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id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Asia and Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Historical documentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_affinities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_affinities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Linguistic affinities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_affinities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_presence_and_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_presence_and_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Historical presence and location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_presence_and_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_substratum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Indo-European_substratum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pre-Indo-European substratum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Indo-European_substratum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literary tradition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary tradition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_undisputed_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_undisputed_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Earliest undisputed texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_undisputed_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_earlier_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_earlier_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Disputed earlier texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_earlier_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Indo-European features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indo-European_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Indo-European features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Indo-European vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PIE_phonological_correspondences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PIE_phonological_correspondences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 PIE phonological correspondences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PIE_phonological_correspondences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Standard Albanian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standard_Albanian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Standard Albanian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Standard_Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elbasan-based_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elbasan-based_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Elbasan-based standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elbasan-based_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tosk_standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tosk_standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Tosk standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tosk_standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Calls for reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Schwa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Word order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Negation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Numerals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Numerals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vigesimal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigesimal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Vigesimal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigesimal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Lexicon </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Lexicon subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognates_with_Illyrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognates_with_Illyrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Cognates with Illyrian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognates_with_Illyrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_linguistic_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_linguistic_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Early linguistic influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_linguistic_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Greek_loans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Greek_loans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Early Greek loans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Greek_loans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.2 Latin influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.3 Slavic influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.4 Turkish influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.4.1 Gothic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns_in_loaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_in_loaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.5 Patterns in loaning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns_in_loaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Albanian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" > 155 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Албаныбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Албаныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Албаныбзэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Албаныбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanees" title="Albanees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albanees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanische_Sprache" title="Albanische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Albanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="አልባንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልባንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बेनियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अल्बेनियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Albanisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Albanisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%AD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Арнауҭ бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арнауҭ бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الألبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الألبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alban%C3%A9s" title="Idioma albanés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma albanés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_arbini%C8%99easc%C3%A2" title="Limba arbinișeascâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Limba arbinișeascâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%AAs" title="Albanês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Albanês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alban%C3%A9s" title="Idioma albanés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma albanés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_dili" title="Alban dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alban dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Albania" title="Basa Albania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Albania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আলবেনীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলবেনীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania-g%C3%AD" title="Albania-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Albania-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Албан теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албан теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Албанская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Албанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Альбанская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альбанская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Албански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Албански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanski_jezik" title="Albanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneg" title="Albaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Albaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%A8s" title="Albanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Албан чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Албан чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Albanes" title="Pinulongang Albanes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Albanes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Albánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_albanese" title="Lingua albanese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua albanese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneg" title="Albaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansk_(sprog)" title="Albansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1niagiella" title="Albániagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Albániagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanische_Sprache" title="Albanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Albanšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Albanšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania_keel" title="Albaania keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaania keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αλβανική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλβανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Албанонь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Албанонь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alban%C3%A9s" title="Idioma albanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma albanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albana_lingvo" title="Albana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniera" title="Albaniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان آلبانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلبانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_bhasa" title="Albanian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Albanian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Albanskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Albanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanais" title="Albanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Alb%C3%A1inis" title="An Albáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Albáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaanish" title="Albaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Albaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_dili" title="Alban dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Alban dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A0inis" title="Albàinis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Albàinis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_albanesa" title="Lingua albanesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua albanesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania-ng%C3%AE" title="Albania-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Albania-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="알바니아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알바니아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ալբաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बानियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्बानियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Albanšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Albanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanski_jezik" title="Albanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniana_linguo" title="Albaniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Albaniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Albanes" title="Pagsasao nga Albanes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Albanes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Albania" title="Bahasa Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_albanese" title="Lingua albanese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua albanese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Албайнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Албайнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska" title="Albanska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Albanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_albanese" title="Lingua albanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua albanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלבנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלבנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Albania" title="Basa Albania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Albania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆಲ್ಬೇನಿಯಾ ಭಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಬೇನಿಯಾ ಭಾಷೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ალბანური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბანური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Албан тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Албан тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaynek" title="Albaynek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Albaynek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icyalubaniya" title="Icyalubaniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Icyalubaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kialbania" title="Kialbania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kialbania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Штип кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Штип кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_alban%C3%AE" title="Zimanê albanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê albanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Албан тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Албан тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Albanica" title="Lingua Albanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Albanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Albāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Albāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanesch" title="Albanesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Albanesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C5%B3_kalba" title="Albanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanees" title="Albanees – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Albanees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcip_(lingua)" title="Xcip (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Xcip (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngua_alban%C3%A9za" title="Lèngua albanéza – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lèngua albanéza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Albán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Албански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Албански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_albaney" title="Fiteny albaney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny albaney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="അൽബേനിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽബേനിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आल्बेनियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्बेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ალბანური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბანური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه البانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه البانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آلبانیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلبانیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Albania" title="Bahasa Albania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Албанонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Албанонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Албани хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Албани хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanees" title="Albanees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albanees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बेनियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्बेनियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="アルバニア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Албанойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Албанойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaansk_spriak" title="Albaansk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Albaansk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbanyan" title="Elbanyan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Elbanyan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansk" title="Albansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albansk" title="Albansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Albansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C3%A9s" title="Albanés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Albanés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_tili" title="Alban tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alban tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="البانوی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="البانوی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanes" title="Albanes – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Albanes" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="البانيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البانيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Штиптар кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Штиптар кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples_long_Albenia" title="Tokples long Albenia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples long Albenia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaansche_Spraak" title="Albaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Albaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_alba%C5%84ski" title="Język albański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język albański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_albanesa" title="Língua albanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua albanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_tili" title="Alban tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alban tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavut_tili" title="Arnavut tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arnavut tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_albanez%C4%83" title="Limba albaneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba albaneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanya_simi" title="Albanya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Albanya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Албаньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Албаньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Албанский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Албанский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Kosovo" title="Gagana Kosovo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱞᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱵᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_albanesa" title="Limba albanesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba albanesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albainien_leid" title="Albainien leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Albainien leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_shqipe" title="Gjuha shqipe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha shqipe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_arbanisa" title="Lingua arbanisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua arbanisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albanian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n%C4%8Dina" title="Albánčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albánčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Albanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Albanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Albańskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Albańskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئالبانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئالبانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Албански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Албански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanski_jezik" title="Albanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_kieli" title="Albanian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albanian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanska" title="Albanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Albanes" title="Wikang Albanes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Albanes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="அல்பானிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்பானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Албан теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Албан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇပႃးၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇဢႃႇပႃးၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาแอลเบเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาแอลเบเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони албанӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони албанӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavut%C3%A7a" title="Arnavutça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Албанська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Албанська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البانوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البانوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئالبان تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالبان تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanijan_kel%27" title="Albanijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Albanijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Albania" title="Tiếng Albania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Albania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaania_kiil" title="Albaania kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Albaania kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="阿爾巴尼亞語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inalbanes" title="Inalbanes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inalbanes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="阿尔巴尼亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔巴尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Alb%C3%A1n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Èdè Albáníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Albáníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="阿爾巴尼亞話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnawudki" title="Arnawudki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Arnawudki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanu_kalba" title="Albanu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Albanu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="阿尔巴尼亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔巴尼亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Albania" title="Bahasa Albania – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Albania" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani_zyvon" title="Albani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Albani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8748#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arbënisht" and "Arbërisht" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABrisht_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arbërisht (disambiguation)">Arbërisht (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Albanian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Shqip Arbërisht</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ʃcip]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Sq-shqip.oga\/Sq-shqip.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sq-shqip.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sq-shqip.oga/Sq-shqip.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sq-shqip.oga" title="File:Sq-shqip.oga">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[aɾbəˈɾiʃt]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">7.5 million (2017)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-KlBrFr1800-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Albanian</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="flatlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr> · <a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_dialect" title="Upper Reka dialect">Upper Reka</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian#Malsia_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Malsia e Madhe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (co-official)</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (co-official)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-Franceschini533534-4">[4]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-Franceschini546-6">[6]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Academy of Sciences of Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo">Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sq">sq</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=14">alb</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=14">sqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sqi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sqi">sqi</a></code> – inclusive code Individual codes: <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aae" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aae">aae</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aat">aat</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aln" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aln">aln</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/als" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:als">als</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alba1267">alba1267</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=55-AAA-aaa">to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties) 55-AAA-aaa to 55-AAA-ahe (25 varieties)</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_language_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/320px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/480px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/640px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="931" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">dialects</a> of the Albanian language in Southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Tosk_Albanian-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Albanian (<a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a>: shqip <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ʃcip]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Sq-shqip.oga\/Sq-shqip.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sq-shqip.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Sq-shqip.oga/Sq-shqip.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Sq-shqip.oga" title="File:Sq-shqip.oga">ⓘ</a>, gjuha shqipe <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ]</a>, or arbërisht <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[aɾbəˈɾiʃt]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language and the only surviving representative of the <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid branch</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> It is the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian people</a>. Standard Albanian is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and a co-official language in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, as well as a recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. It is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a>, which is generally concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KlBrFr1800-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Albanian is estimated to have as many as 7.5 million native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-KlBrFr1800-2">[2]</a> Albanian and other <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> had their formative core in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-13">[12]</a> Albanian in antiquity is often thought to have been an <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian language</a> for obvious geographic and historical reasons,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199711-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> or otherwise an unmentioned Balkan Indo-European language that was closely related to Illyrian and <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20181790-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138-23">[22]</a> The Indo-European subfamily that gave rise to Albanian is called <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> in reference to a specific ethnolinguistically pertinent and historically compact language group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-24">[23]</a> Whether descendants or sisters of what was called '<a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>' by classical sources, Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a>, on the basis of shared features and innovations, are grouped together in a common branch in the current phylogenetic classification of the Indo-European language family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138-23">[22]</a> The first written mention of Albanian was in 1284 in a witness testimony from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>, while a letter written by Dominican Friar Gulielmus Adea in 1332 mentions the Albanians using the Latin alphabet in their writings. The oldest surviving attestation of modern Albanian is from 1462.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939-26">[25]</a> The two main <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Albanian dialect groups</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a>, are primarily distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> differences and are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> in their standard varieties,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> with Gheg spoken to the north and Tosk spoken to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Shkumbin river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Their characteristics<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> in the treatment of both native words and loanwords provide evidence that the split into the northern and the southern dialects occurred after <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the region (4th century AD),<a href="#cite_note-Adams1997-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortson2010–448-33">[32]</a> and most likely not later than the 6th century AD,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017559-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> hence possibly occupying roughly their present area divided by the Shkumbin river since the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period, straddling the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Centuries-old communities speaking Albanian dialects can be found scattered in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> and some communities in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian-speakers_of_Western_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Euromosaic-39">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a>)<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians of Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian#Malsia_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Malsia e Madhe Gheg Albanian</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> and two varieties of the Tosk dialect, <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> in southern Italy, have preserved archaic elements of the language.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Albanians">Ethnic Albanians</a> constitute a large <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, with many having long assimilated in different cultures and communities. Consequently, Albanian-speakers do not correspond to the total ethnic Albanian population, as many ethnic Albanians may identify as Albanian but are unable to speak the language.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Albanian">Standard Albanian</a> is a standardised form of spoken Albanian based on <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png/220px-Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png/330px-Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png/440px-Recognized_Albanian_Language_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries where Albanian holds official status: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Official language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Recognised minority language</div></figcaption></figure> The language is spoken by approximately 6 million people in the Balkans, primarily in Albania, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552-1">[1]</a> However, due to old communities in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the large <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a>, the worldwide total of speakers is much higher than in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and numbers approximately 7.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-KlBrFr1800-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> The Albanian language is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and a co-official language in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Albanian is a recognised minority language in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. Albanian is also spoken by a <a href="/wiki/Albanian_communities_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian communities in Greece">minority in Greece</a>, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a> regional units and in a few villages in <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_(regional_unit)" title="Ioannina (regional unit)">Ioannina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florina_(regional_unit)" title="Florina (regional unit)">Florina</a> regional units in Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Euromosaic-39">[38]</a> It is also spoken by 450,000 Albanian immigrants in Greece, making it one of the commonly spoken languages in the country after Greek. Albanian is the third most common mother tongue among foreign residents in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> This is due to a substantial Albanian immigration to Italy. Italy has a historical Albanian minority of about 500,000, scattered across southern Italy, known as <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a>. Approximately 1 million Albanians from Kosovo are dispersed throughout <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. These are mainly immigrants from Kosovo who migrated during the 1990s. In <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the Albanian language is the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland#Other_languages" title="Languages of Switzerland">sixth most spoken language</a> with 176,293 native speakers. Albanian became an official language in North Macedonia on 15 January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> There are large numbers of Albanian speakers in the United States, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Canada</a>. Some of the first ethnic Albanians to arrive in the United States were the Arbëreshë. The Arbëreshë have a strong sense of identity and are unique in that they speak an archaic dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> called <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a>. In the United States and Canada, there are approximately 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a> speakers. It is primarily spoken on the East Coast of the United States, in cities like New York City, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, as well as in parts of the states of New Jersey, Ohio, and Connecticut.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Argentina, there are nearly <a href="/wiki/Argentina#Languages" title="Argentina">40,000 Albanian speakers</a>, mostly in Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Africa">Asia and Africa</h3></div> Approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, with more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Albania" title="Culture of Albania">culture</a>. There are other estimates, however, that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million. However, the vast majority of this population is <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">assimilated</a> and no longer possesses fluency in the Albanian language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> to this day. <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> also lays claim to about 18,000 Albanians, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-53">[52]</a> Many are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, an Albanian who became <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a>, and self-declared <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">dynasty</a> that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> was of Albanian origin. In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> Albanian is also spoken by Albanian diaspora communities residing in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Albanian dialects</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian-dialects.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albanian-dialects.svg/574px-Albanian-dialects.svg.png" decoding="async" width="574" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albanian-dialects.svg/861px-Albanian-dialects.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Albanian-dialects.svg/1148px-Albanian-dialects.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>The dialects of the Albanian language</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Albanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> <ul><li>Northern Tosk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABrisht" class="mw-redirect" title="Labërisht">Labërisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <ul><li>Northwest Gheg</li> <li>Northeast Gheg</li> <li>Central Gheg</li> <li>Southern Gheg</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> The Albanian language has two distinct dialects, <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> which is spoken in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> spoken in the north.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Standard Albanian is based on the Tosk dialect. The <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkumbin River">Shkumbin River</a> is the rough dividing line between the two dialects.<a href="#cite_note-brown23-55">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> is divided into four sub-dialects: Northwest Gheg, Northeast Gheg, Central Gheg and Southern Gheg. It is primarily spoken in northern Albania, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and throughout <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. One fairly divergent dialect is the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_Albanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Reka Albanian dialect">Upper Reka dialect</a>, which is however classified as Central Gheg. There is also a diaspora dialect in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi dialect</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> is divided into five sub-dialects, including Northern Tosk (the most numerous in speakers), <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABrisht" class="mw-redirect" title="Labërisht">Labërisht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a>. Tosk is spoken in southern Albania, southwestern North Macedonia and northern and southern Greece. Cham Albanian is spoken in North-western Greece,<a href="#cite_note-Prendergast_2017_87-56">[55]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvanitika language">Arvanitika</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> in southern Greece. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> people, descendants of 15th and 16th century migrants who settled in southeastern Italy, in small communities in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> These settlements originated from the (Arvanites) communities probably of Peloponnese known as Morea in the Middle Ages. Among them the Arvanites call themselves Arbëror and sometime Arbëresh. The Arbëresh dialect is closely related to the Arvanites dialect with more Italian vocabulary absorbed during different periods of time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian braille">Albanian braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg/200px-Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg/300px-Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg/400px-Albanian_keyboard_layout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Albanian <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Albanian language has been written using many alphabets since the earliest records from the 15th century. The history of Albanian language orthography is closely related to the cultural orientation and knowledge of certain foreign languages among Albanian writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200812-59">[58]</a> The earliest written Albanian records come from the Gheg area in makeshift spellings based on Italian or Greek. Originally, the Tosk dialect was written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and the Gheg dialect was written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Both dialects had also been written in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, and some local alphabets (<a href="/wiki/Elbasan_alphabet" title="Elbasan alphabet">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a>, Veso Bey, Jan Vellara and others, see <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet#Original_alphabets" title="Albanian alphabet">original Albanian alphabets</a>). More specifically, the writers from northern Albania and under the influence of the Catholic Church used Latin letters, those in southern Albania and under the influence of the Greek Orthodox church used Greek letters, while others throughout Albania and under the influence of Islam used Arabic letters. There were initial attempts to create an original Albanian alphabet during the 1750–1850 period. These attempts intensified after the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> and culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> held by Albanian intellectuals from 14 to 22 November 1908, in Manastir (present day <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>), which decided on which alphabet to use, and what the standardised spelling would be for standard Albanian. This is how the literary language remains. The alphabet is the Latin alphabet with the addition of the letters ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">ë</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a>⟩, and ten <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: dh, th, xh, gj, nj, ng, ll, rr, zh and sh. According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Elsie2017-60">[59]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The hundred years between 1750 and 1850 were an age of astounding orthographic diversity in Albania. In this period, the Albanian language was put to writing in at least ten different alphabets – most certainly a record for European languages. ... the diverse forms in which this old Balkan language was recorded, from the earliest documents to the beginning of the twentieth century ... consist of adaptations of the Latin, Greek, Arabic, and Cyrillic alphabets and (what is even more interesting) a number of locally invented writing systems. Most of the latter alphabets have now been forgotten and are unknown, even to the Albanians themselves.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/400px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/600px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg/800px-IndoEuropeanLanguageFamilyRelationsChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Albanian within Indo-European language family tree based on "Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis of Indo-European languages" by Chang et al. (January 2015).<a href="#cite_note-chang-61">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> Albanian constitutes one of the eleven major branches of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language family">Indo-European language family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher2020-62">[61]</a> within which it occupies an independent position.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 1854, Albanian was demonstrated to be an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a>. Albanian was formerly compared by a few Indo-European linguists with <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, all of which share a number of <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> with Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Other linguists linked the Albanian language with <a href="/wiki/Latin_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, while placing Germanic and Balto-Slavic in another branch of Indo-European.<a href="#cite_note-mallory-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-holm-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-holm2-67">[66]</a> In current scholarship there is evidence that Albanian is closely related to Greek and Armenian, while the fact that it is a <a href="/wiki/Satem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem language">satem</a> language is less significant.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher2020-62">[61]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages#Balkanic_Indo-european" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> (extinct) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Illyric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> (extinct) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Albanian </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Albanian in the Palaeo-Balkanic Indo-European branch based on the chapters "Albanian" (<a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>) and "Armenian" (<a href="#CITEREFOlsenThorsø2022">Olsen & Thorsø 2022</a>) in Olander (ed.) The Indo-European Language Family </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> is considered the closest language to Albanian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-20">[19]</a> grouped in a common branch titled Illyric in Hyllested & Joseph (2022).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-25">[24]</a> Hyllested & Joseph (2022) in agreement with recent bibliography identify Greco-Phrygian as the IE branch closest to the Albanian-Messapic one. These two branches form an areal grouping – which is often called "Balkan IE" – with Armenian. The hypothesis of the "<a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkan Indo-European</a>" continuum posits a common period of prehistoric coexistence of several Indo-European dialects in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> prior to 2000 BC. To this group would belong Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>, fragmentary attested languages such as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>, and the relatively well-attested <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> in Southern Italy. The common features of this group appear at the phonological, morphological, and lexical levels, presumably resulting from the contact between the various languages. The concept of this linguistic group is explained as a kind of language league of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (a specific <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">areal-linguistics</a> phenomenon), although it also consisted of languages that were related to each other.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> A common prestage posterior to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> comprising Albanian, Greek, and Armenian, is considered as a possible scenario. In this light, due to the larger number of possible shared innovations between Greek and Armenian, it appears reasonable to assume, at least tentatively, that Albanian was the first Balkan IE language to branch off. This split and the following ones were perhaps very close in time, allowing only a narrow time frame for shared innovations.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Albanian represents one of the core languages of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan Sprachbund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher2020-62">[61]</a> Glottolog and Ethnologue recognize four Albanian languages. They are classified as follows:<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Indo-European <ul><li>Albanian <ul><li>Tosk <ul><li>Northern Tosk Albanian</li> <li>Southern Tosk <ul><li>Arbëreshë Albanian</li> <li>Arvanitika Albanian</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Gheg Albanian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Palaeo Balkan languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_documentation">Historical documentation</h3></div> The first attested written mention of the Albanian language was on 14 July 1284 in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>) when a crime witness named Matthew testified: "I heard a voice crying on the mountain in the Albanian language" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Audivi unam vocem, clamantem in monte in lingua albanesca).<a href="#cite_note-Hammond1976-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeitschrift_für_Balkanologie-73">[72]</a> The Albanian language is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Descriptio_Europae_Orientalis" title="Descriptio Europae Orientalis">Descriptio Europae Orientalis</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> dated in 1308:<blockquote>Habent enim Albani prefati linguam distinctam a Latinis, Grecis et Sclauis ita quod in nullo se intelligunt cum aliis nationibus. (Namely, the above-mentioned Albanians have a language that is different from the languages of Latins, Greeks and Slavs, so that they do not understand each other at all.)</blockquote>The oldest attested document written in Albanian dates to 1462,<a href="#cite_note-Fortson2010–446-75">[74]</a> while the first audio recording in the language was made by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Jokl" title="Norbert Jokl">Norbert Jokl</a> on 4 April 1914 in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie2010-76">[75]</a> However, as Fortson notes, Albanian written works existed before this point; they have simply been lost. The existence of written Albanian is explicitly mentioned in a letter attested from 1332, and the first preserved books, including both those in Gheg and in Tosk, share orthographic features that indicate that some form of common literary language had developed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="European Renaissance">European Renaissance</a>, the term lingua epirotica 'Epirotan language' was preferred in the intellectual, literary, and clerical circles of the time, and used as a synonym for the Albanian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2012132–133-78">[77]</a> Published in Rome in 1635, by the Albanian bishop and writer Frang Bardhi, the first dictionary of the Albanian language was titled <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Dictionarium latino-epiroticum 'Latin-Epirotan dictionary'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihiku198014–15-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartl-80">[79]</a> During the five-century period of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Ottoman presence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, the language was not officially recognised until 1909, when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Dibra" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Dibra">Congress of Dibra</a> decided that Albanian schools would finally be allowed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_affinities">Linguistic affinities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian language</a></div> Albanian is an <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolate</a> within the Indo-European language family; no other language has been conclusively linked to its <a href="/wiki/Language_family#Subdivision" title="Language family">branch</a>. The only other languages that are the sole surviving members of a branch of Indo-European are <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Prltsvg-2012-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[a]</a> The Albanian language is part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> and the only surviving representative of <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">its own branch</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-fine10-11-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Although it is still uncertain which ancient mentioned language of the Balkans it continues, or where in the region its speakers lived.<a href="#cite_note-88">[b]</a> In general, there is insufficient evidence to connect Albanian with one of those languages, whether <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[c]</a>Among these possibilities, Illyrian is the most probable.<a href="#cite_note-91">[d]</a> Although Albanian shares lexical <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a> with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a>, the vocabulary of Albanian is quite distinct.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> In 1995, Taylor, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Warnow</a> used <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_comparative_linguistics" title="Quantitative comparative linguistics">quantitative linguistic</a> techniques that appeared to obtain an Albanian subgrouping with Germanic, a result which the authors had already reasonably downplayed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-TRW-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022225-94">[89]</a> Indeed, the Albanian and Germanic branches share a relatively moderate number of lexical cognates. Many shared grammatical elements or features of these two branches do not corroborate the lexical isoglosses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022225-94">[89]</a> Albanian also shares <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> linguistic affinity with Latin and Romance languages.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Sharing linguistic features unique to the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">languages of the Balkans</a>, Albanian also forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan linguistic area or sprachbund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_presence_and_location">Historical presence and location</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></div> The place and the time that the Albanian language was formed are uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> The American linguist <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric Hamp</a> has said that during an unknown chronological period a pre-Albanian population (termed as "Albanoid" by Hamp) inhabited areas stretching from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> to the southwestern Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Further analysis has suggested that it was in a mountainous region rather than on a plain or seacoast. The words for plants and animals characteristic of mountainous regions are entirely original, but the names for fish and for agricultural activities (such as <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughing</a>) are borrowed from other languages.<a href="#cite_note-fine10-11-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-hamp1963-102">[97]</a> A deeper analysis of the vocabulary, however, shows that could be a consequence of a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> domination of the coastal and plain areas of the country, rather than evidence of the original environment in which the Albanian language was formed. For example, the word for 'fish' is borrowed from Latin, but not the word for 'gills' which is native. Indigenous are also the words for 'ship', 'raft', 'navigation', 'sea shelves' and a few names of fish kinds, but not the words for 'sail', 'row' and 'harbor'; objects pertaining to navigation itself and a large part of sea fauna. This rather shows that Proto-Albanians were pushed away from coastal areas in early times (probably after the Latin conquest of the region) and thus lost a large amount (or the majority) of their sea environment lexicon. A similar phenomenon could be observed with agricultural terms. While the words for 'arable land', 'wheat', 'cereals', 'vineyard', 'yoke', 'harvesting', 'cattle breeding', etc. are native, the words for 'ploughing', 'farm' and 'farmer', agricultural practices, and some harvesting tools are foreign. This, again, points to intense contact with other languages and people, rather than providing evidence of a possible <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> (also known as a Urheimat).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revista_Albania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/210px-Revista_Albania.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/315px-Revista_Albania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Revista_Albania.jpg/420px-Revista_Albania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>1905 issue of the magazine Albania, the most important Albanian periodical of the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> The centre of Albanian settlement remained the <a href="/wiki/Mat_(river)" title="Mat (river)">Mat</a> River. In 1079, the Albanians were recorded farther south in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Shkumbin</a> River.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> The Shkumbin, a 181 km long river that lies near the old <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a>, is approximately the boundary of the primary dialect division for Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a>. The characteristics of Tosk and Gheg in the treatment of the native words and loanwords from other languages are evidence that the dialectal split preceded the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_the_Balkans" title="Slavic migrations to the Balkans">Slavic migrations to the Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brown23-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fortson2010–448-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19979-104">[99]</a> which means that in that period (the 5th to 6th centuries AD), Albanians were occupying nearly the same area around the Shkumbin river, which straddled the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-hamp1963-102">[97]</a> References to the existence of Albanian as a distinct language survive from the 14th century, but they failed to cite specific words. The oldest surviving documents written in Albanian are the "<a href="/wiki/Formula_e_pag%C3%ABzimit" title="Formula e pagëzimit">formula e pagëzimit</a>" (Baptismal formula), Un'te paghesont' pr'emenit t'Atit e t'Birit e t'Spertit Senit. ("I baptize thee in <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit</a>") recorded by Pal Engjelli, Bishop of Durrës in 1462 in the Gheg dialect, and some <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> verses from that period. The linguists Stefan Schumacher and Joachim Matzinger (University of Vienna) assert that the first literary records of Albanian date from the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> The oldest known Albanian printed book, <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a>, or "missal", was written in 1555 by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> cleric. In 1635, <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a> wrote the first Latin–Albanian dictionary. The first Albanian school is believed to have been opened by <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> in 1638 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pdhan%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pdhanë (page does not exist)">Pdhanë</a>. One of the earliest Albanian dictionaries was written in 1693; it was the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> manuscript Pratichae Schrivaneschae authored by the Montenegrin sea captain <a href="/wiki/Julije_Balovi%C4%87" title="Julije Balović">Julije Balović</a> and includes a multilingual dictionary of hundreds of the most frequently used words in everyday life in Italian, Slavic, Greek, Albanian, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Indo-European_substratum">Pre-Indo-European substratum</h3></div> Pre-Indo-European (PreIE) sites are found throughout the territory of Albania. Such PreIE sites existed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maliq_(Albania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maliq (Albania) (page does not exist)">Maliq</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasht%C3%ABmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vashtëmi (page does not exist)">Vashtëmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burimas" title="Burimas">Burimas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A7" title="Barç">Barç</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%ABrsnik" title="Dërsnik">Dërsnik</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB_District" title="Korçë District">Korçë District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamnik" title="Kamnik">Kamnik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolonja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonja">Kolonja</a>, Kolsh in the <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs_District" title="Kukës District">Kukës District</a>, Rashtan in <a href="/wiki/Librazhd" title="Librazhd">Librazhd</a>, and Nezir in the <a href="/wiki/Mat_District" title="Mat District">Mat District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-109">[104]</a> As in other parts of Europe, these PreIE people joined the migratory Indo-European tribes that entered the Balkans and contributed to the formation of the historical Paleo-Balkan tribes. In terms of linguistics, the pre-Indo-European substrate language spoken in the southern Balkans probably influenced <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">pre-Proto-Albanian</a>, the ancestor idiom of Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-109">[104]</a> The extent of this linguistic impact cannot be determined with precision due to the uncertain position of Albanian among <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> and their scarce attestation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200644–45-110">[105]</a> Some loanwords, however, have been proposed, such as shegë '<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>' or lëpjetë '<a href="/wiki/Atriplex" title="Atriplex">orach</a>'; compare Pre-Greek λάπαθον, lápathon '<a href="/wiki/Rumex_alpinus" title="Rumex alpinus">monk's rhubarb</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998225,_409-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200642–43-109">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_tradition">Literary tradition</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzuku_meshari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buzuku_meshari.jpg/241px-Buzuku_meshari.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Buzuku_meshari.jpg/361px-Buzuku_meshari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Buzuku_meshari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> 1554–1555</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_undisputed_texts">Earliest undisputed texts</h3></div> The earliest known texts in Albanian: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Formula_e_pag%C3%ABzimit" title="Formula e pagëzimit">formula e pagëzimit</a> (Baptismal Formula), which dates back to 1462 and was authored by <a href="/wiki/Pal_Engj%C3%ABlli" title="Pal Engjëlli">Pal Engjëlli</a> (or Paulus Angelus) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1417 – 1470), Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. Engjëlli was a close friend and counsellor of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> It was written in a pastoral letter for a synod at the Holy Trinity in Mat and read in Latin characters as follows: Unte paghesont premenit Atit et Birit et Spertit Senit (standard Albanian: Unë të pagëzoj në emër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit të Shenjtë; English: "I baptise you in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit"). It was discovered and published in 1915 by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Fjalori_i_Arnold_von_Harfit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjalori i Arnold von Harfit">Fjalori i Arnold von Harfit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ritter_von_Harff%27s_lexicon" title="Arnold Ritter von Harff's lexicon">Arnold Ritter von Harff's lexicon</a>), a short list of Albanian phrases with German glosses, dated 1496.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a></li> <li>a song, recorded in the Greek alphabet, retrieved from an old <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> that was written in Greek. The document is also called Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Pashkëve or Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Shën Mateut ("The Song of the Easter Gospel, or "The Song of Saint Matthew's Gospel"). Although the codex is dated to during the 14th century, the song, written in Albanian by an anonymous writer, seems to be a 16th-century writing. The document was found by <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> people who had emigrated to Italy in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200897-115">[110]</a></li> <li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg/243px-Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg/365px-Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg/486px-Perikopi_evangjelik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Perikopeja e Ungjillit të Shën Mateut</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg/220px-Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg/330px-Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg/440px-Oldest_Surviving_Albanian_Text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Possibly the oldest surviving Albanian text, highlighted in red, from the Bellifortis manuscript, written by Konrad Kyeser around 1402–1405.</figcaption></figure>The first book in Albanian is the <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> ("The Missal"), written by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> between 20 March 1554 and 5 January 1555. The book was written in the <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a> dialect in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> with some Slavic letters adapted for Albanian vowels. The book was discovered in 1740 by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Nikoll%C3%AB_Kazazi" title="Gjon Nikollë Kazazi">Gjon Nikollë Kazazi</a>, the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>. It contains the liturgies of the main <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a>. There are also texts of prayers and rituals and <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechetical</a> texts. The grammar and the vocabulary are more archaic than those in the Gheg texts from the 17th century. The 188 pages of the book comprise about 154,000 words with a total vocabulary of c. 1,500 different words. The text is archaic yet easily interpreted because it is mainly a translation of known texts, in particular portions of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The book also contains passages from the <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">Letters to the Corinthians</a>, and many illustrations. The uniformity of spelling seems to indicate an earlier tradition of writing. The only known copy of the Meshari is held by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Apostolic Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> In 1968 the book was published with transliterations and comments by linguists.</li> <li>The first printed work in Tosk Albanian is the Mbsuame e krështerë (in Italian: Dottrina cristiana) by Lekë Matrënga or (in Italian) <a href="/wiki/Luca_Matranga" title="Luca Matranga">Luca Matranga</a>. It was published in 1592 and is written in an early form of the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a> (also known as Italo-Albanian).</li></ul> Albanian scripts were produced earlier than the first attested document, formula e pagëzimit, but none yet have been discovered. We know of their existence by earlier references. For example, a French monk signed as "Broccardus" notes, in 1332, that "Although the Albanians have another language totally different from Latin, they still use Latin letters in all their books".<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_earlier_texts">Disputed earlier texts</h3></div> In 1967 two scholars claimed to have found a Letter text in Albanian inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Bellifortis" title="Bellifortis">Bellifortis</a> text, a book written in Latin dating to 1402–1405.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"A star has fallen in a place in the woods, distinguish the star, distinguish it. Distinguish the star from the others, they are ours, they are. Do you see where the great voice has resounded? Stand beside it That thunder. It did not fall. It did not fall for you, the one which would do it. ... Like the ears, you should not believe ... that the moon fell when ... Try to encompass that which spurts far ... Call the light when the moon falls and no longer exists ..."</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a>, a specialist in Albanian studies, considers that "The Todericiu/Polena Romanian translation of the non-Latin lines, although it may offer some clues if the text is indeed Albanian, is fanciful and based, among other things, on a false reading of the manuscript, including the exclusion of a whole line."<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3></div> In 1635, <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a> (1606–1643) published in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> his Dictionarum latinum-epiroticum, the first known Latin-Albanian dictionary. Other scholars who studied the language during the 17th century include <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bogdani" title="Andrea Bogdani">Andrea Bogdani</a> (1600–1685), author of the first Latin-Albanian grammar book, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nilo_Katalanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nilo Katalanos (page does not exist)">Nilo Katalanos</a> (1637–1694) and others.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indo-European_features">Indo-European features</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_vocabulary">Indo-European vocabulary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Indo-European vocabulary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PIE_phonological_correspondences">PIE phonological correspondences</h3></div> Phonologically, Albanian is not so conservative. Like many IE stocks, it has merged the two series of voiced stops (e.g. both PIE *d and *dʰ became <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a>: d). In addition, voiced stops tend to disappear in between vowels. There is almost complete loss of final syllables and very widespread loss of other unstressed syllables (e.g. mik 'friend' from Lat. amicus). PIE *o appears as a (also as e if a high front vowel i follows), while PIE *ē and *ā become o, and PIE *ō appears as e. The palatals, velars, and labiovelars show distinct developments, with Albanian showing the three-way distinction also found in <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OrelVelars-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeitherCentumNorSatem-122">[117]</a> Labiovelars are for the most part differentiated from all other Indo-European velar series before front vowels, but they merge with the "pure" (back) velars elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-OrelVelars-121">[116]</a> The palatal velar series, consisting of Proto-Indo-European *ḱ and the merged *ģ and *ģʰ, usually developed into *th and *dh, but were depalatalised to merge with the back velars when in contact with <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OrelVelars-121">[116]</a> Because the original Proto-Indo-European tripartite distinction between dorsals is preserved in such reflexes, Albanian is therefore neither <a href="/wiki/Centum-satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum-satem">centum nor satem</a>, despite having a "satem-like" realization of the palatal dorsals in most cases.<a href="#cite_note-NeitherCentumNorSatem-122">[117]</a> Thus PIE *ḱ, *k, and *kʷ become th, q, and s, respectively (before back vowels PIE *ḱ becomes th, while *k and *kʷ merge as k). A minority of scholars reconstruct a fourth <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal</a> *h₄ allegedly surfacing as Alb. h word-initially, e.g. Alb. herdhe 'testicles' presumably from PIE *h₄órǵʰi-<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-123">[118]</a> (rather than the usual reconstruction *h₃erǵʰi-), but this is generally not followed elsewhere, as h- has arisen elsewhere idiosyncratically (for example Alb. hark < Lat. arcus).<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE bilabial plosives in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*p</td> <td>p</td> <td>*pékʷ- 'to cook'</td> <td>pjek 'to bake' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*bʰ / b</td> <td>b</td> <td>*srobʰ-éi̯e- 'to sip, gulp'</td> <td>gjerb 'to sip' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE coronal plosives in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*t</td> <td>t</td> <td>*túh2 'thou'</td> <td>ti 'you (singular)' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*d</td> <td>d</td> <td>*dih2tis 'light'</td> <td>ditë 'day' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>dh<a href="#cite_note-ivcr-126">[* 1]</a></td> <td>*pérd- 'to fart'</td> <td>pjerdh 'to fart' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>g</td> <td>*dl̥h1-tó- 'long'</td> <td>gjatë 'long' (Tosk dial. glatë) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*dʰ</td> <td>d</td> <td>*dʰégʷʰ- 'burn'</td> <td>djeg 'to burn' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>dh<a href="#cite_note-ivcr-126">[* 1]</a></td> <td>*gʰórdʰos 'enclosure'</td> <td>gardh 'fence' </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ivcr-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ivcr_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ivcr_126-1">b</a> Between vowels or after r </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE palatal plosives in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*ḱ</td> <td>th</td> <td>*ḱéh1smi 'I say'</td> <td>them 'I say' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>s<a href="#cite_note-127">[* 1]</a></td> <td>*ḱupo- 'shoulder'</td> <td>sup 'shoulder' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>k<a href="#cite_note-128">[* 2]</a></td> <td>*smeḱ-r̥ 'chin'</td> <td>mjekër 'chin; beard' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ç/c<a href="#cite_note-129">[* 3]</a></td> <td>*ḱentro- 'to stick'</td> <td>çandër 'prop' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ǵ</td> <td>dh</td> <td>*ǵómbʰos 'tooth, peg'</td> <td>dhëmb 'tooth' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ǵʰ</td> <td>dh</td> <td>*ǵʰed-ioH 'I defecate'</td> <td>dhjes 'I defecate' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>d<a href="#cite_note-130">[* 4]</a></td> <td>*ǵʰr̥sdʰi 'grain, barley'</td> <td>drithë 'grain' </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Before u̯/u or i̯/i </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Before <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Archaic relic </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Syllable-initial and followed by <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE velar plosives in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*k</td> <td>k</td> <td>*kágʰmi 'I catch, grasp'</td> <td>kam 'I have' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>q</td> <td>*kluH-i̯o- 'to weep'</td> <td>qaj 'to weep, cry' (dial. kla(n)j) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*g</td> <td>g</td> <td>*h3lígos 'sick'</td> <td>ligë 'bad' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>gj</td> <td>*h1reug- 'to retch'</td> <td>regj 'to tan hides' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*gʰ</td> <td>g</td> <td>*gʰórdʰos 'enclosure'</td> <td>gardh 'fence' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>gj</td> <td>*gʰédn-i̯e/o- 'to get'</td> <td>gjej 'to find' (Old Alb. gjãnj) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE labiovelar plosives in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*kʷ</td> <td>k</td> <td>*kʷeh2sleh2 'cough'</td> <td>kollë 'cough' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>s</td> <td>*kʷélH- 'to turn'</td> <td>sjell 'to fetch, bring' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>q</td> <td>*kʷṓd</td> <td>që 'that, which' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*gʷ</td> <td>g</td> <td>*gʷr̥H 'stone'</td> <td>gur 'stone' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*gʷʰ</td> <td>g</td> <td>*dʰégʷʰ- 'to burn'</td> <td>djeg 'to burn' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td>*dʰogʷʰéi̯e- 'to ignite'</td> <td>ndez 'to kindle, light a fire' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE *s in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*s</td> <td>gj<a href="#cite_note-131">[* 1]</a></td> <td>*séḱstis 'six'</td> <td>gjashtë 'six' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>h<a href="#cite_note-*-132">[* 2]</a></td> <td>*nosōm 'us' (gen.)</td> <td>nahe 'us' (dat.) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>sh<a href="#cite_note-133">[* 3]</a></td> <td>*bʰreusos 'broken'</td> <td>breshër 'hail' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>th<a href="#cite_note-134">[* 4]</a></td> <td>*suh1s 'swine'</td> <td>thi 'pig' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>∅</td> <td>*h1ésmi 'I am'</td> <td>jam 'I am' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-sd-</td> <td>th</td> <td>*gʷésdos 'leaf'</td> <td>gjeth 'leaf' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-sḱ-</td> <td>h</td> <td>*sḱi-eh2 'shadow'</td> <td>hije 'shadow' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-sp-</td> <td>f</td> <td>*spélnom 'speech'</td> <td>fjalë 'word' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-st-</td> <td>sht</td> <td>*h2osti 'bone'</td> <td>asht 'bone' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*-su̯-</td> <td>d</td> <td>*su̯eíd-r̥- 'sweat'</td> <td>dirsë 'sweat' </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Initial </li> <li id="cite_note-*-132"><a href="#cite_ref-*_132-0">^</a> Between vowels </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Between u/i and another vowel (<a href="/wiki/Ruki_sound_law" title="Ruki sound law">ruki</a> law) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Dissimilation with following s </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE sonorants in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*i̯</td> <td>gj<a href="#cite_note-135">[* 1]</a></td> <td>*i̯éh3s- 'to gird'</td> <td>(n)gjesh 'I gird; squeeze, knead' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>j<a href="#cite_note-136">[* 2]</a></td> <td>*i̯uH 'you' (nom.)</td> <td>ju 'you (plural)' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>∅<a href="#cite_note-*-137">[* 3]</a></td> <td>*trei̯es 'three' (masc.)</td> <td>tre 'three' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*u̯</td> <td>v</td> <td>*u̯os-éi̯e- 'to dress'</td> <td>vesh 'to wear, dress' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*m</td> <td>m</td> <td>*meh2tr-eh2 'maternal'</td> <td>motër 'sister' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*n</td> <td>n</td> <td>*nōs 'we' (acc.)</td> <td>ne 'we' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>nj</td> <td>*eni-h1ói-no 'that one'</td> <td>një 'one' (Gheg njâ, njo, nji) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>∅ (Tosk) ~ nasal vowel (Gheg)</td> <td>*pénkʷe 'five'</td> <td>pesë 'five' (vs. Gheg pês) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>r (Tosk only)</td> <td>*ǵʰeimen 'winter'</td> <td>dimër 'winter' (vs. Gheg dimën) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*l</td> <td>l</td> <td>*h3lígos 'sick'</td> <td>ligë 'bad' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>ll</td> <td>*kʷélH- 'turn'</td> <td>sjell 'to fetch, bring' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*r</td> <td>r</td> <td>*repe/o 'take'</td> <td>rjep 'peel' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>rr</td> <td>*u̯rh1ḗn 'sheep'</td> <td>rrunjë 'yearling lamb' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*n̥</td> <td>e</td> <td>*h1n̥men 'name'</td> <td>emër 'name' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*m̥</td> <td>e</td> <td>*u̯iḱm̥ti 'twenty'</td> <td>(një)zet 'twenty' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*l̥</td> <td>li, il<a href="#cite_note-reson-138">[* 4]</a> / lu, ul</td> <td>*u̯ĺ̥kʷos 'wolf'</td> <td>ujk 'wolf' (dialectal ulk) </td></tr> <tr> <td>*r̥</td> <td>ri, ir<a href="#cite_note-reson-138">[* 4]</a> / ru, ur</td> <td>*ǵʰr̥sdom 'grain, barley'</td> <td>drithë 'grain' </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Before i, e, a </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Before back vowels </li> <li id="cite_note-*-137"><a href="#cite_ref-*_137-0">^</a> Between vowels </li> <li id="cite_note-reson-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reson_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reson_138-1">b</a> Before C clusters, i, j </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE laryngeals in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*h1</td> <td>∅</td> <td>*h1ésmi 'I am'</td> <td>jam 'to be' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*h2</td> <td>∅</td> <td>*h2r̥tḱos 'bear'</td> <td>ari 'bear' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*h3</td> <td>∅</td> <td>*h3ónr̥ 'dream'</td> <td>ëndërr 'dream' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*h4<a href="#cite_note-139">[e]</a></td> <td>h</td> <td>*h4órǵʰi 'testicles'</td> <td>herdhe 'testicles' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE vowels in Albanian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian</th> <th>PIE</th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*i</td> <td>i</td> <td>*sínos 'bosom'</td> <td>gji 'bosom, breast' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>e</td> <td>*dwigʰeh2 'twig'</td> <td>degë 'branch' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ī < *iH</td> <td>i</td> <td>*dih2tis 'light'</td> <td>ditë 'day' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*e</td> <td>e</td> <td>*pénkʷe 'five'</td> <td>pesë 'five' (Gheg pês) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>je</td> <td>*wétos 'year' (loc.)</td> <td>vjet 'last year' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ē</td> <td>o</td> <td>*ǵʰēsreh2 'hand'</td> <td>dorë 'hand' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*a</td> <td>a</td> <td>*bʰaḱeh2 'bean'</td> <td>bathë 'bean' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>e</td> <td>*h2élbʰit 'barley'</td> <td>elb 'barley' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*o</td> <td>a</td> <td>*gʰórdʰos 'enclosure'</td> <td>gardh 'fence' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ō</td> <td>e</td> <td>*h2oḱtōtis 'eight'</td> <td>tetë 'eight' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*u</td> <td>u</td> <td>*súpnom 'sleep'</td> <td>gjumë 'sleep' </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ū < *uH</td> <td>y</td> <td>*suHsos 'grandfather'</td> <td>gjysh 'grandfather' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>i</td> <td>*muh2s 'mouse'</td> <td>mi 'mouse' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reflexes of PIE diphthongs in Albanian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201911-140">[121]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PIE </th> <th>Albanian </th> <th>PIE </th> <th>Albanian </th></tr> <tr> <td>*ey, *h1ey </td> <td>i </td> <td>*g'heymōn </td> <td>dimër </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ay, *h2ey </td> <td>e </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*oy, *h3ey </td> <td>e </td> <td>*stoygho- </td> <td>shteg </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ew, *h1ew </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*aw, *h2ew </td> <td>a </td> <td>*h2ewg- </td> <td>agim </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ow, *h3ew </td> <td>a, ve- </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_Albanian">Standard Albanian</h2></div> Since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, standard Albanian used in Albania has been based on the Tosk dialect. Kosovo and other areas where Albanian is official adopted the Tosk standard in 1969. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elbasan-based_standard">Elbasan-based standard</h3></div> Until the early 20th century, Albanian writing developed in three main literary traditions: <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëreshë language">Arbëreshë</a>. Throughout this time, a Gheg subdialect spoken around <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> served as lingua franca among the Albanians, but was less prevalent in writing. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a> of Albanian writers held in 1908 recommended the use of the Elbasan subdialect for literary purposes and as a basis of a unified national language. While technically classified as a southern Gheg variety, the Elbasan speech is closer to Tosk in phonology and practically a hybrid between other Gheg subdialects and literary Tosk. Between 1916 and 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Literary_Commission" title="Albanian Literary Commission">Albanian Literary Commission</a> met in Shkodër under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Luigj_Gurakuqi" title="Luigj Gurakuqi">Luigj Gurakuqi</a> with the purpose of establishing a unified orthography for the language. The commission, made up of representatives from the north and south of Albania, reaffirmed the Elbasan subdialect as the basis of a national tongue. The rules published in 1917 defined spelling for the Elbasan variety for official purposes. The commission did not, however, discourage publications in one of the dialects, but rather laid a foundation for Gheg and Tosk to gradually converge into one. When the Congress of Lushnje met in the aftermath of World War I to form a new Albanian government, the 1917 decisions of the Literary Commission were upheld. The Elbasan subdialect remained in use for administrative purposes and many new writers embraced it for creative writing. Gheg and Tosk continued to develop freely and interaction between the two dialects increased. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tosk_standard">Tosk standard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Albanian Orthography Congress</a></div>At the end of World War II, however, the new communist regime radically imposed the use of the Tosk dialect in all facets of life in Albania: administration, education, and literature. Most Communist leaders were Tosks from the south. Standardisation was directed by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Institute_of_Linguistics_and_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Institute of Linguistics and Literature">Albanian Institute of Linguistics and Literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Academy of Sciences of Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200810-141">[122]</a> Two dictionaries were published in 1954: an Albanian language dictionary and a Russian–Albanian dictionary. New orthography rules were eventually published in 1967<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200810-141">[122]</a> and in 1973 with the Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe (Orthography of the Albanian Language).<a href="#cite_note-142">[123]</a> Until 1968, Kosovo and other Albanian-speaking areas in Yugoslavia followed the 1917 standard based on the Elbasan dialect, though it was gradually infused with Gheg elements in an effort to develop a Kosovan language separate from communist Albania's Tosk-based standard.<a href="#cite_note-143">[124]</a> Albanian intellectuals in the former Yugoslavia consolidated the 1917 standard twice in the 1950s, culminating with a thorough codification of orthographic rules in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-144">[125]</a> The rules already provided for a balanced variety that accounted for both Gheg and Tosk dialects, but only lasted through 1968. Viewing divergences with Albania as a threat to their identity, Kosovars arbitrarily adopted the Tosk project that Tirana had published the year before. Although it was never intended to serve outside of Albania, the project became the "unified literary language" in 1972, when approved by a rubberstamp <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress</a>. Only about 1 in 9 participants were from Kosovo. The Congress, held at Tirana, authorized the orthography rules that came out the following year, in 1973. More recent dictionaries from the Albanian government are Fjalori Drejtshkrimor i Gjuhës Shqipe (1976) (Orthographic Dictionary of the Albanian Language)<a href="#cite_note-145">[126]</a> and Dictionary of Today's Albanian language (Fjalori i Gjuhës së Sotme Shqipe) (1980).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200810-141">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[127]</a> Prior to World War II, dictionaries consulted by developers of the standard have included Lexikon tis Alvanikis glossis (Albanian: Fjalori i Gjuhës Shqipe (<a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kristoforidhi" title="Kostandin Kristoforidhi">Kostandin Kristoforidhi</a>, 1904),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi20089-147">[128]</a> Fjalori i Bashkimit (1908),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi20089-147">[128]</a> and Fjalori i Gazullit (1941).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200812-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_reform">Calls for reform</h3></div> Since the fall of the communist regime, Albanian orthography has stirred heated debate among scholars, writers, and public opinion in Albania and Kosovo, with hardliners opposed to any changes in the orthography, moderates supporting varying degrees of reform, and radicals calling for a return to the Elbasan dialect. Criticism of Standard Albanian has centred on the exclusion of the 'me + participle' infinitive and the Gheg lexicon. Critics say that Standard Albanian disenfranchises and stigmatises Gheg speakers, affecting the quality of writing and impairing effective public communication. Supporters of the Tosk standard view the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">1972 Congress</a> as a milestone achievement in Albanian history and dismiss calls for reform as efforts to "divide the nation" or "create two languages." Moderates, who are especially prevalent in Kosovo, generally stress the need for a unified Albanian language, but believe that the 'me + participle' infinitive and Gheg words should be included. Proponents of the Elbasan dialect have been vocal, but have gathered little support in the public opinion. In general, those involved in the language debate come from diverse backgrounds and there is no significant correlation between one's political views, geographic origin, and position on Standard Albanian. Many writers continue to write in the Elbasan dialect but other Gheg variants have found much more limited use in literature. Most publications adhere to a strict policy of not accepting submissions that are not written in Tosk. Some print media even translate direct speech, replacing the 'me + participle' infinitive with other verb forms and making other changes in grammar and word choice. Even authors who have published in the Elbasan dialect will frequently write in the Tosk standard. In 2013, a group of academics for Albania and Kosovo proposed minor changes to the orthography. Hardline academics boycotted the initiative,<a href="#cite_note-148">[129]</a> while other reformers have viewed it as well-intentioned but flawed and superficial. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Albanian is the medium of instruction in most Albanian schools. The literacy rate in Albania for the total population, age 9 or older, is about 99%. Elementary education is compulsory (grades 1–9), but most students continue at least until a secondary education. Students must pass graduation exams at the end of the 9th grade and at the end of the 12th grade in order to continue their education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> Standard Albanian has seven <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and 29 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. Like English, Albanian has dental fricatives /θ/ (like the th in thin) and /ð/ (like the th in this), written as ⟨th⟩ and ⟨dh⟩, which are rare cross-linguistically. <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, which are absent in <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a>, and the mid-central vowel ë is lost at the end of the word. The stress is fixed mainly on the last syllable. Gheg n (femën: compare English feminine) changes to r by <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a> in Tosk (femër). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Albanian consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">plain </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velar.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Description</th> <th>Written as</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal">Bilabial nasal</a></td> <td>m</td> <td>man </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">n</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal">Alveolar nasal</a></td> <td>n</td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɲ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">Palatal nasal</a></td> <td>nj</td> <td>~canyon </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ŋ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">Velar nasal</a></td> <td>ng</td> <td>bang </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">p</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">Voiceless bilabial plosive</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>spin </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">b</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">Voiced bilabial plosive</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">t</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">Voiceless alveolar plosive</a></td> <td>t</td> <td>stand </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">d</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">Voiced alveolar plosive</a></td> <td>d</td> <td>debt </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">k</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">Voiceless velar plosive</a></td> <td>k</td> <td>scar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɡ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">Voiced velar plosive</a></td> <td>g</td> <td>go </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">t͡s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">Voiceless alveolar affricate</a></td> <td>c</td> <td>hats </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">d͡z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">Voiced alveolar affricate</a></td> <td>x</td> <td>goods </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">t͡ʃ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">Voiceless postalveolar affricate</a></td> <td>ç</td> <td>chin </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">d͡ʒ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">Voiced postalveolar affricate</a></td> <td>xh</td> <td>jet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">c</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">Voiceless palatal plosive</a></td> <td>q</td> <td>Latvian ķirbis </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɟ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">Voiced palatal plosive</a></td> <td>gj</td> <td>Latvian ģimene </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">f</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">Voiceless labiodental fricative</a></td> <td>f</td> <td>far </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">v</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">Voiced labiodental fricative</a></td> <td>v</td> <td>van </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">θ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">Voiceless dental fricative</a></td> <td>th</td> <td>thin </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ð</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">Voiced dental fricative</a></td> <td>dh</td> <td>then </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">Voiceless alveolar fricative</a></td> <td>s</td> <td>son </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">z</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">Voiced alveolar fricative</a></td> <td>z</td> <td>zip </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ʃ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">Voiceless postalveolar fricative</a></td> <td>sh</td> <td>show </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ʒ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">Voiced postalveolar fricative</a></td> <td>zh</td> <td>vision </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">h</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">Voiceless glottal fricative</a></td> <td>h</td> <td>hat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">r</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">Alveolar trill</a></td> <td>rr</td> <td>Spanish perro </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɾ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">Alveolar tap</a></td> <td>r</td> <td>Spanish pero </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">l</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant">Alveolar lateral approximant</a></td> <td>l</td> <td>lean </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ɫ</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">Velarized alveolar lateral approximant</a></td> <td>ll</td> <td>ball </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">j</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">Palatal approximant</a></td> <td>j</td> <td>yes </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ul><li>The contrast between flapped r and trilled rr is the almost the same as in Spanish or <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. However, in most of the dialects, as also in standard Albanian, the single r changes from an alveolar flap /ɾ/ to an alveolar approximant [ɹ].</li> <li>The palatal nasal /ɲ/ corresponds to the Spanish ñ and the French and Italian gn. It is pronounced as one sound, not a nasal plus a glide.</li> <li>The ll sound is a velarised lateral, close to English <a href="/wiki/Dark_l" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark l">dark l</a>.</li> <li>The letter ç is sometimes written ch due to technical limitations, in analogy to the other digraphs xh, sh, and zh. Usually it is written simply c or more rarely q with context resolving any ambiguities.</li> <li>The sounds spelled with q and gj show variation. They may range between occurring as palatal affricates [c͡ç, ɟ͡ʝ] or as palatal stops [c, ɟ] among dialects. Some speakers merge them into the palatoalveolar sounds ç and xh. This is especially common in Northern Gheg, but is increasingly the case in Tosk as well.<a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a> Other speakers reduced them into /j/ in consonant clusters, such as in the word fjollë, which before standardisation was written as fqollë ( < Medieval Greek φακιολης).</li> <li>The ng can be pronounced as /ŋ/ in final position, otherwise it is an allophone of n before k and g.</li> <li>Before q and gj, n is always pronounced /ɲ/ but this is not reflected in the orthography.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a></th> <th>Description</th> <th>Written as</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">i</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">Close front unrounded vowel</a></td> <td>i</td> <td>seed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">y</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">Close front rounded vowel</a></td> <td>y</td> <td>French tu, German Lüge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">e</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">Close-mid front unrounded vowel</a></td> <td>e</td> <td>bear </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">Open central unrounded vowel</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>car </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">ə</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">Schwa</a></td> <td>ë</td> <td>about </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">o</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">Close-mid back rounded vowel</a></td> <td>o</td> <td>more </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">u</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">Close back rounded vowel</a></td> <td>u</td> <td>pool </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notes">Notes</h4></div> <ul><li>ë can also range to an open-mid sound [ɜ] in the Northern Tosk dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Tosk_Albanian-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Mid sounds /e, o/ can also be heard as more open-mid sounds [ɛ, ɔ], in free variation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchholzFiedler198728-31-150">[131]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schwa">Schwa</h4></div> The schwa in Albanian has a great degree of variability from extreme back to extreme front articulation.<a href="#cite_note-schwa-151">[132]</a> Although the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (*ə or *-h₂-) was preserved in Albanian, in some cases it was lost, possibly when a <a href="/wiki/Stressed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Stressed syllable">stressed syllable</a> preceded it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECdqschwaproto-AlbanianpgPA3_3]-152">[133]</a> Until the standardisation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian alphabet</a>, in which the schwa is spelled as ⟨ë⟩, as in the work of <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> in the 16th century, various vowel letters and digraphs were employed, including ⟨ae⟩ by <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Matr%C3%ABnga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekë Matrënga">Lekë Matrënga</a> and ⟨é⟩ by <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a> in the late 16th and early 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-153">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsie(London2005-154">[135]</a> Within the borders of Albania, the phoneme is pronounced about the same in both the Tosk and the Gheg dialect due to the influence of standard Albanian. However, in the Gheg dialects spoken in the neighbouring Albanian-speaking areas of Kosovo and North Macedonia, the phoneme is still[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] pronounced as back and rounded.<a href="#cite_note-schwa-151">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_morphology" title="Albanian morphology">Albanian morphology</a></div> Albanian has a canonical word order of <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> (subject–verb–object) like English and many other Indo-European languages.<a href="#cite_note-155">[136]</a> Albanian <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> are categorised by <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine, feminine and neuter) and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_morphology" title="Albanian morphology">inflected</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular and plural) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. There are five <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declensions</a> and six cases (<a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a>), although the vocative only occurs with a limited number of words (such as 'bir' ("son"), vocative case: biro, zog ("bird") vocative case: zogo<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[137]</a>), and the forms of the genitive and dative are identical (a genitive construction employs the prepositions i/e/të/së alongside dative morphemes). Some dialects also retain a locative case, which is not present in standard Albanian (e.g. "në malt" loc.sg.def<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[137]</a>). The cases apply to both definite and indefinite nouns, and there are numerous cases of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a>. The following shows the declension of mal (mountain), a noun in the masculine class which takes "i" in the definite singular: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Indefinite </th> <th colspan="2">Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> </th> <td>një mal (a mountain)</td> <td>male (several mountains)</td> <td>mali (the mountain)</td> <td>malet (the mountains) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> </th> <td>një mal</td> <td>male</td> <td>malin</td> <td>malet </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> </th> <td>i/e/të/së një mali</td> <td>i/e/të/së maleve</td> <td>i/e/të/së malit</td> <td>i/e/të/së maleve </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </th> <td>një mali</td> <td>maleve</td> <td>malit</td> <td>maleve </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> </th> <td>(prej) një mali</td> <td>(prej) malesh</td> <td>(prej) malit</td> <td>(prej) maleve </td></tr></tbody></table> The following shows the declension of the noun zog (bird), a noun in the masculine class which takes "u" in the definite singular: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Indefinite </th> <th colspan="2">Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> </th> <td>një zog (a bird)</td> <td>zogj (birds)</td> <td>zogu (the bird)</td> <td>zogjtë (the birds) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> </th> <td>një zog</td> <td>zogj</td> <td>zogun</td> <td>zogjtë </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> </th> <td>i/e/të/së një zogu</td> <td>i/e/të/së zogjve</td> <td>i/e/të/së zogut</td> <td>i/e/të/së zogjve </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </th> <td>një zogu</td> <td>zogjve</td> <td>zogut</td> <td>zogjve </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> </th> <td>(prej) një zogu</td> <td>(prej) zogjsh</td> <td>(prej) zogut</td> <td>(prej) zogjve </td></tr></tbody></table> The following table shows the declension of the noun vajzë (girl) in the feminine class: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Indefinite </th> <th colspan="2">Definite </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">Nominative</a> </th> <td>një vajzë (a girl)</td> <td>vajza (girls)</td> <td>vajza (the girl)</td> <td>vajzat (the girls) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">Accusative</a> </th> <td>një vajzë</td> <td>vajza</td> <td>vajzën</td> <td>vajzat </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">Genitive</a> </th> <td>i/e/të/së një vajze</td> <td>i/e/të/së vajzave</td> <td>i/e/të/së vajzës</td> <td>i/e/të/së vajzave </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </th> <td>një vajze</td> <td>vajzave</td> <td>vajzës</td> <td>vajzave </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> </th> <td>(prej) një vajze</td> <td>(prej) vajzash</td> <td>(prej) vajzës</td> <td>(prej) vajzave </td></tr></tbody></table> The definite article is placed after the noun as in many other <a href="/wiki/Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan languages">Balkan languages</a>, like in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. <ul><li>The definite article can be in the form of noun suffixes, which vary with gender and case. <ul><li>For example, in singular nominative, masculine nouns add -i, or those ending in -g/-k/-h take -u (to avoid palatalization): <ul><li>mal (mountain) / mali (the mountain);</li> <li>libër (book) / libri (the book);</li> <li>zog (bird) / zogu (the bird).</li></ul></li> <li>Nouns in the feminine class take the suffix -(i/j)a: <ul><li>veturë (car) / vetura (the car);</li> <li>shtëpi (house) / shtëpia (the house);</li> <li>lule (flower) / lulja (the flower).</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Nouns in the neuter class take -t.</li></ul> Albanian has developed an analytical <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbal</a> structure in place of the earlier synthetic system, inherited from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a>. Its complex system of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> (six types) and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> (three simple and five complex constructions) is distinctive among <a href="/wiki/Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan languages">Balkan languages</a>. There are two general types of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a>. Albanian has a series of <a href="/wiki/Verb_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb form">verb forms</a> called miratives or <a href="/wiki/Admirative" class="mw-redirect" title="Admirative">admiratives</a>. These may express surprise on the part of the speaker, but may also have other functions, such as expressing <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">doubt</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reportedness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reportedness (page does not exist)">reportedness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[138]</a> The Albanian use of admirative forms is unique in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan context</a>. In English, the expression of surprise can be rendered by 'oh, look!' or 'lookee there!'; the expression of doubt can be rendered by 'indeed!'; the expression of neutral reportedness can be rendered by 'apparently'.<a href="#cite_note-158">[139]</a> <ul><li>Ti flet shqip. "You speak Albanian." (indicative)</li> <li>Ti folke shqip! "You (surprisingly) speak Albanian!" (admirative)</li> <li>Rruga është e mbyllur. "The street is closed." (indicative)</li> <li>Rruga qenka e mbyllur. "(Apparently,) The street is closed." (admirative)</li></ul> For more information on verb conjugation and on inflection of other parts of speech, see <a href="/wiki/Albanian_morphology" title="Albanian morphology">Albanian morphology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3></div> Albanian word order is relatively free.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To say 'Agim ate all the oranges' in Albanian, one may use any of the following orders, with slight pragmatic differences: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a>: Agimi i hëngri të gjithë portokallët.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a>: Agimi të gjithë portokallët i hëngri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–verb–subject">OVS</a>: Të gjithë portokallët i hëngri Agimi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">OSV</a>: Të gjithë portokallët Agimi i hëngri.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a>: I hëngri Agimi të gjithë portokallët.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">VOS</a>: I hëngri të gjithë portokallët Agimi.</li></ul> However, the most common order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>. The verb can optionally occur in sentence-initial position, especially with verbs in the passive form (forma joveprore): <ul><li>Parashikohet një ndërprerje "An interruption is anticipated".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negation">Negation</h3></div> Verbal negation in Albanian is mood-dependent, a trait shared with some fellow <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. In indicative, conditional, or admirative sentences, negation is expressed by the particles nuk or s' in front of the verb, for example: <ul><li>Toni nuk flet anglisht "Tony does not speak English";</li> <li>Toni s'flet anglisht "Tony doesn't speak English";</li> <li>Nuk e di "I do not know";</li> <li>S'e di "I don't know".</li></ul> Subjunctive, imperative, optative, or non-finite forms of verbs are negated with the particle mos: <ul><li>Mos harro "Do not forget!".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>një—one </td> <td>tetëmbëdhjetë—eighteen </td></tr> <tr> <td>dy—two </td> <td>nëntëmbëdhjetë—nineteen </td></tr> <tr> <td>tri/tre—three </td> <td>njëzet—twenty </td></tr> <tr> <td>katër—four </td> <td>njëzet e një—twenty-one </td></tr> <tr> <td>pesë—five </td> <td>njëzet e dy—twenty-two </td></tr> <tr> <td>gjashtë—six </td> <td>tridhjetë—thirty </td></tr> <tr> <td>shtatë—seven </td> <td>dyzet/katërdhjetë—forty </td></tr> <tr> <td>tetë—eight </td> <td>pesëdhjetë—fifty </td></tr> <tr> <td>nëntë—nine </td> <td>gjashtëdhjetë—sixty </td></tr> <tr> <td>dhjetë—ten </td> <td>shtatëdhjetë—seventy </td></tr> <tr> <td>njëmbëdhjetë—eleven </td> <td>tetëdhjetë—eighty </td></tr> <tr> <td>dymbëdhjetë—twelve </td> <td>nëntëdhjetë—ninety </td></tr> <tr> <td>trembëdhjetë—thirteen </td> <td>njëqind—one hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td>katërmbëdhjetë—fourteen </td> <td>pesëqind—five hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td>pesëmbëdhjetë—fifteen </td> <td>një mijë—one thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td>gjashtëmbëdhjetë—sixteen </td> <td>një milion—one million </td></tr> <tr> <td>shtatëmbëdhjetë—seventeen </td> <td>një miliard—one billion </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3></div> <ul><li>In certain dialects, numerals with an extra syllable may undergo metrical syncope. For example, pesëmbëdhjetë becomes pesëmet.<a href="#cite_note-159">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vigesimal_system">Vigesimal system</h3></div> Beside the Indo-European decimal numeration, there are also remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal system</a>, as njëzet 'twenty' and dyzet 'forty'. The <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> in Greece may still use trezet 'sixty' and katërzet 'eighty'. Albanian is the only Balkan language that has preserved the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">Pre-Indo-European</a> vigesimal system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200643-161">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (April 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Albanian is known within historical linguistics as a case of a language which, although surviving through many periods of foreign rule and multilingualism, saw a "disproportionately high" influx of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loans</a> from other languages augmenting and replacing much of its original <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matasovic6-162">[143]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Of all the foreign influences in Albanian, the deepest reaching and most impactful was the absorption of loans from Latin in the Classical period and its Romance successors afterward. Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Sawicka-163">[144]</a> Major work in reconstructing Proto-Albanian has been done with the help of knowledge of the original forms of loans from Ancient Greek, Latin and Slavic, while Ancient Greek loanwords are scarce the Latin loanwords are of extreme importance in <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECpgPA23_23]-164">[145]</a> The presence of loanwords from more well-studied languages from time periods before Albanian was attested, reaching deep back into the Classical Era, has been of great use in phonological reconstructions for earlier ancient and medieval forms of Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-Matasovic6-162">[143]</a> Some words in the core vocabulary of Albanian have no known etymology linking them to Proto-Indo-European or any known source language, and as of 2018 are thus tentatively attributed to an unknown, unattested, pre-Indo-European substrate language; some words among these include zemër (heart) and hekur (iron).<a href="#cite_note-165">[146]</a> Some among these putative pre-IE words are thought to be related to putative pre-IE substrate words in neighboring Indo-European languages, such as lule (flower), which has been tentatively linked to Latin lilia and Greek leirion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000191-166">[147]</a> Lexical distance of Albanian to other languages in a <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">lexicostatistical</a> analysis by Ukrainian linguist Tyshchenko shows the following results (the lower figure, the higher similarity): 49% <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, 53% <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, 56% <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, 82% <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, 86% <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, 86% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognates_with_Illyrian">Cognates with Illyrian</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed Illyrian vocabulary</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Illyrian term </th> <th>description </th> <th>Corresponding Albanian term </th></tr> <tr> <td>Andena, Andes, Andio, Antis </td> <td>Personal Illyrian names based on a root-word and- or ant-, found in both the southern and the Dalmatian-Pannonian (including modern Bosnia and Herzegovina) onomastic provinces </td> <td>Alb. andë (northern Albanian dialect, or Gheg) and ëndë (southern Albanian dialect or Tosk) "appetite, pleasure, desire, wish"<a href="#cite_note-balkancenter.org-169">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>aran </td> <td>"field" </td> <td>Alb. arë; plural ara<a href="#cite_note-Mann1977-170">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ardiaioi/Ardiaei </td> <td>name of an Illyrian people </td> <td>connected to hardhi "vine-branch, grape-vine", with a sense development similar to Germanic *stamniz, meaning both stem, tree stalk and tribe, lineage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bilia </td> <td>"daughter" </td> <td>Alb. bijë, dial. bilë<a href="#cite_note-171">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bindo/<a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a> </td> <td>an Illyrian deity, cf. <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td>Alb. bind "to convince" or "to make believe", përbindësh "monster"<a href="#cite_note-172">[153]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*bounon </td> <td>"hut, cottage" </td> <td>Alb bun<a href="#cite_note-Mayani_1962-173">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*brisa </td> <td>"husk of grapes" </td> <td>Alb bërsí "lees, dregs; mash" ( < PA *brutiā)<a href="#cite_note-IG-174">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barba- </td> <td>"swamp", toponym from Metubarbis </td> <td>Alb. bërrakë "swampy soil"<a href="#cite_note-IG-174">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daesitiates </td> <td>name of an Illyrian people </td> <td>Alb. dash "ram", corresponding contextually with south Slavonic dasa "ace", which might represent a borrowing and adaptation from Illyrian or even Proto-Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-balkancenter.org-169">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mal </td> <td>"mountain" </td> <td>Alb mal "mountain"<a href="#cite_note-175">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*bardi </td> <td>"white" </td> <td>Alb bardhë "white"<a href="#cite_note-176">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*drakoina </td> <td>"supper" </td> <td>Alb. darke, dreke "supper, dinner"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998-177">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>*drenis </td> <td>"deer" </td> <td>Alb. indef. dre, def. dreni "deer"<a href="#cite_note-Mayani_1962-173">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*delme </td> <td>"sheep" </td> <td>Alb. dele, Gheg delme "sheep"<a href="#cite_note-Millennium_Studies-178">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*dard </td> <td>"pear" </td> <td>Alb. dardhë "pear"<a href="#cite_note-179">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sīca </td> <td>"dagger" </td> <td>Alb indef. thikë or def. thika "knife"<a href="#cite_note-180">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ulc- </td> <td>"wolf" (pln. Ulcinium) </td> <td>Alb ujk "wolf", ulk (Northern Dialect)<a href="#cite_note-181">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*loúgeon </td> <td>"pool" </td> <td>Alb lag, legen "to wet, soak, bathe, wash" ( < PA * lauga), lëgatë "pool" ( < PA *leugatâ), lakshte "dew" ( < PA laugista)<a href="#cite_note-182">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mag- </td> <td>"great" </td> <td>Alb. madh "big, great"<a href="#cite_note-IG-174">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>*mantía </td> <td>"bramblebush" </td> <td>Old and dial. Alb mandë "berry, mulberry" (mod. Alb mën, man)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>rhinos </td> <td>"fog, mist" </td> <td>Old Alb ren "cloud" (mod. Alb re, rê) ( < PA *rina)<a href="#cite_note-183">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vendum </td> <td>"place" </td> <td>Proto-Alb. wen-ta (Mod. Alb. vend)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998-177">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_linguistic_influences">Early linguistic influences</h3></div> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> attested in Albanian come from <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a> whereas the strongest influence came from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[166]</a> Some scholars argue that Albanian originated from an area located east of its present geographic spread due to the several <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Romanian_linguistic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship">common lexical items</a> found between the Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> languages. However it does not necessarily define the genealogical history of Albanian language, and it does not exclude the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> presence in both <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> territory.<a href="#cite_note-186">[167]</a> The period during which Proto-Albanian and Latin interacted was protracted, lasting from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19979-104">[99]</a> Over this period, the lexical borrowings can be roughly divided into three layers, the second of which is the largest. The first and smallest occurred at the time of less significant interaction. The final period, probably preceding the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Slavic or Germanic invasions</a>, also has a notably smaller number of borrowings. Each layer is characterised by a different treatment of most vowels: the first layer follows the evolution of Early Proto-Albanian into Albanian; while later layers reflect vowel changes endemic to Late Latin (and presumably <a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a>). Other formative changes include the syncretism of several noun case endings, especially in the plural, as well as a large-scale palatalisation. A brief period followed, between the 7th and the 9th centuries, that was marked by heavy borrowings from <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a>, some of which predate the "o-a" shift common to the modern forms of this language group. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Greek_loans">Early Greek loans</h4></div> There are some 30 <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> loanwords in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linguistics_p.412-187">[168]</a> Many of these reflect a dialect which voiced its aspirants, as did the Macedonian dialect. Other loanwords are Doric; these words mainly refer to commodity items and trade goods and probably came through trade with a now-extinct intermediary.<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a> <ul><li>drapër; "sickle" < (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Greek</a>) drápanon<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102-188">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>bletë; "hive, bee" < Attic mélitta "bee" (vs. Ionic mélissa).<a href="#cite_note-189">[170]</a></li> <li>kumbull; "plum" < kokkúmelon<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102-188">[169]</a></li> <li>lakër; "cabbage, green vegetables" < lákhanon "green; vegetable"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200023-190">[171]</a></li> <li>lëpjetë; "orach, dock" < lápathon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000102-191">[172]</a></li> <li>lyej; "to smear, to oil"< Proto-Albanian *elaiwanja < *elaiwa (olive oil) < Greek elaion <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998236-192">[173]</a></li> <li>mokër; "millstone" < (Northwest) mākhaná "device, instrument"<a href="#cite_note-Linguistics_p.412-187">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>mollë; "apple" < mēlon "fruit"<a href="#cite_note-193">[174]</a></li> <li>pëllëmbë; "palm of the hand" < palámā<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998318-194">[175]</a></li> <li>pjepër; "melon" < pépōn<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>presh; "leek" < práson<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200023-190">[171]</a></li> <li>trumzë; "thyme" < (Northwest) thýmbrā, thrýmbrē<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102-188">[169]</a></li> <li>pellg; "pond, pool" < pélagos "high sea"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264-195">[176]</a></li></ul> According to Huld (1986), the following come from a Greek dialect without any significant attestation called "Makedonian" because it was akin to the native idiom of the Greek-speaking population in the Argead kingdom:<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a> <ul><li>llërë; "elbow" < *ὠlénā<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>brukë; "tamarisk" < *mīrýkhā<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>mëllagë; 'mallow' < *malákhā (with the reflex of /ɡ/ for Greek <χ> indicating a dialectal voicing of the what came as an aspirate stop from Greek)<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li> <li>maraj "fennel" < *márathrion (cf Romanian mărar(iu), Ionic márathron; with the Albanian simplification of -dri̯- to -j- reflecting that of earlier *udri̯om to ujë "water")<a href="#cite_note-huld-184">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_influence">Latin influence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Romanian_linguistic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship">Albanian–Romanian linguistic relationship</a></div> Scholars have estimated a great number of Latin loanwords in Albanian, some even claiming 60% of the Albanian vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Sawicka-163">[144]</a> They include many frequently used core vocabulary items, including shumë ("very", from Latin summus), pak ("few", Latin paucus), ngushtë ("narrow", Latin angustus), pemë ("tree", Latin poma), vij ("to come", Latin veniō), rërë ("sand", Latin arena), drejt ("straight", Latin directus), kafshë ("beast", Latin causa, meaning "thing"), and larg ("far away", Latin largus). <a href="/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar" title="Jernej Kopitar">Jernej Kopitar</a> (1780–1844) was the first to note Latin's influence on Albanian and claimed "the Latin loanwords in the Albanian language had the pronunciation of the time of Emperor Augustus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopitar1829254-196">[177]</a> Kopitar gave examples such as Albanian qiqer 'chickpea' from Latin cicer, qytet 'city, town' from civitas, peshk 'fish' from piscis, and shigjetë 'arrow' from sagitta. The hard pronunciations of Latin ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ are retained as palatal and velar stops in the Albanian loanwords. Gustav Meyer (1888)<a href="#cite_note-197">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Meyer-L%C3%BCbke" title="Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke">Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke</a> (1914)<a href="#cite_note-198">[179]</a> later corroborated this. Meyer noted the similarity between the Albanian verbs shqipoj "to speak clearly, enunciate" and shqiptoj "to pronounce, articulate" and the Latin word excipiō (meaning "to welcome"). Therefore, he believed that the word Shqiptar "Albanian person" was derived from shqipoj, which in turn was derived from the Latin word excipere. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a>, an Austrian linguist, had proposed the same hypothesis in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-199">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eqrem_%C3%87abej" title="Eqrem Çabej">Eqrem Çabej</a> also noticed, among other things, the archaic Latin elements in Albanian:<a href="#cite_note-200">[181]</a> <ol><li>Latin /au/ becomes Albanian /a/ in the earliest loanwords: aurum → ar 'gold'; gaudium → gaz 'joy'; laurus → lar 'laurel'. Latin /au/ is retained in later loans, but is altered in a way similar to <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a>: causa 'thing' → kafshë 'thing; beast, brute'; laud → lavd.</li> <li>Latin /oː/ becomes Albanian /e/ in the oldest Latin loans: pōmus → pemë 'fruit tree'; hōra → herë 'time, instance'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian; PIE *nōs became Albanian ne 'we', PIE *oḱtṓw + suffix -ti- became Albanian tetë 'eight', etc.</li> <li>Latin unstressed internal and initial syllables become lost in Albanian: cubitus → kub 'elbow'; medicus → mjek 'physician'; palūdem 'swamp' → <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> *padūle → pyll 'forest'. An analogous mutation occurred from Proto-Indo-European to Albanian. In contrast, in later Latin loanwords, the internal syllable is retained: paganus → pagan; plaga → plagë 'wound', etc.</li> <li>Latin /tj/, /dj/, /kj/ palatalized to Albanian /s/, /z/, /c/: vitium → ves 'vice; worries'; ratiōnem → arsye 'reason'; radius → rreze 'ray; spoke'; faciēs → faqe 'face, cheek'; socius → shok 'mate, comrade', shoq 'husband', etc. In turn, Latin /s/ was altered to /ʃ/ in Albanian.</li></ol> Haralambie Mihăescu demonstrated that: <ul><li>Some 85 Latin words have survived in Albanian but not (as inherited) in any <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance language</a>. A few examples include Late Latin celsydri → dial. kulshedër → kuçedër 'hydra', hībernus → vërri 'winter pasture', sarcinārius 'used for packing, loading' → shelqëror 'forked peg, grapnel, forked hanger', sōlānum 'nightshade', lit. 'sun plant' → shullë(r) 'sunny place out of the wind, sunbathed area', splēnēticus → shpretkë 'spleen', trifurcus → tërfurk 'pitchfork'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihăescu19661,_30-201">[182]</a></li> <li>151 Albanian words of Latin origin were not inherited in Romanian. A few examples include Latin amīcus → Albanian mik 'friend', inimīcus → armik 'foe, enemy', ratiōnem → arsye, benedīcere → bekoj, bubulcus 'ploughman, herdsman' → bulk, bujk 'peasant', calicis → qelq 'drinking glass', castellum → kështjellë 'castle', centum → qind 'hundred', gallus → gjel 'rooster', iunctūra → gjymtyrë 'limb; joint', medicus → mjek 'doctor', retem → rrjetë 'net', spērāre → dial. shp(ë)rej, shpresoj 'to hope', pres 'to await', voluntās (voluntātis) → vullnet 'will; volunteer'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihăescu19661,_21-202">[183]</a></li> <li>Some Albanian church terminology has phonetic features which demonstrate their very early borrowing from Latin. A few examples include Albanian bekoj 'to bless' from benedīcere, engjëll 'angel' from angelus, kishë 'church' from ecclēsia, i krishterë 'Christian' from christiānus, kryq 'cross' from crux (crucis), (obsolete) lter 'altar' from Latin altārium, mallkoj 'to curse' from maledīcere, meshë 'mass' from missa, murg 'monk' from monachus, peshkëp 'bishop' from episcopus, and ungjill 'gospel' from ēvangelium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihăescu19661–2-203">[184]</a></li></ul> Other authors<a href="#cite_note-204">[185]</a> have detected Latin loanwords in Albanian with an ancient sound pattern from the 1st century BC,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] for example, Albanian qingël(ë) 'saddle girth; dwarf elder' from Latin cingula and Albanian e vjetër 'old, aged; former' from vjet but influenced by Latin veteris. The <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> inherited these words from Vulgar Latin: cingula became (via *clinga) Romanian chingă 'girdle; saddle girth', and <a href="/wiki/Veteranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Veteranus">veterānus</a> became Romanian bătrân 'old'. Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, and the surviving <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> are the non-Romance languages today that have this sort of extensive Latin element dating from ancient Roman times, which has undergone the sound changes associated with the languages. Other languages in or near the former Roman area either came on the scene later (Turkish, the Slavic languages, Arabic) or borrowed little from Latin despite coexisting with it (Greek, German), although German does have a few such ancient Latin loanwords (Fenster 'window', Käse 'cheese'). Romanian scholars such as Vatasescu and Mihaescu, using lexical analysis of the Albanian language, have concluded that Albanian was heavily influenced by an extinct Romance language that was distinct from both Romanian and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a>. Because the Latin words common to only Romanian and Albanian are significantly fewer in number than those that are common to only Albanian and Western Romance, Mihaescu argues that the Albanian language evolved in a region with much greater contact with Western Romance regions than with Romanian-speaking regions, and located this region in present-day Albania, Kosovo and Western Macedonia, spanning east to <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuAlbanianRomans-205">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavic_influence">Slavic influence</h4></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> arrived in the Balkans, the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> became an additional source of loanwords. Contact between Albanian with the Slavic languages lasted very intensively for almost four centuries, and continued even in the late Middle Ages. Slavic loanwords in Albanian constitute a less studied area in literature. Per <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Vladimir Orel</a> (1998),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998-177">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] there are about 556 Slavic loanwords in Albanian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish_influence">Turkish influence</h4></div> The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> meant an influx of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> words; this also entailed the borrowing of Persian and Arabic words through Turkish. Some Turkish personal names, such as Altin, are common. There are some loanwords from Modern Greek, especially in the south of Albania. Many borrowed words have been replaced by words with Albanian roots or modern Latinised (international) words. According to calculations mentioned by <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuele_Banfi" class="extiw" title="it:Emanuele Banfi">Emanuele Banfi</a> (1985),<a href="#cite_note-206">[187]</a> the total number of Turkish loanwords in Albanian is about two thousand. However, when taking into account obsolete and rare words, and restricted dialectalisms, their number is considerably larger. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gothic">Gothic</h5></div> Albanian is also known to possess a small set of loans from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a>, with early inquiry into the matter done by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Jokl" title="Norbert Jokl">Norbert Jokl</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[188]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Feist" title="Sigmund Feist">Sigmund Feist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[189]</a> though such loans had been claimed earlier in the 19th century by early linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Meyer" title="Gustav Meyer">Gustav Meyer</a>. Many words claimed as Gothic have now been attributed to other origins by later linguists of Albanian (fat and tufë, though used for major claims by Huld in 1994, are now attributed to Latin, for example),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998456–457,_468-209">[190]</a> or may instead be native to Albanian, inherited from Proto-Indo-European.<a href="#cite_note-auto-210">[191]</a> Today, it is accepted that there are a few words from Gothic in Albanian, but for the most part they are scanty because the Goths had few contacts with Balkan peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis19-211">[192]</a> Martin Huld<a href="#cite_note-Huld168-212">[193]</a> defends the significance of the admittedly sparse Gothic loans for Albanian studies, however, arguing that Gothic is the only clearly post-Roman and "pre-Ottoman" language after Latin with a notable influence on the Albanian lexicon (the influence of Slavic languages is both pre-Ottoman and Ottoman).<a href="#cite_note-Huld168-212">[193]</a> He argues that Gothic words in Albanian are attributable to the late fourth and early fifth centuries during the invasions of various Gothic speaking groups of the Balkans under <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodoric" title="Theodoric">Theodoric</a>. He argues that Albanian Gothicisms bear evidence for the ordering of developments within Proto-Albanian at this time: for example, he argues Proto-Albanian at this stage had already shifted /uː/ to /y/ as Gothic words with /uː/ reflect with /u/ in Albanian, not /y/ as seen in most Latin and ancient Greek loans, but had not yet experienced the shift of /t͡s/ to /θ/, since loans from Gothic words with /θ/ replace /θ/ with /t/ or another close sound.<a href="#cite_note-Huld168-212">[193]</a> Notable words that continue to be attributed to Gothic in Albanian by multiple modern sources include: <ul><li>tirk "felt gaiters, white felt" (cf Romanian tureac "top of boot") < Gothic *θiuh-brōks-<a href="#cite_note-Curtis19-211">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998456–457-213">[194]</a> or *θiuhbrōkeis,<a href="#cite_note-Huld168-212">[193]</a> cf Old High German theobrach "gaiters"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998456–457-213">[194]</a></li> <li>shkumë "foam"<a href="#cite_note-auto-210">[191]</a> < Gothic *skūm-,<a href="#cite_note-Huld168-212">[193]</a> perhaps via an intermediary in a Romance *scuma<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998424-214">[195]</a> (cf. Romanian spumă)</li> <li>gardh "fence, garden"<a href="#cite_note-auto-210">[191]</a> is either considered a native Albanian word<a href="#cite_note-215">[196]</a> that was loaned into Romanian as gard<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998110-216">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[198]</a></li> <li>zverk "nape, back of neck" < Gothic *swairhs;<a href="#cite_note-218">[199]</a> the "difficult" word having various otherwise been attributed (with phonological issues) to Celtic, Greek or native development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998526–527-219">[200]</a></li> <li>horr "villain, scoundrel" and horre "whore" < Gothic *hors "adulterer, cf Old Norse hóra "whore"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998150–151-220">[201]</a></li> <li>punjashë "purse", diminutive of punjë < Gothic puggs "purse"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998350-221">[202]</a> (cf. Romanian pungă)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patterns_in_loaning">Patterns in loaning</h4></div> Although Albanian is characterised by the absorption of many loans, even, in the case of Latin, reaching deep into the core vocabulary, certain <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic fields</a> nevertheless remained more resistant. Terms pertaining to social organisation are often preserved, though not those pertaining to political organisation, while those pertaining to trade are all loaned or innovated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000263-222">[203]</a> Hydronyms present a complicated picture; the term for "sea" (det) is native and an "Albano-Germanic" innovation referring to the concept of depth, but a large amount of maritime vocabulary is loaned. Words referring to large streams and their banks tend to be loans, but lumë ("river") is native, as is rrymë (the flow of water). Words for smaller streams and stagnant pools of water are more often native, but the word for "pond", pellg is in fact a semantically shifted descendant of the old Greek word for "high sea", suggesting a change in location after Greek contact. Albanian has maintained since Proto-Indo-European a specific term referring to a riverside forest (gjazë), as well as its words for marshes. Albanian has maintained native terms for "whirlpool", "water pit" and (aquatic) "deep place", leading Orel to speculate that the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a> likely had an excess of dangerous whirlpools and depths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264–265-223">[204]</a> Regarding forests, words for most conifers and shrubs are native, as are the terms for "alder", "elm", "oak", "beech", and "linden", while "ash", "chestnut", "birch", "maple", "poplar", and "willow" are loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000266–267-224">[205]</a> The original kinship terminology of Indo-European was radically reshaped; changes included a shift from "mother" to "sister", and were so thorough that only three terms retained their original function, the words for "son-in-law", "mother-in-law" and "father-in-law". All the words for second-degree blood kinship, including "aunt", "uncle", "nephew", "niece", and terms for grandchildren, are ancient loans from Latin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000262-225">[206]</a> The Proto-Albanians appear to have been cattle breeders given the vastness of preserved native vocabulary pertaining to cow breeding, milking and so forth, while words pertaining to dogs tend to be loaned. Many words concerning horses are preserved, but the word for horse itself is a Latin loan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000267–268-226">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">IPA/Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_3">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The map does not indicate where the language is majority or minority. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> "... in Figure 2.1 are listed three subfamilies which contain only one language each: the Albanian, Hellenic, and Armenian subfamilies. These three languages – Albanian, Greek, and Armenian – are isolates within the Indo-European family showing no closer connection to any other Indo-European languages or to each other." — Pereltsvaig (2012) pp. 30–31<a href="#cite_note-Prltsvg-2012-81">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "It is generally accepted that Albanians continue one of the ancient languages of the Balkans, although scholars disagree on which language they spoke and what area of the Balkans they occupied before the Slavs' migration to the Balkans." — Curtis (2011) p. 16<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-2011-87">[85]</a>(p 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "So while linguists may debate about the ties between Albanian and older languages of the Balkans, and while most Albanians may take the genealogical connection to Illyrian as incontrovertible, the fact remains that there is simply insufficient evidence to connect Illyrian, Thracian, or Dacian with any language, including Albanian." — Curtis (2011) p. 18<a href="#cite_note-Curtis-2011-87">[85]</a>(p 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian since much of present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian ... It is a-priori less probable to assume that a single language was spoken in the whole Illyricum, from the river Arsia in Istria, to Epirus in Greece, when such a linguistic uniformity is found nowhere else in Europe before the Roman conquest. Moreover, the examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises: From which Illyrian language did Albanian develop? – and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered." — Ranko (2012)<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> disputed </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017552_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 552. </li> <li id="cite_note-KlBrFr1800-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KlBrFr1800_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlBrFr1800_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlBrFr1800_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KlBrFr1800_2-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKleinBrianFritz2018" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Jared; Brian, Joseph; Fritz, Matthias (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1800">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1800. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110542431" title="Special:BookSources/9783110542431"><bdi>9783110542431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1800&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783110542431&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft.au=Brian%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Fritz%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuR8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544#LinkTarget_1506">"Language and alphabet Article 13"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=187544">Constitution of Montenegro</a>. <a href="/wiki/WIPO" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>. 19 October 2007. <q>Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian and Croatian shall also be in the official use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+alphabet+Article+13&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Montenegro&rft.pub=WIPO&rft.date=2007-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fwipolex%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D187544%23LinkTarget_1506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franceschini533534-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Franceschini533534_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranceschini2014">Franceschini 2014</a>, pp. 533–534 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKnnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT536">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/Report/EvaluationReports/SerbiaECRML2_en.pdf">"Application of the Charter in Serbia"</a> (PDF). European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. 11 June 2013. pp. 4–5, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+of+the+Charter+in+Serbia&rft.pages=4-5%2C+9&rft.pub=European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdg4%2Feducation%2Fminlang%2FReport%2FEvaluationReports%2FSerbiaECRML2_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franceschini546-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Franceschini546_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranceschini2014" class="citation book cs1">Franceschini, Rita (2014). "Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions". 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110394146" title="Special:BookSources/9783110394146"><bdi>9783110394146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy+and+the+Italian-Speaking+Regions&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Language+Acquisition&rft.pages=546&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783110394146&rft.aulast=Franceschini&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzM_mBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DManual%2Bof%2BLanguage%2BAcquisition%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN">"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Reservations+and+Declarations+for+Treaty+No.148+%E2%80%93+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list%2F-%2Fconventions%2Ftreaty%2F148%2Fdeclarations%3Fp_auth%3D63PpH3zN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Tosk_Albanian-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Tosk_Albanian_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Tosk_Albanian_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorettaRiverin-CoutléeKapiaNichols2022" class="citation journal cs1">Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100322000044">"Northern Tosk Albanian"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3). Illustration of the IPA: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100322000044">10.1017/S0025100322000044</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Febce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f">20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Northern+Tosk+Albanian&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Febce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100322000044&rft.aulast=Coretta&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Riverin-Coutl%C3%A9e%2C+Josiane&rft.au=Kapia%2C+Enkeleida&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100322000044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2018">Matzinger 2018</a>, p. 1790; <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFHamp1963">Hamp 1963</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFKaticic2012">Katicic 2012</a>, p. 184: "And yet we know that it is the continuation of a language spoken in the Balkans already in ancient times. This has been proved by the fact that there are Ancient Greek loan words in Albanian". </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatjona_Mejdini2013" class="citation web cs1">Fatjona Mejdini (3 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/albania-registers-diaspora-after-more-than-two-decade-12-14-2015">"Albania Aims to Register its Huge Diaspora"</a>. Balkan Insight. Retrieved 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania+Aims+to+Register+its+Huge+Diaspora&rft.pub=Balkan+Insight&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft.au=Fatjona+Mejdini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Falbania-registers-diaspora-after-more-than-two-decade-12-14-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Victor (2022). "The Balkans". In Salikoko Mufwene, Anna Maria Escobar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change</a>. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009115773" title="Special:BookSources/9781009115773"><bdi>9781009115773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balkans&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Language+Contact%3A+Volume+1%3A+Population+Movement+and+Language+Change&rft.series=Cambridge+Handbooks+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009115773&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWB2EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis_et_al._13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">10064553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007055">36007055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843620">251843620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=eabm4247&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorettaRiverin-CoutléeKapiaNichols2022" class="citation journal cs1">Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/northern-tosk-albanian/D27484BD90369B3BC0FBA9479074ED88">"Northern Tosk Albanian"</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3): 1122–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100322000044">10.1017/S0025100322000044</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Febce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f">20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f</a>. <q>Though the origin of the language has been debated, the prevailing opinion in the literature is that it is a descendant of Illyrian (Hetzer 1995).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Northern+Tosk+Albanian&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1122-1144&rft.date=2022-08-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Febce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100322000044&rft.aulast=Coretta&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Riverin-Coutl%C3%A9e%2C+Josiane&rft.au=Kapia%2C+Enkeleida&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Fnorthern-tosk-albanian%2FD27484BD90369B3BC0FBA9479074ED88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 5: "Much has been written about the origin of the Albanian language. The most probable predecessor of Albanian was Illyrian, since much of the present-day Albania was inhabited by the Illyrians during the Antiquity, but the comparison of the two languages is impossible because almost nothing is known about Illyrian, despite the fact that two handbooks of that language have been published (by Hans Krahe and Anton Mayer)... examination of personal names and toponyms from Illyricum shows that several onomastic areas can be distinguished, and these onomastic areas just might correspond to different languages spoken in ancient Illyricum. If Illyrians actually spoke several different languages, the question arises -from which 'Illyrian' language did Albanian develop, and that question cannot be answered until new data are discovered. The single "Illyrian" gloss preserved in Greek (rhínon 'fog') may have the reflex in Alb. (Gheg) re͂ 'cloud' (Tosk re)< PAlb. *ren-." </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2011">Beekes 2011</a>, p. 25: "It is often thought (for obvious geographic reasons) that Albanian descends from ancient Illyrian (see above), but this cannot be ascertained as we know next to nothing about Illyrian itself." </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records. This is one of the reasons why its origins are shrouded in mystery and controversy. The widespread assertion that it is the modern–day descendant of Illyrian, spoken in much the same region during classical times ([...]), makes geographic and historical sense but is linguistically untestable since we know so little about Illyrian." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199711-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199711_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 11: "Although there are some lexical items that appear to be shared between Romanian (and by extension Dacian) and Albanian, by far the strongest connections can be argued between Albanian and Illyrian. The latter was at least attested in what is historically regarded as Albanian territory and there is no evidence of any major migration into Albanian territory since our records of Illyrian occupation. The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era and suggest that the ancestors of the Albanians must have occupied Albania by then to have absorbed such loans from their histori-cal neighbors. As the Illyrians occupied Albanian territory at this time, they are the most likely recipients of such loans." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5NbPAAACAAJ">Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa</a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. pp. 313–314, 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1"><bdi>84-249-1787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+indoeuropeos+y+los+or%C3%ADgenes+de+Europa&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=313-314%2C+316&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-249-1787-1&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5NbPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman2020388_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2020">Friedman 2020</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20181790-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatzinger20181790_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatzinger2018">Matzinger 2018</a>, p. 1790. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmajli201545_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsmajli2015">Ismajli 2015</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampAdams20138_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHampAdams2013">Hamp & Adams 2013</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrumper2018385_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrumper2018">Trumper 2018</a>, p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022235_25-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201939_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009">Demiraj & Esposito 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n59">23</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"...these innovations, as those that are also evident in different varieties of Gheg, are not such as to impede communication between speakers of the two dialects. Furthermore, the major part of the Albanian lexicon is common to the two dialects."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 446: "The two dialects are mutually intelligible in their standard varieties, although numerous subdialects exist that show considerable variation, especially in the north and northeast of the Geg–speaking area." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009">Demiraj & Esposito 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n59">23</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 102: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"It is the case of the evolution of stressed /a-/ and partly stressed /e-/ in front of a nasal consonant to /ë-/ in thee southern dialect. While the evolution /a-/ > /ë/ in front of a nasal consonant has involved the southern dialect, the evolution /e-/ > /-ë/ in the same phonetic conditions has not taken place in the northern part and partly in the eastern part of that dialect (...). This phonetic phenomenon has appeared earlier than rhotacism, as it is clearly evidenced in such examples as llanë > llërë, ranë > rërë etc., in which the evolution /a-/ > /ë-/ could not take place before /-r-/. Since this phonetic change has not appeared in the Slavic loanwords of Albanian, but has involved mainly the I.E. inherited words as well as the loans from Old Greek (compare mokënë > mokërë < mākhanāʼ etc.) and from Latin (compare ranë > rërë > arena etc.), it has generally been acknowledged that it has taken place in the pre-Slavic period of Albanian. Its sporadic appearance in a very reduced number of Slavic loanwords is due to the action of analogy with similar cases of inherited or more ancient loans of Albanian."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009">Demiraj & Esposito 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n59">23</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"In Tosk /a/ before a nasal has become a central vowel (shwa), and intervocalic /n/ has become /r/. These two sound changes have affected only the pre-Slav stratum of the Albanian lexicon, that is the native words and loanwords from Greek and Latin."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams1997-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams1997_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Q. Adams (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA11">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 9, 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Greek and Latin loans have undergone most of the far-reaching phonological changes which have so altered the shape of inherited IE words while Slavic and Turkish words do not show these changes. Thus Albanian must have acquired much of its present form by the time Slavs entered into the Balkans in the fifth and sixth centuries AD [middle of p. 11] [...] The loan words from Greek and Latin date back to before the Christian era [p. 9] [...] Even very common words such as mik ʻfriendʼ (< Lat amicus) or këndoj ʻI sing; readʼ (< Lat cantāre) come from Latin and attest to a widespread intermingling of pre-Albanian and Balkan Latin speakers during the Roman period, roughly from the second century BC to the fifth century AD. [before middle of p. 11]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=9%2C+11&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997-01&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortson2010–448-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortson2010–448_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortson2010–448_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 448: "The dialectal split into Geg and Tosk happened sometime after the region became Christianized in the fourth century AD: Christian Latin loanwords show Tosk rhotacism, such as Tosk murgu 'monk' (Geg mungu) from Lat. monachus." </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2010">Demiraj 2010</a>, pp. 77–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERusakov2017559-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERusakov2017559_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRusakov2017">Rusakov 2017</a>, p. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, pp. 102–103: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"...such sporadic analogical cases do not reverse the generally acknowledged conclusion that this dialectal peculiarity as a phonetic process has appeared in pre-Slavic period of Albanian and is relatively more ancient than the rhotacism. It has most probably appeared not later than the V-VI centuries A.D."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> See also Hamp 1963 The isogloss is clear in all dialects I have studied, which embrace nearly all types possible. It must be relatively old, that is, dating back into the post-Roman first millennium. As a guess, it seems possible that this isogloss reflects a spread of the speech area, after the settlement of the Albanians in roughly their present location, so that the speech area straddled the Jireček Line. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 103: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"And, as it was pointed out in §3, since the dialectal differentiations have appeared in a certain geographical area, one is entitled to draw the conclusion that the speakers of the northern and southern dialects have been present in their actual areas in the Post-Roman and Pre-Slavic period of Albanian."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euromosaic-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Euromosaic_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euromosaic_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuromosaic_project2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Euromosaic project (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/albanes/fr/i2/i2.html">"L'arvanite/albanais en Grèce"</a> (in French). 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Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>: 5501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501">10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Linguistic+variation+within+the+Northwestern+Gheg+Albanian+dialect&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5501&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5501&rft.aulast=Dedvukaj&rft.aufirst=Lindon&rft.au=Ndoci%2C+Rexhina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fplsa.v8i1.5501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedvukajGehringer2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dedvukaj, Lindon; Gehringer, Patrick (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5508">"Morphological and phonological origins of Albanian nasals and its parallels with other laws"</a>. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America. 8 (1). <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>: 5508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5508">10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Morphological+and+phonological+origins+of+Albanian+nasals+and+its+parallels+with+other+laws&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5508&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fplsa.v8i1.5508&rft.aulast=Dedvukaj&rft.aufirst=Lindon&rft.au=Gehringer%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fplsa.v8i1.5508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009">Demiraj & Esposito 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow_869/page/n59">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Mai, Nicola. "The Albanian diaspora-in-the-making: media, migration and social exclusion." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31, no. 3 (2005): 543–561. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> de Rapper, Gilles. "Albanians facing the Ottoman past: the case of the Albanian diaspora in Turkey." (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gkaintartzi, Anastasia, Aspasia Chatzidaki, and Roula Tsokalidou. "Albanian parents and the Greek educational context: Who is willing to fight for the home language?." International Multilingual Research Journal 8, no. 4 (2014): 291–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/law-kosovo/constitution">"Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo (with amendments I-XXVI)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <q>Article 5 [Languages] 1. The official languages in the Republic of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo+%28with+amendments+I-XXVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Flaw-kosovo%2Fconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrandafiliMeçeDuka2020" class="citation book cs1">Trandafili, Evis; Meçe, Elinda Kajo; Duka, Enea (2020). Appice, Annalisa; Ceci, Michelangelo; Loglisci, Corrado; Manco, Giuseppe; Masciari, Elio; Ras, Zbigniew W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=li3KDwAAQBAJ">Complex Pattern Mining: New Challenges, Methods and Applications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36617-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-36617-9"><bdi>978-3-030-36617-9</bdi></a>. <q>It [Albanian] is the official language of Albania, the co-official language of Kosovo, and the co-official language of many western municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia. Albanian is also spoken widely in some areas in Greece, southern Montenegro, southern Serbia, and in some towns in southern Italy and Sicily.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complex+Pattern+Mining%3A+New+Challenges%2C+Methods+and+Applications&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-36617-9&rft.aulast=Trandafili&rft.aufirst=Evis&rft.au=Me%C3%A7e%2C+Elinda+Kajo&rft.au=Duka%2C+Enea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dli3KDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/en/archive/129304">"Linguistic diversity among foreign citizens in Italy"</a>. Statistics of Italy. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+diversity+among+foreign+citizens+in+Italy&rft.pub=Statistics+of+Italy&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fen%2Farchive%2F129304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/macedonia-s-albanian-language-bill-becomes-law/29711502.html">"Macedonia's Albanian-Language Bill Becomes Law"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Macedonia%27s+Albanian-Language+Bill+Becomes+Law&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fmacedonia-s-albanian-language-bill-becomes-law%2F29711502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916221528/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf">"Albanian migration"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003672/Albanianmigration.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+migration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2FHALCoRe_derivate_00003672%2FAlbanianmigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders98-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2011" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Robert A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98">Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739141946" title="Special:BookSources/9780739141946"><bdi>9780739141946</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. There are upwards of 5 million ethnic Albanians in the Turkish Republic; however, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to some 18,000 Albanians, supposedly lingering remnants of Mohammad Ali's army.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnopolitics+in+Cyberspace%3A+The+Internet%2C+Minority+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Web+of+Identity&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780739141946&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM5hZEsdz94C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gjinari, Jorgji. Dialektologjia shqiptare </li> <li id="cite_note-brown23-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown23_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown23_55-1">b</a> The river Shkumbin in central Albania historically forms the boundary between those two dialects, with the population on the north speaking varieties of Geg and the population on the south varieties of Tosk. (page 23) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA23">Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</a> By Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Contributor Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie Edition: illustrated Published by Elsevier, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-087774-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-087774-5">0-08-087774-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7">978-0-08-087774-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prendergast_2017_87-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Prendergast_2017_87_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendergast2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Prendergast, Eric (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6">The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area</a> (Ph.D). University of California Berkeley. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Locative+Determiner+Omission+in+the+Balkan+Linguistic+Area&rft.inst=University+of+California+Berkeley&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7nk454x6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy Issue 25 of Foreign field research program, report, National Research Council (U.S.) Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of Publication (National Research Council (U.S.)) Foreign field research program, sponsored by Office of Naval research, report; no.25 Issue 25 of Report, National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Earth Sciences Volume 1149 of (National Academy of Sciences. National Research Council. Publication) Author George Nicholas Nasse Publisher National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1964 page 24-25 link </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasse1964" class="citation book cs1">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjArAAAAYAAJ&dq=reres+demetrio&pg=PA24">The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy</a>. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598204004" title="Special:BookSources/9780598204004"><bdi>9780598204004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italo-Albanian+Villages+of+Southern+Italy&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences-National+Research+Council&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780598204004&rft.aulast=Nasse&rft.aufirst=George+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjArAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dreres%2Bdemetrio%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200812-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200812_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200812_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi2008">Lloshi 2008</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie2017-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2017_60-0">^</a> Elsie, Robert. (2017). Albanian Alphabets: Borrowed and Invented. London, UK: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781544294094" title="Special:BookSources/9781544294094">9781544294094</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-61"><a href="#cite_ref-chang_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangChundra2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Will; Chundra, Cathcart (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/news/ChangEtAlPreprint.pdf">"Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the Indo-European steppe hypothesis"</a> (PDF). Language. 91 (1): 194–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2015.0005">10.1353/lan.2015.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143978664">143978664</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Ancestry-constrained+phylogenetic+analysis+supports+the+Indo-European+steppe+hypothesis&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=194-244&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2015.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143978664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Chundra%2C+Cathcart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguisticsociety.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2FChangEtAlPreprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schumacher2020-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher2020_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher2020_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schumacher2020_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, Stefan (2020). "The perfect system of Old Albanian (Geg variety)". In Robert Crellin; Thomas Jügel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zz6DwAAQBAJ">Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond</a>. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 352. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6090-1"><bdi>978-90-272-6090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+perfect+system+of+Old+Albanian+%28Geg+variety%29&rft.btitle=Perfects+in+Indo-European+Languages+and+Beyond&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6090-1&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Zz6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 446: "Albanian forms its own separate branch of Indo-European; it is the last branch to appear in written records." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Watkins, Calvert. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Giacalone_Ramat" title="Anna Giacalone Ramat">Anna Giacalone Ramat</a> and Paolo Ramat, eds. London: Routledge, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-mallory-65"><a href="#cite_ref-mallory_65-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yfZZX1qjpvkC">Google Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> and Adams, D. Q.: The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World </li> <li id="cite_note-holm-66"><a href="#cite_ref-holm_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf">JHholm.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121308/http://www.hjholm.de/SLRD.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Holm, Hans J.: The Distribution of Data in Word Lists and its Impact on the Subgrouping of Languages. In: Christine Preisach, Hans Burkhardt, Lars Schmidt-Thieme, Reinhold Decker (eds.): Data Analysis, Machine Learning, and Applications. Proc. of the 31st Annual Conference of the German Classification Society (GfKl), University of Freiburg, 7–9 March 2007. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin </li> <li id="cite_note-holm2-67"><a href="#cite_ref-holm2_67-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hjholm.de/">HJholm.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905220636/http://www.hjholm.de/">Archived</a> 5 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A possible Homeland of the Indo-European Languages And their Migrations in the Light of the Separation Level Recovery (SLRD) Method – Hans J. Holm </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sowa, Wojciech (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377">"Thracian Tracio"</a>. Palaeohispanica: 810–811. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica&rft.atitle=Thracian+Tracio&rft.pages=810-811&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377&rft.issn=1578-5386&rft.aulast=Sowa&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36707%252Fpalaeohispanica.v0i20.377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsø2019" class="citation book cs1">Thorsø, Rasmus (2019). "Two Balkan Indo-European Loanwords". In Matilde Serangeli; Thomas Olander (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHnEDwAAQBAJ">Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European</a>. Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics. Vol. 19. Brill. pp. 251–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004416192" title="Special:BookSources/9789004416192"><bdi>9789004416192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+Balkan+Indo-European+Loanwords&rft.btitle=Dispersals+and+Diversification%3A+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Perspectives+on+the+Early+Stages+of+Indo-European&rft.series=Brill%27s+Studies+in+Indo-European+Languages+%26+Linguistics&rft.pages=251-262&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004416192&rft.aulast=Thors%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHnEDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alba1267">"Albanian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Falba1267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/albanian">"Albanian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed.). <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170013/https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/albanian">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Falbanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond1976-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond1976_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Geoffrey_Lemprière_Hammond1976" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9saAAAAYAAJ">Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas</a>. Noyes Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8155-5047-1"><bdi>978-0-8155-5047-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrations+and+invasions+in+Greece+and+adjacent+areas&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8155-5047-1&rft.au=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re+Hammond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9saAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitschrift_für_Balkanologie-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Zeitschrift_für_Balkanologie_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iLkWAQAAMAAJ">Zeitschrift für Balkanologie</a>. R. Trofenik. 1990. p. 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=R.+Trofenik&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLkWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Tibor Živković, Vladeta Petrović, Aleksandar Uzelac, Dragana Kunčer: Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis : Anonimov opis istočne Evrope. January 2013. Edition: Izvori za srpsku istoriju. Publisher: Istorijski institut. Editor: Srđan Rudić. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-102-0">978-86-7743-102-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortson2010–446-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Fortson2010–446_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 446 </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie2010-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie2010_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6inIiCF_930C&pg=PA216">Historical Dictionary of Albania</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6188-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6188-6&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6inIiCF_930C%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, pp. 447–448: "But it is likely that there were earlier works which have vanished. The earliest preserved books both in Geg and in Tosk share features of spelling that point to some kind of common literary language having already developed, and a letter written by a Dominican friar named Gulielmus Adea in 1332 says that the inhabitants of Albania had a language very different from Latin but used the Latin alphabet in their writings, suggesting (if not proving) an already–existing written Albanian tradition." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2012132–133-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2012132–133_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2012">Demiraj 2012</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihiku198014–15-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBihiku198014–15_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBihiku1980">Bihiku 1980</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartl-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartl_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartl1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartl, Peter (1995). Albanien: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Michigan: Pustet. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783791714516" title="Special:BookSources/9783791714516"><bdi>9783791714516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanien%3A+vom+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Pustet&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783791714516&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prltsvg-2012-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prltsvg-2012_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prltsvg-2012_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Pereltsvaig, Asya</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5ogAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">"Indo-European languages"</a>. Languages of the World: An introduction. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-37791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-37791-2"><bdi>978-1-107-37791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-European+languages&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+An+introduction&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-37791-2&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5ogAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowa2020810–811_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowa2020">Sowa 2020</a>, pp. 810–811. </li> <li id="cite_note-fine10-11-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fine10-11_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fine10-11_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1">Fine, J.A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbS9QmwDC58C">The Early Medieval Balkans</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472081493" title="Special:BookSources/9780472081493"><bdi>9780472081493</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780472081493&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbS9QmwDC58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> In his latest book, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Hamp">Eric Hamp</a> supports the thesis that the Illyrian language belongs to the Northwestern group, that the Albanian language is descended from Illyrian, and that Albanian is related to Messapic which is an earlier Illyrian dialect (Comparative Studies on Albanian, 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge">The Ancient Languages of Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521684958" title="Special:BookSources/9780521684958"><bdi>9780521684958</bdi></a>. <q>The modern Albanian language, it has been conjectured, is descendent directly from ancient Illyrian ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521684958&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis-2011-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis-2011_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis-2011_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2011" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546136">Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781267580337" title="Special:BookSources/9781267580337"><bdi>9781267580337</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic-Albanian+Language+Contact%2C+Convergence%2C+and+Coexistence&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=9781267580337&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED546136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic2012" class="citation news cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2012). "A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+grammatical+sketch+of+Albanian+for+students+of+Indo-European&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Matasovic&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/albol">"Introduction to Albanian"</a>. lrc.la.utexas.edu. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrc.la.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Albanian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Falbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRW-93"><a href="#cite_ref-TRW_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorRingeWarnow1995" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-long-vol">Taylor, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ringe" title="Donald Ringe">Ringe, Donald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tandy_Warnow" title="Tandy Warnow">Warnow, Tandy</a> (August 1995). Written at Manchester, UK. Smith, John Charles; Bentley, Delia (eds.). Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected papers. 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Vol. 1 – General issues and non-Germanic Languages. Amsterdam, NL: John Benjamins Publishing (published 2000). p. 400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027236666" title="Special:BookSources/9027236666"><bdi>9027236666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics+1995%3A+Selected+papers.&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+NL&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1995-08&rft.isbn=9027236666&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Ringe%2C+Donald&rft.au=Warnow%2C+Tandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022225-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022225_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyllestedJoseph2022225_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022">Hyllested & Joseph 2022</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vermeer, Willem (2008). "The prehistory of the Albanian vowel system: A preliminary exploration". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 32: 591–608. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-0124">0169-0124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40997529">40997529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Slavic+and+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+prehistory+of+the+Albanian+vowel+system%3A+A+preliminary+exploration&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=591-608&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40997529%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0169-0124&rft.aulast=Vermeer&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sampson, Rodney (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-french-language-studies/article/abs/rebecca-posner-the-romance-languages-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1996-xvi-376-pp-0-521-28139-3/745EC424E67AB30625B74A023ABB9326">"Rebecca Posner, The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, xvi + 376 pp. 0 521 28139 3"</a>. Journal of French Language Studies (book review). 7 (2): 227–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959269500003793">10.1017/S0959269500003793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0079">1474-0079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230472704">230472704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+French+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=Rebecca+Posner%2C+The+Romance+Languages.+Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1996%2C+xvi+%2B+376+pp.+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E0+521+28139+3%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-229&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230472704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-0079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959269500003793&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-french-language-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Frebecca-posner-the-romance-languages-cambridge-cambridge-university-press-1996-xvi-376-pp-0-521-28139-3%2F745EC424E67AB30625B74A023ABB9326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1966" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Rebecca (1966). The Romance Languages: A linguistic introduction (1st ed.). United States of America: Anchor Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/084460853X" title="Special:BookSources/084460853X"><bdi>084460853X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages%3A+A+linguistic+introduction&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=084460853X&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Victor A. (2011). "The Balkan languages and Balkan linguistics". Annual Review of Anthropology. 40: 275–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-081309-145932">10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145932</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6570">0084-6570</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41287733">41287733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+languages+and+Balkan+linguistics&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=275-291&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0084-6570&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41287733%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-081309-145932&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindstedt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lindstedt, Jouko (2000). "Linguistic balkanization: Contact-induced change by mutual reinforcement". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 28: 231–246. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-0124">0169-0124</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40997168">40997168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Slavic+and+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Linguistic+balkanization%3A+Contact-induced+change+by+mutual+reinforcement&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=231-246&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40997168%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0169-0124&rft.aulast=Lindstedt&rft.aufirst=Jouko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayraktar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bayraktar, Uğur Bahadır (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkanologie.revues.org/2272">"Mythifying the Albanians: A Historiographical Discussion on Vasa Efendi's "Albania and the Albanians""</a>. Balkanologie. Revue d'Études Pluridisciplinaires. XIII (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.2272">10.4000/balkanologie.2272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanologie.+Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Pluridisciplinaires&rft.atitle=Mythifying+the+Albanians%3A+A+Historiographical+Discussion+on+Vasa+Efendi%27s+%22Albania+and+the+Albanians%22&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.2272&rft.aulast=Bayraktar&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+Bahad%C4%B1r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkanologie.revues.org%2F2272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2011" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546136">Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781267580337" title="Special:BookSources/9781267580337"><bdi>9781267580337</bdi></a>. <q>... for example, argues that from some indeterminate time a pre-Albanian (in Hamp's terms, Albanoid) population inhabited areas stretching from Poland to the current area</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic-Albanian+Language+Contact%2C+Convergence%2C+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=9781267580337&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED546136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamp1963-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamp1963_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamp1963_102-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/balkan/ehamp.html">Tripod.co</a>, Eric Hamp, "The position of Albanian, Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25–27, 1963, ed. By Henrik Birnbaum and Jaan Puhvel. "It is clear that in the Middle Ages the Albanians extended farther north (Jokl, Albaner §2); that there are persuasive arguments which have been advanced against their having extended as far as the Adriatic coast—the fact that Scodra 'Scutari' (Shkodër) shows un-Albanian development (see §6 below), that there is no demonstrated old maritime vocabulary (see above), and that there are few ancient Greek loans (Jokl, Albaner §5; but see §5 below) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Kazhdan, Alexander (Ed.) (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. pp. 52–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6">978-0-19-504652-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19979-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19979_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams19979_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe.(Origin of Albanians through the testimonies of the Albanian language) Shkenca (Tirane) 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher2016" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, Stefan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32361769">"The development of the PIE middle in Albanian"</a>. In Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen; Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead; Thomas Olander; Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.). Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen. 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Botimet Toena. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52411919">52411919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+kat%C3%ABr+v%C3%ABllime&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52411919&rft.aulast=Anamali&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200897-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200897_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi2008">Lloshi 2008</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bksh.al/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=antikuar&cl=CL2.3">"Meshari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Albania" title="National Library of Albania">National Library of Albania</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meshari&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bksh.al%2Fgsdl%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary.exe%3Fe%3Dd-01000-00---off-0antikuar--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00%26a%3Dd%26c%3Dantikuar%26cl%3DCL2.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Demiraj, Shaban. "Albanian". In Ramat and Ramat (2006), The Indo-European Languages. Page 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Dumitru Todericiu, An Albanian text older than the "Christening Formula" of 1462, in "Magazin Istoric", nr. 8, Bucharest, November 1967. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Robert Elsie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1986Bellifortis.pdf">The Bellifortis text and early Albanian</a> in "Zeitschrift für Balkanologie", Berlin, 22 February 1986, p. 158-162. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmullaku1975" class="citation book cs1">Marmullaku, Ramadan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3S4AAAAIAAJ&q=Andre+Bogdani">Albania and the Albanians</a>. C. Hurst. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0903983133" title="Special:BookSources/0903983133"><bdi>0903983133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+the+Albanians&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0903983133&rft.aulast=Marmullaku&rft.aufirst=Ramadan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3S4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAndre%2BBogdani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrelVelars-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrelVelars_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrelVelars_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrelVelars_121-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistorica00orel/page/n88">66</a>, 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-NeitherCentumNorSatem-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NeitherCentumNorSatem_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NeitherCentumNorSatem_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhyl_Demiraj2018" class="citation book cs1">Bardhyl Demiraj (2018). "100. The evolution of Albanian". In Fritz, Matthias; Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054036-9"><bdi>978-3-11-054036-9</bdi></a>. <q>and the outcomes of the three dorsal series suggest that Albanian, like Luwian, may have origi- nally retained this three-way opposition intact and therefore is neither centum nor satem, despite the clear satem-like outcome of its palatal dorsals in most instances</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=100.+The+evolution+of+Albanian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054036-9&rft.au=Bardhyl+Demiraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-123"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._MalloryDouglas_Q._Adams1997" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.au=J.+P.+Mallory&rft.au=Douglas+Q.+Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2">1-884964-98-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5">978-1-884964-98-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan2018" class="citation book cs1">de Vaan, Michiel (2018). 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 1757. <q>but h- has arisen secondarily in words such as hark 'curve' ← Latin arcus, which renders h- non-probative</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+phonology+of+Albanian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1757&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Schumacher/Matzinger 2013, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović201911-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasović201911_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatasović2019">Matasović 2019</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELloshi200810-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200810_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200810_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELloshi200810_141-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi2008">Lloshi 2008</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Drejtshkrimi_i_gjuhës_shqipe" class="citation book cs1">Kostallari, Androkli (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4LLPwAACAAJ&q=Drejtshkrimi+i+gjuh%C3%ABs+shqipe">Drejtshkrimi i gjuhës shqipe</a>. 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International Journal of the Sociology of Language (242): 217–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0040">10.1515/ijsl-2016-0040</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F11804">10023/11804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55005555">55005555</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106061914/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/11804/Kamusella_2016_IJSL_KosovanLanguage_VoR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2024 – via St Andrews Research Repository.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+idea+of+a+Kosovan+language+in+Yugoslavia%27s+language+politics&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=217-237&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F11804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55005555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2016-0040&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10023%2F11804%2FKamusella_2016_IJSL_KosovanLanguage_VoR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Drejtshkrimi_Prishtin%C3%AB_1964">"Drejtshkrimi Prishtinë 1964"</a>. 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PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0496859366" title="Special:BookSources/0496859366">0496859366</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchholzFiedler198728-31-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchholzFiedler198728-31_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchholzFiedler1987">Buchholz & Fiedler 1987</a>, p. 28-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-schwa-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranserMoosmüller" class="citation web cs1">Granser, Thedor; Moosmüller, Sylvia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/publications/2001_granser_moosmueller_the_schwa_in_albanian.pdf">"The schwa in Albanian"</a> (PDF). Institute of Acoustics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+schwa+in+Albanian&rft.pub=Institute+of+Acoustics+of+the+Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Granser&rft.aufirst=Thedor&rft.au=Moosm%C3%BCller%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfs.oeaw.ac.at%2Fpublications%2F2001_granser_moosmueller_the_schwa_in_albanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECdqschwaproto-AlbanianpgPA3_3]-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECdqschwaproto-AlbanianpgPA3_3]_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC&dq=schwa+proto-Albanian&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan" class="citation web cs1">de Vaan, Michiel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/14920/2/de+Vaan+-+PIE+e+in+Albanian.pdf">"PIE *e in Albanian"</a> (PDF). p. 72. Retrieved 16 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PIE+%2Ae+in+Albanian&rft.pages=72&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2F1887%2F14920%2F2%2Fde%2BVaan%2B-%2BPIE%2Be%2Bin%2BAlbanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie(London2005-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie(London2005_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieLondon_Centre_for_Albanian_Studies2005" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; London Centre for Albanian Studies (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&q=schwa+albanian&pg=PA16">Albanian literature: a short history</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+literature%3A+a+short+history&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-031-4&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=London+Centre+for+Albanian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox3Wx1Nl_2MC%26q%3Dschwa%2Balbanian%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Maxwell, Daniel Newhall. (1979). A Crosslinguistic Correlation between Word Order and Casemarking institution. Bloomington: Indiana University Pub. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-1">b</a> Breu, W. (2021) Italo-Albanian: Balkan Inheritance and Romance Influence p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1986" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Victor A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329121918/http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/040Friedman86.pdf">"Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian"</a> (PDF). In Chafe, Wallace L.; Nichols, Johanna (eds.). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Ablex. pp. 168–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89391-203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89391-203-1"><bdi>978-0-89391-203-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahimahi.uchicago.edu/media/faculty/vfriedm/040Friedman86.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidentiality+in+the+Balkans%3A+Bulgarian%2C+Macedonian+and+Albanian&rft.btitle=Evidentiality%3A+The+Linguistic+Coding+of+Epistemology&rft.pages=168-187&rft.pub=Ablex&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89391-203-1&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahimahi.uchicago.edu%2Fmedia%2Ffaculty%2Fvfriedm%2F040Friedman86.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Friedman" title="Victor Friedman">Friedman, Victor</a> (2021). "The Epic Admirative in Albanian". In Scaldaferri, Nicola (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WF-azgEACAAJ">Wild Songs, Sweet Songs: The Albanian Epic in the Collections of Milman Parry and Albert B. Lord</a>. Publications of the Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Series. Vol. 5. In collaboration with Victor Friedman, John Kolsti, Zymer U. Neziri. Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674271333" title="Special:BookSources/9780674271333"><bdi>9780674271333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epic+Admirative+in+Albanian&rft.btitle=Wild+Songs%2C+Sweet+Songs%3A+The+Albanian+Epic+in+the+Collections+of+Milman+Parry+and+Albert+B.+Lord&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Milman+Parry+Collection+of+Oral+Literature+Series&rft.pub=Harvard+University%2C+Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674271333&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWF-azgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamp2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamp, Eric Pratt (3 June 2011). "Albanian". In Gvozdanovic, Jadranka (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HmbWRnaridAC">Indo-European Numerals</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 869. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085846-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-085846-4"><bdi>978-3-11-085846-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Numerals&rft.pages=869&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.isbn=978-3-11-085846-4&rft.aulast=Hamp&rft.aufirst=Eric+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHmbWRnaridAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShkurtaj1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shkurtaj, Gjovalin (1972). "Vëzhgime rreth të folmëve të banorëve të Bregut të Matës, ishullit të Lezhës dhe ishullit të Shëngjinit". Studime Filologjike (in Albanian) (2). Akademia e Shkencave e RPSSH, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë: 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Filologjike&rft.atitle=V%C3%ABzhgime+rreth+t%C3%AB+folm%C3%ABve+t%C3%AB+banor%C3%ABve+t%C3%AB+Bregut+t%C3%AB+Mat%C3%ABs%2C+ishullit+t%C3%AB+Lezh%C3%ABs+dhe+ishullit+t%C3%AB+Sh%C3%ABngjinit&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Shkurtaj&rft.aufirst=Gjovalin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200643-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj200643_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2006">Demiraj 2006</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matasovic6-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matasovic6_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matasovic6_162-1">b</a> Matasovic, Ranko (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European</a>. p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawicka-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sawicka_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sawicka_163-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Irena_Natalia_Sawicka" title="Irena Natalia Sawicka">Sawicka, Irena</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/ch/article/view/ch.2013.006/117">"A Crossroad Between West, East and Orient–The Case of Albanian Culture."</a> Colloquia Humanistica. No. 2. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2013. Page 97: "Even according to Albanian linguists, Albanian vocabulary is composed in 60 percent of Latin words from different periods... When albanological studies were just emerging, it happened that Albanian was classified as a Romance language. Already there exists the idea of a common origin of both Albanian and Rumanian languages. The Rumanian grammar is almost identical to that of Albanian, but it may be as well the effect of later convergence within the Balkan Sprachbund.." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECpgPA23_23]-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxvKH56aT5mECpgPA23_23]_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC&pg=PA23">23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Matasovic, Ranko (2018). Page 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000191-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000191_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alternativetransport.wordpress.com/lexical-distance-matrix/">"Excel File_Lexical-Distance-Matrix"</a>. Alternative Transport. 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Transport&rft.atitle=Excel+File_Lexical-Distance-Matrix&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falternativetransport.wordpress.com%2Flexical-distance-matrix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alternativetransport.wordpress.com/2015/05/04/how-much-does-language-change-when-it-travels/">"How much does language change when it travels?"</a>. Alternative Transport. 4 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Transport&rft.atitle=How+much+does+language+change+when+it+travels%3F&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falternativetransport.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F05%2F04%2Fhow-much-does-language-change-when-it-travels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-balkancenter.org-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balkancenter.org_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balkancenter.org_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdzanela1970" class="citation journal cs1">Adzanela, Ardian (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2490281">"Cultural Treasure of Bosnia and Herzegovina edition-Prehistoric and Ancient Period- Book 2- Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina-an Overview of a Cultural Legacy/ Ancient Illyrians of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Ardian Adžanela Adzanela Axhanela"</a>. Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Cultural+Treasure+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+edition-Prehistoric+and+Ancient+Period-+Book+2-+Illyrian+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina-an+Overview+of+a+Cultural+Legacy%2F+Ancient+Illyrians+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+%26%23124%3B+Ardian+Ad%C5%BEanela+Adzanela+Axhanela&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.aulast=Adzanela&rft.aufirst=Ardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2490281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann1977-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Mann1977_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuart_E._Mann1977" class="citation book cs1">Suart E. Mann (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LJiAAAAMAAJ&q=aran+%2B+Illyrian">An Albanian Historical Grammar</a>. Buske. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-262-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87118-262-4"><bdi>978-3-87118-262-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Albanian+Historical+Grammar&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-3-87118-262-4&rft.au=Suart+E.+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LJiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Daran%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8D5mAAAAMAAJ&q=bilia+Illyrian+albanian">Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity : Řada klasická</a>. 3 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sborn%C3%ADk+prac%C3%AD+Filozofick%C3%A9+fakulty+brn%C4%9Bnsk%C3%A9+univerzity+%3A+%C5%98ada+klasick%C3%A1&rft.date=2008-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8D5mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbilia%2BIllyrian%2Balbanian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Ushaku, Ruzhdi, Hulumtime etnoliguistike, chapter: The continuation of Illyrian Bind in Albanian Mythology and Language, Fakulteti filologjise, Prishtine, 2000, p. 46-48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayani_1962-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mayani_1962_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mayani_1962_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayani1962" class="citation book cs1">Mayani, Zĕchariă (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMMkAAAAMAAJ&q=drenis+%2B+Illyrian">The Etruscans begin to speak</a>. Souvenir Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscans+begin+to+speak&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Mayani&rft.aufirst=Z%C4%95chari%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMMkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddrenis%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IG-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IG_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IG_174-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617033012/http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/glossary/illy.html">"Illyrian Glossary"</a>. bizland.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indoeuro.bizland.com/project/glossary/illy.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illyrian+Glossary&rft.pub=bizland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findoeuro.bizland.com%2Fproject%2Fglossary%2Filly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1977" class="citation book cs1">Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ&q=mal+%2B+Illyrian">The Illyrians: history and culture</a>. Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815550525" title="Special:BookSources/9780815550525"><bdi>9780815550525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians%3A+history+and+culture&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780815550525&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLcWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmal%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinguistic_Society_of_America1964" class="citation book cs1">Linguistic Society of America (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_04AAAAMAAJ&q=bardi+%2B+Illyrian">Language, Volumes 1–3</a>. Linguistic Society of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%933&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_04AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbardi%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Millennium_Studies-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Millennium_Studies_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSrxcnuJn44C&q=delme+%2B+Illyrian&pg=PA152">Diokletian und die Tetrarchie: Aspekte einer Zeitenwende</a>. Millennium Studies. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110182309" title="Special:BookSources/9783110182309"><bdi>9783110182309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diokletian+und+die+Tetrarchie%3A+Aspekte+einer+Zeitenwende&rft.pub=Millennium+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783110182309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSrxcnuJn44C%26q%3Ddelme%2B%252B%2BIllyrian%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2006" class="citation book cs1">Price, Roberto Salinas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4sYfFuSfekC&q=dardhe+%2B+illyrian&pg=PA72">Homeric whispers: intimations of orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey</a>. Scylax Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780910865111" title="Special:BookSources/9780910865111"><bdi>9780910865111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeric+whispers%3A+intimations+of+orthodoxy+in+the+Iliad+and+Odyssey&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Scylax+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780910865111&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Roberto+Salinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4sYfFuSfekC%26q%3Ddardhe%2B%252B%2Billyrian%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggebrechtRoemer-MuseumPelizaeus-Museum1988" class="citation book cs1">Eggebrecht, Arne; Roemer-Museum; Pelizaeus-Museum (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyOFAAAAIAAJ&q=sica+thika">Albanien: Schätze aus dem Land der Skipetaren</a>. P. von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805309783" title="Special:BookSources/9783805309783"><bdi>9783805309783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanien%3A+Sch%C3%A4tze+aus+dem+Land+der+Skipetaren&rft.pub=P.+von+Zabern&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9783805309783&rft.aulast=Eggebrecht&rft.aufirst=Arne&rft.au=Roemer-Museum&rft.au=Pelizaeus-Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyOFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsica%2Bthika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0c9CAAAAIAAJ&q=%22ulk%22+%2B+Illyrian">Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963</a>. Millennium Studies. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indo-European+dialects%3A+proceedings%2C+Volume+1963&rft.pub=Millennium+Studies&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0c9CAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522ulk%2522%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuart_E.1977" class="citation book cs1">Suart E., Mann (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3LJiAAAAMAAJ&q=lo%C3%BAgeon+%2B+Illyrian">An Albanian Historical Grammar</a>. Hamburg: Buske. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783871182624" title="Special:BookSources/9783871182624"><bdi>9783871182624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Albanian+Historical+Grammar&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9783871182624&rft.aulast=Suart+E.&rft.aufirst=Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3LJiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlo%25C3%25BAgeon%2B%252B%2BIllyrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFortson2010">Fortson 2010</a>, p. 465 </li> <li id="cite_note-huld-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huld_184-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuld,_Martin_E.1986" class="citation journal cs1">Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Accentual Stratification of Ancient Greek Loanwords in Albanian". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2): 245–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=Accentual+Stratification+of+Ancient+Greek+Loanwords+in+Albanian&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-253&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Huld%2C+Martin+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 23: "Latin loanwords are of extreme importance for the history of Albanian phonology, especially its vocalism. The duration of the borrowing was so long that loanwords reflect several distinct chronological stages." </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2011" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED546136">Slavic-Albanian language contact, convergence, and coexistence</a>. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781267580337" title="Special:BookSources/9781267580337"><bdi>9781267580337</bdi></a>. <q>One other point that some scholars make is the fact that Albanian and Romanian share many lexical items; this has led some to believe that Albanian originated east of its present geographical spread (Georgiev 1957; Hamp 1994)...it does not necessarily determine the genealogical history of the language, nor does it rule out the possibility of Proto-Albanian being present in both Illyrian and Thracian territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic-Albanian+language+contact%2C+convergence%2C+and+coexistence&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.isbn=9781267580337&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DED546136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linguistics_p.412-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linguistics_p.412_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linguistics_p.412_187-1">b</a> The Field of Linguistics, Volume 2 Volume 1 of World of linguistics Authors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Editors Bernd Kortmann, Johan Van Der Auwera Publisher Walter de Gruyter, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-022025-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-022025-3">3-11-022025-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022025-4">978-3-11-022025-4</a> p.412 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_p.102_188-2">c</a> Ancient Indo-European dialects: proceedings, Volume 1963 Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages and Linguistics Authors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel, University of California, Los Angeles. Center for Research in Languages and Linguistics Editors Henrik Birnbaum, Jaan Puhvel Publisher University of California Press, 1966 p.102 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a> postulates a Vulgar Latin intermediary for no good reason. Mallory & Adams (1997) erroneously give the word as native, from *melítiā, the protoform underlying Greek mélissa; however, this protoform gave Albanian mjalcë "bee", which is a natural derivative of Proto-Albanian * melita; "honey" (mod. mjaltë). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel200023-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200023_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel200023_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000102-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000102_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998236-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998236_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet1998" class="citation book cs1">Bonnet, Guillaum (1998). Les mots latins de l'albanais. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+mots+latins+de+l%27albanais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Guillaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel1998318-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel1998318_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel2000264_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrel2000">Orel 2000</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopitar1829254-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopitar1829254_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKopitar1829">Kopitar 1829</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Meyer, Gustav. Die lateinischen Elemente im Albanesischen. (In: Grцbers Grundriss, I; I.Auflage) (1888), p. 805 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm. Rumanisch, romanisch, albanesisch. (Mitteilungen des Romanischen Instituts an der Universitet Wien. I. Heilderberg 1914), p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhyl_Demiraj2010" class="citation book cs1">Bardhyl Demiraj (2010). Wir sind die Deinen. Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925–1992) gewidmet. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06221-3"><bdi>978-3-447-06221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wir+sind+die+Deinen.+Studien+zur+albanischen+Sprache%2C+Literatur+und+Kulturgeschichte%2C+dem+Gedenken+an+Martin+Camaj+%281925%E2%80%931992%29+gewidmet&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06221-3&rft.au=Bardhyl+Demiraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. 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Albanian Academy of Sciences/Onufri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9928-354-88-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9928-354-88-4"><bdi>978-9928-354-88-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barleti+i+hersh%C3%ABm+sipas+nj%C3%AB+dor%C3%ABshkrimi+t%C3%AB+panjohur+%5BThe+early+Barleti+%E2%80%93+according+to+an+unknown+text%5D&rft.pub=Albanian+Academy+of+Sciences%2FOnufri&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9928-354-88-4&rft.aulast=Plasari&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft.au=Nadin%2C+Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir</a> (1998). Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2000" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vladimir (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvKH56aT5mEC">A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian</a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004116478" title="Special:BookSources/9004116478"><bdi>9004116478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Historical+Grammar+of+the+Albanian+Language%3A+Reconstruction+of+Proto-Albanian&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9004116478&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvKH56aT5mEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiza1979" class="citation book cs1">Riza, Selman (1979). Studime albanistike. Pristina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studime+albanistike&rft.place=Pristina&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Riza&rft.aufirst=Selman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusakov2017" class="citation book cs1">Rusakov, Alexander (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ">"Albanian"</a>. In Kapović, Mate; Giacalone Ramat, Anna; Ramat, Paolo (eds.). The Indo-European Languages. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317391531" title="Special:BookSources/9781317391531"><bdi>9781317391531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317391531&rft.aulast=Rusakov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8i0lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacherMatzinger2013" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013). Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Verben+des+Altalbanischen%3A+Belegw%C3%B6rterbuch%2C+Vorgeschichte+und+Etymologie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Matzinger%2C+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvane1992" class="citation book cs1">Svane, Gunnar (1992). Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen. Århus: Aarhus University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavische+Lehnw%C3%B6rter+im+Albanischen&rft.place=%C3%85rhus&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Svane&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliavini1965" class="citation book cs1">Tagliavini, Carlo (1965). La stratificazione del lessico albanese: Elementi indoeuropei. Bologna: Casa editrice Prof. Riccardo Pàtron.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+stratificazione+del+lessico+albanese%3A+Elementi+indoeuropei&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Casa+editrice+Prof.+Riccardo+P%C3%A0tron&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Tagliavini&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThumb1909" class="citation journal cs1">Thumb, Albert (1909). "Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen". <a href="/wiki/Indogermanische_Forschungen" title="Indogermanische Forschungen">Indogermanische Forschungen</a>. 26: 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Altgriechische+Elemente+des+Albanesischen&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Thumb&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumper2018" class="citation book cs1">Trumper, John (2018). "Some Celto-Albanian isoglosses and their implications". In Grimaldi, Mirko; Lai, Rosangela; Franco, Ludovico; Baldi, Benedetta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAR-DwAAQBAJ">Structuring Variation in Romance Linguistics and Beyond: In Honour of Leonardo M. Savoia</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027263179" title="Special:BookSources/9789027263179"><bdi>9789027263179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Celto-Albanian+isoglosses+and+their+implications&rft.btitle=Structuring+Variation+in+Romance+Linguistics+and+Beyond%3A+In+Honour+of+Leonardo+M.+Savoia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789027263179&rft.aulast=Trumper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAR-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>von Hahn, Johann Georg. Albanesische Studien. 3 vols. Jena: F. Mauko, 1854.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a>. "Proto-Indo-European: Comparison and Reconstruction", in The Indo-European Languages. Edited by Anna Giacalone Ramat & Paolo Ramat. London-NY: Routledge, 1998, pp. 25–73.</li> <li>Ylli, Xhelal. Das slawische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2 vols., vol. 1: Lehnwörter; vol. 2: Ortsnamen. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1997/2000.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlliSobolev2003" class="citation book cs1">Ylli, Xhelal; Sobolev, Andrej N. (2003). Albanskii gegskii govor sela Muhurr. Munich: Biblion Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932331-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-932331-36-2"><bdi>3-932331-36-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanskii+gegskii+govor+sela+Muhurr&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Biblion+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-932331-36-2&rft.aulast=Ylli&rft.aufirst=Xhelal&rft.au=Sobolev%2C+Andrej+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sq:"> Albanian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has more on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Albanian_language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Albanian language, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Albanian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Albanian language">Albanian language category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Albanian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Albanian language">Albanian language</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Albanian_phrasebook#Q8748" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Albanian phrasebook">Albanian</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/albol">Albanian Online</a> by Brian Joseph, Angelo Costanzo, and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-sqi.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online</a>, an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tocharian A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Albanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Albanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Albanian language</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albanian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanian_language" title="Template:Albanian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanian_language" title="Template talk:Albanian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albanian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">language family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Palaeo-Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Daco-Moesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Eastern_Romance_linguistic_parallels" title="Albanian–Eastern Romance linguistic parallels">Linguistic parallels with Eastern Romance languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian language dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Southeast Tosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Albanian">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_dialect" title="Upper Reka dialect">Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanasi language">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srem_Albanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srem Albanian (page does not exist)">Srem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_alphabet" title="Elbasan alphabet">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_language" title="Category:Albanian language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a> (1190–1385) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1385–1912) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a> (1912–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Albania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Albania" title="Template talk:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Albania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Languages of Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> - <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_language_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">Historical linguistic minorities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central-Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchigiano_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchigiano dialect">Marchigiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino_dialect" title="Marino dialect">Marinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Beneventano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Cosentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central-Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Italo-Dalmatian languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sardinian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Campidanese dialect">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellese (page does not exist)">Cellese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco and Legnanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legnanese_dialect" title="Legnanese dialect">Legnanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco-Lecchese dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Lombard dialect">Eastern Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol_linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian–Romagnol linguistic group">Emilian–Romagnol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialects">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other Gallo-Italic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Venetian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhaeto-Romance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arbëresh_language" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccarizzo_Albanian" title="Vaccarizzo Albanian">Vaccarizzo Albanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_dialect" title="Brda dialect">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Carniolan_dialect" title="Inner Carniolan dialect">Inner Carniolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_dialect" title="Karst dialect">Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natisone_Valley_dialect" title="Natisone Valley dialect">Natisone Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resian_dialect" title="Resian dialect">Resian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Valley_dialect" title="Torre Valley dialect">Torre Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy#Triestine_Serbs" title="Serbs in Italy">Triestine Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italiot_Greek" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Griko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Other German dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist. </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Languages_of_Kosovo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Template:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Template talk:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kosovo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kosovo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kosovo&#124;link=Kosovo_Languages_of_Kosovo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages of Kosovo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gora_dialect" title="Gora dialect">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Template talk:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of North Macedonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Macedonia&#124;link=North_Macedonia_Languages_of_North_Macedonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">Languages of North Macedonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Montenegro&#124;link=Montenegro_Languages_of_Montenegro" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages of Montenegro</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See Also: <a href="/wiki/Minority_languages_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority languages of Montenegro">Minority languages of Montenegro</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Languages of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional or minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpatho-Rusyn language">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sw5fn","wgBackendResponseTime":427,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.572","walltime":"5.093","ppvisitednodes":{"value":39021,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1191844,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":215192,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":60,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":799840,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4253.102 1 -total"," 20.12% 855.600 7 Template:Reflist"," 19.57% 832.309 667 Template:Lang"," 15.14% 644.018 110 Template:Cite_book"," 11.56% 491.476 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.03% 469.141 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.96% 338.649 74 Template:Sfn"," 6.84% 290.914 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.47% 232.792 1 Template:Navboxes"," 5.28% 224.614 36 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.714","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22403746,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdzanela1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjeti1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjeti1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkademia_e_Shkencave_e_RPS_të_Shqipërisë1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnamali2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArapi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanfi1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanfi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardhyl_Demiraj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardhyl_Demiraj2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartl1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayraktar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBihiku1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnet1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBopp1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoretzky1975\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBuchholzFiedler1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamaj1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamaj1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamarda1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamarda1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangChundra2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimochowski1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimochowski1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimochowski1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorettaRiverin-CoutléeKapiaNichols2022\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Simone1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedvukajGehringer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedvukajNdoci2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirajEsposito2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesnickaja1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesnickaja1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesnickaja1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomi1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomi1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Q._Adams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggebrechtRoemer-MuseumPelizaeus-Museum1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsieLondon_Centre_for_Albanian_Studies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuromosaic_project2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFatjona_Mejdini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFortson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranceschini2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisc_Pall1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenesin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinari1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinari1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinari1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinari1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinari1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjinariBeciShkurtajGosturani2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranserMoosmüller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamp2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampAdams2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuld,_Martin_E.1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuld1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyllestedJoseph2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImami2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmajli2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._P._MalloryDouglas_Q._Adams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaticic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinBrianFritz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocaqi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopitar1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretschmer1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretschmer1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindstedt2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinguistic_Society_of_America1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearu,_AlexandruGordon,_Martin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarmullaku1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasovic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayani1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihăescu1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihăescu1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerOhnheiserOlsenRainer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasse1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewmarkHubbardPrifti1982\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Geoffrey_Lemprière_Hammond1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlsenThorsø2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantić1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellegrini1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereltsvaig2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisani1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisani1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPisani1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlasariNadin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiza1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusakov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacherMatzinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShkurtaj1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowa2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStipčević1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuart_E.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuart_E._Mann1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvane1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagliavini1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorRingeWarnow1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorsø2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThumb1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrandafiliMeçeDuka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumper2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrapi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYlliSobolev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vaan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vaan2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÇabej1962\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÇabej1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÇabej1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖlberg1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖlberg1982\"] = 1,\n [\"Drejtshkrimi_i_gjuhës_shqipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Fjalori_Drejtshkrimor_i_Gjuhës_Shqipe\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Albania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Albanian language\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 5,\n [\"Angle bracket\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 109,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 19,\n [\"Clade\"] = 6,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 4,\n [\"Cleanup lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Extinct\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 8,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 6,\n [\"Glottolog\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 29,\n [\"IPA\"] = 60,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 37,\n [\"IPA-sq\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Indo-European languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 667,\n [\"Languages of Albania\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Kosovo\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Macedonia\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Montenegro\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Romania\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Serbia\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 5,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 74,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 8,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary category\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","13.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","10.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","6.0"],["type","140","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","2.7"],["[others]","860","28.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-vtdl2","timestamp":"20241122202058","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Albanian language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albanian_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8748","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8748","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-24T00:23:12Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T20:20:52Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Albanian_language_map_en.svg","headline":"Indo-European language, spoken in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Montenegro as well as Italy, Croatia, Romania and Serbia"}</script> </body> </html>