontii" title="Tillandsia mallemontii">mallemontii</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Kimberly' (<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Tillandsia_recurvata" title="Tillandsia recurvata">recurvata</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tillandsia</i> 'Old Man's Gold' (<i><a href="/wiki/Tillandsia_crocata" title="Tillandsia crocata">Tillandsia crocata</a></i> × <i>usneoides</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lace_lichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lace lichen">Lace lichen</a>, an organism of similar habit and appearance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTreviño_Zevallos,_I.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Treviño Zevallos, I. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/131368905/131369229">"<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2019</b>: e.T131368905A131369229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T131368905A131369229.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T131368905A131369229.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Tillandsia+usneoides&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=e.T131368905A131369229&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T131368905A131369229.en&rft.au=Trevi%C3%B1o+Zevallos%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F131368905%2F131369229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+moss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310398">"Tillandsia usneoides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Tillandsia+usneoides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D310398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+moss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-j_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-j_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=269929">Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eFloras-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eFloras_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eFloras_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eFloras_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutherBrown2000" class="citation cs1">Luther, Harry E.; Brown, Gregory K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000404">"<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 22. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ETillandsia+usneoides%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Harry+E.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Gregory+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D222000404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+moss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BONAP-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BONAP_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BONAP_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Tillandsia%20usneoides.png">"<i>Tillandsia usneoides</i>"</a>. <i>County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA)</i>. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=County-level+distribution+map+from+the+North+American+Plant+Atlas+%28NAPA%29&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3ETillandsia+usneoides%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonap.net%2FMapGallery%2FCounty%2FTillandsia%2520usneoides.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+moss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-floridata.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-floridata.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-floridata.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-floridata.com_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-floridata.com_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridata.com/ref/T/till_usn.cfm">"Tillandsia usneoides"</a>. <i>Floridata Plant Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Floridata+Plant+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Tillandsia+usneoides&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridata.com%2Fref%2FT%2Ftill_usn.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+moss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwer_Ph.D.2002" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer Ph.D., Prof. Jens G. 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Stanford University Graduate School of Business. p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=12064">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Maurice's Robusta'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=13587">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Munro's Filiformis'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=13603">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Odin's Genuina'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=8286">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Spanish Gold'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=8302">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Tight and Curly'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=8205">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Nezley'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=8148">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Kimberly'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://registry.bsi.org/index.php?fields=&id=13012">Bromeliad Cultivar Registry: Tillandsia 'Old Man's Gold'</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Mabberley, D.J. 1987. <i>The Plant Book. A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34060-8">0-521-34060-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" class="extiw" title="commons:Tillandsia usneoides"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Tillandsia usneoides</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tillandsia_usneoides" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tillandsia usneoides">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beaufortcountylibrary.org/htdocs-sirsi/spanish.htm">Spanish Moss: Its History, Nature and Uses — Beaufort County Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201042620/http://www.beaufortcountylibrary.org/htdocs-sirsi/spanish.htm">Archived</a> 2017-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305210827/http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/4h/Spanish_moss/spanmoss.htm">Florida Forest Plants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floridaspanishmoss.com/fsmtheory.html">Florida Spanish Moss: Theory — Does Spanish Moss kill trees?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leiday.org/whats-in-a-name-itla-okla-%ca%bb-umi%ca%bb-umi-o-dole-spanish-moss/">What’s in a name? Itla-okla, ʻUmiʻumi-o-Dole, Spanish Moss</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leiday.org/flowers-used-for-lei/">Flowers Used for Lei</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tillandsia usneoides</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311524" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q311524">Q311524</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tillandsia_usneoides" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tillandsia usneoides">Tillandsia usneoides</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=2814">2814</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3824">3824</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/79702">79702</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/tillandsia-usneoides/">tillandsia-usneoides</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=419058">419058</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11099">11099</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/56YBS">56YBS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/355461">355461</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TLDUS">TLDUS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000404">222000404</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Tillandsia%20usneoides">Tillandsia usneoides</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2695149">2695149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310398">310398</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49569">49569</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/1169665-2">1169665-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10202366">10202366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=42371">42371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/131368905">131368905</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=278149">278149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132985/">2.132985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=49541">49541</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Tillandsia~usneoides">Tillandsia~usneoides</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b4dcb3f7-bff6-4976-b914-7260e449069a">b4dcb3f7-bff6-4976-b914-7260e449069a</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/96217/">96217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1491710">1491710</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=774278">774278</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-269929">kew-269929</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/TIUS">TIUS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A1169665-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1169665-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/18258/wd/Details">18258</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4300586">4300586</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000586340">wfo-0000586340</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Renealmia usneoides</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21877205" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21877205">Q21877205</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/248207">248207</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4RRWM">4RRWM</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5287800">5287800</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=310399">310399</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/284196-2">284196-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11430588">11430588</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=520002">520002</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A284196-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284196-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4300689">4300689</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000511481">wfo-0000511481</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&oldid=1258705345">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_moss&oldid=1258705345</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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