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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatief" title="Ergatief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ergatief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativo" title="Ergativo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ergativo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casu_ergativu" title="Casu ergativu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casu ergativu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ергативно-абсолютивен строй – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ергативно-абсолютивен строй" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troad_ergativel" title="Troad ergativel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Troad ergativel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas_ergatiu" title="Cas ergatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cas ergatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_ergativo" title="Caso ergativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caso ergativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativo" title="Ergativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ergativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativu" title="Ergativu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ergativu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatibo" title="Ergatibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ergatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatif" title="Ergatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ergatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativo" title="Ergativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ergativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8A%A5%EA%B2%A9" title="능격 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="능격" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativus" title="Ergativus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ergativus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativo" title="Ergativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ergativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativus" title="Ergativus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ergativus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatyvas" title="Ergatyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ergatyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatief" title="Ergatief – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ergatief" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativus" title="Ergativus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ergativus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Ергатив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ергатив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatief" title="Ergatief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ergatief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%A0%BC" title="能格 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="能格" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatyw" title="Ergatyw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ergatyw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_ergativo" title="Caso ergativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso ergativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Эргатив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эргатив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatiivi" title="Ergatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ergatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativ" title="Ergativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ergativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Ергатив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ергатив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergativo" title="Ergativo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ergativo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%BC" title="作格 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="作格" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%BC" title="作格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="作格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%BC" title="作格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="作格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q324305#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/170px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/255px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg/340px-Lugal_Kiengi_Kiuri%2C_King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad%2C_on_a_seal_of_Shulgi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> inscription <i>Lugal Kiengi Kiuri</i> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒈗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒆠𒌵</span>, "<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">King of Sumer and Akkad</a>", on a seal of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> (r. c. 2094–2047 BCE). The final <i>ke<sub>4</sub></i> <span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒆤</span> is the composite of -k (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>) and -e (ergative case).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, the <b>ergative case</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><b>erg</b></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a> that identifies a <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">nominal phrase</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergative_case&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In such languages, the ergative case is typically <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">marked</a> (most <a href="/wiki/Salience_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salience (communication)">salient</a>), while the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a> is unmarked. Recent work in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case theory</a> has vigorously supported the idea that the ergative case identifies the agent (the intentful performer of an action) of a verb.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Kalaallisut</a> (Greenlandic) for example, the ergative case is used to mark subjects of transitive verbs and possessors of nouns. This <a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> is commonly referred to as the <i>relative</i> case. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_language" title="Nez Perce language">Nez Perce</a> has a three-way nominal case system with both ergative (<i>-nim</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> (<i>-ne</i>) plus an absolute (unmarked) case for intransitive subjects: <i>hipáayna qíiwn</i> ‘the old man arrived’; <i>hipáayna wewúkiye</i> ‘the elk arrived’; <i>wewúkiyene péexne qíiwnim</i> ‘the old man saw an elk’. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sahaptin_language" title="Sahaptin language">Sahaptin</a> has an ergative noun case (with suffix <i>-nɨm</i>) that is limited to transitive constructions only when the direct object is 1st or 2nd person: <i>iwapáatayaaš łmámanɨm</i> ‘the old woman helped me’; <i>paanáy iwapáataya łmáma</i> ‘the old woman helped him/her’ (direct); <i>páwapaataya łmámayin</i> ‘the old woman helped him/her’ (inverse). </p><p>In languages with an optional ergative, the choice between marking the ergative case or not depends on semantic or pragmatics aspects such as marking focus on the argument.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other languages that use the ergative case are <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian languages">Caucasian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a>. Among all <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a> varieties (including <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazaki">Zazaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, along with some other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, are ergative. </p><p>The ergative case is also a feature of some <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Na%27vi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Na'vi language">Na'vi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithkuil" title="Ithkuil">Ithkuil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergative_case&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergative_case" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ergative case">ergative case</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ergative" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ergative">ergative</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">Antipassive voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative-absolutive language">Ergative-absolutive language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">Volition (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergative_case&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdzard2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Edzard, Dietz-Otto</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Sumerian Grammar</i></a>. BRILL. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0340-1"><bdi>978-90-474-0340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Grammar&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0340-1&rft.aulast=Edzard&rft.aufirst=Dietz-Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOx5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoos" class="citation web cs1">Loos, Eugene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190305/http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsErgativeCase.htm">"Glossary of linguistic terms"</a>. <i>LinguaLinks Library 5.0 Plus</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsErgativeCase.htm">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LinguaLinks+Library+5.0+Plus&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Flinguistics%2FGlossaryOflinguisticTerms%2FWhatIsErgativeCase.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>. 2022. Ergative, absolutive, accusative and nominative as comparative concepts. In Iomdin, Leonid & Milićević, Jasmina & Polguère, Alain (eds.), Lifetime linguistic inspirations: To Igor Mel’čuk, 201–213. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. (doi:10.5281/zenodo.7625026) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zenodo.org/record/7625026">https://zenodo.org/record/7625026</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolford, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.umass.edu/ellenw/Woolford%20Lexical%20and%20Inherent%20Case.pdf">"Lexical Case, Inherent Case, and Argument Structure"</a>. Feb 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_B._McGregor2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._McGregor" title="William B. McGregor">William B. McGregor</a> (1 July 2010). "Optional ergative case marking systems in a typological-semiotic perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(journal)" title="Lingua (journal)">Lingua</a></i>. <b>120</b>: 1610–1636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.LINGUA.2009.05.010">10.1016/J.LINGUA.2009.05.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122816430" class="extiw" title="d:Q122816430">Q122816430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Optional+ergative+case+marking+systems+in+a+typological-semiotic+perspective&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=1610-1636&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.LINGUA.2009.05.010&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.au=William+B.+McGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErgative+case" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Bynon" title="Theodora Bynon">Theodora Bynon</a>. 1979. The Ergative Construction in Kurdish. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i> Vol. 42, No. 2:211-224.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grammatical_cases" title="Template talk:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical_cases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grammatical cases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammatical_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Grammatical cases</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">List of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">Morphosyntactic alignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">Absolutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">Direct</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ergative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_case" title="Intransitive case">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitive_case" title="Partitive case">Partitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegative_case" title="Pegative case">Pegative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location, time, direction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adessive_case" title="Adessive case">Adessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antessive_case" title="Antessive case">Antessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudessive_case" title="Apudessive case">Apudessive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">Approximative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delative_case" title="Delative case">Delative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_case" title="Distributive case">Distributive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributive-temporal_case" title="Distributive-temporal case">-temporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">Elative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">Illative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelative_case" title="Inelative case">Inelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">Inessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrative_case" title="Intrative case">Intrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lative_case" title="Lative case">Lative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limitative case (page does not exist)">Limitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative-qualitative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative-qualitative case (page does not exist)">-qualitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medial_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medial case (page does not exist)">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlative_case" title="Perlative case">Perlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertingent_case" title="Pertingent case">Pertingent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postdirective case (page does not exist)">Postdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postelative_case" title="Postelative case">Postelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postessive_case" title="Postessive case">Postessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">Prolative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdirective case (page does not exist)">Subdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subelative case (page does not exist)">Subelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subessive_case" title="Subessive case">Subessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublative_case" title="Sublative case">Sublative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdirective_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superdirective case (page does not exist)">Superdirective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superelative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superelative case (page does not exist)">Superelative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superessive_case" title="Superessive case">Superessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative_case" title="Superlative case">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_case" title="Temporal case">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possession, companion, instrument</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Abessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Caritive case">Caritive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental-comitative_case" title="Instrumental-comitative case">-comitative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornative_case" title="Ornative case">Ornative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">Privative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociative_case" title="Sociative case">Sociative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, manner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_case" title="Adverbial case">Adverbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_case" title="Comparative case">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equative_case" title="Equative case">Equative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive_case" title="Essive case">Essive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essive-formal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Essive-formal case">-formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essive-modal_case" title="Essive-modal case">-modal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exessive_case" title="Exessive case">Exessive</a></li> <li>Formal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructive_case" title="Instructive case">Instructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_case" title="Modal case">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_case" title="Multiplicative case">Multiplicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientative_case" title="Orientative case">Orientative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revertive_case" title="Revertive case">Revertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semblative_case" title="Semblative case">Semblative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translative_case" title="Translative case">Translative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cause, purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_case" title="Aversive case">Aversive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal_case" title="Causative">Causal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causative#Causal-final_case" title="Causative">-final</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_case" title="Final case">Final</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepositional case">Postpositional/Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_declension" title="Czech declension">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension" title="Archaic Dutch declension">Archaic Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English#Morphology" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_noun_cases" title="Finnish noun cases">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_declension" title="German declension">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_declension" title="Old High German declension">Old High German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_declension" title="Gothic declension">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension_in_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Declension in Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_noun_phrase" title="Hungarian noun phrase">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_declension" title="Irish declension">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_declension" title="Latin declension">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_declension" title="Latvian declension">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_declension" title="Lithuanian declension">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_declension" title="Russian declension">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" 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