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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Earliest Islamic monuments (8th–9th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_Islamic_monuments_(8th–9th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ifriqiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ifriqiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Ifriqiya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ifriqiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_and_central_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_central_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Western and central Maghreb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_central_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_rival_caliphates_(10th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rival_caliphates_(10th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The rival caliphates (10th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rival_caliphates_(10th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Caliphate_of_Córdoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Caliphate_of_Córdoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 The Caliphate of Córdoba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Caliphate_of_Córdoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fatimid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fatimid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 The Fatimid Caliphate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fatimid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_fragmentation_(11th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_fragmentation_(11th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Political fragmentation (11th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_fragmentation_(11th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Taifas_in_Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Taifas_in_Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 The Taifas in Al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Taifas_in_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zirids_and_Hammadids_in_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zirids_and_Hammadids_in_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Zirids and Hammadids in North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zirids_and_Hammadids_in_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Berber_Empires_(11th–13th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Berber_Empires_(11th–13th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 The Berber Empires (11th–13th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Berber_Empires_(11th–13th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Almoravids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almoravids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Almoravids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almoravids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Almohads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Almohads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Almohads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Almohads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab-Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_(11th-12th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab-Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_(11th-12th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Arab-Norman architecture in Sicily (11th-12th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_(11th-12th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marinids,_Nasrids,_and_Zayyanids_(13th–15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marinids,_Nasrids,_and_Zayyanids_(13th–15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Marinids, Nasrids, and Zayyanids (13th–15th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marinids,_Nasrids,_and_Zayyanids_(13th–15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hafsids_of_Tunisia_(13th–16th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hafsids_of_Tunisia_(13th–16th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 The Hafsids of Tunisia (13th–16th centuries) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hafsids_of_Tunisia_(13th–16th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sharifian_dynasties_in_Morocco:_Saadians_and_'Alawis_(16th_century_and_after)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sharifian_dynasties_in_Morocco:_Saadians_and_'Alawis_(16th_century_and_after)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 The Sharifian dynasties in Morocco: Saadians and 'Alawis (16th century and after) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sharifian_dynasties_in_Morocco:_Saadians_and_'Alawis_(16th_century_and_after)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule_in_Algeria_and_Tunisia_(16th_century_and_after)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule_in_Algeria_and_Tunisia_(16th_century_and_after)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Ottoman rule in Algeria and Tunisia (16th century and after) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule_in_Algeria_and_Tunisia_(16th_century_and_after)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 Algeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_the_Islamic_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_the_Islamic_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Beyond the Islamic world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beyond_the_Islamic_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Architectural features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architectural_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architectural features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architectural_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 General characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Arches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horseshoe_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseshoe_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Horseshoe arch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseshoe_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polylobed_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polylobed_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Polylobed arch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polylobed_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Lambrequin"_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Lambrequin"_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 "Lambrequin" arch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Lambrequin"_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Domes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Decorative motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floral_and_vegetal_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floral_and_vegetal_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Floral and vegetal motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floral_and_vegetal_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebka_motif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebka_motif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Sebka motif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebka_motif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometric_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometric_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Geometric patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometric_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Arabic calligraphy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muqarnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muqarnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Muqarnas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muqarnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zellij_(tilework)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zellij_(tilework)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Zellij (tilework) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zellij_(tilework)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riads_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riads_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Riads and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riads_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Building types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Building types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Building_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mosques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Synagogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madrasas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madrasas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Madrasas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madrasas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleums_and_zawiyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleums_and_zawiyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mausoleums and zawiyas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleums_and_zawiyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funduqs_(merchant_inns)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funduqs_(merchant_inns)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Funduqs (merchant inns) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funduqs_(merchant_inns)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammams_(bathhouses)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammams_(bathhouses)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Hammams (bathhouses) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammams_(bathhouses)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Palaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Fortifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 In Al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 In the Maghreb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Moorish architecture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة مغاربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة مغاربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মুরিশ স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুরিশ স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мавритан архитектураһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мавритан архитектураһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Маўрытанскі стыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маўрытанскі стыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мавританска архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мавританска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maursk%C3%BD_sloh" title="Maurský sloh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maurský sloh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurischer_Stil" title="Maurischer Stil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maurischer Stil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauri_arhitektuur" title="Mauri arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mauri arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_morisca" title="Arquitectura morisca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura morisca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_mauresque" title="Architecture mauresque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture mauresque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurska_umjetnost" title="Maurska umjetnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maurska umjetnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Moor" title="Arsitektur Moor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Moor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural style associated with the western Islamic world</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Moorish architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg/250px-Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg/375px-Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg/500px-Mezquita-catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_interior_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4750" data-file-height="3180" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Oudaia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/250px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/375px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bab_Oudaia2.jpg/500px-Bab_Oudaia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg/250px-Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg/375px-Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg/500px-Pavillon_Cour_des_Lions_Alhambra_Granada_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="3012" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Córdoba</a>, Spain (8th century); Centre: <a href="/wiki/Bab_Oudaya" title="Bab Oudaya">Bab Oudaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (late 12th century); Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Court of the Lions</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">8th century to present day</td></tr></tbody></table> Moorish architecture is a style within <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> which developed in the western <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>) and what is now <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Scholarly references on Islamic architecture often refer to this architectural tradition in terms such as architecture of the Islamic West<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-2017-3">[3]</a> or architecture of the Western Islamic lands.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-2017-3">[3]</a> The use of the term "Moorish" comes from the historical Western European designation of the Muslim inhabitants of these regions as "<a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> Some references on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> and architecture consider this term to be outdated or contested.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-2021-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> This architectural tradition integrated influences from pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a> architectures,<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> from ongoing artistic currents in the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> and from North African <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> Major centers of artistic development included the main capitals of the empires and Muslim states in the region's history, such as <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. While Kairouan and Córdoba were some of the most important centers during the 8th to 10th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennison-2016a-16">[15]</a> a wider regional style was later synthesized and shared across the Maghreb and al-Andalus thanks to the empires of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>, which unified both regions for much of the 11th to 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennison-2016a-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perez-1992-17">[16]</a> Within this wider region, a certain difference remained between architectural styles in the more easterly region of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (roughly present-day Tunisia) and a more specific style in the western Maghreb (present-day Morocco and western Algeria) and al-Andalus, sometimes referred to as Hispano-Moresque or Hispano-Maghrebi.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: viii–ix <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a>: 121, 155  This architectural style came to encompass distinctive features such as the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_riad" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan riad">riad</a> gardens (courtyard gardens with a symmetrical four-part division), square (<a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a>) <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>, and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> motifs in wood, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tilework</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Zellige" class="mw-redirect" title="Zellige">zellij</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a> Over time, it made increasing use of surface decoration while also retaining a tradition of focusing attention on the interior of buildings rather than their exterior. Unlike Islamic architecture further east, western Islamic architecture did not make prominent use of large <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 11  Even as Muslim rule <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">ended</a> on the Iberian Peninsula, the traditions of Moorish architecture continued in North Africa as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar style</a> in Spain, which adapted Moorish techniques and designs for Christian patrons.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borrás_Gualís-2018-19">[18]</a> In Algeria and Tunisia local styles were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> influence and other changes from the 16th century onward, while in Morocco the earlier Hispano-Maghrebi style was largely perpetuated up to modern times with fewer external influences.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 243–245  In the 19th century and after, the Moorish style was frequently <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">imitated</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Neo-Moorish or Moorish Revival architecture</a> in Europe and America,<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009c-20">[19]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a> in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-2016-21">[20]</a> Some scholarly references associate the term "Moorish" or "Moorish style" more narrowly with this 19th-century trend in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giese-2021-12">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_Islamic_monuments_(8th–9th_centuries)">Earliest Islamic monuments (8th–9th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest Islamic monuments (8th–9th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> In the 7th century the region of North Africa became steadily integrated into the emerging <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Arab-Muslim Conquests</a>. The territory of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (roughly present-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), and its newly founded capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> (also transliterated as "Qayrawan") became an early center of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> for the region.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> According to tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> was founded here by <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> in 670, although the current structure dates from later.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 28  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_(8281472877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg/286px-Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg/429px-Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg/572px-Colonnes_de_la_Mezquita_%288281472877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4070" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Columns and <a href="/wiki/Two-tiered_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-tiered arch">two-tiered arches</a> in the original section of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a> in Spain, founded in 785</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_(cropped_and_retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/138px-Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/207px-Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg/276px-Spain_Andalusia_Cordoba_BW_2015-10-27_15-45-14_%28cropped_and_retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="3171" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bab al-Wuzara gate of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (8th–9th centuries)</div></div></div></div></div> In 711 most of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> at the time, was <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">conquered</a> by a Muslim (largely <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>) army led by <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a> and became known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordoba</a> became its capital. In 756 <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd ar-Rahman I</a> established the independent <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Cordoba</a> here and in 785 he also founded the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>, one of the most important architectural monuments of the western Islamic world. The mosque was notable for its vast <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> hall composed of rows of columns connected by double tiers of arches (including <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arches</a> on the lower tier) composed of alternating red brick and light-colored stone. The mosque was subsequently expanded by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman II">Abd ar-Rahman II</a> in 836, who preserved the original design while extending its dimensions. The mosque was again embellished with new features by his successors <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Muhammad I of Córdoba">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Al-Mundhir of Córdoba">Al-Mundhir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Muhammad_al-Umawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi">Abdallah</a>. One of the western gates of the mosque, known as Bab al-Wuzara' (today known as Puerta de San Esteban), dates from this period and is often noted as an important prototype of later Moorish architectural forms and motifs: the horseshoe arch has <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a> that alternate in colour and decoration and the arch is set inside a decorative rectangular frame (<a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">alfiz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> The influence of ancient <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a> is strongly felt in the Islamic architecture during this early Emirate period of the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 48  The most obvious example of this was the reuse of columns and capitals from earlier periods in the initial construction of the Great Mosque of Cordoba. When new, richly-carved capitals were produced for the mosque's 9th-century expansion, they emulated the form of classical <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> capitals.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a>: 88  In Seville, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Salvador_(Seville)" title="Church of San Salvador (Seville)">Mosque of Ibn Adabbas</a> was founded in 829 and was considered the second-oldest Muslim building in Spain (after the Great Mosque of Cordoba) until it was demolished in 1671.<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a> This mosque had a hypostyle form consisting of eleven aisles divided by rows of brick arches supported on marble columns.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2013-26">[25]</a>: 144–145  Of the brief <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Muslim presence in southern France</a> during the 8th century, only a few funerary <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> have been found.<a href="#cite_note-Telhine-2010-29">[27]</a> In 1952 French archaeologist Jean Lacam excavated the Cour de la Madeleine ('Courtyard of Madeline') in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Rustique_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Rustique Church (page does not exist)">Saint-Rustique Church</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Saint-Rustique" class="extiw" title="fr:Église Saint-Rustique">fr</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, where he discovered remains which he interpreted as the remains of a mosque from the 8th-century Muslim occupation of Narbonne.<a href="#cite_note-30">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telhine-2010-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ifriqiya">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG/220px-TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG/330px-TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG/440px-TUNISIE_SOUSSE_RIBAT_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sousse" title="Ribat of Sousse">Ribat of Sousse</a> in Tunisia (late 8th or early 9th century)</figcaption></figure> In Ifriqiya, the <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sousse" title="Ribat of Sousse">Ribat of Sousse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Monastir" title="Ribat of Monastir">Ribat of Monastir</a> are two military structures dated to the late 8th century, making them the oldest surviving Islamic-era monuments in Tunisia – although subjected to later modifications.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 25  The Ribat of Sousse contains a small <a href="/wiki/Vaulted" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulted">vaulted</a> room with a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (niche symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">direction of prayer</a>) which is the oldest preserved mosque or prayer hall in North Africa. Another small room in the fortress, located above the front gate, is covered by a <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> supported on <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a>, which is the oldest example of this construction technique in Islamic North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 25  The tall cylindrical tower inside the ribat, most likely intended as a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>, has a marble plaque over its entrance inscribed with the name of Ziyadat Allah I and the date 821, which in turn is the oldest Islamic-era monumental inscription to survive in Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 25–26  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:432px;max-width:432px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan,_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/245px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/368px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg/490px-Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_Kairouan%2C_vue_d%27ensemble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="3551" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in Tunisia, founded in 670 and rebuilt by the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> in the 9th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan,_the_main_dome_(mihrab_dome).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg/179px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg/269px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg/358px-Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_the_main_dome_%28mihrab_dome%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3037" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (9th century)</div></div></div></div></div> In the 9th century Ifriqiya was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid dynasty</a>, who ruled nominally on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> but were de facto autonomous. The Aghlabids were major builders and erected many of Tunisia's oldest Islamic religious buildings and practical infrastructure works like the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid Reservoirs">Aghlabid Reservoirs</a> of Kairouan. Much of their architecture, even their mosques, had a heavy and almost fortress-like appearance, but they nonetheless left an influential artistic legacy.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 9–61 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 21–41 <a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a> One of the most important Aghlabid monuments is the Great Mosque of Kairouan, which was completely rebuilt in 836 by the emir <a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_I_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya">Ziyadat Allah I</a> (r. 817–838), although various additions and repairs were effected later which complicate the chronology of its construction.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 28–32  Its design was a major reference point in the architectural history of mosques in the Maghreb.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a>: 273  The mosque features an enormous rectangular courtyard, a large hypostyle prayer hall, and a thick three-story <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> (tower from which the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">call to prayer</a> is issued). The prayer hall's layout reflects an early use of the so-called "T-plan", in which the central nave of the hypostyle hall (the one leading to the mihrab) and the transverse aisle running along the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> wall are wider than the other aisles and intersect in front of the mihrab.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a> The mihrab of the prayer hall is among the oldest examples of its kind, richly decorated with marble panels carved in high-<a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> vegetal motifs and with ceramic <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> with <a href="/wiki/Overglaze_decoration" title="Overglaze decoration">overglaze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">luster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> Next to the mihrab is the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> (pulpit) in the world, made of richly-carved <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teakwood</a> panels. Both the carved panels of the minbar and the ceramic tiles of the mihrab are believed to be imports from Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 30–32  An elegant dome in front of the mihrab with an elaborately-decorated drum is one of architectural highlights of this period. Its light construction contrasts with the bulky structure of the surrounding mosque and the dome's <a href="/wiki/Tholobate" title="Tholobate">drum</a> is elaborately decorated with a frieze of <a href="/wiki/Blind_arch" title="Blind arch">blind arches</a>, squinches carved in the shape of shells, and various motifs carved in low-relief.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 30–32  The mosque's minaret is the oldest surviving one in North Africa and the western Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Its form was modeled on older <a href="/wiki/History_of_lighthouses" title="History of lighthouses">Roman lighthouses</a> in North Africa, quite possibly the lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Salakta" title="Salakta">Salakta</a> (Sullecthum) in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a>: 138  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_(lightened_and_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_3_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Decorated façade of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Three_Doors" title="Mosque of the Three Doors">Mosque of Ibn Khayrun</a> in Kairouan (866)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque" title="Al-Zaytuna Mosque">Great Mosque of al-Zaytuna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, which was founded earlier around 698, owes its overall current form to a reconstruction during the reign of the Aghlabid emir <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad" title="Abu Ibrahim Ahmad ibn Muhammad">Abu Ibrahim Ahmad</a> (r. 856–863). Its layout is very similar to the Great Mosque of Kairouan.<a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 38–41  Two other congregational mosques in Tunisia, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sfax" title="Great Mosque of Sfax">Great Mosque of Sfax</a> (circa 849) and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sousse" title="Great Mosque of Sousse">Great Mosque of Sousse</a> (851), were also built by the Aghlabids but have different forms.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 36–37  The small <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Three_Doors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Three Doors">Mosque of Ibn Khayrun</a> in Kairouan (also known as the "Mosque of the Three Doors"), dated to 866 and commissioned by a private patron, possesses what is considered by some to be the oldest decorated external façade in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, featuring carved <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscriptions and <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">vegetal motifs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a> Apart from its limestone façade, most of the mosque was rebuilt at a later period.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 33–34  Another small local mosque from this period is the Mosque of Bu Fatata in Sousse, dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Iqal_al-Aghlab_ibn_Ibrahim" title="Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim">Abu Iqal al-Aghlab ibn Ibrahim</a> (r. 838–841), which has a hypostyle prayer hall fronted by an external <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">portico</a> of three arches. Both the Ibn Khayrun and Bu Fatata mosques are early examples of the "nine-bay" mosque, meaning that the interior has a square plan subdivided into nine smaller square spaces, usually vaulted, arranged in three rows of three. This type of layout is found later in al-Andalus and as far as Central Asia, suggesting that it may be a design that was disseminated widely by Muslim pilgrims returning from Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 33–34  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_and_central_Maghreb">Western and central Maghreb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western and central Maghreb">edit</a>]</div> Further west, the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid dynasty</a>, who were Ibadi Kharijites and did not recognize the Abbasid Caliphs, held sway over much of the central Maghreb. Their capital, Tahart (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a>), was founded in the second half of the 8th century by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Rustam" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam">Abd al-Rahman ibn Rustam</a> and was occupied seasonally by its semi-nomadic inhabitants. It was destroyed by the Fatimids in 909 but its remains were excavated in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 41  The city was surrounded by a fortified wall interspersed with square towers. It contained a hypostyle mosque, a fortified citadel on higher ground, and a palace structure with a large courtyard similar to the design of traditional houses.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 13–14  The <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of present-day Morocco, the westernmost territory of the Muslim world (known as the Maghreb al-Aqsa), became more definitive with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> at the end of the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> The Idrisids founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, which became their capital and the major political and cultural center of early Islamic Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a> In this early period Morocco also absorbed waves of immigrants from Tunisia and al-Andalus who brought in cultural and artistic influences from their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaudio-1982-41">[37]</a> The well-known <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Andalusians" title="Mosque of the Andalusians">Andalusiyyin</a> mosques in Fes, founded in the 9th century during, were built in hypostyle form but the structures themselves were rebuilt during later expansions.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 197–198, 211–212 <a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a>: 9–11 <a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 42  The layout of two other mosques from this era, the Mosque of Agadir and the Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Aghmat" title="Aghmat">Aghmat</a>, are known thanks to modern archeological investigations. The Mosque of Agadir was founded in 790 by <a href="/wiki/Idris_I_of_Morocco" title="Idris I of Morocco">Idris I</a> on the site of the former Roman town of Pomeria (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in Algeria), while the Mosque of Aghmat, a town about 30 km southeast of present-day Marrakesh, was founded in 859 by Wattas Ibn Kardus. Both of them were also hypostyle mosques with prayer halls supported by rows of pillars.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 42–43  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_rival_caliphates_(10th_century)">The rival caliphates (10th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The rival caliphates (10th century)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Caliphate_of_Córdoba">The Caliphate of Córdoba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Caliphate of Córdoba">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_(Sal%C3%B3n_Rico).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg/220px-MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg/330px-MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg/440px-MA_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Abd_al-Rahman_III_%28Sal%C3%B3n_Rico%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>The Reception Hall of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd ar-Rahman III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a> (10th century)</figcaption></figure> In the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd ar-Rahman III</a> declared a new <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate</a> in al-Andalus and inaugurated the height of Andalusi power in the region. He marked this political evolution with the creation of a vast and lavish palace-city called <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a>, located just outside Cordoba on the lower slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Morena" title="Sierra Morena">Sierra Morena</a>. Its construction started in 936 and continued for decades during his reign and that of his son.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 61–68  The site was later destroyed and pillaged after the end of the Caliphate, but its remains have been excavated since 1911.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009b-44">[40]</a> The site covers a vast area divided into three terraced levels: the highest level contained the caliph's palaces, the level below this contained official buildings and dwellings of high officials, and the lowest and largest level was inhabited by common workers, craftsmen, and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 63  The most lavish building discovered so far, known today as the Salón Rico ("Rich Hall" in Spanish), is the reception hall of Abd ar-Rahman III, which is fronted by sunken gardens and reflective pools on a terrace overlooking the landscape below. Its main hall is a rectangular space divided into three naves by two rows of horseshoe arches and nearly every wall surface is covered in exceptional stone-carved decoration with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a> motifs.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009b-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 33–34  While garden estates were built by the Umayyad rulers and elites of Cordoba before this, the gardens of Madinat al-Zahra are the oldest archeologically documented example of geometrically divided gardens (related to the <a href="/wiki/Chahar_bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar bagh">chahar bagh</a> type) in the western Islamic world, among the oldest examples in the Islamic world generally, and the oldest known example to combine this type of garden with a system of terraces.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a>: 45–47 <a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 69–70  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(17060237467).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg/220px-Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg/330px-Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg/440px-Mihrab_de_la_mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_%2817060237467%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>-decorated <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (center) and the intersecting <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">multifoil arches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">maqsura</a> (left and right) in the Great Mosque of Cordoba, in the extension added by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a> after 962</figcaption></figure> Andalusi decoration and craftsmanship of this period became more standardized. While Classical inspirations are still present, they are interpreted more freely and are mixed with influences from the Middle East, including ancient <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> or more recent <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid motifs</a>. This is seen for example in the stylized vegetal motifs intricately carved onto limestone panels on the walls at Madinat al-Zahra.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a>: 121–124 <a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 103–104   It is also at Madinat al-Zahra that the "caliphal" style of horseshoe arch was formalized: the curve of the arch forms about three quarters of a circle, the voussoirs are aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Impost_(architecture)" title="Impost (architecture)">imposts</a> rather than the center of the arch, the curve of the extrados is "stilted" in relation to that of the intrados, and the arch is set within a decorative alfiz.<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 57  Back in Cordoba itself, Abd ar-Rahman III also expanded the courtyard (<a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">sahn</a>) of the Great Mosque and built its first true minaret. The minaret, with a cuboid shape about 47 metres (154 ft) tall, became the model followed for later minarets in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 61–63  Abd ar-Rahman III's cultured son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a>, further expanded the mosque's prayer hall, starting in 962. He endowed it with some of its most significant architectural flourishes and innovations, which included a <a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">maqsura</a> enclosed by intersecting <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">multifoil arches</a>, four ornate ribbed domes, and a richly-ornamented mihrab with <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>-influenced gold <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">mosaics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 139–151 <a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 70–86  A much smaller but notable work from the late caliphate period is the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Cristo_de_la_Luz" title="Mosque of Cristo de la Luz">Bab al-Mardum Mosque</a> (now known as the Church of San Cristo de la Luz) in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, which has a nine-bay layout covered by a variety of ribbed domes and an exterior façade with an Arabic inscription carved in brick. Other monuments from the Caliphate period in al-Andalus include some of Toledo's old city gates (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Puerta_de_Bisagra" title="Puerta de Bisagra">Puerta de Bisagra</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Almonaster_la_Real_Mosque" title="Almonaster la Real Mosque">former mosque</a> (and later monastery) of <a href="/wiki/Almonaster_la_Real" title="Almonaster la Real">Almonaster la Real</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Tarifa" title="Castle of Tarifa">Castle of Tarifa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Burgalimar_Castle" title="Burgalimar Castle">Burgalimar Castle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caliphal_Baths" title="Caliphal Baths">Caliphal Baths</a> of Cordoba, and, possibly, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Baths_of_Ja%C3%A9n" title="Arab Baths of Jaén">Baths of Jaen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 88–103  In the 10th century much of northern Morocco also came directly within the sphere of influence of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, with competition from the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> further east.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> Early contributions to <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_architecture" title="Moroccan architecture">Moroccan architecture</a> from this period include expansions to the Qarawiyyin and Andalusiyyin mosques in Fes and the addition of their square-shafted minarets, carried out under the sponsorship of Abd ar-Rahman III and following the example of the minaret he built for the Great Mosque of Cordoba.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 199, 212  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Fatimid_Caliphate">The Fatimid Caliphate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Fatimid Caliphate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/220px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/330px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG/440px-Porte_Grande_Mosqu%C3%A9e_El_Mehdi_Mahdia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2194" /></a><figcaption>The original entrance portal of the Fatimid <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdia</a> (10th century) </figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a></div> In Ifriqiya, the Fatimids also built extensively, most notably with the creation of a new fortified capital on the coast, <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a>. Construction began in 916 and the new city was officially inaugurated on 20 February 921, although some construction continued.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 47  In addition to its heavy fortified walls, the city included the Fatimid palaces, an artificial harbor, and a congregational mosque (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdia</a>). Much of this has not survived to the present day. Fragments of mosaic pavements from the palaces have been discovered from modern excavations.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 48  The mosque is one of the most well-preserved Fatimid monuments in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, although it too has been extensively damaged over time and was in large part reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeologists</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 49  It consists of a hypostyle prayer hall with a roughly square courtyard. The mosque's original main entrance, a monumental portal projecting from the wall, was relatively unusual at the time and may have been inspired by ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a>. Another unusual feature was the absence of a minaret, which may have reflected an early Fatimid rejection of such structures as unnecessary innovations.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 49–51  In 946 the Fatimids began construction of a new capital, <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriyya</a>, near Kairouan. Unlike Mahdia, which was built with more strategic and defensive considerations in mind, this capital was built as a display of power and wealth. The city had a round layout with the caliph's palace at the center, possibly modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round City of Baghad</a>. While only sparse remains of the city have been uncovered, it appears to have differed from earlier Fatimid palaces in its extensive use of water. One excavated structure had a vast rectangular courtyard mostly occupied by a large pool. This use of water was reminiscent of earlier Aghlabid palaces at nearby <a href="/wiki/Raqqada" title="Raqqada">Raqqada</a> and of contemporary palaces at Madinat al-Zahra, but not of older Umayyad and Abbasid palaces further east, suggesting that displays of waterworks were evolving as symbols of power in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 58–61  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_fragmentation_(11th_century)">Political fragmentation (11th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political fragmentation (11th century)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Taifas_in_Al-Andalus">The Taifas in Al-Andalus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Taifas in Al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/220px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/330px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg/440px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Arches in the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Alcazaba of Málaga">Alcazaba of Málaga</a>, Spain (first half of 11th century), reminiscent of earlier arches at Madinat al-Zahra</figcaption></figure> The collapse of the Cordoban caliphate in the early 11th century gave rise to the first <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifas</a> period, during which al-Andalus was politically fragmented into a number of smaller kingdoms. The disintegration of central authority resulted in the ruin and pillage of Madinat al-Zahra.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Despite this political decline, the culture of the Taifa emirates was vibrant and productive, with the architectural forms of the Caliphate period continuing to evolve. A number of important palaces or fortresses, in various cities, were begun or expanded by local dynasties. The <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Alcazaba of Málaga">Alcazaba of Malaga</a>, begun in the early 11th century and subsequently modified, is one of the most important examples. The earliest part of the palace features horseshoe arches with carved vegetal decoration that appear to imitate, with less sophistication, the style of Madinat al-Zahra. Another part contains intersecting multifoil arches that resemble those of al-Hakam II's maqsura in the Cordoba mosque, though serving a purely decorative and non-structural purpose here.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 154 <a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 53–55  The <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_the_Alhambra" title="Alcazaba of the Alhambra">Alcazaba of the Alhambra</a> were also the site of earlier fortresses or palaces by the <a href="/wiki/Abbadid_dynasty" title="Abbadid dynasty">Abbadids</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Granada" title="Taifa of Granada">Zirids</a> (in Granada), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 127  The <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Alcazaba of Almería">Alcazaba of Almería</a>, along with a preserved section of <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>'s defensive walls, dates from the 11th century, though little remains of the palaces built inside the Alcazaba.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 124  The <a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo" title="El Bañuelo">Bañuelo</a> of Granada, another historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_bathhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic bathhouse">Islamic bathhouse</a>, is also traditionally dated to the 11th century, though recent studies suggest it may date from slightly later, the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg/220px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg/330px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg/440px-La_Aljafer%C3%ADa_14092014_125853_05773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Elaborate stucco arches in the <a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">Aljaferia Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain (second half of 11th century)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa" title="Aljafería">Aljaferia Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, though much restored in modern times, is one of the most significant and best-preserved examples of this period, built during the second half of the 11th century by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Banu Hud</a>. Inside its enclosure of fortified walls, one courtyard has been preserved from this period, occupied by pools and sunken gardens and wide rectangular halls fronted by porticos at either end. The arches of this courtyard have elaborate intersecting and mixed-linear designs and intricately-carved <a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">stucco decoration</a>. The carved stucco of the southern portico, enveloping a simple brick core, is especially dizzying and complex, drawing on the forms of plain and multifoil arches but manipulating them into motifs outside their normal structural logic. Next to the northern hall of the courtyard, which was probably <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Muqtadir" title="Ahmad al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a>'s audience hall, is an unusual small octagonal room with a mihrab, most likely a private oratory for the ruler. The designs and decoration of the palace appear to be a further elaboration of 10th-century Cordoban architecture, in particular al-Hakam II's extension in the Mosque of Cordoba, and of the Taifa-period aesthetic that followed it.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 95–98 <a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 56–59  Remains of another palace at <a href="/wiki/Balaguer" title="Balaguer">Balaguer</a>, further east in Catalonia today, are contemporary with the Aljaferia. Fragments of stucco decoration found here show that it was built in a very similar style. However, they also include rare surviving examples of figural sculpture in western Islamic architectural decoration, such as the carved image of a tree occupied by birds and <a href="/wiki/Harpies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpies">harpies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 98  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zirids_and_Hammadids_in_North_Africa">Zirids and Hammadids in North Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zirids and Hammadids in North Africa">edit</a>]</div> In North Africa, new Berber dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> ruled on behalf of the Fatimids, who had moved their base of power to Cairo in the late 10th century. The Zirid palace at <a href="/wiki/Achir" title="Achir">'Ashir</a> (near the present town of <a href="/wiki/Kef_Lakhdar" title="Kef Lakhdar">Kef Lakhdar</a> in Algeria) was built in 934 by <a href="/wiki/Ziri_ibn_Manad" title="Ziri ibn Manad">Ziri ibn Manad</a> while in the service of the Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>. It is one of the oldest palaces in the Maghreb to have been discovered and excavated.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 53  It was built in stone and has a carefully-designed symmetrical plan which included a large central courtyard and two smaller courtyards in each of the side wings of the palace. Some scholars believe this design imitated the now-lost Fatimid palaces of Mahdia.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 67  As independent rulers, however, the Zirids of Ifriqiya built relatively few grand structures. They reportedly built a new palace at <a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">al-Mansuriyya</a>, a former Fatimid capital near Kairouan, but it has not been found by archeologists.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 123  In Kairouan itself the Great Mosque was restored by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis</a>. The wooden <a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">maqsura</a> within the mosque today is believed to date from this time.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 87  It is the oldest maqsura in the Islamic world to be preserved <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> and was commissioned by al-Mu῾izz ibn Badis in the first half of the 11th century (though later restored). It is notable for its woodwork, which includes an elaborately carved <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscription dedicated to al-Mu'izz.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> The Qubbat al-Bahw, an elegant dome at the entrance of the prayer hall of the Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis, dates from 991 and can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_ibn_Buluggin" title="Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin">Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 86–87  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_(4)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-28-2_Kal%C3%A2a_de_Beni_Hammad_%284%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4605" data-file-height="3930" /></a><figcaption>Minaret and remains of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Great Mosque of Qal'at Bani Hammad">grand mosque</a> at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hammad Fort">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a> (11th century)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a>, an offshoot of the Zirids, ruled in the central Maghreb (present-day Algeria) during the 11th and 12th centuries. They built an entirely new fortified capital known as <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a>, founded in 1007. Although abandoned and destroyed in the 12th century, the city has been excavated by modern archeologists and the site is one of the best-preserved medieval Islamic capitals in the world. It contains several palaces, various amenities, and a <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Great Mosque of Qal'at Bani Hammad">grand mosque</a>, in an arrangement that bears similarities to other palace-cities such as Madinat al-Zahra.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 125–126 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 88–93  The largest palace, Qasr al-Bahr ("Palace of the Sea"), was built around an enormous rectangular water basin. The architecture of the site has been compared to Fatimid architecture, but bears specific resemblances to contemporary architecture in the western Maghreb, Al-Andalus, and Arab-Norman Sicily. For example, while the Fatimids usually built no minarets, the grand mosque of Qal'at Bani Hammad has a large square-based minaret with interlacing and polylobed arch decoration, which are features of architecture in al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 88–93  Various remnants of tile decoration have been discovered at the site, including the earliest known use of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed</a> tile decoration in western Islamic architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 91–93  Archeologists also discovered fragments of plaster which have been identified by some as the earliest appearance of <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> ("stalactite" or "honeycomb" sculpting) in the western Islamic world,<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 133  but their identification as true muqarnas has been questioned or rejected by some other scholars.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 93  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Berber_Empires_(11th–13th_centuries)">The Berber Empires (11th–13th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Berber Empires (11th–13th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> The late 11th century saw the significant <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">advance of Christian kingdoms</a> into Muslim al-Andalus, particularly with the fall of Toledo to <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VI of León and Castile">Alfonso VI</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> in 1085, and the rise of major Berber empires originating in northwestern Africa. The latter included first the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> (11th–12th centuries) and then the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> (12th–13th centuries), both of whom created empires that stretched across large parts of western and northern Africa and took over the remaining Muslim territories of al-Andalus in Europe. Both empires had their capital at <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, which was founded by the Almoravids in the second half of the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Bennison-2016-53">[49]</a> This period is one of the most formative stages of architecture in al-Andalus and the Maghreb, establishing many of the forms and motifs that were refined in subsequent centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bennison-2016-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Almoravids">Almoravids</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Almoravids">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid architecture</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_(Marrakech).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg/220px-C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg/330px-C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg/440px-C%C3%BApula_almor%C3%A1vide_%28Marrakech%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Rich interior decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Qubba" title="Almoravid Qubba">Almoravid Qubba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> (early 12th century)</figcaption></figure> The Almoravids made use of Andalusi craftsmen throughout their realms, thus helping to spread the highly ornate architectural style of al-Andalus to North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 115–119 <a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a>: 26–30  Almoravid architecture assimilated the motifs and innovations of Andalusi architecture, such as the complex <a href="/wiki/Interlacing_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlacing arches">interlacing arches</a> of the Great Mosque in Cordoba and of the Aljaferia palace in Zaragoza, but it also introduced new ornamental techniques from the east, such as muqarnas, and added its own innovations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">lambrequin arch</a> and the use of pillars instead of columns in mosques.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a>: 26–30 <a href="#cite_note-Tabbaa-2008-55">[51]</a> Stucco-carved decoration began to appear more and more as part of these compositions and would become even more elaborate in subsequent periods.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 155  Almoravid patronage thus marks a period of transition for architecture in the region, setting the stage for future developments.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a>: 30  Some of the oldest and most significant surviving examples of Almoravid religious architecture, although with later modifications, are the <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Great Mosque of Algiers</a> (1096–1097), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen" title="Great Mosque of Tlemcen">Great Mosque of Tlemcen</a> (1136), and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Nedroma" title="Great Mosque of Nedroma">Great Mosque of Nedroma</a> (1145), all located in Algeria today.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> The highly ornate, semi-transparent plaster dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, dating from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ali ibn Yusuf">Ali ibn Yusuf</a> (r. 1106–1143), is one of the highlights of this period. The design of the dome traces its origins to the earlier ribbed domes of Al-Andalus and, in turn, it probably influenced the design of similar ornamental domes in later mosques in Fez and <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Almagro-2015-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 116  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg/220px-Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg/330px-Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg/440px-Ceiling_in_Kairaouine_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a> vault (12th century) inside the <a href="/wiki/Qarawiyyin_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarawiyyin Mosque">Qarawiyyin Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a></figcaption></figure> In Morocco, the only notable remnants of Almoravid religious architecture are the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Qubba" title="Almoravid Qubba">Qubba Ba'adiyyin</a>, a small but highly ornate ablutions pavilion in Marrakesh, and the Almoravid expansion of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fez. These two monuments also contain the earliest clear examples of muqarnas decoration in the region, with the first complete muqarnas <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a> appearing in the central nave of the Qarawiyyin Mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 114–120 <a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The Almoravid palace of Ali Ibn Yusuf in Marrakesh, excavated in the 20th century, contains the earliest known example of a <a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">riad</a> garden (an interior garden symmetrically divided into four parts) in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 404  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flautista_(26465295758).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg/170px-Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg/255px-Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg/340px-Flautista_%2826465295758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of painted decoration depicting a <a href="/wiki/Flutist" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutist">flutist</a>, from the al-Qasr al-Seghir in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> In present-day Spain, the oldest surviving muqarnas fragments were found in a palace built by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%CA%BFAbd_All%C4%81h_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Sa%CA%BFd_ibn_Mardan%C4%ABsh" title="Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Saʿd ibn Mardanīsh">Muhammad Ibn Mardanish</a>, the independent ruler of <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (1147–1172). The remains of the palace, known as al-Qasr al-Seghir (or Alcázar Seguir in Spanish) are part of the present-day Monastery of Santa Clara in Murcia. The muqarnas fragments are painted with images of musicians and other figures.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 98–100  Ibn Mardanish also constructed what is now known as the Castillejo de Monteagudo, a hilltop castle and fortified palace outside the city that is one of the best-preserved examples of Almoravid-era architecture in the Iberian Peninsula. It has a rectangular plan and contained a large riad garden courtyard with symmetrical reception halls facing each other across the long axis of the garden.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 98–100 <a href="#cite_note-Perez-1992-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Almohads">Almohads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Almohads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/220px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/330px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/440px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> (12th century)</figcaption></figure> Almohad architecture showed more restraint than Almoravid architecture in its use of ornamental richness, giving greater attention to wider forms, contours, and overall proportions. Earlier motifs were refined and were given a grander scale. While surface ornament remained important, architects strove for a balance between decorated surfaces and empty spaces, allowing the interaction of light and shadows across carved surfaces to play a role.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a>: 86–88 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marrakech_(47075469664).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg/220px-Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg/330px-Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg/440px-Marrakech_%2847075469664%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a>, the monumental gate of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah of Marrakesh</a> (late 12th century)</figcaption></figure> The Almohad <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinmal_Mosque" title="Tinmal Mosque">Tinmal</a> mosques are often considered the prototypes of medieval mosque architecture in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> The so-called "T-plan", combined with a hierarchical use of decoration that emphasizes the wider central and transverse qibla aisles of the mosque, became an established feature of this architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 128, 147  The monumental minarets of the Kutubiyya Mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> of the Great Mosque of Seville (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">city's cathedral</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a> of Rabat, as well as the ornamental gateways of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a> in Marrakesh and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Oudaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Oudaia">Bab Oudaia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bab_er-Rouah" title="Bab er-Rouah">Bab er-Rouah</a> in Rabat, were all models that established the overall decorative schemes that became recurrent in these architectural elements from then on. The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakesh)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of Marrakesh, with its façades covered by sebka motifs and glazed tile, was particularly influential and set a style that was repeated, with minor elaborations, in the following period under the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinids</a> and other dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 147  The Almohad caliphs constructed their own palace complexes in several cities. They founded the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah of Marrakesh</a> in the late 12th century as their main residence, imitating earlier examples of self-contained palace-cities such as Madinat al-Zahra in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a> The Almohads also made <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> the regional capital of their territories in Ifriqiya (present-day Tunisia), establishing the city's own <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> (citadel).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a> The caliphs also constructed multiple country estates and gardens right outside some of these cities, continuing a tradition that existed under the Almoravids.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 196–212  These estates were typically centered around a large artificial water reservoir that sustained <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> of fruit trees and other plants, while small palaces or pleasure pavilions were built along the water's edge. In Marrakesh, the present-day <a href="/wiki/Agdal_Gardens" title="Agdal Gardens">Agdal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menara_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Menara gardens">Menara</a> gardens both developed from such Almohad creations. In Seville, the remains of the Almohad <a href="/wiki/Buhaira_Gardens" title="Buhaira Gardens">al-Buḥayra garden</a>, founded in 1171, were excavated in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 196–212  Sunken gardens were also part of Almohad palace courtyards. In some cases the gardens were divided symmetrically into four parts, much like a riad garden. Examples of these have been found in some courtyards of the Alcázar of Seville, where the former Almohad palaces once stood.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: 199–210 <a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a>: 70–71  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab-Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_(11th-12th_centuries)">Arab-Norman architecture in Sicily (11th-12th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arab-Norman architecture in Sicily (11th-12th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg/220px-2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg/330px-2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg/440px-2008-10-19_Palermo-Capella-Seitenschiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>The ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Palatine Chapel</a>: the central nave is covered by a large <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> vault (above), while the rest of the church is covered in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine-style mosaics</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture</a></div> Sicily was progressively brought under Muslim control in the 9th when the Aghlabids conquered it from the Byzantines. The island was subsequently settled by Arabs and Berbers from North Africa. In the following century the island passed into the control of the Fatimids, who left the island under the governorship of the <a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a>. By the mid-11th century the island was fragmented into smaller Muslim states and by the end of that century the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> had conquered it under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger de Hauteville (Roger I)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-Secord-2017-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020a-64">[60]</a> Virtually no examples of architecture from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> have survived today.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020a-64">[60]</a> However, the following period of Norman domination, especially under <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a> in the 12th century, was notable for its unique <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">blending of Norman, Byzantine and Arab-Islamic cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis-Secord-2017-63">[59]</a> Multiple examples of this "Arab-Norman" architecture – which was also heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a> – have survived today and are even classified together as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> (since 2015).<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> While the Arab-Islamic elements of this architecture are closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a>, they also come from Moorish architecture and are stylistically similar to the preceding Almoravid period.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020a-64">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Normanni" title="Palazzo dei Normanni">Palazzo dei Normanni</a> (Palace of the Normans) in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a>, one of the most important masterpieces of this style, built under Roger II in the 1130s and 1140s.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> It combines harmoniously a variety of styles: the <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a> and door decor, the Arabic arches and scripts adorning the roof, the Byzantine dome and mosaics. The central nave of the chapel is covered by a large rectangular vault ceiling made of painted wood and carved in muqarnas: the largest rectangular muqarnas vault of its kind.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020a-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marinids,_Nasrids,_and_Zayyanids_(13th–15th_centuries)">Marinids, Nasrids, and Zayyanids (13th–15th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marinids, Nasrids, and Zayyanids (13th–15th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid architecture</a></div> The eventual collapse of the Almohad Empire in the 13th century was precipitated by its defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> (1212) in al-Andalus and by the advance of the Berber Marinid dynasty in the western Maghreb, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanids</a> in the central Maghreb, and the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsids</a> in Ifriqiya.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> What remained of the Muslim-controlled territories in al-Andalus was consolidated by the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>, which lasted another 250 years until its <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">final conquest</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> in 1492, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. Both the Nasrids in al-Andalus to the north and the Marinids in Morocco to the south were important in further refining the artistic legacy established by their predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> was conquered in 1492 by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Spain</a> and the last Muslim realm of al-Andalus came to an end, many of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spanish Muslims</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Jews</a>) fled to Morocco and other parts of North Africa, further increasing the Andalusian influence in these regions in subsequent generations.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg/220px-Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg/330px-Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg/440px-Bou_inania_DSCF4619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, Morocco (1350–1355)</figcaption></figure>The architectural styles of the Marinids, Zayyanids, and Nasrids were very similar to each other. Craftsmen probably travelled between royal courts and from region to region, resulting in mutual influences between the arts of the three kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 177  Compared with the relatively restrained decoration of Almohad architecture, the monuments of all three dynasties during this period are marked by increasingly extensive and intricate decoration on every surface, particularly in wood, stucco, and <a href="/wiki/Zellige" class="mw-redirect" title="Zellige">zellij</a> (mosaic <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tilework</a> in complex <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 149  Some differences are still found between the styles of each dynasty, such as the wider use of marble columns in Nasrid palaces and the increasing use of wooden elements in Marinid architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a>: 159  Nasrid architecture also exhibits details influenced by Granada's closer interactions with Christian kingdoms like <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 212  The Marinids, who chose <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> as their capital, were also the first to build <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> in this region, a type of institution which originated in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and had spread west.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> The madrasas of Fes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">al-Attarine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sahrij_Madrasa" title="Sahrij Madrasa">as-Sahrij</a> madrasas, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Abu_al-Hasan" title="Madrasa of Abu al-Hasan">Marinid madrasa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa_(Meknes)" title="Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)">Bou Inania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, are considered among the greatest architectural works of this period.<a href="#cite_note-Kubisch-2011-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> The Marinids also imitated previous dynasties by founding their own fortified palace-city to the west of Fes, known afterwards as <a href="/wiki/Fes_Jdid" title="Fes Jdid">Fes el-Jdid</a> ("New Fez"), which remained a frequent center of power in Morocco even during later dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-72">[68]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> of Granada, the grand palaces of Fes el-Jdid have not survived, though they may have been comparable in splendor.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Fes_el-Jdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid">Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid</a>, on the other hand, is one of the major Marinid mosques that is still well-preserved today, while numerous other mosques were built throughout Fes and in other cities during this period, including the <a href="/wiki/Lalla_ez-Zhar_Mosque" title="Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque">Lalla az-Zhar Mosque</a> in Fes, the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Salah_Mosque" title="Ben Salah Mosque">Ben Salah Mosque</a> in Marrakesh, the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_en-Noussak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawiya en-Noussak">Zawiya an-Nussak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Oujda" title="Grand Mosque of Oujda">Great Mosque of Oujda</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada_Alhambra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Granada_Alhambra.jpg/217px-Granada_Alhambra.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Granada_Alhambra.jpg/326px-Granada_Alhambra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Granada_Alhambra.jpg/434px-Granada_Alhambra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4566" data-file-height="3034" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Partal_Palace" title="Partal Palace">Partal Palace</a> (early 14th century), the oldest surviving palace in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg/217px-Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg/326px-Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg/434px-Aa_star_pattern_heaven_in_alhambra_2016_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muqarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqarna">Muqarnas</a> dome in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Palace of the Lions</a> (14th century) in the Alhambra</div></div></div></div></div> The most famous architectural legacy of the Nasrids in Granada is the Alhambra, a hilltop palace district protected by heavy fortifications and containing some of the most famous and best-preserved palaces of western Islamic architecture. Initially a fortress built by the Zirids in the 11th century (corresponding to the current Alcazaba), it was expanded into a self-contained and well-fortified palace district complete with habitations for servants and workers. The oldest remaining palace there today, built under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Granada" title="Muhammad III of Granada">Muhammad III</a> (ruled 1302–1309), is the <a href="/wiki/Partal_Palace" title="Partal Palace">Palacio del Partal</a> which, although only partly preserved, demonstrates the typical layout which would be repeated in other palaces nearby: a courtyard centered on a large reflective pool with porticos at either end and a <a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">mirador</a> (lookout) tower at one end which looked down on the city from the edge of the palace walls.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> The most famous palaces, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles" title="Court of the Myrtles">Comares Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Palace of the Lions</a>, were added afterwards. The Comares Palace, which includes a lavish <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">bathhouse</a>) and the Hall of the Ambasadors (a throne room), was begun under <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I_of_Granada" title="Ismail I of Granada">Isma'il I</a> (ruled 1314–1325) but mostly constructed under <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I_of_Granada" title="Yusuf I of Granada">Yusuf I</a> (1333–1354) and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_V_of_Granada" title="Muhammad V of Granada">Muhammad V</a> (ruled 1354–1359 and 1362–1391).<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 152  The Palace of the Lions was built under Muhammad V and possibly finished around 1380.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 152 <a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 142  It features a courtyard with a central marble fountain decorated with twelve lion sculptures. The galleries and chambers around the courtyard are notable for their extremely fine stucco decoration and some exceptional muqarnas vault ceilings.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 160–163  Four other nearby palaces in the Alhambra were demolished at various points after the end of the Reconquista (1492).<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a> The summer palace and gardens known as the <a href="/wiki/Generalife" title="Generalife">Generalife</a> were also created nearby – at the end of the 13th century<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 164  or in the early 14th century<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 204  – in a tradition reminiscent of the Almohad-era Agdal Gardens of Marrakesh and the <a href="/wiki/Mosara_Garden" title="Mosara Garden">Marinid Royal Gardens</a> of Fes.<a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-72">[68]</a> The Nasrids also built other structures throughout the city – such as the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_of_Granada" title="Madrasa of Granada">Madrasa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n" title="Corral del Carbón">Corral del Carbón</a> – and left their mark on other structures and fortifications throughout their territory, though not many significant structures have survived intact to the present-day.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG/220px-Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG/330px-Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG/440px-Patio_de_las_Doncelas_-_Palacio_de_Pedro_I_-Alc%C3%A1zar_de_Sevilla_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a> (14th century), Spain</figcaption></figure>Meanwhile, in the former territories of al-Andalus under the control of the Spanish kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Léon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, Andalusi art and architecture continued to be employed for many years as a prestigious style under new Christian patrons, becoming what is known as <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar art</a> (named after the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjars</a> or Muslims under Christian rule). This type of architecture, created by Muslim craftsmen or by other craftsmen following the same tradition, continued many of the same forms and motifs with minor variations. Numerous examples are found in the early churches of Toledo (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n,_Toledo" title="Church of San Román, Toledo">Church of San Román</a>, 13th century), as well as other cities in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> such as Zaragoza and <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borrás_Gualís-2018-19">[18]</a> Among the most famous and celebrated examples is the Alcazar of Seville, which was the former palace of the Abbadids and the Almohads in the city but was rebuilt in by Christian rulers, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter the Cruel</a> who added lavish sections in Moorish style starting in 1364 with the help of craftsmen from Granada and Toledo.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Other smaller but notable examples in Cordoba include the <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolom%C3%A9,_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="San Bartolomé, Córdoba">Chapel of San Bartolomé</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> and the Royal Chapel (Capilla Real) in the Great Mosque (which was converted to a cathedral in 1236).<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> Some surviving 13th and 14th-century Jewish synagogues were also built (or rebuilt) in Mudéjar Moorish style while under Christian rule, such as the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blanca" title="Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca">Synagogue of Santa Maria la Blanca</a> in Toledo (rebuilt in its current form in 1250),<a href="#cite_note-Qantara-1-77">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Synagogue" title="Córdoba Synagogue">Synagogue of Cordoba</a> (1315),<a href="#cite_note-Qantara-2-78">[74]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_El_Tr%C3%A1nsito" title="Synagogue of El Tránsito">Synagogue of El Tránsito</a> (1355–1357).<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg/200px-Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg/300px-Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg/400px-Grande_mosqu%C3%A9e_et_d%C3%A9pendance_Minaret_de_la_Mosqu%C3%A9e_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Tlemcen" title="Great Mosque of Tlemcen">Great Mosque of Tlemcen</a>, which was added by the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmorasan</a> in 1236<a href="#cite_note-Almagro-2015-56">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> Further east, in Algeria, the Berber Zayyanid or Abd al-Wadid dynasty controlled <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">their own state</a> and built monuments in their main capital at <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmorasan</a> (r. 1236–1283), the founder of the dynasty, added minarets to the earlier Mosque of Agadir and the Great Mosque of Tlemcen while his successor, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Sa'id 'Uthman</a> (r. 1283–1304), founded the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bellahsen_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidi Bellahsen Mosque">Mosque of Sidi Bel Hasan</a> in 1296.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 179–184  The Zayyanids built other religious foundations in the area, but many have not survived to the present day or have preserved little of their original appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 187  In addition to mosques, they built the first madrasas in Tlemcen. The <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Tashfiniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Tashfiniya">Madrasa Tashfiniya</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tashufin_I" title="Abu Tashufin I">Abu Tashfin I</a> (r. 1318–1337), was celebrated for its rich decoration, including zellij tile decoration with sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> and geometric motifs whose style was repeated in some subsequent Marinid monuments.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 187 <a href="#cite_note-Lintz-2014-81">[77]</a>: 526  The Marinids also intermittently occupied Tlemcen in the 14th century and left their mark on the area. During his siege of the city at the beginning of the century, the Marinid leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Ya'qub</a> built a fortified settlement nearby named <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Tlemcen" title="Mansoura, Tlemcen">al-Mansurah</a>, which includes the monumental <a href="/wiki/Mansourah_Mosque" title="Mansourah Mosque">Mansurah Mosque</a> (begun in 1303, only partly preserved today).<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 184–186  Further east, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Boumediene_Mosque" title="Sidi Boumediene Mosque">Mosque of Sidi Bu Madyan</a> in the city in 1338–39.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 195  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hafsids_of_Tunisia_(13th–16th_centuries)">The Hafsids of Tunisia (13th–16th centuries)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Hafsids of Tunisia (13th–16th centuries)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_de_la_Kasba_1_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4382" /></a><figcaption>The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tunis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tunis)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, built at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a> period in the early 1230s</figcaption></figure> In Ifriqiya (Tunisia), the Hafsids, a branch of the Almohad ruling class, declared their independence from the Almohads in 1229 and developed their own state which came to control much of the surrounding region. They were also significant builders, particularly under the reigns of successful leaders like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zakariya_Yahya" title="Abu Zakariya Yahya">Abu Zakariya</a> (ruled 1229–1249) and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Faris_Abd_al-Aziz_II" title="Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II">Abu Faris</a> (ruled 1394–1434), though not many of their monuments have survived intact to the present-day.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 208  While Kairouan remained an important religious center, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> was the capital and progressively replaced it as the main city of the region and the main center of architectural patronage. Unlike the architecture further west, <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid architecture</a> was built primarily in stone (rather than brick or <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>) and appears to have featured much less decoration.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 208  In reviewing the history of architecture in the region, scholar <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> remarks that Hafsid architecture seems to have "largely charted a course independent of the developments elsewhere in the Maghrib [North Africa]".<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 213  The <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tunis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tunis)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of Tunis was one of the first works of this period, built by Abu Zakariya (the first independent Hafsid ruler) at the beginning of his reign. Its floor plan had noticeable differences from previous Almohad-period mosques but the minaret, completed in 1233, bears very strong resemblance the minaret of the earlier Almohad <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a> in Marrakesh.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Other foundations from the Hafsid period in Tunis include the <a href="/wiki/Al_Haliq_Mosque" title="Al Haliq Mosque">Haliq Mosque</a> (13th century) and the <a href="/wiki/Al_Haoua_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Haoua Mosque">al-Hawa Mosque</a> (1375). The <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo Palace</a> (today a national museum) was also begun by the Hafsids in the 15th century,<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009-61">[57]</a> and is mentioned in historical records for the first time during the reign of Abu Faris.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 208  The Hafsids also made significant renovations to the much older Great Mosque of Kairouan – renovating its ceiling, reinforcing its walls, and building or rebuilding two of its entrance gates in 1293 – as well as to the al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 209  The Hafsids also introduced the first madrasas to the region, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Ech_Chamaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Ech Chamaiya">Madrasa al-Shamma῾iyya</a> built in Tunis in 1238<a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 209  (or in 1249 according to some sources<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 296 <a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a>). This was followed by many others (almost all of them in Tunis) such as the Madrasa al-Hawa founded in the 1250s, the Madrasa al-Ma'ridiya (1282), and the <a href="/wiki/Madrasa_El_Unqiya" title="Madrasa El Unqiya">Madrasa al-Unqiya</a> (1341).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Many of these early madrasas, however, have been poorly preserved or have been considerably modified in the centuries since their foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> The Madrasa al-Muntasiriya, completed in 1437, is among the best preserved madrasas of the Hafsid period.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 211  The Hafsids were eventually supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> who took over most of the Maghreb in the 16th century, with the exception of Morocco, which remained an independent kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> This resulted in an even greater divergence between the architecture of Morocco to the west, which continued to follow essentially the same Andalusi-Maghrebi traditions of art as before, and the architecture of Algeria and Tunisia to the east, which increasingly blended influences from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> into local designs.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sharifian_dynasties_in_Morocco:_Saadians_and_'Alawis_(16th_century_and_after)">The Sharifian dynasties in Morocco: Saadians and 'Alawis (16th century and after)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Sharifian dynasties in Morocco: Saadians and 'Alawis (16th century and after)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg/220px-Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg/330px-Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg/440px-Saadian_Tombs_1044-HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="4574" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a> (late 16th and early 17th centuries) in Marrakesh, Morocco</figcaption></figure> In Morocco, after the Marinids came the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadian dynasty</a> in the 16th century, which marked a political shift from Berber-led empires to <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanates</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">sharifian</a> dynasties. Artistically and architecturally, however, there was broad continuity and the Saadians are seen by modern scholars as continuing to refine the existing Moorish-Moroccan style, with some considering the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a> in Marrakesh as one of the apogees of this style.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a> Starting with the Saadians, and continuing with the 'Alawis (their successors and the reigning monarchy of Morocco today), Moroccan art and architecture is portrayed by modern scholars as having remained essentially "conservative"; meaning that it continued to reproduce the existing style with high fidelity but did not introduce major new innovations.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> The Saadians, especially under the sultans <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>, were extensive builders and benefitted from great economic resources at the height of their power in the late 16th century. In addition to the Saadian Tombs, they also built several major mosques in Marrakesh including the <a href="/wiki/Mouassine_Mosque" title="Mouassine Mosque">Mouassine Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bab_Doukkala_Mosque" title="Bab Doukkala Mosque">Bab Doukkala Mosque</a>, which are notable for being part of larger multi-purpose charitable complexes including several other structures like public fountains, hammams, madrasas, and libraries. This marked a shift from the previous patterns of architectural patronage and may have been influenced by the tradition of building such complexes in <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a> in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a>s of Ottoman architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a> The Saadians also rebuilt the royal palace complex in the Kasbah of Marrakesh for themselves, where Ahmad al-Mansur constructed the famous <a href="/wiki/El_Badi_Palace" title="El Badi Palace">El Badi Palace</a> (built between 1578 and 1593) which was known for its superlative decoration and costly building materials including Italian <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg/220px-Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg/330px-Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg/440px-Bab_mansour_DSCF5811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bab_Mansur_al-%27Alj" title="Bab Mansur al-'Alj">Bab Mansur</a>, the monumental gateway of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Isma'il</a>'s enormous <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Moulay_Ismail" title="Kasbah of Moulay Ismail">imperial palace complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, Morocco (late 17th and early 18th century)</figcaption></figure> The 'Alawis, starting with <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco" title="Al-Rashid of Morocco">Moulay Rashid</a> in the mid-17th century, succeeded the Saadians as rulers of Morocco and continue to be the reigning monarchy of the country to this day. As a result, many of the mosques and palaces standing in Morocco today have been built or restored by the 'Alawis at some point or another in recent centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a> Ornate architectural elements from Saadian buildings, most infamously from the lavish El Badi Palace, were also stripped and reused in buildings elsewhere during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Isma'il</a> (1672–1727).<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a> Moulay Isma'il is also notable for having built a <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Moulay_Ismail" title="Kasbah of Moulay Ismail">vast imperial capital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, where the remains of his monumental structures can still be seen today. In 1765 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Mohammed ben Abdallah</a> (one of Moulay Isma'il's sons) started the construction of a new port city called <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a> (formerly Mogador), located along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast as close as possible to his capital at Marrakesh, to which he tried to move and restrict European trade.<a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a>: 241 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 264  He hired European architects to design the city, resulting in a relatively unique historic city built by Moroccans but with Western European architecture, particularly in the style of its fortifications. Similar maritime fortifications or <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>, usually called a sqala, were built at the same time in other port cities like Anfa (present-day <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>), Rabat, <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 409  Late sultans were also significant builders. Up until the late 19th century and early 20th century, both the sultans and their ministers continued to build beautiful palaces, many of which are now used as museums or tourist attractions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Palace" title="Bahia Palace">Bahia Palace</a> in Marrakesh, the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Jamai_Museum" title="Dar Jamai Museum">Dar Jamaï</a> in Meknes, and the <a href="/wiki/Dar_Batha" title="Dar Batha">Dar Batha</a> in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule_in_Algeria_and_Tunisia_(16th_century_and_after)">Ottoman rule in Algeria and Tunisia (16th century and after)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule in Algeria and Tunisia (16th century and after)">edit</a>]</div> Over the course of the 16th century the central and eastern Maghreb – Algeria, Tunisia, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> – came under Ottoman control. Major port cities such as Algiers, Tunis, and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> also became centers of pirate activity, which brought in wealth to local elites but also attracted intrusions by European powers, who occupied and fortified some coastal positions. In the late 17th century and early 18th century, Ottoman control became largely nominal: the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a> (Algeria) was de facto ruled by the local <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">deys</a> until the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of 1830</a>, Tunisia was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Muradid_dynasty" title="Muradid dynasty">Muradid dynasty</a> (after 1602) and the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_dynasty" title="Husainid dynasty">Husaynid dynasty</a> (after 1705), and Libya was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Karamanli_dynasty" title="Karamanli dynasty">Qaramanli dynasty</a> until the return of direct Ottoman control in 1835.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 215–236 <a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a>: 144–205  Whereas architecture in Morocco remained largely traditional during the same period, architecture in Algeria and Tunisia was blended with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a>, especially in the coastal cities where Ottoman influence was strongest. Some European influences were also introduced, particularly through the importation of materials from Italy such as marble.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 215  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tunisia#Ottoman_period" title="Architecture of Tunisia">Architecture of Tunisia § Ottoman period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG/220px-MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG/330px-MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG/440px-MinaretMosqu%C3%A9eSidiYousefDey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque" title="Youssef Dey Mosque">Youssef Dey Mosque</a> complex in Tunis (c. 1614–1639), with mausoleum and minaret visible</figcaption></figure> In Tunis, the <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque" title="Youssef Dey Mosque">Mosque complex of Yusuf Dey</a>, built or begun around 1614–15 by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Dey" title="Yusuf Dey">Yusuf Dey</a> (r. 1610–1637), is one of the earliest and most important examples that imported Ottoman elements into local architecture. Its congregational mosque is accompanied by a madrasa, a primary school, fountains, latrines, and even a café, many of which provided revenues for the upkeep of the complex. This arrangement is similar to Ottoman külliye complexes. It was also the first example of a "funerary mosque" in Tunis, as the complex includes the founder's mausoleum, dated to 1639. While the hypostyle form of the mosque and the pyramidal roof of the mausoleum reflect traditional architecture in the region, the minaret's octagonal shaft reflects the influence of the "pencil"-shaped Ottoman minarets. In this period, octagonal minarets often distinguished mosques following the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">maddhab</a> (which was associated with the Ottomans), while mosques which continued to follow the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> maddhab (predominant in the Maghreb) continued to employ traditional square-shaft minarets.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 219–221  The <a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Pacha_Mosque" title="Hammouda Pacha Mosque">Mosque of Hammuda Pasha</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Hammuda_Pasha_Bey" title="Hammuda Pasha Bey">Hammuda Pasha</a> (r. 1631–1664) between 1631 and 1654, reprises many of these same elements as the Yusuf Dey Mosque. Both mosques make use of marble columns and capitals that were imported from Italy and possibly even carved by Italian craftsmen in Tunis.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 221–224  Hammuda Pasha was also responsible for starting in 1629 a major restoration and expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_of_Abu_al-Balawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawiya of Abu al-Balawi">Zawiya of Abu al-Balawi</a> or "Mosque of the Barber" in Kairouan. While the Zawiya has been further modified since, one of its characteristic 17th-century features is the decoration of underglaze-painted <a href="/wiki/Qallalin_tiles" title="Qallalin tiles">Qallalin tiles</a> on many of its walls. These tiles, generally produced in the Qallalin district of Tunis, are painted with motifs of vases, plants, and arches and use predominant blue, green, and ochre-like yellow colours which distinguish them from contemporary <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Ottoman tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 223–224  The artistic height of these tiles was in the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a> It wasn't until the end of the 17th century that the first and only Ottoman-style domed mosque in Tunisia was built: the <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Mahrez_Mosque" title="Sidi Mahrez Mosque">Sidi Mahrez Mosque</a>, begun by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bey_El_Mouradi" title="Mohamed Bey El Mouradi">Muhammad Bey</a> and completed by his successor, Ramadan ibn Murad, between 1696 and 1699. The mosque's prayer hall is covered by a dome system typical of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture" title="Classical Ottoman architecture">Classical Ottoman architecture</a> and first employed by <a href="/wiki/Sinan" title="Sinan">Sinan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mosque" title="Şehzade Mosque">Şehzade Mosque</a> (c. 1548) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>: a large central dome flanked by four <a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">semi-domes</a>, with four smaller domes at the corners and <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentives</a> in the transitional zones between the semi-domes. The interior is decorated with marble paneling and Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 226–227  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algeria">Algeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Algeria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Algeria#Ottoman_period" title="Architecture of Algeria">Architecture of Algeria § Ottoman period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/194px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/291px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg/388px-Alger-Place-des-Martyrs-Casbah_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:143px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaa_al-Jdid_(Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg/190px-Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg/285px-Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg/380px-Jamaa_al-Jdid_%28Nouvelle_Mosqu%C3%A9e%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2829" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">New Mosque (Djama' el-Djedid)</a> in Algiers (1660): exterior view (left) and interior view of the main dome (right)</div></div></div></div> During this period Algiers developed into a major town and witnessed regular architectural patronage, and as such most of the major monuments from this period are concentrated there. By contrast, the city of Tlemcen, the former major capital of the region, went into relative decline and saw far less architectural activity.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 234–236  Mosque architecture in Algiers during this period demonstrates the convergence of multiple influences as well as peculiarities that may be attributed to the innovations of local architects.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 238–240  Domes of Ottoman influence were introduced into the design of mosques, but minarets generally continued to be built with square shafts instead of round or octagonal ones, thus retaining local tradition, unlike contemporary architecture in Ottoman Tunisia and other Ottoman provinces, where the "pencil"-shaped minaret was a symbol of Ottoman sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 238 <a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The oldest surviving mosque from the Ottoman period in Algeria is the <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin_Mosque" title="Ali Bitchin Mosque">Ali Bitchin (or 'Ali Bitshin) Mosque</a> in Algiers, commissioned by an <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">admiral of the same name</a>, a convert of Italian origin, in 1622.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 238  The mosque is built on top of a raised platform and was once associated with various annexes including a hospice, a hammam, and a mill. A minaret and public fountain stand on its northeast corner. The interior prayer hall is centered around a square space covered by a large octagonal dome supported on four large pillars and pendentives. This space is surrounded on all four sides with galleries or aisles covered by rows of smaller domes. On the west side of the central space this gallery is two <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bays</a> deep (i.e. composed of two aisles instead of one), while on the other sides, including on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>, the galleries are just one bay deep.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 238  Several other mosques in Algiers built from the 17th to early 19th centuries had a similar floor plan.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 237–238 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 426–432  This particular design was unprecedented in the Maghreb. The use of a large central dome was a clear connection with Ottoman architecture. However, the rest of the layout is quite different from the mosques of metropolitan Ottoman architecture in cities like Istanbul. Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mar%C3%A7ais" title="Georges Marçais">Georges Marçais</a>, suggested that the architects or patrons could have been influenced by Ottoman-era mosques built in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> provinces of the empire, where many of the rulers of Algiers had originated.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 238 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 432  The most notable monument from this period in Algiers is the <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Djedid" title="Djamaa el Djedid">New Mosque (Djamaa el Djedid)</a> in Algiers, built in 1660–1661.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 239 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 433  The mosque has a large central dome supported by four pillars, but instead of being surrounded by smaller domes it is flanked on four sides by wide <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel-vaulted</a> spaces, with small domed or vaulted bays occupying the corners between these barrel vaults. The barrel-vaulted space on the north side of the dome (the entrance side) is elongated, giving the main vaulted spaces of the mosque a cross-like configuration resembling a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Christian cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 239–241  The mosque's minaret has a traditional form with a square shaft surmounted by a small <a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">lantern</a> structure. Its simple decoration includes tilework; the <a href="/wiki/Clock_face" title="Clock face">clock faces</a> visible today were added at a later period. The mihrab has a more traditional western Islamic form, with a horseshoe-arch shape and stucco decoration, although the decoration around it is crowned with Ottoman-style half-medallion and quarter-medallion shapes.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 239–241 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 433–434  The mosque's overall design and its details thus attest to an apparent mix of Ottoman, Maghrebi, and European influences. As the architect is unknown, Jonathan Bloom suggests that it could very well have been a local architect who simply took the general idea of Ottoman mosque architecture and developed his own interpretation of it.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 240–241  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beyond_the_Islamic_world">Beyond the Islamic world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Beyond the Islamic world">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco,_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg/220px-Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg/330px-Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg/440px-Interior_del_ex_convento_de_San_Francisco%2C_ciudad_de_Tlaxcala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Example of a Mudéjar-influenced wooden ceiling in the <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_City_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala City Cathedral">Cathedral of Tlaxcala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (c. 1662)<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> Certain aspects and traditions of Moorish architecture were brought to the Iberian colonies in the Americas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Weimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Günter Weimer (page does not exist)">Günter Weimer</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Weimer" class="extiw" title="pt:Günter Weimer">pt</a>] outlines the influence of Arab and Amazigh substrates in popular architecture in Brazil, noting the considerable number of architectural terms in Portuguese inherited from Arabic, including <a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">muxarabi</a> (مشربية) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7oteia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Açoteia (page does not exist)">açoteia</a>  [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/a%C3%A7oteia" class="extiw" title="pt:açoteia">pt</a>] (السُطيحة <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'little roof').<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a>: 91–107  Elements of Mudéjar architecture, derived from Islamic architectural traditions and assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish architecture</a>, are found in the architecture of the Spanish colonies.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donahue-Wallace-2008-91">[87]</a> The Islamic and Mudéjar style of decorative wooden ceilings, known in Spanish as armadura, proved particularly popular in both Spain and its colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Borrás_Gualís-2018-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donahue-Wallace-2008-91">[87]</a> Examples of Mudéjar-influenced colonial architecture are concentrated in Mexico and Central America, including some in what is now the southwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-Petersen-1996-92">[88]</a>: 300  Later, particularly in the 19th century, the Moorish Islamic style was frequently imitated by the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Neo-Moorish or Moorish Revival style</a> which emerged in the Europe and North America as part of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticist</a> <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">interest in the "Orient"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009c-20">[19]</a> The term "Moorish" or "neo-Moorish" sometimes also covered an appropriation of motifs from a wider range of Islamic architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009c-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> This style was a recurring choice for Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">synagogue architecture</a> of the era, where it was seen as an appropriate way to mark Judaism's non-European origins.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009c-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Similar to Neo-Moorish, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Néo-Mudéjar</a> was a revivalist style evident in late 19th and early 20th-century Spain and in some <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a> in northern Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giese-2016-21">[20]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French occupation</a> of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco, the French colonial administration also encouraged, in some cases, the use of indigenous North African or arabisant ("Arabizing") motifs in new buildings.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_features">Architectural features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Architectural features">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/390px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/520px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Styles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> Features <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij (Arabian Peninsula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq (Levant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq (Mesopotamia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset (Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb (North Africa)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Headwear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidara" title="Sidara">Sidara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> Clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarab" title="Tarab">Tarab</a></li></ul> Art music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> Folk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic">Paleo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">Prose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saj%27" title="Saj'">Saj (ryhmed prose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> Genres <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> Concepts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> Texts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> Fictional Arab people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist">North Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> South Arabian deities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(myth)" title="Salman (myth)"> Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div> The architecture of the western Islamic world is exemplified by mosques, madrasas, palaces, fortifications, hammams (bathhouses), funduqs (<a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>), and other historic building types common to Islamic architecture. Characteristic elements of the western regional style include <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe-shaped</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">intersecting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">polylobed</a> arches, often with voussoirs of alternating colors or patterns, as well as internal courtyards, riad gardens, ribbed domes, and <a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a> (square-base) minarets. Decoration typically consists of vegetal arabesques, geometric motifs, muqarnas sculpting, Arabic inscriptions, and epigraphic motifs. These motifs were translated into woodwork, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_stucco" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic stucco">carved stucco</a>, and mosaic tilework known as zellij.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 11 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a>: 121, 155  The nature of the medieval Islamic world encouraged people to travel, which made it possible for artists, craftsmen, and ideas from other parts of the Islamic world to be transmitted here. Some features, such as muqarnas and tile revetments, were transmitted from the east but were realized differently in this region.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 11–12  As scholar <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> remarks in his introduction to this topic, traditional Islamic-era architecture in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus was in some respects more "conservative" than other regional styles of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, in the sense that these buildings were less structurally ambitious than, for example, the increasingly audacious domed or vaulted structures that developed in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 10  With the exception of minarets, Moorish monuments were rarely very tall and Moorish architecture persisted in using the hypostyle hall – one of the earliest types of structures in Islamic architecture<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> – as the main type of interior space throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> Moreover, Moorish architecture also continued an early Islamic tradition of avoiding ostentatious exterior decoration or exterior monumentality. With the important exception of gateways and minarets, the exteriors of buildings were often very plain, while the interiors were the focus of architectural innovation and could be lavishly decorated. By contrast, architectural styles in the eastern parts of the Islamic world developed significantly different and innovative spatial arrangements in their construction of domed halls or vaulted <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> and featured increasingly imposing and elaborate exteriors that dominated their surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 10  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arches">Arches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arches">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horseshoe_arch">Horseshoe arch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Horseshoe arch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_militar_(Medina_Azahara)_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG/176px-Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="176" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG/264px-Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG/352px-Casa_militar_%28Medina_Azahara%29_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical round <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate</a> period at <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a> (10th century)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg/158px-Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg/237px-Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg/316px-Tin_Mal_Moschee_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pointed horseshoe arches in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Tinmal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Tinmal">Mosque of Tinmal</a></div></div></div></div></div> Perhaps the most characteristic arch type of western Islamic architecture generally is the so-called "Moorish" or "horseshoe" arch. This is an arch where the curves of the arch continue downward past the horizontal middle axis of the circle and begin to curve towards each other, rather than just forming a half circle.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 15  This arch profile became nearly ubiquitous in the region from the very beginning of the Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 45  The origin of this arch appear to date back to the preceding Byzantine period across the Mediterranean, as versions of it appear in Byzantine-era buildings in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>. They also appear frequently in Visigothic churches in the Iberian peninsula (5th–7th centuries). Perhaps due to this Visigothic influence, horseshoe arches were particularly predominant afterwards in al-Andalus under the Umayyads of Cordoba, although the "Moorish" arch was of a slightly different and more sophisticated form than the Visigothic arch.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 163–164 <a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 43  Arches were not only used for supporting the weight of the structure above them. <a href="/wiki/Blind_arch" title="Blind arch">Blind arches</a> and arched niches were also used as decorative elements. The mihrab of a mosque was almost invariably in the shape of horseshoe arch.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 164 <a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> Starting in the Almoravid period, the first pointed or "broken" horseshoe arches began to appear in the region and became more widespread during the Almohad period. This arch is likely of North African origin, since pointed arches were already present in earlier <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a> further east.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 234  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polylobed_arch">Polylobed arch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Polylobed arch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></div> Polylobed (or multifoil) arches, have their earliest precedents in <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid architecture</a> in Ifriqiya and Egypt and had also appeared in Andalusi Taifa architecture such as the Aljaferia palace and the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Alcazaba of Málaga">Alcazaba of Malaga</a>, which elaborated on the existing examples of al-Hakam II's extension to the Great Mosque of Cordoba. In the Almoravid and Almohad periods, this type of arch was further refined for decorative functions while horseshoe arches continued to be standard elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 232–234  Some early examples appear in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen (in Algeria) and the Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Tinmel" title="Tinmel">Tinmal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 232 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga,_July_2017-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interlacing polylobed arches at the Alcazaba of Malaga in Spain (11th century)"><img alt="Interlacing polylobed arches at the Alcazaba of Malaga in Spain (11th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg/112px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg/169px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg/225px-Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga%2C_July_2017-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interlacing <a href="/wiki/Polylobed_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylobed arch">polylobed arches</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Alcazaba of Málaga">Alcazaba of Malaga</a> in Spain (11th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polylobed arches at the Almoravid Qubba in Marrakesh, Morocco (early 12th century)"><img alt="Polylobed arches at the Almoravid Qubba in Marrakesh, Morocco (early 12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg/106px-Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg/159px-Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg/212px-Almoravid_Koubba_IMG_3233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1696" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polylobed arches at the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_Qubba" title="Almoravid Qubba">Almoravid Qubba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (early 12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_(Djamaa_el_Kebir)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polylobed arches in one of the interior aisles of the Great Mosque of Algiers (11th century or after)"><img alt="Polylobed arches in one of the interior aisles of the Great Mosque of Algiers (11th century or after)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg/112px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg/169px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg/225px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polylobed arches in one of the interior aisles of the <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Great Mosque of Algiers</a> (11th century or after)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polylobed arches in the Mudéjar-style Patio de las Doncellas at the Alcazar of Seville in Spain (14th century)"><img alt="Polylobed arches in the Mudéjar-style Patio de las Doncellas at the Alcazar of Seville in Spain (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg/150px-Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg/225px-Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg/300px-Arquitectura_%C3%A1rabe_en_jardines_Reales_Alc%C3%A1zares_Sevilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polylobed arches in the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a>-style Patio de las Doncellas at the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a> in Spain (14th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Lambrequin"_arch">"Lambrequin" arch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: "Lambrequin" arch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></div> The so-called "lambrequin" arch,<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> with a more intricate profile of lobes and points, was also introduced in the Almoravid period, with an early appearance in the funerary section of the Qarawiyyin Mosque (in Fes) dating from the early 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 232  It then became common in subsequent Almohad, Marinid, and Nasrid architecture, in many cases used to highlight the arches near the mihrab area of a mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> This type of arch is also sometimes referred to as a "muqarnas" arch due to its similarities with a muqarnas profile and because of its speculated derivation from the use of muqarnas itself.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 232  Moreover, this type of arch was indeed commonly used with muqarnas sculpting along the <a href="/wiki/Intrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrados">intrados</a> (inner surfaces) of the arch.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maslow_19372-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambrequin arches in the Mosque of Tinmal (mid-12th century)"><img alt="Lambrequin arches in the Mosque of Tinmal (mid-12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg/112px-Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg/169px-Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg/225px-Tinmal_mosque_arches_DSCF8505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lambrequin arches in the <a href="/wiki/Tinmal_Mosque" title="Tinmal Mosque">Mosque of Tinmal</a> (mid-12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_(R_Prazeres).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A lambrequin or "muqarnas" arch with muqarnas decoration in the Madrasa al-Attarine, Fes (1323–1325)"><img alt="A lambrequin or "muqarnas" arch with muqarnas decoration in the Madrasa al-Attarine, Fes (1323–1325)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg/108px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg/163px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg/217px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_DSCF3633_%28R_Prazeres%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lambrequin or "muqarnas" arch with <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Madrasa al-Attarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> (1323–1325)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_de_los_Leones_07_(4410430661).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A lambrequin/muqarnas arch (top) in the gallery of the Courtyard of the Lions in the Alhambra, Granada (14th century)"><img alt="A lambrequin/muqarnas arch (top) in the gallery of the Courtyard of the Lions in the Alhambra, Granada (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg/112px-Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg/169px-Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg/225px-Patio_de_los_Leones_07_%284410430661%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A lambrequin/muqarnas arch (top) in the gallery of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Courtyard of the Lions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Riad_Zitoun_Jdid,_Marrakesh,_Morocco_-_panoramio_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambrequin arches in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco (late 19th century)"><img alt="Lambrequin arches in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh, Morocco (late 19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/112px-Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/169px-Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg/225px-Riad_Zitoun_Jdid%2C_Marrakesh%2C_Morocco_-_panoramio_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lambrequin arches in the <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Palace" title="Bahia Palace">Bahia Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (late 19th century) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domes">Domes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Domes">edit</a>]</div> Although domes and vaulting were not extensively used in western Islamic architecture, domes were still employed as decorative features to highlight certain areas, such as the space in front of the mihrab in a mosque. In the extension of the Great Mosque of Córdoba by al-Hakam II in the late 10th century, three domes were built over the maqsura (the privileged space in front of the mihrab) and another one in the central nave or aisle of the prayer hall at the beginning of the new extension. These domes were constructed as <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">ribbed vaults</a>. Rather than meeting in the centre of the dome, the "ribs" intersect one another off-center, forming a square or an octagon in the centre.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-Vögeli-2007-101">[97]</a> The ribbed domes of the Mosque of Córdoba served as models for later mosque buildings in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb. At around 1000 AD, the Bab al-Mardum Mosque in Toledo was constructed with a similar, eight-ribbed dome, surrounded by eight other ribbed domes of varying design.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 79  Similar domes are also seen in the mosque building of the Aljafería of Zaragoza. The architectural form of the ribbed dome was further developed in the Maghreb: the central dome of the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, a masterpiece of the Almoravids founded in 1082 and redecorated in 1136, has twelve slender ribs, the shell between the ribs is filled with filigree stucco work.<a href="#cite_note-Giese-Vögeli-2007-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> In Ifriqiya, certain domes from the 9th and 10th centuries, of a quite different style, are also particularly accomplished in their design and decoration. These are the 9th-century (Aghlabid) dome in front of the mihrab in the Great Mosque of Kairouan and the 10th-centuy (Zirid) Qubbat al-Bahw dome in the Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis. Both are elegant ribbed domes with stonework flourishes such as decorative niches, inscriptions, and shell-shaped squinches.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 30–32, 86–87 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_(Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ribbed dome at the beginning of al-Hakam II's extension of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (circa 965)"><img alt="The ribbed dome at the beginning of al-Hakam II's extension of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (circa 965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg/150px-B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg/225px-B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg/300px-B%C3%B3veda_de_la_Capilla_de_Villaviciosa_%28Mezquita-Catedral_de_C%C3%B3rdoba%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3590" data-file-height="2692" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ribbed dome at the beginning of al-Hakam II's extension of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (circa 965)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ribbed dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, covered in mosaics (circa 965)"><img alt="The ribbed dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, covered in mosaics (circa 965)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg/150px-Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg/225px-Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg/300px-Cordoba_Mosque_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ribbed dome in front of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, covered in mosaics (circa 965)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smaller ribbed domes in the Bab al-Mardum Mosque in Toledo (c. 1000)"><img alt="Smaller ribbed domes in the Bab al-Mardum Mosque in Toledo (c. 1000)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg/150px-Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg/225px-Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg/300px-Bab_al_Mardum._Cristo_de_la_Luz._MPLC_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smaller ribbed domes in the Bab al-Mardum Mosque in Toledo (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of decoration inside the dome before the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (circa 836)"><img alt="Detail of decoration inside the dome before the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (circa 836)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg/150px-Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg/225px-Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg/300px-Okba_Mosque_Main_Dome_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2738" data-file-height="1825" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of decoration inside the dome before the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (circa 836)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:El_kobba.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Qubbat al-Bahw (or Qubbat al-Bahu) at the Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis (991)"><img alt="The Qubbat al-Bahw (or Qubbat al-Bahu) at the Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis (991)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_kobba.JPG/150px-El_kobba.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_kobba.JPG/225px-El_kobba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/El_kobba.JPG/300px-El_kobba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Qubbat al-Bahw (or Qubbat al-Bahu) at the Al-Zaytuna Mosque in Tunis (991) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_motifs">Decorative motifs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Decorative motifs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floral_and_vegetal_motifs">Floral and vegetal motifs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Floral and vegetal motifs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></div> Arabesques, or stylized <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">floral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">vegetal</a> motifs, derive from a long tradition of similar motifs in Syrian, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a> architectural ornamentation.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> Early arabesque motifs in Umayyad Cordoba, such as those seen at the Great Mosque or Madinat al-Zahra, continued to make use of <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(plant)" title="Acanthus (plant)">acanthus</a> leaves and <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapevine</a> motifs from this Hellenistic tradition. Almoravid and Almohad architecture made more use of a general striated leaf motif, often curling and splitting into unequal parts along an axis of symmetry.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">Palmettes</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">pine cone</a> images were also featured.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> In the late 16th century, Saadian architecture sometimes made use of a <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a>-type (or <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>-shaped) motif which may have been of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> influence.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a>: 128 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_(C%C3%B3rdoba,_Espa%C3%B1a).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Floral and vegetal motifs from the Caliphate period at Madinat al-Zahra in Spain, carved in panels of limestone (10th century)"><img alt="Floral and vegetal motifs from the Caliphate period at Madinat al-Zahra in Spain, carved in panels of limestone (10th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/112px-Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/169px-Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg/225px-Decoraci%C3%B3n_de_Medina_Azahara_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Floral and vegetal motifs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate</a> period at <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a> in Spain, carved in panels of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (10th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesque motifs and a palmette image carved into stone in the spandrel of the Marinid gate at Chellah, Rabat (14th century)"><img alt="Arabesque motifs and a palmette image carved into stone in the spandrel of the Marinid gate at Chellah, Rabat (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg/150px-Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg/225px-Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg/300px-Chellah_gate_detail_DSCF6947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2153" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a> motifs and a <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a> image carved into stone in the <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a> gate at <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesques carved in stucco over an archway in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (14th century)"><img alt="Arabesques carved in stucco over an archway in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg/150px-Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg/225px-Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg/300px-Al-attarine_madrasa_decoration_detail_DSCF3687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3390" data-file-height="2377" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabesques carved in stucco over an archway in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">al-Attarine Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesques in stucco in the Court of the Myrtles at the Alhambra (14th century)"><img alt="Arabesques in stucco in the Court of the Myrtles at the Alhambra (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg/150px-Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg/225px-Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg/300px-Granada_Alhambra_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arabesques in stucco in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles" title="Court of the Myrtles">Court of the Myrtles</a> at the Alhambra (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arabesque and pine cone motifs along with Kufic inscriptions around the Ben Youssef Madrasa's mihrab, in Marrakesh (16th century)"><img alt="Arabesque and pine cone motifs along with Kufic inscriptions around the Ben Youssef Madrasa's mihrab, in Marrakesh (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg/116px-Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg/174px-Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg/232px-Ben_youssef_madrasa_mihrab_decoration_detail_DSCF9478.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2914" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">pine cone</a> motifs along with <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscriptions around the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> (16th century) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sebka_motif">Sebka motif</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sebka motif">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka</a></div> Various types of interlacing lozenge-like motifs are heavily featured on the surface of minarets starting in the Almohad period (12th–13th centuries) and are later found in other decoration such as carved stucco along walls in Marinid and Nasrid architecture, eventually becoming a standard feature in the western Islamic ornamental repertoire in combination with arabesques.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> This motif, typically called <a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">sebka</a> (meaning "net"),<a href="#cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">[24]</a>: 80 <a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> is believed by some scholars to have originated with the large <a href="/wiki/Interlacing_arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlacing arches">interlacing arches</a> in the 10th-century extension of the Great Mosque of Cordoba by Caliph al-Hakam II.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 257–258  It was then miniaturized and widened into a repeating net-like pattern that can cover surfaces. This motif, in turn, had many detailed variations. One common version, called darj wa ktaf ("step and shoulder") by Moroccan craftsmen, makes use of alternating straight and curved lines which cross each other on their symmetrical axes, forming a motif that looks roughly like a <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a> shape.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 232 <a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 32  Another version, also commonly found on minarets in alternation with the darj wa ktaf, consists of interlacing multifoil/polylobed arches which form a repeating partial <a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">trefoil</a> shape.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 32, 34  <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 205px;"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_(cropped_for_sebka_pattern).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sebka or darj wa ktaf motif on one of the facades of the Hassan Tower in Rabat, Morocco (late 12th century)"><img alt="A sebka or darj wa ktaf motif on one of the facades of the Hassan Tower in Rabat, Morocco (late 12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg/119px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg/179px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg/238px-La_tour_Hassan_-_Photo_de_Abdellatif_AMAJGAG_%28cropped_for_sebka_pattern%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1527" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sebka or darj wa ktaf motif on one of the facades of the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, Morocco (late 12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 205px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Variation of the sebka motif with a trefoil-like shape on the minaret of the Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco (late 12th century)"><img alt="Variation of the sebka motif with a trefoil-like shape on the minaret of the Kasbah Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco (late 12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg/95px-Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg/143px-Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg/190px-Kasbah_mosque_sebka_pattern_DSCF0259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="2355" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Variation of the sebka motif with a trefoil-like shape on the <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakech)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakech)">Kasbah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (late 12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 205px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sebka pattern filled with other motifs in carved stucco decoration at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)"><img alt="Sebka pattern filled with other motifs in carved stucco decoration at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/120px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/180px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/240px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sebka pattern filled with other motifs in carved <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a> decoration at the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 205px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Mansour2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Darj wa ktaf motif on Bab Mansour in Meknes, Morocco (early 18th century)"><img alt="Darj wa ktaf motif on Bab Mansour in Meknes, Morocco (early 18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/116px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG" decoding="async" width="116" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/175px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bab_Mansour2.JPG/233px-Bab_Mansour2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="3058" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Darj wa ktaf motif on <a href="/wiki/Bab_Mansur_al-%27Alj" title="Bab Mansur al-'Alj">Bab Mansour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, Morocco (early 18th century) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geometric_patterns">Geometric patterns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Geometric patterns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></div> Geometric patterns, most typically making use of intersecting straight lines which are rotated to form a radiating star-like pattern, were common in Islamic architecture generally and across Moorish architecture. These are found in carved stucco and wood decoration, and most notably in zellij mosaic tilework which became commonplace in Moorish architecture from the 13th century onward. Other <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygon</a> motifs are also found, often in combination with arabesques.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> In addition to zellij tiles, geometric motifs were also predominant in the decoration and composition of wooden ceilings. One of the most famous examples of such ceilings, considered the masterpiece of its kind, is the ceiling of the Salón de Embajadores in the Comares Palace at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain. The ceiling, composed of 8,017 individual wooden pieces joined into a pyramid-like dome, consists of a recurring 16-pointed star motif which is believed to have symbolized the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Heavens">Seven Heavens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Paradise</a> described in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Al-Mulk" title="Al-Mulk">Surat al-Mulk</a>, which is also inscribed at the ceiling's base).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 159  Like other stucco and wood decoration, it would have originally been painted in different colours order to enhance its motifs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a>: 44 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar,_la_Alhambra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eight-pointed and sixteen-pointed star motifs in zellij (azelujos) tilework at the Sala del Mexuar in the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)[101]"><img alt="Eight-pointed and sixteen-pointed star motifs in zellij (azelujos) tilework at the Sala del Mexuar in the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)[101]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg/175px-Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg/263px-Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg/350px-Alicatados_de_la_Sala_del_Mexuar%2C_la_Alhambra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2286" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eight-pointed and sixteen-pointed star motifs in <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> (azelujos) tilework at the <a href="/wiki/Mexuar" title="Mexuar">Sala del Mexuar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century)<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_wall_10_(6859744634).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometric patterns in stucco decoration at the Hall of the Two Sisters in the Alhambra (14th century)"><img alt="Geometric patterns in stucco decoration at the Hall of the Two Sisters in the Alhambra (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg/175px-Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg/263px-Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg/350px-Alhambra_wall_10_%286859744634%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geometric patterns in stucco decoration at the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions" title="Court of the Lions">Hall of the Two Sisters</a> in the Alhambra (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Attarine_Madrasa_(8753630063).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometric patterns in zellij tilework at the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (14th century)"><img alt="Geometric patterns in zellij tilework at the Al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg/100px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg/150px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg/201px-Al-Attarine_Madrasa_%288753630063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Al-Attarine Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments,_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twelve-pointed star motifs in zellij tilework at the Saadian Tombs in Marrakesh, Morocco (16th century)"><img alt="Twelve-pointed star motifs in zellij tilework at the Saadian Tombs in Marrakesh, Morocco (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg/175px-Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg/263px-Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg/350px-Saadian_Tombs_Ornaments%2C_Marrakesh-8566767208.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twelve-pointed star motifs in <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework at the <a href="/wiki/Saadian_Tombs" title="Saadian Tombs">Saadian Tombs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Doorknob_(4782213188).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometric motifs on the bronze plating of the doors of the Al-Attarine Madrasa (14th century)"><img alt="Geometric motifs on the bronze plating of the doors of the Al-Attarine Madrasa (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg/100px-Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg/150px-Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg/200px-Doorknob_%284782213188%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geometric motifs on the <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> plating of the doors of the Al-Attarine Madrasa (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_(la_Alhambra),_Granada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The enormous wooden ceiling of the Salón de Embajadores (the Nasrid throne room) at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)"><img alt="The enormous wooden ceiling of the Salón de Embajadores (the Nasrid throne room) at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg/175px-Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg/263px-Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg/350px-Techo_del_Sal%C3%B3n_de_Embajadores_%28la_Alhambra%29%2C_Granada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="2501" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The enormous wooden ceiling of the Salón de Embajadores (the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> throne room) at the Alhambra in Granada, Spain (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_(18308359762)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another example of geometric patterns in a (smaller and simpler) wooden ceiling in the Ben Youssef Madrasa in Marrakesh (16th century)"><img alt="Another example of geometric patterns in a (smaller and simpler) wooden ceiling in the Ben Youssef Madrasa in Marrakesh (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/263px-Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/350px-Ben_Youssef_Madrasa_IMG_5097_%2818308359762%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4061" data-file-height="3343" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another example of geometric patterns in a (smaller and simpler) wooden ceiling in the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> in Marrakesh (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_(49702041486).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted geometric motifs on a wooden ceiling in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh (late 19th century)"><img alt="Painted geometric motifs on a wooden ceiling in the Bahia Palace in Marrakesh (late 19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg/175px-Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg/263px-Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg/350px-Mosaic_Bahia_Palace_Marrakech_Morocco_113006_%2849702041486%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted geometric motifs on a wooden ceiling in the <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Palace" title="Bahia Palace">Bahia Palace</a> in Marrakesh (late 19th century) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabic_calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arabic calligraphy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi script</a></div>Many Islamic monuments feature inscriptions of one kind or another which serve to either decorate or inform, or both. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, as in other parts of the Muslim world, was also an art form. Many buildings had foundation inscriptions which record the date of their construction and the patron who sponsored it. Inscriptions could also feature Qur'anic verses, exhortations of God, and other religiously significant passages. Early inscriptions were generally written in the <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script, a style where letters were written with straight lines and had fewer flourishes.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 38  At a slightly later period, mainly in the 11th century, Kufic letters were enhanced with ornamentation, particularly to fill the empty spaces that were usually present above the letters. This resulted in the addition of floral forms or arabesque backgrounds to calligraphic compositions.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 251  In the 12th century the cursive <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a> script began to appear, though it only became commonplace in monuments from the Marinid and Nasrid period (13th–15th century) onward.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 250, 351–352 <a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 38  Kufic was still employed, especially for more formal or solemn inscriptions such as religious content.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a>: 38 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 250, 351–352  However, from the 13th century onward Kufic became increasingly stylized and almost illegible.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In the decoration of the Alhambra, one can find examples of "Knotted" Kufic, a particularly elaborate style where the letters tie together in intricate knots.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> This style is also found in other parts of the Islamic world and may have had its origins in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> The extensions of the letters could turn into strips or lines that continued to form more motifs or form the edges of a cartouche encompassing the rest of the inscription.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a>: 269  As a result, Kufic script could be used in a more strictly decorative form, as the starting point for an interlacing or knotted motif that could be woven into a larger arabesque background.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 351–352 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kufic inscriptions carved into the façade of the Mosque of the Three Doors in Kairouan, Tunisia, dating from 866"><img alt="Kufic inscriptions carved into the façade of the Mosque of the Three Doors in Kairouan, Tunisia, dating from 866" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg/175px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg/263px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg/350px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_des_Trois_Portes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="643" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> inscriptions carved into the façade of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Three_Doors" title="Mosque of the Three Doors">Mosque of the Three Doors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, dating from 866</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba,_mihrab_area,_10th_century_(29)_(29800019186).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kufic Arabic inscriptions in gold mosaics above the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th century)"><img alt="Kufic Arabic inscriptions in gold mosaics above the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg/175px-Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg/263px-Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg/350px-Great_Mosque_of_Cordoba%2C_mihrab_area%2C_10th_century_%2829%29_%2829800019186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="3994" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kufic Arabic inscriptions in gold <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> of the Great Mosque of Cordoba (10th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late 12th-century Kufic inscription carved into stone on the Almohad gate of Bab Agnaou in Marrakesh"><img alt="Late 12th-century Kufic inscription carved into stone on the Almohad gate of Bab Agnaou in Marrakesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg/175px-Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg/263px-Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg/350px-Bab_agnaou_kufic_2_DSCF0299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="462" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late 12th-century Kufic inscription carved into stone on the Almohad gate of <a href="/wiki/Bab_Agnaou" title="Bab Agnaou">Bab Agnaou</a> in Marrakesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_Calligraphy_(4783714452).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kufic script with floral and interlacing flourishes, painted on tile, in the Al-Attarine Madrasa, Fes, Morocco (early 14th century)"><img alt="Kufic script with floral and interlacing flourishes, painted on tile, in the Al-Attarine Madrasa, Fes, Morocco (early 14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg/175px-Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg/263px-Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg/350px-Arabic_Calligraphy_%284783714452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1210" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kufic script with floral and interlacing flourishes, painted on <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">Al-Attarine Madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, Morocco (early 14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_(15256607226).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cursive (Naskh) Arabic script carved into stucco in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (early 14th century)"><img alt="Cursive (Naskh) Arabic script carved into stucco in the al-Attarine Madrasa in Fes (early 14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg/160px-Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg/240px-Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg/320px-Fes_DSC03586_Morocco_%2815256607226%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3562" data-file-height="2670" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Cursive (Naskh)</a> Arabic script carved into stucco in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Attarine_Madrasa" title="Al-Attarine Madrasa">al-Attarine Madrasa</a> in Fes (early 14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Medersa_Sehrij,_Andalusian_quarter_(589017885).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphic inscription carved into wood in the Sahrij Madrasa in Fes, surrounded by other arabesque decoration (early 14th century)"><img alt="Calligraphic inscription carved into wood in the Sahrij Madrasa in Fes, surrounded by other arabesque decoration (early 14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg/175px-Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg/263px-Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg/350px-Medersa_Sehrij%2C_Andalusian_quarter_%28589017885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphic inscription carved into wood in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrij_Madrasa" title="Sahrij Madrasa">Sahrij Madrasa</a> in Fes, surrounded by other <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a> decoration (early 14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Granada-Alhambra12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calligraphy in the Salón de Embajadores in the Alhambra, Granada (14th century): above is the Nasrid motto ("There is no conqueror but God") in cursive script, repeated more than once, while below is a larger inscription in "Knotted" Kufic"><img alt="Calligraphy in the Salón de Embajadores in the Alhambra, Granada (14th century): above is the Nasrid motto ("There is no conqueror but God") in cursive script, repeated more than once, while below is a larger inscription in "Knotted" Kufic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Granada-Alhambra12.jpg/152px-Granada-Alhambra12.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Granada-Alhambra12.jpg/229px-Granada-Alhambra12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Granada-Alhambra12.jpg/305px-Granada-Alhambra12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2055" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calligraphy in the Salón de Embajadores in the Alhambra, Granada (14th century): above is the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> motto ("There is no conqueror but God") in cursive script, repeated more than once, while below is a larger inscription in "Knotted" Kufic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Muqarnas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></div> Muqarnas (also called mocárabe in Spain), sometimes referred to as "honeycomb" or "stalactite" carvings, consists of a three-dimensional geometric prismatic motif which is among the most characteristic features of Islamic architecture. This technique originated further east in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> before spreading across the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 237  It was first introduced into al-Andalus and the western Maghreb by the Almoravids, who made early use of it in early 12th century in the Qubba Ba'adiyyin in Marrakesh and in the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabbaa-2008-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 237  While the earliest forms of muqarnas in Islamic architecture were used as <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> or pendentives at the corners of domes,<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 237  they were quickly adapted to other architectural uses. In the western Islamic world they were particularly dynamic and were used, among other examples, to enhance entire vaulted ceilings, fill in certain vertical transitions between different architectural elements, and even to highlight the presence of windows on otherwise flat surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small muqarnas cupola inside the mihrab of the Mosque of Tinmal (mid-12th century)"><img alt="Small muqarnas cupola inside the mihrab of the Mosque of Tinmal (mid-12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg/112px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg/169px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg/225px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small muqarnas cupola inside the <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tinmal_Mosque" title="Tinmal Mosque">Mosque of Tinmal</a> (mid-12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Muqarnas above a window in the Bou Inania Madrasa of Meknes (14th century)"><img alt="Muqarnas above a window in the Bou Inania Madrasa of Meknes (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG/100px-Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG/150px-Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG/200px-Bou_Inania_Medersa4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a> above a window in the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa_(Meknes)" title="Bou Inania Madrasa (Meknes)">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elaborate muqarnas dome in the Sala de las dos Hermanas in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain (14th century)"><img alt="Elaborate muqarnas dome in the Sala de las dos Hermanas in the Alhambra of Granada, Spain (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg/150px-Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg/225px-Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg/300px-Aa_a_so_nice_ceiling_in_alhambra_in_granada_2016_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elaborate muqarnas dome in the Sala de las dos Hermanas in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closer view of the details at the apex of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra"><img alt="Closer view of the details at the apex of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG/150px-Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG/225px-Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG/300px-Sala_de_los_Reyes_-_007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closer view of the details at the apex of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_(7005732603).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extreme close-up of carved and painted details in constituent niches of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra"><img alt="Extreme close-up of carved and painted details in constituent niches of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg/112px-Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg/169px-Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg/225px-Alhambra_honeycomb_ceiling_06_%287005732603%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Extreme close-up of carved and painted details in constituent niches of a muqarnas dome in the Sala de los Reyes in the Alhambra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rectangular muqarnas vault carved in cedar wood at the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes, Morocco (mid-14th century)"><img alt="Rectangular muqarnas vault carved in cedar wood at the Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes, Morocco (mid-14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg/123px-Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg/185px-Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg/247px-Bou_inania_DSCF2999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2734" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rectangular muqarnas vault carved in cedar wood at the <a href="/wiki/Bou_Inania_Madrasa" title="Bou Inania Madrasa">Bou Inania Madrasa</a> in Fes, Morocco (mid-14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muqarnas carved in wood in the Dar al-Makhzen of Tangier (17th century or later)"><img alt="Muqarnas carved in wood in the Dar al-Makhzen of Tangier (17th century or later)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg/150px-Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg/225px-Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg/300px-Muqarnas_carved_from_wood_in_Tangiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Muqarnas carved in wood in the <a href="/wiki/Dar_el_Makhzen_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar el Makhzen (Tangier)">Dar al-Makhzen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> (17th century or later)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zellij_(tilework)">Zellij (tilework)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Zellij (tilework)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/220px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/330px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg/440px-Zellij_at_the_Marinid_Mosque_of_Chella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">zellij</a> tilework (partly decayed) in the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a> in Morocco, arranged in mosaics to form <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">geometric patterns</a></figcaption></figure> Tilework, particularly in the form of mosaic tilework called zellij, is a standard decorative element along lower walls and for the paving of floors across the region. It consists of hand-cut pieces of <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> in different colours fitted together to form elaborate geometric motifs, often based on radiating star patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> Zellij made its appearance in the region during the 10th century and became widespread by the 14th century during the Marinid and Nasrid period.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a> It may have been inspired or derived from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics" title="Byzantine mosaics">Byzantine mosaics</a> and then adapted by Muslim craftsmen for faience tiles.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a> In the traditional Moroccan craft of zellij-making, the tiles are first fabricated in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazed</a> squares, typically 10 cm per side, then cut by hand into a variety of pre-established shapes (usually memorized <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">by heart</a>) necessary to form the overall pattern.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> This pre-established repertoire of shapes combined to generate a variety of complex patterns is also known as the hasba method.<a href="#cite_note-Aboufadil-2013-112">[108]</a> Although the exact patterns vary from case to case, the underlying principles have been constant for centuries and Moroccan craftsmen are still adept at making them today.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aboufadil-2013-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riads_and_gardens">Riads and gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Riads and gardens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg/220px-Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg/330px-Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg/440px-Large_riad_Bahia_1321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4461" data-file-height="3346" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_riad" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan riad">riad</a> garden in the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Bahia_Palace" title="Bahia Palace">Bahia Palace</a> of Marrakesh</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad (architecture)</a></div> A riad (sometimes spelled riyad; Arabic: رياض) is an interior garden found in many Moorish palaces and mansions. It is typically rectangular and divided into four parts along its central axes, with a fountain at its middle.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> Riad gardens probably originated in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian architecture</a> (where it is also known as <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">chahar bagh</a>) and became a prominent feature in Moorish palaces in Spain (such Madinat al-Zahra, the Aljaferia, and the Alhambra).<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> In Morocco, they became especially widespread in the palaces and mansions of Marrakesh, where the combination of available space and warm climate made them particularly appealing.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> The term is nowadays applied in a broader way to traditional Moroccan houses that have been converted into hotels and tourist guesthouses.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> Many royal palaces were also accompanied by vast <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">pleasure gardens</a>, sometimes built outside the main defensive walls or within their own defensive enclosure. This tradition is evident in the gardens of the Madinat al-Zahra built by the Caliphs of Cordoba (10th century), in the Agdal Gardens south of the Kasbah of Marrakesh created by the Almohads (12th century), the <a href="/wiki/Mosara_Garden" title="Mosara Garden">Mosara Garden</a> created by the Marinids north of their palace-city of Fes el-Jdid (13th century), and the Generalife created by the Nasrids east of the Alhambra (13th century).<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building_types">Building types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Building types">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mosques">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_(Djamaa_el_Kebir).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg/170px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg/255px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg/340px-Great_Mosque_of_Algiers_%28Djamaa_el_Kebir%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a> prayer hall of the <a href="/wiki/Djamaa_el_Kebir" title="Djamaa el Kebir">Great Mosque of Algiers</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, there was a distinction between regular mosques and <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Friday mosques</a>, which were larger and had a more important status by virtue of being the venue where the <a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutba</a> (sermon) was delivered on Fridays.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a> In the early Islamic era there was typically only one Friday mosque per city, but over time Friday mosques multiplied until it was common practice to have one in every neighbourhood or district of the city.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maslow_19372-100">[96]</a> Mosques could also frequently be accompanied by other facilities which served the community.<a href="#cite_note-Maslow_19372-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_karawiyine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_karawiyine.jpg/220px-University_karawiyine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_karawiyine.jpg/330px-University_karawiyine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_karawiyine.jpg/440px-University_karawiyine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">sahn</a> (courtyard) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">Qarawiyyin Mosque</a> in Fes</figcaption></figure> Most mosques in the region have roughly rectangular floor plans and follow the <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> format: they consist of a large prayer hall divided into naves or aisles by rows of horseshoe arches that run either parallel or perpendicular to the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> wall (the wall towards which prayers faced). The qibla (direction of prayer) is symbolized by a decorative niche or alcove in the qibla wall, known as a <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> Next to the mihrab there is usually a symbolic pulpit known as a <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a>, usually in the form of a staircase leading to a small kiosk or platform, where the imam would stand to deliver the khutba. The mosque also normally includes a <a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">sahn</a> (courtyard) which often has a fountain or water basin to assist with <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">ablutions</a>. In early periods this courtyard could be relatively minor in proportion to the rest of the mosque, but in later periods (in Morocco at least) it became progressively larger until it was equal in size to the prayer hall and sometimes larger.<a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maslow_19372-100">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg/170px-D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg/255px-D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg/340px-D%C3%A9tails_du_Mihrab_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a> (right) in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a></figcaption></figure> Hypostyle mosques also frequently follow the "T-type" model, in which the nave between the arches running towards the mihrab (perpendicular to the qibla wall) was wider than the others, as was also the aisle directly in front of and along the qibla wall (running parallel to it), thus forming a T-shaped space in the floor plan of the mosque. This part of the plan was often accentuated by greater decoration, such as more elaborate arch shapes or decorative cupola ceilings at each end of the "T").<a href="#cite_note-Maslow_19372-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fes,_Morocco_(5413056103)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg/170px-Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg/255px-Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg/340px-Fes%2C_Morocco_%285413056103%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Chrabliyine_Mosque" title="Chrabliyine Mosque">Chrabliyin Mosque</a> in Fes</figcaption></figure> From afar, mosque buildings are distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> towers. Minarets traditionally have a square shaft and are arranged in two tiers: the main shaft, which makes up most of its height, and a much smaller secondary tower above this which is in turn topped by a <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> of copper or brass spheres.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Some minarets in North Africa have octagonal shafts, though this is more characteristic of certain regions or periods.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Binous-2002-24">[23]</a> Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> The floor plan of a mosque is also aligned with the direction of prayer, sometimes even at odds with the orientation of the streets around it.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> Today it is standard practice that the direction of prayer is the line marking the shortest distance between oneself and the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in Mecca. In the western Mediterranean, this corresponds to a generally eastern orientation (varying slightly depending on your exact position).<a href="#cite_note-Bonine-1990-116">[112]</a> However, in early Islamic periods there were other interpretations of what the qibla should be. In the western Islamic world in particular, early mosques often had a southern orientation, as can be seen in major monuments like the Great Mosque of Cordoba and the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes. This was based on a reported <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which stated that "what is between the east and west is a qibla", as well as on a popular view that mosques should follow the cardinal alignment of the Kaaba itself, whose axes are aligned according to certain astronomical references (e.g. its minor axis is aligned with the sunrise of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>).<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonine-1990-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Synagogues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_(8480818301).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg/220px-Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg/330px-Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg/440px-Synagogue_La_Ghriba_de_Djerba_%288480818301%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/El_Ghriba_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ghriba synagogue">El Ghriba synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> Synagogues had a very different layout from mosques but in North Africa and Al-Andalus they often shared similar decorative trends as the traditional Islamic architecture around them, such as <a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">colourful tilework</a> and carved stucco,<a href="#cite_note-Métalsi_2003-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> though later synagogues in North Africa were built in other styles too. Notable examples of historic synagogues in Spain include the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blanca" title="Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca">Synagogue of Santa Maria la Blanca</a> in Toledo (rebuilt in its current form in 1250),<a href="#cite_note-Qantara-1-77">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Synagogue" title="Córdoba Synagogue">Synagogue of Cordoba</a> (1315),<a href="#cite_note-Qantara-2-78">[74]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_El_Tr%C3%A1nsito" title="Synagogue of El Tránsito">Synagogue of El Tránsito</a> in Toledo (1355–1357). In Morocco they include the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Danan_Synagogue" title="Ibn Danan Synagogue">Ibn Danan Synagogue</a> in Fes, the <a href="/wiki/Slat_al-Azama_Synagogue" title="Slat al-Azama Synagogue">Slat al-Azama Synagogue</a> in Marrakesh, and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth-El_(Casablanca)" title="Temple Beth-El (Casablanca)">Beth-El Synagogue</a> in Casablanca, though numerous other examples exist.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> One of the most famous historic synagogues in Tunisia is the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/El_Ghriba_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ghriba synagogue">El Ghriba synagogue</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madrasas">Madrasas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Madrasas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coranic_School_(106589859).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/220px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/330px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg/440px-Coranic_School_%28106589859%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Ben_Youssef_Madrasa" title="Ben Youssef Madrasa">Ben Youssef Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (16th century)</figcaption></figure> The madrasa was an institution which originated in northeastern Iran by the early 11th century and was progressively adopted further west.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a> It provided higher education and served to train <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholars</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>), most commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a> branch of Sunni legal thought. The madrasa of the Sunni world was generally antithetical to more heterodox religious doctrines, including the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_doctrine" title="Almohad doctrine">doctrine espoused by the Almohads</a>. As such, in the westernmost parts of the Islamic world it only came to flourish in the late 13th century, under the Marinid, Zayyanid, and Hafsid dynasties that succeeded the Almohads.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> In other parts of the Muslim world, the founders of madrasas could name themselves or their family members as administrators of the foundation's <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> (a charitable and inalienable <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a>), making them a convenient means of protecting family fortunes, but this was not allowed under the Maliki school of law that was dominant in the western Islamic lands. As a result, the construction of madrasas was less prolific in the Maghreb and al-Andalus than it was further east. Madrasas in this region are also frequently named after their location or some other distinctive physical feature, rather than after their founders (as was common further east).<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 178  Madrasas were generally centered around a main courtyard with a central fountain, off which other rooms could be accessed. Student living quarters were typically distributed on an upper floor around the courtyard. Many madrasas also included a prayer hall with a mihrab, though only the Bou Inania Madrasa of Fes officially functioned as a full mosque and featured its own minaret.<a href="#cite_note-Kubisch-2011-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mausoleums_and_zawiyas">Mausoleums and zawiyas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mausoleums and zawiyas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya (institution)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg/220px-Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg/330px-Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg/440px-Zaouia_Sidi_Mohammed_Ben_Naceur.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tamegroute" title="Tamegroute">Zawiya Nasiriya in Tamegroute</a>, southern Morocco, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Nasir" title="Mohammed ibn Nasir">Mohammed ibn Nasir</a> (died 1674)</figcaption></figure> Most <a href="/wiki/Islamic_funeral" title="Islamic funeral">Muslim graves</a> are traditionally simple and unadorned, but in North Africa the graves of important figures were often covered in a domed structure (or a cupola of often pyramidal shape) called a <a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">qubba</a> (also spelled koubba). This was especially characteristic for the tombs of "saints" such as <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">walis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabouts</a>: individuals who came to be venerated for their strong piety, reputed miracles, or other mystical attributes. Many of these existed within the wider category of Islamic mysticism known as <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>. Some of these tombs became the focus of entire religious complexes built around them, known as a <a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiya</a> (also spelled zaouia; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: زاوية).<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> They typically included a mosque, school, and other charitable facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> Such religious establishments were major centers of Sufism across the region and grew in power and influence over the centuries, often associated with specific <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi Brotherhoods</a> or schools of thought.<a href="#cite_note-Deverdun-1959-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funduqs_(merchant_inns)">Funduqs (merchant inns)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Funduqs (merchant inns)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></div> A funduq (also spelled foundouk or fondouk; Arabic: فندق) was a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a> or commercial building which served as both an inn for merchants and a warehouse for their goods and merchandise.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-1981-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> In North Africa some funduqs also housed the workshops of local artisans.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a> As a result of this function, they also became centers for other commercial activities such as <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auctions</a> and markets.<a href="#cite_note-Le_Tourneau-1949-40">[36]</a> They typically consisted of a large central courtyard surrounded by a gallery, around which storage rooms and sleeping quarters were arranged, frequently over multiple floors. Some were relatively simple and plain, while others, like the <a href="/wiki/Funduq_al-Najjarin" title="Funduq al-Najjarin">Funduq al-Najjarin</a> in Fes, were quite richly decorated.<a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a> While many structures of this kind can be found in historic North African cities, the only one in Al-Andalus to have been preserved is the Nasrid-era <a href="/wiki/Corral_del_Carb%C3%B3n" title="Corral del Carbón">Corral del Carbón</a> in Granada.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammams_(bathhouses)">Hammams (bathhouses)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hammams (bathhouses)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/220px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/330px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg/440px-El_Ba%C3%B1uelo._Sala_central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4611" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%B1uelo" title="El Bañuelo">Bañuelo</a> hammam in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, Spain (11th century)</figcaption></figure> Hammams (Arabic: حمّام) are <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathhouses</a> which were ubiquitous in Muslim cities. Essentially derived from the <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman bathhouse</a> model, hammams normally consisted of four main chambers: a changing room, from which one then moved on to a cold room, a warm room, and a hot room.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 215–216, 315–316 <a href="#cite_note-Sibley-124">[120]</a> Heat and steam were generated by a <a href="/wiki/Hypocaust" title="Hypocaust">hypocaust</a> system which heated the floors. The furnace re-used natural organic materials (such as wood shavings, olive pits, or other organic waste byproducts) by burning them for fuel.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> The smoke generated by this furnace helped with heating the floors while excess smoke was evacuated through chimneys. Of the different rooms, only the changing room was heavily decorated with <a href="/wiki/Zellige" class="mw-redirect" title="Zellige">zellij</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>, or carved wood.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 316  The cold, warm, and hot rooms were usually <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted</a> or domed chambers without windows, designed to keep steam from escaping, but partially lit thanks to small holes in the ceiling which could be covered by ceramic or coloured glass.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 316  Many historic hammams have been preserved in cities like Marrakesh and Fez in Morocco, partly thanks to their continued use by locals up to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sibley-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> In Al-Andalus, by contrast, they fell out of use after the expulsion of Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula and are only preserved as archeological sites or historic monuments.<a href="#cite_note-Fournier-2016-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaces">Palaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Palaces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medina_Azahara_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medina_Azahara_010.jpg/220px-Medina_Azahara_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medina_Azahara_010.jpg/330px-Medina_Azahara_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Medina_Azahara_010.jpg/440px-Medina_Azahara_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The excavated and partly reconstructed remains of <a href="/wiki/Medina_Azahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Azahara">Madinat al-Zahra</a>, outside Cordoba, Spain (10th century)</figcaption></figure> The main palaces of rulers were usually located inside a separate fortified district or citadel of the capital city. These citadels included a complex of different structures including administrative offices, official venues for ceremonies and receptions, functional amenities (such as warehouses, kitchens, and hammams), and the private residences of the ruler and his family. Although palace architecture varied from one period and region to the next, certain traits recurred such as the predominance of courtyards and internal gardens around which elements of the palace were typically centered.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg/220px-Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg/330px-Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg/440px-Patio_de_los_Arrayanes_Alhambra_02_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Myrtles" title="Court of the Myrtles">Comares Palace or Court of the Myrtles</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, Granada (14th century)</figcaption></figure> In some cases, rulers were installed in the existing fortified citadel of the city, such as the many <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázars</a> in Spain, or the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbahs</a> of North Africa. The original <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_the_Caliphs_(C%C3%B3rdoba)" title="Alcázar of the Caliphs (Córdoba)">Alcazar of Cordoba</a>, used by the Umayyad emirs and their predecessors, was an early example of this. When Cordoba first became the capital of Al-Andalus in the 8th century the early Muslim governors simply moved into the former Visigothic palace, which was eventually redeveloped and modified by the Umayyad rulers after them. The Alcázar of Seville was also occupied and rebuilt in different periods by different rulers. In Marrakesh, Morocco, the Almohad Caliphs in the late 12th century built a large new palace district, the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_of_Marrakesh" title="Kasbah of Marrakesh">Kasbah</a>, on the south side of the city, which was subsequently occupied and rebuilt by the later Saadian and 'Alawi dynasties. In Al-Andalus many palace enclosures were highly fortified alcazabas located on hilltops overlooking the rest of the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Alcazaba of Almería">Alcazaba of Almería</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alcazaba_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Alcazaba of Málaga">Alcazaba of Málaga</a>, which were occupied by the various governors and local rulers. The most famous of all these, however, is the Alhambra of Granada, which was built up by the Nasrid dynasty during the 13th to 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a> Rulers with enough resources sometimes founded entirely separate and autonomous royal cities outside their capital cities, such as Madinat al-Zahra, built by Abd ar-Rahman III outside Cordoba, or Fes el-Jdid built by the Marinids outside <a href="/wiki/Fes_el_Bali" title="Fes el Bali">old Fez</a>. Some rulers even built entirely new capital cities centered on their palaces, such as the Qal'at Bani Hammad, founded in 1007 by the Hammadids in present-day Algeria, and Mahdia, begun in 916 by the Fatimid Caliphs in present-day Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a> In many periods and regions rulers also built outlying private estates with gardens in the countryside. As early as the 8th century, for example, Abd ar-Rahman I possessed such estates in the countryside outside Cordoba. The later Nasrid-built Generalife, located on the mountainside a short distance outside the Alhambra, is also an example of outlying residence and garden made for the private use of the rulers. Moroccan sultans also built pleasure pavilions or residences within the vast gardens and orchards that they maintained outside their cities, notably the Menara Gardens and Agdal Gardens on the outskirts of Marrakesh.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fortifications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Al-Andalus">In Al-Andalus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: In Al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_al-Andalus" title="Fortifications of al-Andalus">Fortifications of al-Andalus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gormaz_-_010_(33730946221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg/220px-Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg/330px-Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg/440px-Gormaz_-_010_%2833730946221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Gormaz" title="Castle of Gormaz">Castle of Gormaz</a> in Spain, a large castle built near the border of the Caliphate in the 10th century</figcaption></figure> The remains of castles and fortifications from various periods of Al-Andalus have survived across Spain and Portugal, often situated on hilltops and elevated positions that command the surrounding countryside. A large number of Arabic terms were used to denote different types and functions, many of which were borrowed into Spanish and are found in present-day <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>, such as Alcazaba (from Arabic: القَـصَـبَـة, romanized: al-qaṣabah), meaning a fortified enclosure or <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> where the governor or ruler was typically installed, and Alcázar (from Arabic: القصر, romanized: al-qaṣr), which was typically a palace protected by fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-Zozaya-1992-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> Fortifications were built either in stone or in <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a>. Stone was used more commonly in the Umayyad period (8th–10th centuries) while rammed earth became more common in subsequent periods and was also more common in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zozaya-1992-129">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atalaya-el-vellon_(retouched_and_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Atalaya-el-vellon_%28retouched_and_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2431" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_of_El_Vell%C3%B3n" title="Watchtower of El Vellón">Watchtower of El Vellón</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Madrid region</a>, Spain (9th–10th century)</figcaption></figure> In the Umayyad period (8th–10th centuries) an extensive network of border fortifications stretched in a wide line roughly from Lisbon in the west then up through the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Central" title="Sistema Central">Central System</a> of mountains in Spain, around the region of Madrid, and up to the region of Navarre and Huesca in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-Zozaya-1992-129">[125]</a>: 63  Castles and fortified garrisons existed in the interior of the realm as well.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a> Many of these early fortifications had relatively simple designs with no barbicans and only a single line of walls. The gates were typically straight entrances with an inner and outer doorway on the same axis.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 100, 116  Castles typically had quadrangular layouts with walls reinforced by rectangular towers.<a href="#cite_note-Zozaya-1992-129">[125]</a>: 67  The authorities also built multitudes of small, usually round, watch towers which could rapidly send messages to each other via fire or smoke signals.<a href="#cite_note-Zozaya-1992-129">[125]</a>: 66  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sevilla-3-7_(48040476667).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg/220px-Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg/330px-Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg/440px-Sevilla-3-7_%2848040476667%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4363" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a> in Seville, an Almohad defensive tower built in 1220–1221<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the collapse of the Caliphate in the 11th century, the resulting political insecurity encouraged further fortification of cities.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 115  Military architecture also became steadily more complex. Fortified gates began to regularly include <a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">bent entrances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 116  Military technology grew still more sophisticated during the Almohad period (12th and early 13th centuries), with barbicans appearing in front of city walls and <a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">albarrana towers</a> appearing as a recurring innovation.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 166  Fortification towers also became taller and more massive, sometimes with round or polygonal bases but more commonly still rectangular. Some of the more famous tower fortifications from this period include the <a href="/wiki/Calahorra_Tower" title="Calahorra Tower">Calahorra Tower</a> in Cordoba and the <a href="/wiki/Torre_del_Oro" title="Torre del Oro">Torre del Oro</a> in Seville. The latter is a <a href="/wiki/Dodecagon" title="Dodecagon">dodecagonal</a> tower which fortified a corner of the city walls and which, along with another tower across the river, protected the city's harbour.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 166  In the final period from the 13th to 15th centuries, fortresses and towns were again refortified. In addition to the fortifications of Granada and its Alhambra, the Nasrids built or rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Gibralfaro" title="Gibralfaro">Gibralfaro</a> Castle of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and the castle of <a href="/wiki/Antequera" title="Antequera">Antequera</a>, and many smaller strategic hilltop forts like that of <a href="/wiki/Tabernas" title="Tabernas">Tabernas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 212  This late period saw the construction of massive towers and <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keeps</a> which likely reflected a growing influence of Christian military architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">[6]</a>: 212 <a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 322  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Maghreb">In the Maghreb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In the Maghreb">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_the_Maghreb" title="Fortifications of the Maghreb">Fortifications of the Maghreb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunezja,_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/220px-Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/330px-Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg/440px-Tunezja%2C_Sousse_Medina_-_panoramio_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>City walls of Sousse in Tunisia (9th century)</figcaption></figure> Some of the oldest surviving Islamic-era monuments in the Maghreb are military structures in present-day Tunisia. The best-known examples are the <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Sousse" title="Ribat of Sousse">Ribat of Sousse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ribat_of_Monastir" title="Ribat of Monastir">Ribat of Monastir</a>, both dating generally from the Aghlabid period in the 9th century. A <a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">ribat</a> was a type of residential fortress which was built to guard the early frontiers of Muslim territory in North Africa. They were built at intervals along the coastline so that they could signal each other from afar. Also dating from the same period are the city walls of <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, both made in stone and bearing similarities to earlier Byzantine-Roman walls in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 29–36 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 25–27  Several ruling dynasties in the region built fortified capitals or citadels. The Fatimids built a heavily fortified new capital at Mahdia in present-day Tunisia, located on a narrow peninsula extending from the coastline into the sea and surrounded by walls and a single land gate.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 89–91 <a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 47  The Hammadids also built a new fortified capital in present-day Algeria known as <a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_Bani_Hammad" title="Qal'at Bani Hammad">Qal'at Bani Hammad</a> in the 11th century, located on a strategic elevated site. Along with the earlier Zirid fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Bijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijaya">Bijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achir" title="Achir">'Ashir</a>, its walls were made mainly of rough stone or <a href="/wiki/Rubble_masonry" title="Rubble masonry">rubble stone</a>, demonstrating a slow shift in construction methods away from earlier Byzantine-Roman methods and towards more characteristically North African and Berber architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 92  The later Marinids fortified their palace-city of <a href="/wiki/Fes_el-Jdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes el-Jdid">Fes el-Jdid</a>, built in the late 13th century, with a line of double walls.<a href="#cite_note-:32-131">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg/220px-Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg/330px-Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg/440px-Bab_Debbagh_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Example of a complex <a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">bent passage</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Bab_Debbagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Debbagh">Bab Debbagh</a> gate of <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, Morocco (12th century and after)<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[128]</a></figcaption></figure> Starting with the Almoravid and Almohad domination of the 11th–13th centuries, most medieval fortifications in the western Maghreb shared many characteristics with those of Al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a> City walls in Morocco were generally built out of rammed earth, reinforced at regular intervals by square towers, as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Marrakesh" title="Walls of Marrakesh">walls of Marrakesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Fez" title="Fortifications of Fez">walls of Fes</a>, and the walls of Rabat.<a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Touri-2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bressolette-1983-72">[68]</a> In western Algeria, the walls of Tlemcen (formerly Tagrart) were likewise partly built by the Almoravids with a mix of rubble stone at the base and rammed earth above.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a>: 220  As elsewhere, the gates were often the weakest points of a defensive wall and so were usually more heavily fortified than the surrounding wall. In Morocco, gates were often designed with a bent entrance.<a href="#cite_note-Métalsi_2003-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilbaux-2001-58">[54]</a> In later centuries, Moroccan rulers continued to build traditional walls and fortifications while at the same time borrowing elements from European military architecture in the new <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> age, most likely through their encounters with the Portuguese and other European powers at this time. The Saadian bastions of Fes, such as <a href="/wiki/Borj_Nord" title="Borj Nord">Borj Nord</a>, are one early example of these architectural innovations.<a href="#cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-2016-84">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksar_of_Taourirt_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ksar_of_Taourirt_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Taourirt" title="Kasbah Taourirt">Kasbah Taourirt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ouarzazate" title="Ouarzazate">Ouarzazate</a> (19th–20th century), a late example of local <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> architecture in the oasis regions of Morocco</figcaption></figure> "Kasbah", or tighremt in <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Amazigh</a>, can also refer to various fortresses or fortified mansions in the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> and the desert <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> regions of Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-Naji-2009-133">[129]</a> In these regions, often traditionally Amazigh (Berber) areas, kasbahs are again made of rammed earth and mud-brick (or sometimes stone), often marked by square corner towers and decorated with simple geometric motifs.<a href="#cite_note-Naji-2009-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Communal <a href="/wiki/Agadir_(granary)" title="Agadir (granary)">fortified granaries</a> are another feature of local Berber architecture in southern Morocco, Algeria, and southern Tunisia, with styles and layouts differing from region to region.<a href="#cite_note-:3-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Preservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moorish_structures_in_Spain_and_Portugal" title="List of Moorish structures in Spain and Portugal">List of Moorish structures in Spain and Portugal</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Die_Alhambra_liegt_auf_dem_Sabikah-H%C3%BCgel_von_Granada._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> palaces and fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> period (13th–15th centuries), with later Christian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> additions</figcaption></figure> Many important examples of Moorish architecture are located in Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula (in the former territories of Al-Andalus), with an especially strong concentration in southern Spain (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>). There is also a high concentration of historic Islamic architecture in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The types of monuments that have been preserved vary greatly between regions and between periods. For example, the historic palaces of North Africa have rarely been preserved, whereas Spain retains multiple major examples of Islamic palace architecture that are among the best-studied in the world. By contrast, few major mosques from later periods have been preserved in Spain, whereas many historic mosques are still standing and still being used in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 12–13 <a href="#cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">[13]</a>: xvii–xviii  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Islamic influences on Western art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_Architecture_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon">Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_mosques_in_Spain" title="List of former mosques in Spain">List of former mosques in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_mosques_in_Portugal" title="List of former mosques in Portugal">List of former mosques in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Mosque,_Kapurthala" title="Moorish Mosque, Kapurthala">Moorish Mosque, Kapurthala</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The word comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "<a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a>", originally a designation of the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> (present-day Algeria and Morocco),<a href="#cite_note-camps-8">[8]</a> but the term was later also applied to <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">Arabized Iberians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The word later acquired more racial connotations and has fallen out of use since the mid-20th century. Its usage today is generally limited to adjectival uses in terms like "Moorish architecture" or "Moorish art".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> It was replaced by the present-day Church of San Salvador. Today, only the lower part of the mosque's minaret survives, as part of the church's bell tower. The minaret is likely of a later date than the mosque's foundation, but it existed before 1079, as records show it was repaired by al-Mu'tamid (ruler of Seville) after the earthquake of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2013-26">[25]</a>: 145  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> His claims were controversial and some French archeologists rejected his findings. In 1956 the excavations were ended and the remains re-buried under the courtyard.<a href="#cite_note-Telhine-2010-29">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> This date has been interpreted by some as the foundation date of the whole ribat rather than the construction date of its tower.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom-2020-2">[2]</a>: 25–26  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marçais-1954-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais-1954_1-25">z</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marçais, Georges (1954). 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href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2020_2-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2020_2-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2020_2-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2020_2-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2020_2-110">dg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2020" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ">Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780300218701"><bdi>9780300218701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Floyd-2017-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd-2017_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floyd-2017_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloodNecipoğlu2017" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. 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Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-2009a-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009a_4-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001" class="citation book cs1">Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1">Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250</a> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088670"><bdi>9780300088670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+650%E2%80%931250&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300088670&rft.aulast=Ettinghausen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Jenkins-Madina%2C+Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1uWZAzN_VcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrucand-1992-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrucand-1992_6-29">ad</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrucandBednorz1992" class="citation book cs1">Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822876348" title="Special:BookSources/3822876348"><bdi>3822876348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moorish+architecture+in+Andalusia&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3822876348&rft.aulast=Barrucand&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Bednorz%2C+Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévi-ProvençalDonzel1993" class="citation book cs1">Lévi-Provençal, E.; Donzel, E. van (1993). "Moors". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 7. Brill. pp. 235–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moors&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Donzel%2C+E.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-camps-8"><a href="#cite_ref-camps_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Camps2007" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel Camps (2007). Les Berbères, Mémoire et Identité. pp. 116–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Berb%C3%A8res%2C+M%C3%A9moire+et+Identit%C3%A9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Gabriel+Camps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Menocal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dxbqEmU-OkC&pg=PP1">Ornament of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108100721/https://books.google.ca/books?id=4dxbqEmU-OkC&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 8 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 16; Richard A Fletcher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC">Moorish Spain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108100722/https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 8 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (University of California Press, 2006), pp.1,19. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssouline2009" class="citation book cs1">Assouline, David (2009). "Moors". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moors&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.aulast=Assouline&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giese-2021-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giese-2021_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giese-2021_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLMlEAAAQBAJ&dq=islamic+architecture+moorish+terminology&pg=PA1">Mudejarismo and Moorish Revival in Europe: Cultural Negotiations and Artistic Translations in the Middle Ages and 19th-century Historicism</a>. Brill. 2021. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44858-2"><bdi>978-90-04-44858-2</bdi></a>. <q>The authors of this volume are conscious of the contested terminology of Mudéjar and the negative connotations of the term Moorish. They are used here as denominators of two phenomena that have been essentially shaped in the 19th century. When speaking of the Islamic architecture of al- Andalus, the term Moorish is rejected. In these cases, the terms Ibero-Islamic or andalusí are used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mudejarismo+and+Moorish+Revival+in+Europe%3A+Cultural+Negotiations+and+Artistic+Translations+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+19th-century+Historicism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44858-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLMlEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dislamic%2Barchitecture%2Bmoorish%2Bterminology%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernoit2017" class="citation book cs1">Vernoit, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&dq=companion+islamic+architecture+%E2%80%9CMoorish%E2%80%9D+are+no+longer+fashionable&pg=PA1173">"Islamic Art in the West: Categories of Collecting"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Wiley Blackwell. p. 1173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06857-0"><bdi>978-1-119-06857-0</bdi></a>. <q>Some terms such as "Saracenic," "Mohammedan," and "Moorish" are no longer fashionable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Art+in+the+West%3A+Categories+of+Collecting&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=1173&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-119-06857-0&rft.aulast=Vernoit&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcompanion%2Bislamic%2Barchitecture%2B%25E2%2580%259CMoorish%25E2%2580%259D%2Bare%2Bno%2Blonger%2Bfashionable%26pg%3DPA1173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold-2017-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arnold-2017_14-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2017" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Felix (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1">Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190624552" title="Special:BookSources/9780190624552"><bdi>9780190624552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190624552&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXjXDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIslamic%2BPalace%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWestern%2BMediterranean%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salmon-2018-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salmon-2018_15-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmon2018" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, Xavier (2018). Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055–1269. Paris: LienArt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maroc+Almoravide+et+Almohade%3A+Architecture+et+d%C3%A9cors+au+temps+des+conqu%C3%A9rants%2C+1055%E2%80%931269&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=LienArt&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennison-2016a-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennison-2016a_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennison-2016a_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennison2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennison, Amira K. (2016). "'The most wondrous artifice': The Art and Architecture of the Berber Empires". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">The Almoravid and Almohad Empires</a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 276–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748646821" title="Special:BookSources/9780748646821"><bdi>9780748646821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+most+wondrous+artifice%27%3A+The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Berber+Empires&rft.btitle=The+Almoravid+and+Almohad+Empires&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780748646821&rft.aulast=Bennison&rft.aufirst=Amira+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19JVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez-1992-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perez-1992_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez-1992_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez1992" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An Introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain">Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 75–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870996371" title="Special:BookSources/0870996371"><bdi>0870996371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Almoravids+and+Almohads%3A+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0870996371&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Casamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FAl_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-1981-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker-1981_18-22">w</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1981" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+practical+guide+to+Islamic+Monuments+in+Morocco&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=The+Baraka+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borrás_Gualís-2018-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borrás_Gualís-2018_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borrás_Gualís-2018_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borrás_Gualís-2018_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrás_GualísLavado_ParadinasPleguezuelo_HernándezPérez_Higuera2018" class="citation book cs1">Borrás Gualís, Gonzalo M.; Lavado Paradinas, Pedro; Pleguezuelo Hernández, Alfonso; Pérez Higuera, María Teresa; Mogollón Cano-Cortés, María Pilar; Morales, Alfredo J.; López Guzman, Rafael; Sorroche Cuerva, Miguel Ángel; Stuyck Fernández Arche, Sandra (2018). Mudéjar Art: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art (Islamic Art in the Mediterranean). Museum Ohne Grenzen (Museum With No Frontiers). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783902782144" title="Special:BookSources/9783902782144"><bdi>9783902782144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mud%C3%A9jar+Art%3A+Islamic+Aesthetics+in+Christian+Art+%28Islamic+Art+in+the+Mediterranean%29&rft.pub=Museum+Ohne+Grenzen+%28Museum+With+No+Frontiers%29&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783902782144&rft.aulast=Borr%C3%A1s+Gual%C3%ADs&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo+M.&rft.au=Lavado+Paradinas%2C+Pedro&rft.au=Pleguezuelo+Hern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Alfonso&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Higuera%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Teresa&rft.au=Mogoll%C3%B3n+Cano-Cort%C3%A9s%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Pilar&rft.au=Morales%2C+Alfredo+J.&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez+Guzman%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Sorroche+Cuerva%2C+Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft.au=Stuyck+Fern%C3%A1ndez+Arche%2C+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-2009c-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009c_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009c_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009c_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2009c_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. 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Asiatische Studien – Études Asiatiques. 70 (4): 1307–1353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fasia-2016-0499">10.1515/asia-2016-0499</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:99943973">99943973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatische+Studien+%E2%80%93+%C3%89tudes+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Resplendence+of+al-Andalus%3A+Exchange+and+Transfer+Processes+in+Mud%C3%A9jar+and+Neo-Moorish+Architecture&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1307-%3C%2Fspan%3E1353&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fasia-2016-0499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A99943973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Giese&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft.au=Varela+Braga%2C+Ariane&rft.au=Lahoz+Kopiske%2C+Helena&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+Katrin&rft.au=Castro+Royo%2C+Laura&rft.au=Keller%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F134280%2F1%2F%255B%255D_Resplendence_of_al-Andalus_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Moorish [Hindoo, Indo-Saracenic]". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 543–545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>. <q>Term used specifically in the 19th century to describe a Western style based on the architecture and decorative arts of the Muslim inhabitants (the Moors) of northwest Africa and (between 8th and 15th centuries) of southern Spain; it is often used imprecisely to include Arab and Indian influences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moorish+%5BHindoo%2C+Indo-Saracenic%5D&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abun-Nasr-1987-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abun-Nasr-1987_23-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC">A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Binous-2002-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Binous-2002_24-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinousBakloutiBen_TanfousBouteraa2002" class="citation book cs1">Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783902782199" title="Special:BookSources/9783902782199"><bdi>9783902782199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ifriqiya%3A+Thirteen+Centuries+of+Art+and+Architecture+in+Tunisia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Museum+With+No+Frontiers%2C+MWNF&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783902782199&rft.aulast=Binous&rft.aufirst=Jamila&rft.au=Baklouti%2C+Naceur&rft.au=Ben+Tanfous%2C+Aziza&rft.au=Bouteraa%2C+Kadri&rft.au=Rammah%2C+Mourad&rft.au=Zouari%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodds-1992-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodds-1992_25-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds1992" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870996371" title="Special:BookSources/0870996371"><bdi>0870996371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0870996371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-2013-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2013_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom-2013_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013). The minaret. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748637256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748637256"><bdi>978-0748637256</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856037134">856037134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+minaret&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856037134&rft.isbn=978-0748637256&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunder2017" class="citation book cs1">Wunder, Amanda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3p5CDgAAQBAJ&dq=ibn+adabbas+mosque+church&pg=PT220">Baroque Seville: Sacred Art in a Century of Crisis</a>. Penn State Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07941-7"><bdi>978-0-271-07941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroque+Seville%3A+Sacred+Art+in+a+Century+of+Crisis&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07941-7&rft.aulast=Wunder&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3p5CDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dibn%2Badabbas%2Bmosque%2Bchurch%26pg%3DPT220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telhine-2010-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telhine-2010_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telhine-2010_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telhine-2010_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelhine2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Telhine, Mohammed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFPz8RwEZU0C&dq=narbonne+mosqu%C3%A9e&pg=PA36">L'Islam et les musulmans en France: une histoire de mosquées</a> (in French). Harmattan. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-12257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-12257-4"><bdi>978-2-296-12257-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Islam+et+les+musulmans+en+France%3A+une+histoire+de+mosqu%C3%A9es&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Harmattan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-296-12257-4&rft.aulast=Telhine&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFPz8RwEZU0C%26dq%3Dnarbonne%2Bmosqu%25C3%25A9e%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Islam Outside the Arab World, David Westerlund, Ingvar Svanberg, Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, page 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamine2018" class="citation book cs1">Lamine, Sihem (2018). "The Zaytuna: The Mosque of a Rebellious City". In Anderson, Glaire D.; Fenwick, Corisande; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.). The Aghlabids and Their Neighbors: Art and Material Culture in Ninth-Century North Africa. Brill. pp. 269–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35566-8"><bdi>978-90-04-35566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zaytuna%3A+The+Mosque+of+a+Rebellious+City&rft.btitle=The+Aghlabids+and+Their+Neighbors%3A+Art+and+Material+Culture+in+Ninth-Century+North+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35566-8&rft.aulast=Lamine&rft.aufirst=Sihem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mihrab". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 515–517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mihrab&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E517&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minaret". 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Antique Collectors' Club. p. 585. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851496044" title="Special:BookSources/9781851496044"><bdi>9781851496044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Architecture&rft.pages=585&rft.pub=Antique+Collectors%27+Club&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781851496044&rft.aulast=Kuban&rft.aufirst=Do%C4%9Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (7th ed.). 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Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture. 4 (1): 27–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Flavc.2022.4.1.27">10.1525/lavc.2022.4.1.27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+and+Latinx+Visual+Culture&rft.atitle=Geographies+of+the+Mud%C3%A9jar+in+the+Spanish+Colonial+Americas%3A+Realms+of+Comparison+and+Competition%2C+circa+1550%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Flavc.2022.4.1.27&rft.aulast=Schreffler&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Flalvc%2Farticle%2F4%2F1%2F27%2F119787%2FGeographies-of-the-Mudejar-in-the-Spanish-Colonial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimer2012" class="citation book cs1">Weimer, Günter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819742924">Arquitetura popular brasileira</a> (2a. ed.). São Paulo: Martins Fontes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7827-504-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7827-504-4"><bdi>978-85-7827-504-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819742924">819742924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arquitetura+popular+brasileira&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.edition=2a.&rft.pub=Martins+Fontes&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819742924&rft.isbn=978-85-7827-504-4&rft.aulast=Weimer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F819742924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2018" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Americo (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7nADwAAQBAJ&dq=medujar+moorish+architecture+latin+america&pg=PA216">The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History</a>. University of California Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30204-4"><bdi>978-0-520-30204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spaniards%3A+An+Introduction+to+Their+History&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30204-4&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Americo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7nADwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmedujar%2Bmoorish%2Barchitecture%2Blatin%2Bamerica%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donahue-Wallace-2008-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donahue-Wallace-2008_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donahue-Wallace-2008_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue-Wallace2008" class="citation book cs1">Donahue-Wallace, Kelly (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIi2-3Q8rFUC">Art and Architecture of Viceregal Latin America, 1521-1821</a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 17, 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-3460-2"><bdi>978-0-8263-3460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architecture+of+Viceregal+Latin+America%2C+1521-1821&rft.pages=17%2C+116&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-3460-2&rft.aulast=Donahue-Wallace&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIi2-3Q8rFUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen-1996-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen-1996_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613663" title="Special:BookSources/9781134613663"><bdi>9781134613663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+architecture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134613663&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmos2021" class="citation book cs1">Ormos, Istvan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJsuEAAAQBAJ&dq=neo-moorish+architecture+wider+islamic&pg=PA29">Cairo in Chicago: Cairo Street at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893</a>. Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0830-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0830-1"><bdi>978-2-7247-0830-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo+in+Chicago%3A+Cairo+Street+at+the+World%27s+Columbian+Exposition+of+1893&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-2-7247-0830-1&rft.aulast=Ormos&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJsuEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dneo-moorish%2Barchitecture%2Bwider%2Bislamic%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarela_Braga2021" class="citation book cs1">Varela Braga, Ariane (2021). "Revisiting the Alhambra: Transmediality and Transmateriality in 19th-century Italy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLMlEAAAQBAJ&dq=islamic+architecture+moorish+terminology&pg=PA1">Mudejarismo and Moorish Revival in Europe: Cultural Negotiations and Artistic Translations in the Middle Ages and 19th-century Historicism</a>. Brill. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44858-2"><bdi>978-90-04-44858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Alhambra%3A+Transmediality+and+Transmateriality+in+19th-century+Italy&rft.btitle=Mudejarismo+and+Moorish+Revival+in+Europe%3A+Cultural+Negotiations+and+Artistic+Translations+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+19th-century+Historicism&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44858-2&rft.aulast=Varela+Braga&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLMlEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dislamic%2Barchitecture%2Bmoorish%2Bterminology%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901073949/https://www.eldridgestreet.org/art-architecture/moorish-revival-synagogues/">"Why Moorish? Synagogues and the Moorish Revival"</a>. Museum at Eldridge Street. 27 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldridgestreet.org/art-architecture/moorish-revival-synagogues/">the original</a> on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+at+Eldridge+Street&rft.atitle=Why+Moorish%3F+Synagogues+and+the+Moorish+Revival&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldridgestreet.org%2Fart-architecture%2Fmoorish-revival-synagogues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapunzina2005" class="citation book cs1">Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yDmR2i32cygC&dq=Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar&pg=PR56">Architecture of Spain</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. lvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31963-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31963-1"><bdi>978-0-313-31963-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Spain&rft.pages=lvi&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31963-1&rft.aulast=Lapunzina&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyDmR2i32cygC%26dq%3DNeo-Mud%25C3%25A9jar%26pg%3DPR56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderwood2018" class="citation book cs1">Calderwood, Eric (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbpTDwAAQBAJ&dq=Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar&pg=PT146">Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98579-7"><bdi>978-0-674-98579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+al-Andalus%3A+Spain+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Moroccan+Culture&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98579-7&rft.aulast=Calderwood&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbpTDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNeo-Mud%25C3%25A9jar%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2003" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Roger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnpjCgAAQBAJ&q=neo-moorish+french+north+africa">Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880-1930</a>. University of California Press. pp. 194 and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92440-6"><bdi>978-0-520-92440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalist+Aesthetics%3A+Art%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+French+North+Africa%2C+1880-1930&rft.pages=194+and+elsewhere&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92440-6&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnpjCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dneo-moorish%2Bfrench%2Bnorth%2Bafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. 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Hespéris. 44: 85–126. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/fr/index.php/archives/archives-1959-1950/132-hesperis-tamuda-1957">the original</a> on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesp%C3%A9ris&rft.atitle=Les+portes+anciennes+de+Marrakech&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Allain&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Deverdun%2C+Gaston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesperis-tamuda.com%2Ffr%2Findex.php%2Farchives%2Farchives-1959-1950%2F132-hesperis-tamuda-1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naji-2009-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naji-2009_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naji-2009_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaji2009" class="citation book cs1">Naji, Salima (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00k3iCkYYEQC&dq=Art+et+Architectures+berb%C3%A8res+du+Maroc&pg=PP1">Art et Architectures berbères du Maroc</a>. Editions la Croisée des Chemins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782352700579" title="Special:BookSources/9782352700579"><bdi>9782352700579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+et+Architectures+berb%C3%A8res+du+Maroc&rft.pub=Editions+la+Crois%C3%A9e+des+Chemins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782352700579&rft.aulast=Naji&rft.aufirst=Salima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00k3iCkYYEQC%26dq%3DArt%2Bet%2BArchitectures%2Bberb%25C3%25A8res%2Bdu%2BMaroc%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._BloomS._Blair2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Berber". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 276–278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berber&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E278&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolvin1989" class="citation web cs1">Golvin, Lucien (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2582">"Architecture berbère"</a>. Encyclopédie berbère. Retrieved 28 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Architecture+berb%C3%A8re&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Golvin&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorish_architecture&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Architecture_of_Al-Andalus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Architecture of Al-Andalus">Architecture of Al-Andalus</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2017" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic palace architecture in the Western Mediterranean : a history. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062456-9"><bdi>978-0-19-062456-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/974711878">974711878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+palace+architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F974711878&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062456-9&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoorish+architecture" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) – Comprehensive review of palace architecture in Al-Andalus and the Maghreb; slightly more technical than an introductory text.</li> <li>Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. – In French; older, but one of the major comprehensive works on Islamic architecture in the region.</li> <li>Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. – A more recent English-language introduction to Islamic architecture in the region.</li> <li>Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822896322" title="Special:BookSources/3822896322">3822896322</a>. – Overview focusing on architecture in al-Andalus.</li> <li>Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain">Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain.</a> New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870996371" title="Special:BookSources/0870996371">0870996371</a>. – Edited volume and exhibition catalogue focusing on architecture of al-Andalus and some related topics.</li> <li>Salmon, Xavier (2018). Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055–1269. Paris: LienArt. – In French; well-illustrated volume focusing on Almoravid and Almohad architecture. The same author has published other books on Saadian and Marinid architecture.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_architecture421" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li>See also Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li>See also Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums, collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles, influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Styles_of_African_architecture193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_architecture_styles" title="Template:African architecture styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_architecture_styles" title="Template talk:African architecture styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_architecture_styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African architecture styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Styles_of_African_architecture193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Styles of <a href="/wiki/African_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="African architecture">African architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_architecture" title="Coptic architecture">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_style" title="Heliopolis style">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Mamluk_architecture" title="Neo-Mamluk architecture">Mamluk Revival</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_architecture" title="Nubian architecture">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg/200px-Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg/300px-Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg/400px-Mali_dogon_houses_josef_stuefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo Architecture">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_architecture" title="Songhai architecture">Songhai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musgum_mud_huts" class="mw-redirect" title="Musgum mud huts">Musgum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Madagascar" title="Architecture of Madagascar">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndebele_house_painting" title="Ndebele house painting">Ndebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Dutch_architecture" title="Cape Dutch architecture">Cape Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_architecture143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_architecture143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Portuguese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Romanesque_architecture" title="Portuguese Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Plain_Style_architecture" title="Portuguese Plain Style architecture">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Rococo architecture in Portugal">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombaline_style" title="Pombaline style">Pombaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_architecture" title="Summer architecture">Summer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pena Palace"><img alt="Pena Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/210px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/315px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg/420px-View_of_Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_da_Pena-1453029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4686" data-file-height="3210" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Portugal" title="List of airports in Portugal">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Portugal" title="List of bridges in Portugal">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Portugal" title="List of castles in Portugal">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Portugal" title="List of cathedrals in Portugal">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Portugal" title="List of football stadiums in Portugal">Football stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Portugal" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Portugal">Reservoirs and dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Portugal" title="List of tallest structures in Portugal">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_woodcarving_in_Portugal" title="Gilded woodcarving in Portugal">Gilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioz" title="Lioz">Lioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Pavement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_architecture" title="Sino-Portuguese architecture">Sino-Portuguese architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobrado_(architecture)" title="Sobrado (architecture)">Sobrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portuguese_Origin_in_the_World" title="Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World">Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_architects" title="List of Portuguese architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGESPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGESPAR">IGESPAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Portugal" title="Seven Wonders of Portugal">Seven Wonders of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Portugal" title="Category:Architecture in Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_Spain258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Template:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Spain258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture#Megalithic_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Megalithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_architecture" title="Asturian architecture">Asturian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Romanesque" title="First Romanesque">First Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture_in_Spain" title="Romanesque architecture in Spain">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalan Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencian Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisneros_(architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cisneros (architecture) (page does not exist)">Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrerian_style" title="Herrerian style">Herrerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baroque_architecture" title="Spanish Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture#Spain" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_in_Spain" title="Rococo in Spain">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Art_Nouveau" title="Valencian Art Nouveau">Valencian Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sagrada Família"><img alt="Sagrada Família" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/110px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/165px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg/220px-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1_2941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="4099" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Spain" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Spain">Buildings and structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_sites_in_Spain" title="List of Roman sites in Spain">Roman sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_towers_of_Cantabria" title="Defensive towers of Cantabria">Cantabrian defensive towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Spain" title="List of castles in Spain">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castros_(Spain)" title="Castros (Spain)">Castros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Spain" title="List of cathedrals in Spain">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3rreo" title="Hórreo">Hórreos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Spain" title="List of lighthouses in Spain">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llotja" title="Llotja">Llotjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_in_Spain" title="Monasteries in Spain">Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_sites" title="Spanish royal sites">Royal sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Spain" title="List of windmills in Spain">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Spain" title="List of airports in Spain">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Spain" title="List of indoor arenas in Spain">Indoor arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Spain" title="List of museums in Spain">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Spain" title="List of stadiums in Spain">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Spain" title="List of tallest buildings in Spain">Tallest buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Spain" title="List of tallest structures in Spain">structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_landmarks_in_Spain" title="List of destroyed landmarks in Spain">Destroyed heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_architects" title="List of Spanish architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_patio" title="Andalusian patio">Andalusian patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Towns_of_Andalusia" title="White Towns of Andalusia">Andalusian White Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_architecture_of_Aragon" title="Mudéjar architecture of Aragon">Aragonese Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_vault" title="Catalan vault">Catalan vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gaud%C3%AD_buildings" title="List of Gaudí buildings">Gaudí buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alh%C3%B3ndiga_(building)" title="Alhóndiga (building)">Alhóndiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqueria" title="Alqueria">Alqueria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artesonado" title="Artesonado">Artesonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baserri" title="Baserri">Baserri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caba%C3%B1a_pasiega" title="Cabaña pasiega">Cabaña pasiega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_monta%C3%B1esa" title="Casa montañesa">Casa montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casona_monta%C3%B1esa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casona montañesa (page does not exist)">Casona montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortijo" title="Cortijo">Cortijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finca" title="Finca">Finca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estipite" title="Estipite">Estipite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masia" title="Masia">Masia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palloza" title="Palloza">Palloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazo" title="Pazo">Pazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_(residence)" title="Real (residence)">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeseria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeseria">Yeseria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Spain" title="Category:Architecture in Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> 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