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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akbar_(r._1556–1605)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Akbar (r. 1556–1605)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akbar_(r._1556–1605)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jahangir_(1605–1625)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jahangir_(1605–1625)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jahangir (1605–1625)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jahangir_(1605–1625)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_Jahan_(1628–1659)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_Jahan_(1628–1659)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shah Jahan (1628–1659)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_Jahan_(1628–1659)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_style_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_style_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mughal style today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_style_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mughal painting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="رسم مغول الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسم مغول الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol_r%C9%99ssaml%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Moğol rəssamlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moğol rəssamlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="মুঘল চিত্রশিল্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুঘল চিত্রশিল্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogulreich#Malerei" title="Mogulreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mogulreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_mogol" title="Pintura mogol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura mogol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogola_pentrarto" title="Mogola pentrarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mogola pentrarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogol_margolaritza" title="Mogol margolaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mogol margolaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نگارگری گورکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نگارگری گورکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinture_moghole" title="Peinture moghole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peinture moghole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%B4_%ED%9A%8C%ED%99%94" title="무굴 회화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무굴 회화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मुग़ल चित्रकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुग़ल चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_moghul" title="Pittura moghul – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pittura moghul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Моғол мектебі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моғол мектебі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogul_iskola" title="Mogul iskola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mogul iskola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%98%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯨꯘꯜ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E7%B5%B5%E7%94%BB" title="ムガル絵画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムガル絵画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="مغل پینٹنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مغل پینٹنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniatury_mogolskie" title="Miniatury mogolskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miniatury mogolskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Могольская живопись – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Могольская живопись" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முகலாய ஓவியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகலாய ஓவியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3" title="మొఘల్ చిత్రకళ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొఘల్ చిత్రకళ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Могольський живопис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Могольський живопис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مغل فن مصوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغل فن مصوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%80%E5%85%92%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="蒙兀兒繪畫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙兀兒繪畫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1049336#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_miniature&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South Asian painting in manuscript miniatures from the Mughal period</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20,_Musee_Guimet,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/495px-Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg/660px-Govardhan._Jahangir_Visiting_the_Ascetic_Jadrup._ca._1616-20%2C_Musee_Guimet%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_(Mughal_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhan (Mughal painter)">Govardhan</a>, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> visiting the ascetic Jadrup, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1616–1620<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mughal painting</b> is a <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> style of painting on paper confined to <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> either as book illustrations or as single works to be kept in albums (<a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">muraqqa</a>), originating from the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. It emerged from <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> painting (itself partly of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese origin</a>) and developed in the court of the Mughal Empire of the 16th to 18th centuries. Battles, legendary stories, hunting scenes, wildlife, royal life, mythology, as well as other subjects have all been frequently depicted in paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mughal emperors were Muslims and they are credited with consolidating Islam in the subcontinent, and spreading Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mughal painting immediately took a much greater interest in realistic portraiture than was typical of Persian miniatures. Animals and plants were the main subject of many miniatures for albums, and were more realistically depicted. Although many classic works of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> continued to be illustrated, as well as <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a>, the taste of the Mughal emperors for writing memoirs or diaries, begun by Babur, provided some of the most lavishly decorated texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Padshahnama" title="Padshahnama">Padshahnama</a> genre of official histories. Subjects are rich in variety and include portraits, events and scenes from court life, wild life and hunting scenes, and illustrations of battles. The Persian tradition of richly decorated borders framing the central image (mostly trimmed in the images shown here) was continued, as was a modified form of the Persian convention of an elevated viewpoint. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shahjahan_on_globe,_mid_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/220px-Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/330px-Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/440px-Shahjahan_on_globe%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><i>The Emperor Shah Jahan standing on a globe</i>, with a halo and European-style <i><a href="/wiki/Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Putti">putti</a></i>, c. 1618–19 to 1629</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mughal painting style later spread to other Indian courts, both Muslim and Hindu, and later Sikh, and was often used to depict Hindu subjects. This was mostly in northern India. It developed many regional styles in these courts, tending to become bolder but less refined. These are often described as "post-Mughal", "sub-Mughal" or "provincial Mughal". The mingling of foreign Persian and indigenous Indian elements was a continuation of the patronage of other aspects of foreign culture as initiated by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, and the introduction of it into the subcontinent by various central Asian dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subjects">Subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraits">Portraits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Portraits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort,_ca._1620,_Aga_Khan_Museum_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-25_Abu%27l_Hasan._Emperor_Jahangir_At_The_Jharoka_Window_Of_The_Agra_Fort%2C_ca._1620%2C_Aga_Khan_Museum_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>Abu'l Hasan, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jharokha_Darshan" title="Jharokha Darshan">Jharoka window</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1620</span>, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Aga Khan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From fairly early the Mughal style made a strong feature of realistic portraiture, normally in profile, and influenced by Western prints, which were available at the Mughal court. This had never been a feature of either <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> or earlier Indian painting. The pose, rarely varied in portraits, was to have the head in strict profile, but the rest of the body half turned towards the viewer. For a long time portraits were always of men, often accompanied by generalized female servants or <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a>; but there is scholarly debate about the representation of female court members in portraiture. Some scholars claim there are no known extant likenesses of figures like <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Begum" title="Jahanara Begum">Jahanara Begum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahal" title="Mumtaz Mahal">Mumtaz Mahal</a>, and others attribute miniatures, for example from the <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a> album or the <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a> mirror portrait, to these famous noblewomen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single idealized figure of the <a href="/wiki/Riza_Abbasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Riza Abbasi">Riza Abbasi</a> type was less popular, but fully painted scenes of lovers in a palace setting became popular later. Drawings of genre scenes, especially showing holy men, whether Muslim or Hindu, were also popular. </p><p>Akbar had an album, now dispersed, consisting entirely of portraits of figures at his enormous court which had a practical purpose; according to chroniclers he used to consult it when discussing appointments and the like with his advisors, apparently to jog his memory of who the people being discussed were. Many of them, like medieval European images of saints, carried objects associated with them to help identification, but otherwise the figures stand on a plain background.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of fine portraits of Akbar, but it was under his successors <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and Shah Jahan that the portrait of the ruler became firmly established as a leading subject in Indian miniature painting, which was to spread to both Muslim and Hindu princely courts across India.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 17th century equestrian portraits, mostly of rulers, became another popular borrowing from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another new type of image showed the <a href="/wiki/Jharokha_Darshan" title="Jharokha Darshan">Jharokha Darshan</a> (literally "balcony view/worship"), or public display of the emperor to the court, or the public, which became a daily ceremonial under Akbar, Jahangir and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, before being stopped as un-Islamic by Aurangzeb. In these scenes, the emperor is shown at top on a balcony or at a window, with a crowd of courtiers below, sometimes including many portraits. Like the increasingly large <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a> these emperors were given in single portraits, the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> reflects the aspiration of the later Mughals to project an image as the representative of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> on earth, or even as having a quasi-divine status themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaur_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other images show the enthroned emperor having meetings, receiving visitors, or <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">in durbar</a>, or formal council. These and royal portraits incorporated in hunting scenes became highly popular types in later <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput painting</a> and other post-Mughal styles. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_(Blue_Bull)%22,_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg/220px-%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg/330px-%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg/440px-%22Study_of_a_Nilgai_%28Blue_Bull%29%22%2C_Folio_from_the_Shah_Jahan_Album_MET_DT4808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a> (fl. 1590–1624), who specialized in birds and animal studies for albums</figcaption></figure> <p>Another popular subject area was realistic studies of animals and plants, mostly flowers; the text of the <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i> includes a number of descriptions of such subjects, which were illustrated in the copies made for Akbar. These subjects also had specialist artists, including <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Milo_C._Beach" title="Milo C. Beach">Milo C. Beach</a> argues that "Mughal naturalism has been greatly overstressed. Early animal imagery consists of variations on a theme, rather than new, innovative observations". He sees considerable borrowings from Chinese animal paintings on paper, which seem not to have been highly valued by Chinese collectors, and so reached India.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrated_books">Illustrated books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illustrated books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the formative period of the style, under Akbar, the imperial workshop produced a number of heavily illustrated copies of established books in Persian. One of the first, probably from the 1550s and now mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, was a <i><a href="/wiki/Tutinama" title="Tutinama">Tutinama</a></i> with some 250 rather simple and rather small miniatures, most with only a few figures. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_Hamzanama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's Hamzanama">Akbar's <i>Hamzanama</i></a> had unusually large pages, of densely woven cotton rather than the usual paper, and the images were very often crowded with figures. The work was "a continuous series of romantic interludes, threatening events, narrow escapes, and violent acts", supposedly telling the life of an uncle of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akbar's manuscript had a remarkable total of some 1400 miniatures, one on every opening, with the relevant text written on the back of the page, presumably to be read to the emperor as he looked at each image. This colossal project took most of the 1560s, and probably beyond. These and a few other early works saw a fairly unified Mughal workshop style emerge by around 1580. </p><p>Other large projects included biographies or memoirs of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, its founder, had written classic memoirs, which his grandson Akbar had translated into Persian, as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i> (1589), and then produced in four lavishly illustrated copies, with up to 183 miniatures each. The <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i> was Akbar's own commissioned biography or chronicle, produced in many versions, and the tradition continued with <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>'s autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a></i> (or <i>Jahangirnama</i>) and a celebratory biography of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Padshahnama" title="Padshahnama">Padshahnama</a></i>, which brought the era of the large illustrated imperial biography to an end, around 1650. Akbar commissioned a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Zafarnama_(Yazdi_biography)" title="Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)">Zafarnama</a></i>, a biography of his distant ancestor <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, but though he had his aunt write a biography of his father <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, no illustrated manuscript survives. </p><p>Volumes of the classics of <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a> usually had rather fewer miniatures, often around twenty, but often these were of the highest quality. Akbar also had the Hindu epic poems translated into Persian, and produced in illustrated versions. Four are known of the <i><a href="/wiki/Razmnama" title="Razmnama">Razmnama</a></i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> in Persian, from between 1585 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1617</span>. Akbar had at least one copy of the Persian version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85._%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5._1589._%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Babur Receives a Courtier</i> by <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Beg" title="Farrukh Beg">Farrukh Beg</a> c. 1580–1585. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, painted and mounted within borders, from a <a href="/wiki/Raw%C5%BCat_a%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A3af%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ">Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ</a>. Still using the style of <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mughal court painting, as opposed to looser variants of the Mughal style produced in regional courts and cities, drew little from indigenous non-Muslim traditions of painting. These were Hindu and Jain, and earlier Buddhist, and almost entirely religious. They existed mainly in relatively small illustrations to texts, but also mural paintings, and paintings in folk styles on cloth, in particular ones on scrolls made to be displayed by popular singers or reciters of the Hindu epics and other stories, performed by travelling specialists; very few early examples of these last survive. A vivid <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> tradition of mural paintings flourished between the 9th and 17th centuries, as seen in the murals of <a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi Monastery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tsaparang" title="Tsaparang">Tsaparang</a>: a number of Kashimiri painters were employed by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> and some influence of their art can be seen in various Mughal works, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamzanama" title="Hamzanama">Hamzanama</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast Mughal painting was "almost entirely secular",<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although religious figures were sometimes portrayed. <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>, especially in portraits of both people and animals, became a key aim, far more than in Persian painting, let alone the Indian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was already a Muslim tradition of miniature painting under the Turko-Afghan <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultanate of Delhi</a> which the Mughals overthrew, and like the Mughals, and the very earliest of Central Asian invaders into the subcontinent, patronized foreign culture. These paintings were painted on loose-leaf paper, and were usually placed between decorated wooden covers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the first surviving manuscripts are from <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandu</a> in the years either side of 1500, there were very likely earlier ones which are either lost, or perhaps now attributed to southern Persia, as later manuscripts can be hard to distinguish from these by style alone, and some remain the subject of debate among specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the Mughal invasion, the tradition had abandoned the high viewpoint typical of the Persian style, and adopted a more realistic style for animals and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No miniatures survive from the reign of the founder of the dynasty, Babur, nor does he mention commissioning any in his <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copies of this were illustrated by his descendents, Akbar in particular, with many portraits of the many new animals Babur encountered when he invaded India, which are carefully described.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some surviving un-illustrated manuscripts may have been commissioned by him, and he comments on the style of some famous past Persian masters. Some older illustrated manuscripts have his seal on them; the Mughals came from a long line stretching back to <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and were fully assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> culture, and expected to patronize literature and the arts. </p><p>The style of the Mughal school developed within the royal <a href="/wiki/Atelier" title="Atelier">atelier</a>. Knowledge was primarily transmitted through familial and apprenticeship relationships, and the system of joint manuscript production which brought multiple artists together for single works.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, senior artists would draw the illustrations in outline, and more junior ones would usually apply the colours, especially for background areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where no artist names are inscribed, it is very difficult to trace Imperial Mughal paintings back to specific artists.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg/220px-Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg/330px-Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg/440px-Princes_of_the_House_of_Timur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="4731" /></a><figcaption>Princes of the House of Timur, attributed to the Persian <a href="/wiki/Abd_as-Samad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd as-Samad">Abd as-Samad</a>, c. 1550–1555, with additions in the next century under <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After a tentative start under Humayun, the great period of Mughal painting was during the next three reigns, of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, which covered just over a century between them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humayun_(1530–1540_and_1555–1556)"><span id="Humayun_.281530.E2.80.931540_and_1555.E2.80.931556.29"></span>Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615,_British_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Manohar._Emperor_Jahangir_Weighs_Prince_Khurram._Page_from_Tuzuk-i_Jahangiri._1610-1615%2C_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><i>Emperor Jahangir weighs Prince Khurram</i> by <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Das" title="Manohar Das">Manohar Das</a>, 1610–1615, from Jahangir's own copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a></i>. The names of the main figures are noted on their clothes, and the artist shown at bottom. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the second Mughal emperor, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> was in exile in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> court of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Tahmasp_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Tahmasp I">Shah Tahmasp I</a> of Persia, he was exposed to Persian miniature painting, and commissioned at least one work there (or in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>), an unusually large painting on cloth of <i>Princes of the House of Timur</i>, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. Originally a group portrait with his sons, in the next century <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> had it added to make it a dynastic group including dead ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Humayun returned to India, he brought two accomplished Persian artists <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Samad" title="Abd al-Samad">Abd al-Samad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali" title="Mir Sayyid Ali">Mir Sayyid Ali</a> with him. His usurping brother <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a> had maintained a workshop in Kabul, which Humayan perhaps took over into his own. Humayan's major known commission was a <i><a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Khamsa of Nizami</a></i> with 36 illuminated pages, in which the different styles of the various artists are mostly still apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the London painting, he also commissioned at least two miniatures showing himself with family members,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a type of subject that was rare in Persia but common among the Mughals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akbar_(r._1556–1605)"><span id="Akbar_.28r._1556.E2.80.931605.29"></span>Akbar (r. 1556–1605)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Akbar (r. 1556–1605)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of Humayun's son <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (r. 1556–1605), the imperial court, apart from being the centre of administrative authority to manage and rule the vast Mughal empire, also emerged as a centre of cultural excellence. Akbar inherited and expanded his father's library and atelier of court painters, and paid close personal attention to its output. He had studied painting in his youth under <a href="/wiki/Abd_as-Samad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd as-Samad">Abd as-Samad</a>, though it is not clear how far these studies went.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1560 and 1566 the <i><a href="/wiki/Tutinama" title="Tutinama">Tutinama</a></i> ("Tales of a Parrot"), now in the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> was illustrated, showing "the stylistic components of the imperial Mughal style at a formative stage".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other manuscripts, between 1562 and 1577 the atelier worked on an illustrated manuscript of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamzanama" title="Hamzanama">Hamzanama</a></i> consisting of 1,400 cotton <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">folios</a>, unusually large at 69 cm x 54 cm (approx. 27 x 20 inches) in size. This huge project "served as a means of moulding the disparate styles of his artists, from Iran and from different parts of India, into one unified style". By the end, the style reached maturity, and "the flat and decorative compositions of Persian painting have been transformed by creating a believable space in which characters painted in the round can perform".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saadi_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi (poet)">Sa'di</a>'s masterpiece The <i><a href="/wiki/Gulistan_of_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan of Sa'di">Gulistan</a></i> was produced at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a> in 1582, a <i><a href="/wiki/Darab_Nama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darab Nama">Darab Nama</a></i> around 1585; the <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami_(British_Library,_Or._12208)" title="Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)">Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)</a> followed in the 1590s and <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>'s <i>Baharistan</i> around 1595 in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. As Mughal-derived painting spread to <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> courts the texts illustrated included the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>; themes with animal fables; individual portraits; and paintings on scores of different themes. Mughal style during this period continued to refine itself with elements of realism and naturalism coming to the fore. Between 1570–1585, Akbar hired over one hundred painters to practice Mughal style painting.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Akbar's rule established a celebratory theme among the Mughal Empire. In this new period, Akbar persuaded artist to focus on showing off spectacles and including grand symbols like elephants in their work to create the sense of a prospering empire. Along with this new mindset, Akbar also encouraged his people to write down and find a way to record what they remembered from earlier times to ensure that others would be able to remember the greatness of the Mughal empire.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jahangir_(1605–1625)"><span id="Jahangir_.281605.E2.80.931625.29"></span>Jahangir (1605–1625)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jahangir (1605–1625)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> had an artistic inclination and during his reign Mughal painting developed further. Brushwork became finer and the colours lighter. Jahangir was also deeply influenced by European painting. During his reign he came into direct contact with the English Crown and was sent gifts of oil paintings, which included portraits of the King and Queen. He encouraged his royal atelier to take up the single point perspective favoured by European artists, unlike the flattened multi-layered style used in traditional miniatures. He particularly encouraged paintings depicting events of his own life, individual portraits, and studies of birds, flowers and animals. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Tuzk-e-Jahangiri</a></i> (or <i>Jahangirnama</i>), written during his lifetime, which is an autobiographical account of Jahangir's reign, has several paintings, including some unusual subjects such as the union of a saint with a tigress, and fights between spiders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mughal paintings made during Jahangir's reign continued the trend of Naturalism and were influenced by the resurgence of Persian styles and subjects over more traditional Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shah_Jahan_(1628–1659)"><span id="Shah_Jahan_.281628.E2.80.931659.29"></span>Shah Jahan (1628–1659)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shah Jahan (1628–1659)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> (1628–58), Mughal paintings continued to develop, but court paintings became more rigid and formal. The illustrations from the "Padshanama" (chronicle of the King of the world), one of the finest Islamic manuscripts from the Royal Collection, at Windsor, were painted during the reign of Shah Jahan. Written in Persian on paper that is flecked with gold, has exquisitely rendered paintings. The "Padshahnama" has portraits of the courtiers and servants of the King painted with great detail and individuality. In keeping with the strict formality at court, however the portraits of the King and important nobles was rendered in strict profile, whereas servants and common people, depicted with individual features have been portrayed in the three-quarter view or the frontal view. </p><p>Themes including musical parties; lovers, sometimes in intimate positions, on terraces and gardens; and ascetics gathered around a fire, abound in the Mughal paintings of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even though this period was titled the most prosperous, artists during this time were expected to adhere to representing life in court as organized and unified. For this reason, most art created under his rule focused mainly on the emperor and aided in establishing his authority. The purpose of this art was to leave behind an image of what the Mughal's believed to be the ideal ruler and state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_paintings">Later paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darbarscene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darbarscene.jpg/220px-Darbarscene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darbarscene.jpg/330px-Darbarscene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Darbarscene.jpg/440px-Darbarscene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">durbar</a> scene with the newly crowned Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in his golden throne. Though he did not encourage Mughal painting, some of the best work was done during his reign.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (1658–1707) was never an enthusiastic patron of painting, largely for religious reasons, and took a turn away from the pomp and ceremonial of the court around 1668, after which he probably commissioned no more paintings. After 1681 he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> to pursue his slow conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Sultanates">Deccan Sultanates</a>, never returning to live in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mughal paintings continued to survive, but the decline had set in. Some sources however note that a few of the best Mughal paintings were made for Aurangzeb, speculating that they believed that he was about to close the workshops and thus exceeded themselves in his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a brief revival during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a> 'Rangeela' (1719–1748), but by the time of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> (1759–1806), the art of Mughal painting had lost its glory. By that time, other schools of Indian painting had developed, including, in the royal courts of the Rajput kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput painting</a> and in the cities ruled by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a> under Western influence. Late Mughal style often shows increased use of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical perspective">perspective</a> and recession under Western influence. </p><p>Many museums have collections, with that of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in London especially large.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artists">Artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/220px-Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/330px-Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg/440px-Colophon_portrait_from_the_Khamsa_of_Nizami_-_BL_Or._MS_12208_f._325v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The scribe and painter of a <a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami_(British_Library,_Or._12208)" title="Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)"><i>Khamsa of Nizami</i> manuscript in the British Library</a>, made for Akbar, 1610</figcaption></figure> <p>The Persian master artists <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Samad" title="Abd al-Samad">Abd al-Samad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali" title="Mir Sayyid Ali">Mir Sayyid Ali</a>, who had accompanied <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> to India in the 16th century, were in charge of the imperial atelier during the formative stages of Mughal painting. Many artists worked on large commissions, the majority of them apparently Hindu, to judge by the names recorded. Mughal painting generally involved a group of artists, one (generally the most senior) to decide and outline the composition, the second to actually paint, and perhaps a third who specialized in portraiture, executing individual faces.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was especially the case with the large historical book projects that dominated production during Akbar's reign, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tutinama" title="Tutinama">Tutinama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamzanama" title="Hamzanama">Hamzanama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Razmnama" title="Razmnama">Razmnama</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i>. For manuscripts of Persian poetry there was a different way of working, with the best masters apparently expected to produce exquisitely finished miniatures all or largely their own work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influence on the evolution of style during Akbar's reign was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesu_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesu Das (page does not exist)">Kesu Das</a>, who understood and developed "European techniques of rendering space and volume".<sup id="cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloomBlair2009-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conveniently for modern scholars, Akbar liked to see the names of the artists written below each miniature. Analysis of manuscripts shows that individual miniatures were assigned to many painters. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Razmnamah_(British_Library,_Or._12076)" title="Razmnamah (British Library, Or. 12076)">incomplete <i>Razmnama</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> contains 24 miniatures, with 21 different names, though this may be an especially large number.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important painters under Akbar and Jahangir were:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Beg" title="Farrukh Beg">Farrukh Beg</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1545</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1615</span>), another Persian import, in India from 1585–1590, perhaps then in <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, returning north from around 1605 to his death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daswanth" title="Daswanth">Daswanth</a>, a Hindu, d. 1584, who worked especially on Akbar's <i><a href="/wiki/Razmnama" title="Razmnama">Razmnama</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> in Persian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawan" title="Basawan">Basawan</a> a Hindu active c. 1580–1600, whose son <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Das" title="Manohar Das">Manohar Das</a> was active c. 1582–1624</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govardhan_(Mughal_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Govardhan (Mughal painter)">Govardhan</a>, active c. 1596 to 1640, another Hindu, especially good at portraits. His father Bhavani Das,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been a painter in the imperial workshop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a> (flourished 1590–1624) a specialist in animals and plants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_(Mughal_painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan (Mughal painter)">Abu al-Hasan</a> (1589 – c. 1630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bichitr" title="Bichitr">Bichitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishandas" title="Bishandas">Bishandas</a>, a Hindu specialist in portraits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushfiq" title="Mushfiq">Mushfiq</a> an early example of an artist who seems never to have worked in the imperial atelier, but for other clients.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miskin_(Mughal_painter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miskin (Mughal painter) (page does not exist)">Miskin</a></li></ul> <p>Others: Nanha, Daulat, Payag, Abd al-Rahim, Amal-e Hashim, Keshavdas, and Mah Muhammad. </p><p>The sub-imperial school of Mughal painting included artists such as <a href="/wiki/Mushfiq" title="Mushfiq">Mushfiq</a>, Kamal, and Fazl. During the first half of the 18th century, many Mughal-trained artists left the imperial workshop to work at Rajput courts. These include artists such as Bhawanidas and his son <a href="/wiki/Dalchand" title="Dalchand">Dalchand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_style_today">Mughal style today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mughal style today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mughal_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Mughal painting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mughal-style miniature paintings are still being created today by a small number of artists in Lahore concentrated mainly in the <a href="/wiki/National_College_of_Arts" title="National College of Arts">National College of Arts</a>. Although many of these miniatures are skillful copies of the originals, some artists have produced contemporary works using classic methods with, at times, remarkable artistic effect. </p><p>The skills needed to produce these modern versions of Mughal miniatures are still passed on from generation to generation, although many artisans also employ dozens of workers, often painting under trying working conditions, to produce works sold under the signature of their modern masters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Akbar"><img alt="Portrait of Akbar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/94px-Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/141px-Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/189px-Painting_of_Akbar_Mughal_Period%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="3793" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Akbar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_noble_lady,_Mughal_dynasty,_India._17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219"><img alt="A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/77px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/116px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg/154px-A_noble_lady%2C_Mughal_dynasty%2C_India._17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A noble lady, Mughal dynasty, India. 17th century. Color and gold on paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001223/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.219&bcrumb=true%7C">Freer Gallery of Art F1907.219</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurjahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nur Jahan"><img alt="Nur Jahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nurjahan.jpg/88px-Nurjahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nurjahan.jpg/132px-Nurjahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nurjahan.jpg/176px-Nurjahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Jahan" title="Nur Jahan">Nur Jahan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Jahan on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait"><img alt="Shah Jahan on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg/80px-Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg/120px-Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg/160px-Shah_Jahan_on_a_Terrace_Holding_a_Pendant_Set_with_His_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="3957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_(unidentified)-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daud Khan Karrani receives a Kaftan of honor from Munim Khan"><img alt="Daud Khan Karrani receives a Kaftan of honor from Munim Khan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/70px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/106px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/141px-Attributed_to_Hiranand_-_Illustration_from_a_Dictionary_%28unidentified%29-_Da%27ud_Receives_a_Robe_of_Honor_from_Mun%27im_Khan_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="3001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Karrani" title="Daud Khan Karrani">Daud Khan Karrani</a> receives a <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a> of honor from <a href="/wiki/Munim_Khan" title="Munim Khan">Munim Khan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victory of Ali Quli Khan on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561"><img alt="Victory of Ali Quli Khan on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg/78px-1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg/117px-1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg/156px-1561-The_Victory_of_Ali_Quli_Khan_on_the_river_Gomti-Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Victory of <a href="/wiki/Sher_Afghan_Khan" title="Sher Afghan Khan">Ali Quli Khan</a> on the river Gomti-Akbarnama, 1561</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mir Sayyid Ali's depiction of a young scholar in the Mughal Empire, reading and writing a commentary on the Quran, 1559."><img alt="Mir Sayyid Ali's depiction of a young scholar in the Mughal Empire, reading and writing a commentary on the Quran, 1559." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/80px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/120px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg/160px-Mir_Sayyid_Ali_-_Portrait_of_a_Young_Indian_Scholar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali" title="Mir Sayyid Ali">Mir Sayyid Ali</a>'s depiction of a young scholar in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, reading and writing a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, 1559.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle scene from the Hamzanama of Akbar, 1570"><img alt="Battle scene from the Hamzanama of Akbar, 1570" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg/91px-Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg/137px-Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg/183px-Battle_scene_from_the_1570_Hamzanama_of_Akbar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle scene from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hamzanama#Akbar.27s_manuscript" title="Hamzanama">Hamzanama of Akbar</a></i>, 1570</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. Akbarnama, 1590–95[39]"><img alt="The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. Akbarnama, 1590–95[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg/76px-1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg/114px-1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg/152px-1561-The_Submission_of_the_rebel_brothers_Ali_Quli_and_Bahadur_Khan-Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan. <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i>, 1590–95<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_(right).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561"><img alt="Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg/77px-1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg/116px-1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg/154px-1561-Akbar_riding_the_elephant_Hawa%27I_pursuing_another_elephant_across_a_collapsing_bridge_of_boats_%28right%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (right), 1561</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562"><img alt="Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg/77px-1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg/115px-1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg/154px-1562-Pir_Muhammad_Drowns_While_Crossing_the_Narbada-Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pir Muhammad Drowns While Crossing the Narbada-Akbarnama, 1562</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akbar receiving his sons at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbarnama, 1573"><img alt="Akbar receiving his sons at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbarnama, 1573" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/80px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/121px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg/161px-1573-Akbar_receiving_his_sons_at_Fathpur-Akbarnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Akbar receiving his sons at <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Akbarnama" title="Akbarnama">Akbarnama</a></i>, 1573</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_(1_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Europeans embracing, Lahore, c. 1590"><img alt="Europeans embracing, Lahore, c. 1590" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg/75px-Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg/112px-Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg/150px-Europeans_Embracing_LACMA_M.83.105.20_%281_of_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europeans embracing, <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, c. 1590</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda[40]"><img alt="Alexander is Lowered into the Sea, from a Khamsa (Quintet) of Amir Khusrau Dihlavi c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/81px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/122px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg/163px-%22Alexander_is_Lowered_Into_the_Sea%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Alexander is Lowered into the Sea</i>, from a Khamsa (Quintet) of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrau Dihlavi</a> c. 1597–98, attributed to Mukanda<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_(Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balchand,[41] The Dying Inayat Khan, c. 1618, Bodleian Library, Oxford"><img alt="Balchand,[41] The Dying Inayat Khan, c. 1618, Bodleian Library, Oxford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg/120px-The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg/180px-The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg/240px-The_Death_of_Inayat_Khan_%28Bod_MS._Ouseley_Add._171b_f._4r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balchand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balchand (page does not exist)">Balchand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Dying Inayat Khan</i>, c. 1618, <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a>, Oxford</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal Prince visits a Holy Man"><img alt="Mughal Prince visits a Holy Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg/65px-Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg/97px-Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg/129px-Mughal_Prince_Visits_a_Holy_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal Prince visits a Holy Man</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden,_mid-18th_century;_Mughal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden, 18th century"><img alt="A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg/83px-Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg/125px-Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg/167px-Prince_and_Ladies_in_a_Garden%2C_mid-18th_century%3B_Mughal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Mughal prince and ladies in a garden, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujjari_Ragini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal"><img alt="A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gujjari_Ragini.jpg/87px-Gujjari_Ragini.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gujjari_Ragini.jpg/131px-Gujjari_Ragini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gujjari_Ragini.jpg/175px-Gujjari_Ragini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A young woman playing a Veena to a parakeet, a symbol of her absent lover. 18th-century painting in the provincial Mughal style of Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_woman_holding_a_Veena,_Mughal,_India._18_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female performer with a tanpura, 18th century. Colour and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195"><img alt="Female performer with a tanpura, 18th century. Colour and gold on paper. Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg/75px-A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg/112px-A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg/149px-A_woman_holding_a_Veena%2C_Mughal%2C_India._18_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female performer with a <a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a>, 18th century. Colour and gold on paper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808220501/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1907.195&bcrumb=true">Freer Gallery of Art F1907.195</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin,_Provincial_Mughal_school,_India,_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper,_Late_18th_century.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century"><img alt="Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff/lossless-page1-84px-Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff/lossless-page1-126px-Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff/lossless-page1-168px-Ascetic_Seated_on_Leopard%27s_Skin%2C_Provincial_Mughal_school%2C_India%2C_Opaque_watercolor_on_paper%2C_Late_18th_century.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="5495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ascetic Seated on Leopard's Skin, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards,_Early_19th_century,_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal Ganjifa playing cards, early 19th century, with miniature paintings – courtesy of the Wovensouls collection"><img alt="Mughal Ganjifa playing cards, early 19th century, with miniature paintings – courtesy of the Wovensouls collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/120px-Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/180px-Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg/240px-Mughal_Ganjiya_Playing_Cards%2C_Early_19th_century%2C_courtesy_the_Wovensouls_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mughal Ganjifa <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a>, early 19th century, with miniature paintings – courtesy of the Wovensouls collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The figural decoration of this example shows a strong relationship to paintings of the 17th century.[42]"><img alt="The figural decoration of this example shows a strong relationship to paintings of the 17th century.[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg/120px-Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg/180px-Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg/240px-Box_with_Scenes_of_an_Emperor_Receiving_Gifts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="655" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The figural decoration of this example shows a strong relationship to paintings of the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Indian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhubani_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhubani painting">Madhubani painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput_painting" title="Rajput painting">Rajput painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore painting">Tanjore painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Islamic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_painting" title="Sikh painting">Sikh painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010329628"><i>Visite de Jahangir à l'ascète Jadrup</i></a>, 1600<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visite+de+Jahangir+%C3%A0+l%27asc%C3%A8te+Jadrup&rft.date=1600&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010329628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliSahniSharmaSharma2019" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Azmat; Sahni, Janmejay; Sharma, Mohit; Sharma, Prajjwal; Goel, Dr Priya (2019-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABvzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+in+London+houses+a+large+and+impressive+collection+of+Mughal+paintings.&pg=PA32"><i>IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020</i></a>. Arihant Publications India limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-241-9210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-241-9210-3"><bdi>978-93-241-9210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IAS+Mains+Paper+1+Indian+Heritage+%26+Culture+History+%26+Geography+of+the+world+%26+Society+2020&rft.pub=Arihant+Publications+India+limited&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.isbn=978-93-241-9210-3&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Azmat&rft.au=Sahni%2C+Janmejay&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Mohit&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Prajjwal&rft.au=Goel%2C+Dr+Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABvzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DVictoria%2Band%2BAlbert%2BMuseum%2Bin%2BLondon%2Bhouses%2Ba%2Blarge%2Band%2Bimpressive%2Bcollection%2Bof%2BMughal%2Bpaintings.%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: The British Library. pp. 132–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712358705" title="Special:BookSources/9780712358705"><bdi>9780712358705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+India%3A+Art%2C+Culture+and+Empire+Manuscripts+and+Paintings+in+the+British+Library&rft.place=London&rft.pages=132-133&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780712358705&rft.aulast=Losty&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Roy%2C+Malini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDl3MAEACAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmughal%2Bempire%2C%2Bart%2Bculture%2Band%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abid. Reign of Shah Jahan, portrait by Abid dated 1628; assembled late 17th century. <i>Mirror Case With Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal</i>. Freer Gallery of Art. 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International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romancing+The+Jharokha%3A+From+Being+A+Source+Of+Ventilation+And+Light+To+The+Divine+Conception&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Informative+%26+Futuristic+Research&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Manpreet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijifr.com%2Fpdfsave%2F01-03-2015778V2-E6-064.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beach, 32–37, 37 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beach, 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaitanya1976" class="citation book cs1">Chaitanya, Krishna (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDo6x0OAdqAC&pg=PA7"><i>A History of Indian Painting</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Painting&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Chaitanya&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDo6x0OAdqAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Seyller, John (1999). "Workshop and Patron in Mughal India: The Freer Rāmāyaṇa and Other Illustrated Manuscripts of 'Abd al-Raḥīm". <i>Artibus Asiae. 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Archived from the original on February 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artistic+Stylistic+Transmission+in+the+Royal+Mughal+Atelier&rft.pub=Sensible+Reason&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft.aulast=Sarafan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsensiblereason.com%2Fartistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crill and Jariwala, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beach, 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beach, 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losty, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Ebba. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.atitle=V%26A+%C2%B7+About+us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Finfo%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losty, 31; Crill and Jariwala, 27; Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Losty, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloomBlair2009-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BloomBlair2009_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA380"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26pg%3DRA1-PA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/04/razmnamah-the-persian-mahabharata.html">"Razmnamah: the Persian Mahabharata"</a>, British Library <i>Asian and African studies blog</i>, by Ursula Sims-Williams, April 2016 - see table near bottom</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamind, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257529.pdf.bannered.pdf">"Mughal Painting Under Akbar the Great"</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasawan_&_Chitra1590–1595" class="citation web cs1">Basawan & Chitra (1590–1595). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Akbar/Akbarnama.htm">"The Submission of the rebel brothers Ali Quli and Bahadur Khan-Akbarnama"</a>. <i>Akbarnama</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akbarnama&rft.atitle=The+Submission+of+the+rebel+brothers+Ali+Quli+and+Bahadur+Khan-Akbarnama&rft.date=1590%2F1595&rft.au=Basawan+%26+Chitra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.atspace.eu%2FMoghul%2FAkbar%2FAkbarnama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/140003774?rpp=20&pg=8&ao=on&ft=mughal+empire&pos=145">"Alexander is Lowered into the Sea"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Alexander+is+Lowered+into+the+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F140003774%3Frpp%3D20%26pg%3D8%26ao%3Don%26ft%3Dmughal%2Bempire%26pos%3D145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmart1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smart, Ellen (1999). "The Death of Ināyat Khān by the Mughal Artist Bālchand". <i>Artibus Asiae. Supplementum</i>. <b>58</b> (3/4): 273–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250020">10.2307/3250020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-0526">1423-0526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250020">3250020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae.+Supplementum&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+In%C4%81yat+Kh%C4%81n+by+the+Mughal+Artist+B%C4%81lchand&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=273-279&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1423-0526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250020&rft.aulast=Smart&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451479">"Box with Scenes of an Emperor Receiving Gifts, early to mid-17th century"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Box+with+Scenes+of+an+Emperor+Receiving+Gifts%2C+early+to+mid-17th+century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F451479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milo_C._Beach" title="Milo C. Beach">Beach, Milo Cleveland</a>, <i>Early Mughal painting</i>, Harvard University Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-22185-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-22185-0">0-674-22185-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-22185-7">978-0-674-22185-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmcoF12hi3AC&pg=PA51">google books</a></li> <li>Crill, Rosemary, and Jariwala, Kapil. <i>The Indian Portrait, 1560–1860</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855144095" title="Special:BookSources/9781855144095">9781855144095</a></li> <li>Eastman, Alvan C. "Mughal painting." College Art Association . 3.2 (1993): 36. Web. 30 Sep. 2013.</li> <li>"Grove", <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>, "Indian sub., §VI, 4(i): Mughal ptg styles, 16th–19th centuries", restricted access.</li> <li>Harle, J.C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li>Kossak, Steven. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74"><i>Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.</i></a> Metropolitan Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870997831" title="Special:BookSources/0870997831">0870997831</a></li> <li>Losty, J. P. Roy, Malini (eds), <i>Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire</i>, 2013, British Library, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712358706" title="Special:BookSources/0712358706">0712358706</a>, 9780712358705</li> <li>"Mughal Painting." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Academic Online Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013.Web. 30 Sep 2013.</li> <li>Titley, Norah M., <i>Persian Miniature Painting, and its Influence on the Art of Turkey and India</i>, 1983, University of Texas Press, 0292764847</li> <li>Sarafan, Greg, "Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier", Sensible Reason, LLC, 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123347/http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/">SensibleReason.com</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Painting for the Mughal Emperor (The Art of the Book 1560-1660) by <i>Susan Stronge</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6596-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-6596-8">0-8109-6596-8</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/mughalminiature">Fiction in Mughal Miniature Painting</a> by Prof. P. C. Jain and Dr. Daljeet</li> <li>Painting the Mughal Experience by <i>Som Prakash Verma</i>, 2005 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566756-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566756-5">0-19-566756-5</a>)</li> <li>Chitra, Die Tradition der Miniaturmalerei in Rajasthan by K.D. Christof & Renate Haass, 1999 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89754-231-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89754-231-0">978-3-89754-231-0</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch,_Stuart_Cary1987" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Stuart Cary; et al. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401"><i><span></span></i>The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870994999" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870994999"><bdi>978-0870994999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperors%27+album%3A+images+of+Mughal+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0870994999&rft.au=Welch%2C+Stuart+Cary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F114935%2Frec%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch,_Stuart_Cary1985" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Stuart Cary (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1"><i><span></span></i>India: art and culture, 1300-1900<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780944142134" title="Special:BookSources/9780944142134"><bdi>9780944142134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+art+and+culture%2C+1300-1900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780944142134&rft.au=Welch%2C+Stuart+Cary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F80045%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMughal+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123347/http://sensiblereason.com/artistic-stylistic-transmission-in-the-royal-mughal-atelier/">Artistic Stylistic Transmission in the Royal Mughal Atelier</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> by Greg Sarafan, Esq., 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_painting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74"><i>Indian Court Painting, 16th–19th Century</i></a> from the Metropolitan Museum of Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425152403/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pain_ill.html">National Museum, Delhi – Mughal paintings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050811074303/http://www.sdmart.org/exhibition-binney.html">San Diego Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23628">Collection: Art of the Mughal Empire</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mughal_Empire" title="Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="View this 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> 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