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Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nominatief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemniendlic_c%C4%81sus" title="Nemniendlic cāsus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nemniendlic cāsus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9_(%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88)" title="رفع (نحو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفع (نحو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ուղղական հոլով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուղղական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adl%C4%B1q_hal" title="Adlıq hal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adlıq hal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="কর্তৃকারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্তৃকারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Назоўны склон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Назоўны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Назоўны склон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Назоўны склон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Именителен падеж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Именителен падеж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_nominativel" title="Troad nominativel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad nominativel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_nominatiu" title="Cas nominatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas nominatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflwr_goddrychol" title="Cyflwr goddrychol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflwr goddrychol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatiiva" title="Nominatiiva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nominatiiva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatiw" title="Nominatiw – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nominatiw" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimetav_k%C3%A4%C3%A4ne" title="Nimetav kääne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nimetav kääne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ονομαστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ονομαστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso nominativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativo" title="Nominativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nominativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativu" title="Nominativu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nominativu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatibo" title="Nominatibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nominatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="حالت فاعلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت فاعلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatif" title="Nominatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nominatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatyf" title="Nominatyf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nominatyf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuiseal_ainmneach" title="Tuiseal ainmneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuiseal ainmneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tuiseal_ainmneach" title="An tuiseal ainmneach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An tuiseal ainmneach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativo" title="Nominativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nominativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B2%A9" title="주격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ուղղական հոլով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղղական հոլով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatiw" title="Nominatiw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nominatiw" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativo" title="Nominativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nominativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativus" title="Nominativus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nominativus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefnifall" title="Nefnifall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nefnifall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativo" title="Nominativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nominativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_nominatif" title="Kasus nominatif – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kasus nominatif" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სახელობითი ბრუნვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელობითი ბრუნვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C3%A9w%C3%B4cz" title="Nazéwôcz – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nazéwôcz" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativus" title="Nominativus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nominativus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominat%C4%ABvs" title="Nominatīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nominatīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vardininkas" title="Vardininkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vardininkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nominatief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanyeset" title="Alanyeset – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alanyeset" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Номинатив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Номинатив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasus_nominatif" title="Kasus nominatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kasus nominatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nominatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatief" title="Nominatief – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nominatief" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="主格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="ЦӀерниг дожар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀерниг дожар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noominatiif" title="Noominatiif – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Noominatiif" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Caso nominativo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianownik_(przypadek)" title="Mianownik (przypadek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mianownik (przypadek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_nominativo" title="Caso nominativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso nominativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazul_nominativ" title="Cazul nominativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cazul nominativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Именительный падеж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Именительный падеж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasa_em%C3%ABrore" title="Rasa emërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rasa emërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nominative case" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominat%C3%ADv" title="Nominatív – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nominatív" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imenovalnik" title="Imenovalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Imenovalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Номинатив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Номинатив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominatiivi" title="Nominatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nominatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativ" title="Nominativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nominativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="எழுவாய் வேற்றுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுவாய் வேற்றுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81" title="กรรตุการก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรรตุการก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Адаарының падежи – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Адаарының падежи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Називний відмінок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Називний відмінок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominativo" title="Nominativo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nominativo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimek%C3%A4%C3%A4n%C3%BCs" title="Nimekäänüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nimekäänüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="主格" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主格" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical case</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">Grammatical features</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to nouns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dative_construction" title="Dative construction">Dative construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_shift" title="Dative shift">Dative shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">Quirky subject</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">Construct state</a></li> <li>Countability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Count noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective noun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_construction" title="Genitive construction">Genitive construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixaufnahme" title="Suffixaufnahme">Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">Noun class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Singular</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative-Collective-Plurative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">Specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_grinder" title="Universal grinder">Universal grinder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related to verbs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_motion" title="Associated motion">Associated motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Clusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semantics)" title="Modality (semantics)">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telicity" title="Telicity">Telicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundedness_(linguistics)" title="Boundedness (linguistics)">Boundedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparison (degree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egophoricity" title="Egophoricity">Egophoricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">Pluractionality</a> (verbal number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">Honorifics (politeness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_construction" title="Reciprocal construction">Reciprocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive verb</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syntax relationships</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb construction</a></li> <li>Traditional grammar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Semantics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(linguistics)" title="Contrast (linguistics)">Contrast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirativity" title="Mirativity">Mirativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">Thematic relation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">Patient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_and_comment" title="Topic and comment">Topic and Comment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">Focus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veridicality" title="Veridicality">Veridicality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content vlist" style="padding:.3em; text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phenomena</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">Polypersonal agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_category" title="Empty category">Empty category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">Incorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">Markedness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_categories" title="Template talk:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>nominative case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><b>NOM</b></span></span>), <b>subjective case</b>, <b>straight case,</b> or <b>upright case</b> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or other part of speech, which generally marks the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a <a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">predicative nominal or adjective</a>, as opposed to its <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">verb arguments</a>. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>nominative</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>cāsus nominātīvus</i> "case for naming",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was translated from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> ὀνομαστικὴ πτῶσις, <i>onomastikḗ ptôsis</i> "inflection for naming",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>onomázō</i> "call by name",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i>ónoma</i> "name".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a> in his <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Grammar" title="The Art of Grammar">The Art of Grammar</a> refers to it as <i>orthḗ</i> or <i>eutheîa</i> "straight",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> or "bent" cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nominative_case" title="Special:EditPage/Nominative case">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The reference form (more technically, the <i>least <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a></i>) of certain parts of speech is normally in the nominative case, but that is often not a complete specification of the reference form, as the number and the gender may need to be specified. Thus, the reference or least marked form of an adjective might be the nominative masculine singular. </p><p>The parts of speech that are often <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declined</a> and therefore may have a nominative case are nouns, adjectives, pronouns and (less frequently) numerals and participles. The nominative case often indicates the subject of a verb but sometimes does not indicate any particular relationship with the other parts of a sentence. In some languages, the nominative case is unmarked, and it may then be said to be marked by a <a href="/wiki/Null_morpheme" title="Null morpheme">null morpheme</a>. Moreover, in most languages with a nominative case, the nominative form is the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a>; that is, it is the reference form used to cite a word, to list it as a dictionary entry etc. </p><p>Nominative cases are found in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>, among other languages. English still retains some nominative <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, which are contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Disjunctive case">disjunctive</a> in some other languages): <i>I</i> (having the accusative <i>me</i>), <i>we</i> (having the accusative <i>us</i>), <i>he</i> (having the accusative <i>him</i>), <i>she</i> (having the accusative <i>her</i>), <i>they</i> (having the accusative <i>them</i>) and <i>who</i> (having the accusative <i>whom</i>). A usage that is <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">archaic</a> in most current English dialects is the singular second-person pronoun <i><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a></i> (accusative <i>thee</i>). A special case is the word <i>you</i>: originally, <i>ye</i> was its nominative form and <i>you</i> the accusative, but over time, <i>you</i> has come to be used for the nominative as well. </p><p>The term "nominative case" is most properly used in the discussion of <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative–accusative language">nominative–accusative languages</a>, such as Latin, Greek and most modern Western European languages. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Active%E2%80%93stative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Active–stative language">active–stative languages</a>, there is a case, sometimes called nominative, that is the <i>most</i> marked case and is used for the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> or a voluntary subject of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> but not for an involuntary subject of an intransitive verb. Since such languages are a relatively new field of study, there is no standard name for this case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjective_case">Subjective case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subjective case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is now often described as having a <b>subjective case</b>, instead of a nominative, to draw attention to the differences between the "standard" generic nominative and the way that it is used in English.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>objective case</b> is then used for the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique case</a>, which covers the roles of accusative, dative and objects of a preposition. The <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> is then usually called the <i>possessive</i> form, rather than a noun case <i>per se</i>. English is then said to have two cases: the subjective and the objective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subject">Subject</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subject"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nominative case marks the subject of a verb. When the verb is active, the nominative is the person or thing doing the action (<a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a>); when the verb is passive, the nominative is the person or thing receiving the action. </p> <ul><li><b>The boy</b> saw her.</li> <li><b>She</b> was seen by the boy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predicate_noun_or_adjective">Predicate noun or adjective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Predicate noun or adjective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular sentences</a>, the nominative is used for both subject and predicate. </p> <ul><li><b>Socrates</b> was <b>a wise man</b>.</li> <li><b>Socrates</b> was <b>wise</b>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominative_case&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=nominativus">nominativus</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o)nomastiko/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀνομαστικός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o)noma/zw"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀνομάζω</span></span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o/noma"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄνομα</span></span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius Thrax. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThrax/dio_tech.html">τέχνη γραμματική</a> (Art of Grammar), section ιβ´ (#12): περὶ ὀνόματος (On the noun). Bibliotheca Augustana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630085208/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personal-pronoun#personal-pronoun__5">"Personal pronoun"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personal-pronoun#personal-pronoun__5">the original</a> on June 30, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Personal+pronoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpersonal-pronoun%23personal-pronoun__5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANominative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/nouncase/">"Grammar Handbook « Writers Workshop: Writer Resources « The Center for Writing Studies, Illinois"</a>. <i>www.cws.illinois.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cws.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=Grammar+Handbook+%C2%AB+Writers+Workshop%3A+Writer+Resources+%C2%AB+The+Center+for+Writing+Studies%2C+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cws.illinois.edu%2Fworkshop%2Fwriters%2Fnouncase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANominative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShrives" class="citation web cs1">Shrives, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/subjective_case.htm">"What Is the Subjective Case? (grammar lesson)"</a>. <i>www.grammar-monster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grammar-monster.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Subjective+Case%3F+%28grammar+lesson%29&rft.aulast=Shrives&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammar-monster.com%2Fglossary%2Fsubjective_case.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANominative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090127/http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/subcaseterm.htm">"What Is the Subjective (or Nominative) Case?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/subcaseterm.htm">the original</a> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Subjective+%28or+Nominative%29+Case%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrammar.about.com%2Fod%2Fmo%2Fg%2Fsubcaseterm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANominative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/nouns/objectiv.htm">"Subjective and Objective Case @ The Internet Grammar of English"</a>. <i>www.ucl.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Subjective+and+Objective+Case+%40+The+Internet+Grammar+of+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Finternet-grammar%2Fnouns%2Fobjectiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANominative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_declension" title="Slovak 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