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Gulf of Mexico - Wikipedia
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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spanish exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Maritime boundary delimitation agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipwrecks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipwrecks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shipwrecks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipwrecks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_spills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Oil spills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gulf of Mexico</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_van_Meksiko" title="Golf van Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Golf van Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%AE_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%A4" title="የሜክሲኮ ባሕር ሥላጤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሜክሲኮ ባሕር ሥላጤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="خليج المكسيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خليج المكسيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A9%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A1%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%98" title="ܒܪܩܩܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܩܩܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Մեքսիքայի ծոց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքսիքայի ծոց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfu_de_M%C3%A9xicu" title="Golfu de Méxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Golfu de Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_k%C3%B6rf%C9%99zi" title="Meksika körfəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meksika körfəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مکزیک خلیجی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکزیک خلیجی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="মেক্সিকো উপসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেক্সিকো উপসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dk-se-ko_Oan" title="Be̍k-se-ko Oan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍k-se-ko Oan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Мексика ҡултығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мексика ҡултығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Мексіканскі заліў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мексіканскі заліў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэксыканская затока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэксыканская затока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексикански залив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мексикански залив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goif_vo_Mexiko" title="Goif vo Mexiko – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Goif vo Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaliv" title="Meksički zaliv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meksički zaliv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleg-mor_Mec%27hiko" title="Pleg-mor Mec'hiko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleg-mor Mec'hiko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Golf de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Golf de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Мексика кӳлмекĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мексика кӳлмекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulpo_sa_Mehiko" title="Gulpo sa Mehiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gulpo sa Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Mexický záliv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mexický záliv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_Mexico" title="Golfo de Mexico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Golfo de Mexico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlff_Mecsico" title="Gwlff Mecsico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlff Mecsico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicanske_Golf" title="Mexicanske Golf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mexicanske Golf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_von_Mexiko" title="Golf von Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Golf von Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiko_laht" title="Mehhiko laht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehhiko laht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κόλπος του Μεξικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόλπος του Μεξικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo de México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golfo de México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_Golfo" title="Meksika Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meksika Golfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_golkoa" title="Mexikoko golkoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexikoko golkoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="خلیج مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلیج مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikofl%C3%B3gvin" title="Meksikoflógvin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Meksikoflógvin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_du_Mexique" title="Golfe du Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Golfe du Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_fan_Meksiko" title="Golf fan Meksiko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Golf fan Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murascaill_Mheicsiceo" title="Murascaill Mheicsiceo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Murascaill Mheicsiceo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas_Mheagsago" title="Camas Mheagsago – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Camas Mheagsago" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo de México – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Golfo de México" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CC%8Dt-s%C3%AE-k%C3%B4-v%C3%A2n" title="Me̍t-sî-kô-vân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Me̍t-sî-kô-vân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EB%A7%8C" title="멕시코만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Մեքսիկական ծոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկական ծոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="मेक्सिको की खाड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेक्सिको की खाड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiski_zaliw" title="Mexiski zaliw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mexiski zaliw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaljev" title="Meksički zaljev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meksički zaljev" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfo_di_Mexikia" title="Gulfo di Mexikia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gulfo di Mexikia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_ti_Mehiko" title="Golpo ti Mehiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Golpo ti Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Meksiko" title="Teluk Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teluk Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_Mexico" title="Golfo de Mexico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Golfo de Mexico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Мексикæйы бакæлæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мексикæйы бакæлæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3fl%C3%B3i" title="Mexíkóflói – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mexíkóflói" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_del_Messico" title="Golfo del Messico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Golfo del Messico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מפרץ מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפרץ מקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="მექსიკის ყურე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექსიკის ყურე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuba_ya_Meksiko" title="Ghuba ya Meksiko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ghuba ya Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendava_Meks%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Kendava Meksîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kendava Meksîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83" title="Мексика булуңу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мексика булуңу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Mexicanus" title="Sinus Mexicanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sinus Mexicanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikas_l%C4%ABcis" title="Meksikas līcis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meksikas līcis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_vu_Mexiko" title="Golf vu Mexiko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Golf vu Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikos_%C4%AFlanka" title="Meksikos įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meksikos įlanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_va_Mexico" title="Golf va Mexico – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Golf va Mexico" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_Mexican" title="Golfo Mexican – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Golfo Mexican" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mexygu%27e_xamsi" title="mexygu'e xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mexygu'e xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i-%C3%B6b%C3%B6l" title="Mexikói-öböl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikói-öböl" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексикански Залив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мексикански Залив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoalan%27_i_Meksika" title="Hoalan' i Meksika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hoalan' i Meksika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="മെക്സിക്കോ ഉൾക്കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെക്സിക്കോ ഉൾക്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मेक्सिकोचे आखात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेक्सिकोचे आखात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="მექსიკაშ ჸუჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექსიკაშ ჸუჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="خليج الميكسيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خليج الميكسيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مکزیکو دریامونا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکزیکو دریامونا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Mexico" title="Teluk Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teluk Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мексикийн булан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мексикийн булан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_van_Mexico" title="Golf van Mexico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Golf van Mexico" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="मेक्सिकोको खाडी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेक्सिकोको खाडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E6%B9%BE" title="メキシコ湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メキシコ湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мексикин айма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мексикин айма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_faan_Meksiko" title="Golf faan Meksiko – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Golf faan Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicogolfen" title="Mexicogolfen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mexicogolfen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicogolfen" title="Mexicogolfen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mexicogolfen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_de_Mexic" title="Golf de Mexic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Golf de Mexic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_qo%CA%BBltig%CA%BBi" title="Meksika qoʻltigʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meksika qoʻltigʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="خلیج میکسیکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خلیج میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="د مکسيکو خليج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مکسيکو خليج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2lf_d%C3%ABl_M%C3%A9ssich" title="Gòlf dël Méssich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gòlf dël Méssich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_vun_Mexiko" title="Gulf vun Mexiko – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gulf vun Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatoka_Meksyka%C5%84ska" title="Zatoka Meksykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zatoka Meksykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo do México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Golfo do México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golful_Mexic" title="Golful Mexic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Golful Mexic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексиканский залив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мексиканский залив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfu_de_su_M%C3%A9ssicu" title="Golfu de su Méssicu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Golfu de su Méssicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjiri_i_Meksik%C3%ABs" title="Gjiri i Meksikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjiri i Meksikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfu_d%C3%BB_M%C3%A8ssicu" title="Gulfu dû Mèssicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gulfu dû Mèssicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gulf of Mexico" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميڪسيڪو جي نار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڪسيڪو جي نار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Mexický záliv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mexický záliv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehi%C5%A1ki_zaliv" title="Mehiški zaliv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehiški zaliv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کەنداوی مەکسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەنداوی مەکسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексички залив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мексички залив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaliv" title="Meksički zaliv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meksički zaliv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikonlahti" title="Meksikonlahti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksikonlahti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikanska_golfen" title="Mexikanska golfen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mexikanska golfen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_ng_Mehiko" title="Golpo ng Mehiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Golpo ng Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="மெக்சிகோ வளைகுடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெக்சிகோ வளைகுடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagu_n_Miksik" title="Abagu n Miksik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abagu n Miksik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Мексика култыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мексика култыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="อ่าวเม็กซิโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อ่าวเม็กซิโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_K%C3%B6rfezi" title="Meksika Körfezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika Körfezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексиканська затока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мексиканська затока" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="خلیج میکسیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلیج میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_del_M%C3%A8sego" title="Golfo del Mèsego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Golfo del Mèsego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bnh_M%C3%A9xico" title="Vịnh México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vịnh México" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golve_van_Mexico" title="Golve van Mexico – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Golve van Mexico" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_han_Mehiko" title="Golpo han Mehiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Golpo han Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%B9%BE" title="墨西哥湾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="墨西哥湾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="איינגאס פון מעקסיקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איינגאס פון מעקסיקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%81%A3" title="墨西哥灣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墨西哥灣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%B9%BE" title="墨西哥湾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墨西哥湾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=25_N_90_W_region:XA_type:waterbody_scale:10000000&title=Gulf+of+Mexico"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°N</span> <span class="longitude">90°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25; -90</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gulf of Mexico</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Gulf of Mexico</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg/264px-Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg/396px-Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg/528px-Gfp-texas-galveston-island-state-park-inlet-shore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gulf of Mexico coastline near Galveston, Texas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fixed_gulf_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/256px-Fixed_gulf_map.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/384px-Fixed_gulf_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/512px-Fixed_gulf_map.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> of the Gulf of Mexico</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=25_N_90_W_region:XA_type:waterbody_scale:10000000&title=Gulf+of+Mexico"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°N</span> <span class="longitude">90°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 90°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25; -90</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gulf of Mexico</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">River sources</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panuco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panuco River">Panuco River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamapa_River" title="Jamapa River">Jamapa River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_River" title="Pascagoula River">Pascagoula River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecolutla_River" title="Tecolutla River">Tecolutla River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Apalachicola river">Apalachicola river</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Primary outflows: oceans, seas, straights">Ocean/sea sources</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500 km (932.06 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,550,000 km<sup>2</sup> (600,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">1,615 metres (5,299 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-gulfbase_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulfbase-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">3,750 to 4,384 metres (12,303 to 14,383 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-gulfbase_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulfbase-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Florida" title="Southwest Florida">Southwest Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulfport,_Mississippi" title="Gulfport, Mississippi">Gulfport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_del_Carmen" title="Ciudad del Carmen">Ciudad del Carmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos" title="Coatzacoalcos">Coatzacoalcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_City,_Florida" title="Panama City, Florida">Panama City</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/220px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/330px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/440px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Galveston harbor by <a href="/wiki/Verner_Moore_White" title="Verner Moore White">Verner Moore White</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gulf of Mexico</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Golfo de México</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">ocean basin</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal sea</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly surrounded by the North American continent.<sup id="cite_ref-GNIS1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNIS1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast of the United States</a>; on the southwest and south by the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a>; and on the southeast by <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern U.S. states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, which border the gulf on the north, are often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</a>" of the United States (in addition to its Atlantic and Pacific coasts). </p><p>The Gulf of Mexico took shape approximately 300 million years ago as a result of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_basin" title="Gulf of Mexico basin">Gulf of Mexico basin</a> is roughly oval in shape and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide. Its floor consists of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a> between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Channel" title="Yucatán Channel">Yucatán Channel</a> between Mexico and Cuba. Because of its narrow connection to the Atlantic Ocean, the gulf experiences very small <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tidal ranges</a>. The size of the gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km<sup>2</sup> (620,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin consists of shallow <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> waters. The volume of water in the basin is roughly 2.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> cubic kilometers (5.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> cubic miles).<sup id="cite_ref-epa_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gulf is one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore petroleum</a> production regions in the world, making up one-sixth of the United States' total production.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>A line joining <a href="/wiki/Cape_Catoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Catoche">Cape Catoche</a> Light (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=21_37_N_87_04_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°37′N</span> <span class="longitude">87°04′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.617°N 87.067°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.617; -87.067</span></span></span></a></span></span>) with the Light on <a href="/wiki/Cape_San_Antonio,_Cuba" title="Cape San Antonio, Cuba">Cape San Antonio</a> in Cuba, through this island to the <a href="/wiki/83rd_meridian_west" title="83rd meridian west">meridian of 83°W</a> and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</a> (24°35'N), along this parallel Eastward to <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Shoal_Light" title="Rebecca Shoal Light">Rebecca Shoal</a> (82°35'W) thence through the shoals and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> to the mainland at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</a> and all the narrow waters between the <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas</a> and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/220px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/330px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/440px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Ship and oil rigs in the gulf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/220px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/330px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/440px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="1815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cantarell_Field" title="Cantarell Field">Cantarell Field</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/280px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/420px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/560px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4804" data-file-height="4381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a> in the Gulf of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The consensus among geologists<sup id="cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvador(1991)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SternOther(2010)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SternOther(2010)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that before the late <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. Before the Late Triassic, the area consisted of dry land, which included <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> that now underlies <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>, within the middle of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north-central Mexico, through the <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Uplift" title="Marathon Uplift">Marathon Uplift</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> where it linked directly to the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangaea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Embayment">Mississippi Embayment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VanArsdale(2009)_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanArsdale(2009)-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoxOther(2002)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoxOther(2002)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a> that created the basin was associated with zones of weakness within Pangaea, including <a href="/wiki/Suture_(geology)" title="Suture (geology)">sutures</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> plates collided to create it. First, there was a late Triassic–early <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> phase of rifting during which <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a> formed and filled with continental <a href="/wiki/Red_beds" title="Red beds">red beds</a>. Second, as rifting progressed through early and middle Jurassic times, the continental crust was stretched and thinned. This thinning created a broad zone of transitional crust, which displays modest and uneven thinning with <a href="/wiki/Fault_block" title="Fault block">block faulting</a> and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust, which is half the typical 40-<a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometer</a> (25 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) thickness of continental crust. It was at this time that rifting first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the opening basin to create an enclosed marginal sea. The subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of <a href="/wiki/Louann_Salt" title="Louann Salt">Louann Salt</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</a>. During the late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the basin and progressed to the point that <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> and formation of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> occurred. At this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvador(1991)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SternOther(2010)_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SternOther(2010)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buffler(1991)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffler(1991)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galloway(2008)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway(2008)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seafloor spreading stopped at the end of the Jurassic, about 145–150 million years ago. </p><p>During the late Jurassic through early Cretaceous, the basin experienced a period of cooling and <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> of the crust underlying it. The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching, cooling, and loading. Initially, the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5–7 km (3.1–4.3 mi) of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust. Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it, the basin expanded and deepened.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvador(1991)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galloway(2008)_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway(2008)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SawyerOther(1991)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SawyerOther(1991)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, loading of the crust within the basin and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> and all of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10–20 km (6.2–12.4 mi) below sea level. Particularly during the Cenozoic, a time of relative stability for the coastal zones,<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thick <a href="/wiki/Clastic_wedge" title="Clastic wedge">clastic wedges</a> built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvador(1991)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galloway(2008)_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway(2008)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SawyerOther(1991)_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SawyerOther(1991)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the east, the stable <a href="/wiki/Florida_Platform" title="Florida Platform">Florida Platform</a> was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time. The <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Platform" title="Yucatán Platform">Yucatán Platform</a> was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous. After both platforms were submerged, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonates</a> and evaporites has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas. Most of the basin was rimmed during the early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms, and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> periods in a compressive deformation episode, the <a href="/wiki/Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide Orogeny</a>, which created the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a> of eastern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-gulfbase2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulfbase2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Erik Cordes of <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> and others discovered a <a href="/wiki/Brine_pool" title="Brine pool">brine pool</a> 3,300 feet (1,000 m) below the gulf's surface, with a circumference of 100 feet (30 m) and 12 feet (3.7 m) feet deep, which is four to five times saltier than the rest of the water. The first exploration of the site was unmanned, using <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle#Science_use" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Hercules</a> and in 2015 a team of three used the <a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">deep-submergence vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin"><i>Alvin</i></a>. The site cannot sustain any kind of life other than <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_worm" title="Tube worm">tube worms</a> and certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>. It has been called the "Jacuzzi of Despair". Because it is warmer than the surrounding water (65 °F or 18 °C compared to 39 °F or 4 °C), animals are attracted to it but cannot survive once they enter it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gulf of Mexico is 41 percent <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental slope</a>, 32 percent <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, and 24 percent <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a> with the greatest depth of 12,467 feet in the <a href="/wiki/Sigsbee_Deep" title="Sigsbee Deep">Sigsbee Deep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven main areas are given as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_basin" title="Gulf of Mexico basin">Gulf of Mexico basin</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Sigsbee_Deep" title="Sigsbee Deep">Sigsbee Deep</a> and can be further divided into the continental rise, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigsbee_Abyssal_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (page does not exist)">Sigsbee Abyssal Plain</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Cone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Cone (page does not exist)">Mississippi Cone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Northeast Gulf of Mexico</a> extends from a point east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a> near <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a> to the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Florida_Continental_Shelf_and_Slope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope (page does not exist)">South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope</a> extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</a> and includes the Florida Keys and <a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_Bank" title="Campeche Bank">Campeche Bank</a> extends from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yucat%C3%A1n_Straits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yucatán Straits (page does not exist)">Yucatán Straits</a> in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=Campeche_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campeche Basin (page does not exist)">Campeche Basin</a> in the west and includes <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_Reef" title="Scorpion Reef">Arrecife Alacran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">bight</a> extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions east of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Western Gulf of Mexico</a> is located between Veracruz to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> to the north.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Northwest Gulf of Mexico</a> extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>, the Gulf of Mexico was <a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">used as a trade route</a> off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_exploration">Spanish exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Gulf of Mexico">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22">"Gulf of Mexico"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gulf+of+Mexico%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg/280px-Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg/420px-Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg/560px-Mount_%26_Page_Chart_of_the_Bay_of_Mexico_1700_UTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>Richard Mount and Thomas Page's 1700 map of the Gulf of Mexico, <i> A Chart of the Bay of Mexico</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/280px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/420px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/560px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Katrina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a>. Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 °C, they had rebounded by the time of Rita's appearance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Spanish voyage of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans, the ships in his four voyages did not reach the Gulf of Mexico. Instead, the Spanish sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first alleged European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> in 1497. Vespucci is purported to have followed the coastal land mass of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and Cuba. However, this first voyage of 1497 is widely disputed, and many historians doubt that it took place as described.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letters, Vespucci described this trip, and once <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a> returned to Spain, a <a href="/wiki/Map_of_Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Map of Juan de la Cosa">famous world map</a> was produced. </p><p>In 1506 <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, receiving a large estate of land and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> slaves for his effort. In 1510 he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, an aide of the governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. </p><p>In 1517 <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> discovered the Yucatán Peninsula. This was the first European encounter with an advanced civilization in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>. All of this encouraged two further expeditions, the first in 1518 under the command of <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a>, and the second in 1519 under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, which led to the Spanish exploration, military invasion, and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Conquest of Mexico</a>. Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work: he died in 1517, the year of his expedition, as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage, and disappointed in the knowledge that <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán. </p><p>In 1523, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure ship</a> was wrecked en route at <a href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</a>, Texas. When word of the disaster reached Mexico City, the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and sent <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a> from Mexico City, marching overland to find the treasure-laden vessels. Villafañe traveled to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_Municipality,_Veracruz" title="Pánuco Municipality, Veracruz">Pánuco</a> and hired a ship to transport him to the site, which had already been visited from that community. He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado (a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>), commander of the salvage operation, when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22, 1554. The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure. This loss, in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico, gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways. As a result, the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a> was sent and landed at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</a> on August 15, 1559. </p><p>On December 11, 1526, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> granted <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States, known as the <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a>. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each, and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast. On April 7, 1528, they spotted land north of what is now <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a>. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of. Sometime during these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast, but nothing else is known of it. </p><p>In 1697 French sailor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and to colonize <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> which the English coveted. D'Iberville's fleet sailed from <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> on October 24, 1698. On January 25, 1699, d'Iberville reached <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Island_(Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa Island (Florida)">Santa Rosa Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a> founded by the Spanish; he sailed from there to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a> and explored Massacre Island, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island,_Alabama" title="Dauphin Island, Alabama">Dauphin Island</a>. He cast anchor between <a href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Cat Island (Mississippi)">Cat Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ship_Island_(Mississippi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Island (Mississippi)">Ship Island</a>; and on February 13 he went to the mainland, <a href="/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi" title="Biloxi, Mississippi">Biloxi</a>, with his brother <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin_Knight_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin_Knight-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 1 he completed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Maurepas" title="Fort Maurepas">Fort Maurepas</a> on the northeast side of the Bay of Biloxi. On May 4 d'Iberville sailed for France leaving his teenage brother, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne</a>, as second in command to the French commandant. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg/220px-Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg/330px-Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg/440px-Wide_natural_beach_near_Sabine_Pass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Gulf beach near Sabine Pass</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippiriver-new-01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/290px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/435px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mississippiriver-new-01.png/580px-Mississippiriver-new-01.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3819" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River watershed">Mississippi River watershed</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png/330px-Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png/495px-Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png/660px-Northern_Gulf_of_Mexico_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/330px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/495px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/660px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Terrain_cartography" title="Terrain cartography">shaded relief</a> map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOBE_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOBE-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Gulf of Mexico's eastern, northern, and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The US portion of the coastline spans 1,680 miles (2,700 km), receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states and 2 Canadian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southwestern and southern shores lie along the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">Mexican states</a> of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, and the northernmost tip of Quintana Roo. The Mexican coastline spans 1,743 miles (2,805 km). On its southeast quadrant, the gulf is bordered by Cuba. It supports major American, Mexican and Cuban fishing industries. The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler, nutrient-enriched waters from the deep by a process known as <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>, which stimulates plankton growth in the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">euphotic zone</a>. This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid.<sup id="cite_ref-tshaonline_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tshaonline-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> River drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> known, originates in the gulf as a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean Current</a>–Yucatán Current–<a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a> system. Other circulation features include a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche, as well as anticyclonic <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyres</a> which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate. The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a> constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets. Stream that empty into the gulf include the Mississippi River and the Rio Grande in the northern gulf, and the <a href="/wiki/Grijalva_River" title="Grijalva River">Grijalva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta</a> rivers in the southern gulf. The land that forms the gulf's coast, including many long, narrow barrier islands, is almost uniformly low-lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach. </p><p>The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> is quite wide at most points along the coast, most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas. The shelf is exploited for its <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> by means of offshore drilling rigs, most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche. Another important commercial activity is fishing; major catches include <a href="/wiki/Northern_red_snapper" title="Northern red snapper">red snapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amberjack" title="Amberjack">amberjack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and crabs. <a href="/wiki/Oysters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oysters">Oysters</a> are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds. Other important industries along the coast include shipping, petrochemical processing and storage, military use, paper manufacture, and tourism. </p><p>The gulf's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005. In the Atlantic, a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake (warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation). However, the gulf is shallower; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1970 to 2020, surface temperatures warmed at approximately twice the rate observed for the global ocean surface.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gulf is considered <a href="/wiki/Aseismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseismic">aseismic</a>; however, mild tremors have been recorded throughout history (usually 5.0 or less on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</a>). Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 10, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center</a> reported that a <a href="/wiki/2006_Gulf_of_Mexico_earthquake" title="2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake">magnitude 6.0 earthquake</a> occurred about 250 miles (400 km) west-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria,_Florida" title="Anna Maria, Florida">Anna Maria, Florida</a>. The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida. There were no reports of damage or injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Items were knocked from shelves and <a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</a> were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake was described by the USGS as an <a href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">intraplate earthquake</a>, the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the September 11, 2006 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune" title="The Tampa Tribune">The Tampa Tribune</a></i>, earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Florida" title="Quincy, Florida">Quincy</a>, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements">Maritime boundary delimitation agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maritime boundary delimitation agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Cuba and Mexico:</b> Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas (with map), of July 26, 1976. </p><p><b>Cuba and United States:</b> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">Maritime boundary</a> agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, of December 16, 1977. </p><p><b>Mexico and United States:</b> Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary, of November 23, 1970; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean), of May 4, 1978, and treaty on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (370 km; 230 mi), of June 9, 2000. </p><p>On December 13, 2007, Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) regarding the extension of Mexico's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law, UNCLOS, and bilateral treaties with the United States, in accordance with Mexico's domestic legislation. On March 13, 2009, the CLCS accepted Mexico's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles (650 km; 400 mi) into the Western Polygon. Since this would extend Mexico's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States, however, Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipwrecks">Shipwrecks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shipwrecks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A ship now called the <i>Mardi Gras</i> sank around the early 19th century about 35 mi (56 km) off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet (1,200 m) of water. She is believed to have been a <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In 2007 an expedition led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now <a href="/wiki/BOEM" class="mw-redirect" title="BOEM">BOEM</a>) was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Museum" title="Louisiana State Museum">Louisiana State Museum</a>. As part of the project educational outreach <a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a> in partnership with BOEM, Texas A&M University, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Public_Archaeology_Network" title="Florida Public Archaeology Network">Florida Public Archaeology Network</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Veolia Environmental produced a documentary<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the project, short videos and video updates during the expedition. Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the <i>Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck</i> documentary.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 30, 1942, the <i>Robert E. Lee</i>, captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-166_(1941)" title="German submarine U-166 (1941)">German submarine <i>U-166</i></a>. She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the Mississippi River when the explosion destroyed the #3 hold, vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines, the radio compartment and the steering gear. After the attack she was under escort by USS <i>PC-566</i>, captained by Lieutenant Commander Herbert G. Claudius, en route to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. <i>PC-566</i> began dropping <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> contact, sinking <i>U-166</i>. The badly damaged <i>Robert E. Lee</i> first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack. One officer, nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost. The passengers aboard <i>Robert E. Lee</i> were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreck's location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the <i>U-166</i>. In 2001 the wreck of <i>U-166</i> was found in 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, less than two miles (3.2 km) from where it had attacked <i>Robert E. Lee</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biota">Biota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_marine_fish_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of invasive marine fish in Florida">List of invasive marine fish in the Gulf of Mexico</a></div><p>Various biota include <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthetic</a> communities near <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> and non chemosynthetic communities such as bacteria and other micro-<a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiofauna">meiofauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrofauna">macrofauna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> (larger organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>, and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_monk_seal" title="Caribbean monk seal">Caribbean monk seal</a>) are living in the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-MMS_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMS_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, resident <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</a> within the gulf were classified as an endemic, unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gulf of Mexico yields more fish, shrimp, and shellfish annually than the south and <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> areas combined.<sup id="cite_ref-epa_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill"><i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Congressional testimony, Dr. Jonathan Coddington, associate director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>, provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map. The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service (renamed the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement</a>) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil/gas explorations. Since 1979, the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/330px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/495px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/660px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_dead_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mexico dead zone">Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major environmental threats to the gulf are <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural runoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</a>. There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the gulf. These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp100707_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp100707-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> prohibited the dumping of undiluted chemical waste by manufacturing interests into the gulf, and the military confessed to similar behavior in waters off <a href="/wiki/Horn_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Horn Island (Mississippi)">Horn Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a> within semi-enclosed seas like the gulf have been reported in high concentrations, and the gulf's first such study estimated concentrations that rival the highest globally reported.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are frequent "<a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom#Red_tides" title="Algal bloom">red tide</a>" algae blooms<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast, from the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> to north of <a href="/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida" title="Pasco County, Florida">Pasco County, Florida</a>. </p><p>The gulf contains a <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</a> that runs east–west along the Texas–Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was 8,776 square miles (22,730 km<sup>2</sup>) in 2017, the largest ever recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of <a href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinization</a> and estrogen suppression were observed as a result. An October 2007 study of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_croaker" title="Atlantic croaker">Atlantic croaker</a> found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61% males to 39% females in hypoxic sites. This was compared with a 52% to 48% male-female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oil spills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Response Center">National Response Center</a>, the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1979, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixtoc I">Ixtoc I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</a> in the Bay of Campeche suffered a <a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</a> leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill" title="Ixtoc I oil spill">massive oil spill</a> that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico to date.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/220px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/330px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg/440px-Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a></i> in flames after the explosion</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 20, 2010, the <i><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</a></i> oil platform, located in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon" title="Mississippi Canyon">Mississippi Canyon</a> about 40 miles (64 km) off the Louisiana coast, <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">suffered a catastrophic explosion</a>; it sank a day and a half later.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the process of being sealed with concrete for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp100707_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp100707-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24 it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels (160 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil per day were issuing from the <a href="/wiki/Wellhead" title="Wellhead">wellhead</a>, about 1-mile (1.6 km) below the surface on the ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels (790 m<sup>3</sup>) per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the gulf from the wellhead.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil slick</a> quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to marine life and adjacent <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">coastal wetlands</a> and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coast Guard Rear Admiral Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be "employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns" to combat the oil spill. </p><p>By May 1 the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway but hampered by rough seas and the "tea like" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27 the <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day (790 m<sup>3</sup>/d) to 12,000–19,000 barrels per day (3,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase from earlier estimates. On July 15 BP announced that the leak had stopped for the first time in 88 days. In July BP reached an $18.7bn settlement with the U.S. government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54bn.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell's</a> <i>Brutus</i> oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible 2 by 13 miles (3.2 by 20.9 km) oil slick in the sea about 97 miles (156 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Port_Fourchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fourchon">Port Fourchon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Chow_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chow-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_(estuary)" title="Charlotte Harbor (estuary)">Charlotte Harbor (estuary)</a>, an estuary in Florida</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Canyon" title="Green Canyon">Green Canyon</a>, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_Foundation" title="Gulf of Mexico Foundation">Gulf of Mexico Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-Americas_Sea" title="Intra-Americas Sea">Intra-Americas Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_2" title="Jack 2">Jack 2</a> (a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keathley_Canyon" title="Keathley Canyon">Keathley Canyon</a>, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheloid_layer" title="Nepheloid layer">Nepheloid layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca_Basin" title="Orca Basin">Orca Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigsbee_Escarpment" title="Sigsbee Escarpment">Sigsbee Escarpment</a>, a US Gulf of Mexico petroleum exploration area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_Mound" title="Tunica Mound">Tunica Mound</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gulfbase-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gulfbase_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gulfbase_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091210103009/http://www.gulfbase.org/facts.php">"General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico"</a>. <i>GulfBase.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GulfBase.org&rft.atitle=General+Facts+about+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulfbase.org%2Ffacts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm">"Gulf of Mexico – a sea in Atlantic Ocean"</a>. <i>www.deepseawaters.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031003758/http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deepseawaters.com&rft.atitle=Gulf+of+Mexico+%E2%80%93+a+sea+in+Atlantic+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepseawaters.com%2FGulf_of_Mexico.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNIS1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNIS1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231190019/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=GNISPQ:3:::NO::P3_FID:558730">"Gulf of Mexico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>. January 1, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:558730">the original</a> on December 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A558730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry (2012) <i>Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin.</i> Geosphere. 8(1):GES00725.1, first published on March 6, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00725.1">10.1130/GES00725.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003033047/http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/about/facts.html">"General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico"</a>. epa.gov. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Facts+about+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.pub=epa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fgmpo%2Fabout%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/special/gulf_of_mexico/">"Gulf of Mexico Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>U.S. Energy Information Administration</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218132051/https://www.eia.gov/special/gulf_of_mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvador(1991)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvador(1991)_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvador, A. (1991) <i>Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin</i>, in A. Salvador, ed., p. 389–444, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SternOther(2010)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SternOther(2010)_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SternOther(2010)_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, R.J., and W.R. Dickinson (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geosphere.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/6/739"><i>The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222172931/http://geosphere.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/6/739">Archived</a> February 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Geosphere. 6(6):739–754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanArsdale(2009)-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanArsdale(2009)_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Arsdale, R. B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcoWatch&rft.atitle=Shell+Oil+Spill+Dumps+Nearly+90%2C000+Gallons+of+Crude+into+Gulf&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecowatch.com%2F2016%2F05%2F13%2Fshell-oil-spill-gulf-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/04/23/burning_oil_rig_sinks_setting_stage_for_spill_11_still_missing">"Burning oil rig sinks, setting stage for spill; 11 still missing"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052441/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/04/23/burning_oil_rig_sinks_setting_stage_for_spill_11_still_missing/">Archived</a> September 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr (<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, April 23, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/25/well_from_sunken_rig_leaking_oil">"Well from sunken rig leaking oil"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173529/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/25/well_from_sunken_rig_leaking_oil/">Archived</a> June 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Cain Burdeau (<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, April 25, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonKaufman2010" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, Campbell; Kaufman, Leslie (April 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/us/29spill.html">"Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208225516/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/us/29spill.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Size+of+Spill+in+Gulf+of+Mexico+Is+Larger+Than+Thought&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F29%2Fus%2F29spill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/27/race_to_plug_leaking_oil_well_off_la_spurs_new_tactics">"Race to plug leaking oil well off La. spurs new tactics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173412/http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/27/race_to_plug_leaking_oil_well_off_la_spurs_new_tactics/">Archived</a> June 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Cain Burdeau (<a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, April 27, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100527-energy-nation-gulf-oil-spill-top-kill-obama/">"Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History; Drilling Postponed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129153030/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100527-energy-nation-gulf-oil-spill-top-kill-obama/">Archived</a> January 29, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Marianne Lavelle, <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a></i>, May 27, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_Crooks2015" class="citation news cs1">Ed Crooks, Christopher Adams (July 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a71ce8c-24b9-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca.html">"BP: Into uncharted waters"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914042407/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a71ce8c-24b9-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=BP%3A+Into+uncharted+waters&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Ed+Crooks&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F0a71ce8c-24b9-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufson" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/13/shells-brutus-production-platform-spills-oil-into-gulf-of-mexico/">"Shell's Brutus production platform spills oil into Gulf of Mexico"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127231900/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/13/shells-brutus-production-platform-spills-oil-into-gulf-of-mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Shell%27s+Brutus+production+platform+spills+oil+into+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.aulast=Mufson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fenergy-environment%2Fwp%2F2016%2F05%2F13%2Fshells-brutus-production-platform-spills-oil-into-gulf-of-mexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" class="extiw" title="commons:Gulf of Mexico"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gulf of Mexico</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfbase.org/">Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603122307/http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/">Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipwreckworld.com/articles/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-hd-documentary">Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mexico, Gulf of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mexico,_Gulf_of">"Mexico, Gulf of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico%2C+Gulf+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=348&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mexico, Gulf of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Mexico,_Gulf_of">"Mexico, Gulf of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico%2C+Gulf+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45168">Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/">The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</a>, 1778, in which Kitchin discusses, in chapter 1, why the Gulf should have been called the "West Indian Sea".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/tags/127868273/bp-oil-spill">BP Oil Spill</a>, NPR</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marginal seas of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottles_Bay" title="Pottles Bay">Pottles Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces<br />and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services<br />companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Waters_of_Texas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waters_of_Texas" title="Template:Waters of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waters_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Waters of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waters_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waters of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Texas&#124;link=Texas_Waters_of_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/24px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/36px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Waters of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays and estuaries<br /><small>of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazan_Bay" title="Alazan Bay">Alazan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aransas_Bay" title="Aransas Bay">Aransas Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay_(Texas)" title="Baffin Bay (Texas)">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carancahua_Bay" title="Carancahua Bay">Carancahua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Bay_(Texas)" title="Christmas Bay (Texas)">Christmas Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copano_Bay" title="Copano Bay">Copano Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Bay" title="Corpus Christi Bay">Corpus Christi Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Bay_(Texas)" title="Dickinson Bay (Texas)">Dickinson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(Texas)" title="East Bay (Texas)">East Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Matagorda_Bay" title="East Matagorda Bay">East Matagorda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_Bay" title="Espiritu Santo Bay">Espiritu Santo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Bay" title="Guadalupe Bay">Guadalupe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Madre_(United_States)" title="Laguna Madre (United States)">Laguna Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavaca_Bay" title="Lavaca Bay">Lavaca Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueces_Bay" title="Nueces Bay">Nueces Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oso_Bay" title="Oso Bay">Oso Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfish_Bay" title="Redfish Bay">Redfish Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Lake" title="Sabine Lake">Sabine Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Bay" title="San Antonio Bay">San Antonio Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Texas)" title="South Bay (Texas)">South Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Bay" title="St. Charles Bay">St. Charles Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tres_Palacios_Bay" title="Tres Palacios Bay">Tres Palacios Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Bay_(Texas)" title="Trinity Bay (Texas)">Trinity Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bay_(Texas)" title="West Bay (Texas)">West Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels and canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia_Madre_de_Valero_(San_Antonio)" title="Acequia Madre de Valero (San Antonio)">Acequia Madre de Valero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Canal" title="American Canal">American Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aransas_Pass" title="Aransas Pass">Aransas Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivar_Roads_(Texas)" title="Bolivar Roads (Texas)">Bolivar Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_Santiago_Pass_(Texas)" title="Brazos Santiago Pass (Texas)">Brazos Santiago Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Bayou" title="Cedar Bayou">Cedar Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Canal_(Texas)" title="Franklin Canal (Texas)">Franklin Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf Intracoastal Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Ship_Channel" title="Matagorda Ship Channel">Matagorda Ship Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_Cavallo_(Texas)" title="Pass Cavallo (Texas)">Pass Cavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Mansfield_Channel" title="Port Mansfield Channel">Port Mansfield Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Canal_(El_Paso)" title="Riverside Canal (El Paso)">Riverside Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Pass" title="Sabine Pass">Sabine Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine%E2%80%93Neches_Waterway" title="Sabine–Neches Waterway">Sabine–Neches Waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Pass_(Galveston_Island)" title="San Luis Pass (Galveston Island)">San Luis Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Texas" title="List of lakes of Texas">Lakes and reservoirs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amistad_Reservoir" title="Amistad Reservoir">Amistad Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Lake" title="Caddo Lake">Caddo Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Lake_(Texas)" title="Canyon Lake (Texas)">Canyon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Creek_Reservoir_(Texas)" title="Cedar Creek Reservoir (Texas)">Cedar Creek Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_Canyon_Reservoir" title="Choke Canyon Reservoir">Choke Canyon Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_International_Reservoir" title="Falcon International Reservoir">Falcon International Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inks_Lake" title="Inks Lake">Inks Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake" title="Lady Bird Lake">Lady Bird Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavon_Lake" title="Lavon Lake">Lavon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Austin" title="Lake Austin">Lake Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Bardwell" title="Lake Bardwell">Lake Bardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Buchanan_(Texas)" title="Lake Buchanan (Texas)">Lake Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Conroe" title="Lake Conroe">Lake Conroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Corpus_Christi" title="Lake Corpus Christi">Lake Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ray_Hubbard" title="Lake Ray Hubbard">Lake Ray Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ray_Roberts" title="Lake Ray Roberts">Lake Ray Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_LBJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake LBJ">Lake LBJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Livingston" title="Lake Livingston">Lake Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Marble_Falls" title="Lake Marble Falls">Lake Marble Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Meredith" title="Lake Meredith">Lake Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tawakoni" title="Lake Tawakoni">Lake Tawakoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Texoma" title="Lake Texoma">Lake Texoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Travis" title="Lake Travis">Lake Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisville_Lake" title="Lewisville Lake">Lewisville Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland-Chambers_Reservoir" title="Richland-Chambers Reservoir">Richland-Chambers Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir" title="Sam Rayburn Reservoir">Sam Rayburn Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_Bend_Reservoir" title="Toledo Bend Reservoir">Toledo Bend Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Texas" title="List of rivers of Texas">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_River" title="Angelina River">Angelina River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanco_River_(Texas)" title="Blanco River (Texas)">Blanco River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_River" title="Bosque River">Bosque River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou" title="Buffalo Bayou">Buffalo Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concho_River" title="Concho River">Concho River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">Canadian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(Texas)" title="Guadalupe River (Texas)">Guadalupe River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_(Texas)" title="James River (Texas)">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampasas_River" title="Lampasas River">Lampasas River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavaca_River" title="Lavaca River">Lavaca River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_River" title="Leon River">Leon River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_(Texas)" title="Little River (Texas)">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llano_River" title="Llano River">Llano River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navidad_River" title="Navidad River">Navidad River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neches_River" title="Neches River">Neches River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_River" title="Nolan River">Nolan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frio_River" title="Frio River">Frio River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluxy_River" title="Paluxy River">Paluxy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pease_River" title="Pease River">Pease River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedernales_River" title="Pedernales River">Pedernales River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Dog_Town_Fork_Red_River" title="Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River">Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devils_River_(Texas)" title="Devils River (Texas)">Devils River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_River" title="San Antonio River">San Antonio River</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medina_River" title="Medina River">Medina River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernard_River" title="San Bernard River">San Bernard River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_(Texas)" title="San Gabriel River (Texas)">San Gabriel River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_River_(Texas)" title="San Jacinto River (Texas)">San Jacinto River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_River" title="San Marcos River">San Marcos River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba_River" title="San Saba River">San Saba River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur_River" title="Sulphur River">Sulphur River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_River" title="Wichita River">Wichita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_(Texas)" title="White River (Texas)">White River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wetlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Bayou" title="Big Cypress Bayou">Big Cypress Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_Bayou" title="Cow Bayou">Cow Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottine_wetlands" title="Ottine wetlands">Ottine wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rincon_Bayou" title="Rincon Bayou">Rincon Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mexický záliv"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138166&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prql0w31prxl1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531469405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050578758">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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