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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_Mudéjar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_Mudéjar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin of the Mudéjar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_Mudéjar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline and end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_legal_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_legal_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islamic legal opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_legal_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudéjar_social_status_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudéjar_social_status_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mudéjar social status in Spain</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mudéjar_social_status_in_Spain-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mudéjar social status in Spain subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mudéjar_social_status_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Castile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aragon_and_Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aragon_and_Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aragon and Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aragon_and_Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valencia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valencia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Valencia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valencia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="مدجنون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدجنون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9xar" title="Mudéxar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mudéxar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B6%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мүдәжәрҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мүдәжәрҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мудэхары – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мудэхары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мудехар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мудехар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A8jar" title="Mudèjar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mudèjar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejarov%C3%A9" title="Mudejarové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mudejarové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejaren" title="Mudejaren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mudejaren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Μουδέχαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουδέχαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mude%C4%A5aro" title="Mudeĥaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mudeĥaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar" title="Mudejar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mudejar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86" title="مدجن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدجن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9xar" title="Mudéxar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mudéxar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მუდეხარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუდეხარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_st%C3%ADlus" title="Mudéjar stílus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mudéjar stílus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="موديخار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موديخار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar" title="Mudejar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mudejar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar" title="Mudejar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mudejar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar" title="Mudejar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mudejar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejarowie" title="Mudejarowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mudejarowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudejar" title="Mudejar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mudejar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Мудехары – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мудехары" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mudéjar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCdeccenler" title="Müdeccenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müdeccenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мудехари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мудехари" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86" title="مدجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="穆德哈尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆德哈尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q329759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mud%C3%A9jar" rel="discussion" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muslims living under Christian rule on the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group of people. For style in post-Islamic Iberia, see <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar art</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg/220px-Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg/330px-Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg/440px-Torre_de_El_Salvador._Teruel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>14th century <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_church_of_San_Salvador" title="Tower of the church of San Salvador">tower of the church of San Salvador</a> in <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, an example of what is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar art</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mudéjar</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were Iberian Muslims who remained in Iberia in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late medieval period</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Christian reconquest</a>. It is also a term for <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar art</a>, which was much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, but produced typically by Christian craftsmen for Christian patrons. <i>Mudéjar</i> was used in contrast to both Muslims in Muslim-ruled areas (for example, Muslims of Granada before 1492) and <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>, who were often forcibly converted and may or may not have continued to secretly practice Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19922_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19922-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding term for Christians living under Muslim rule is <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a>. </p><p>Starting from the eleventh century, when larger regions previously under Muslim control fell to Christian kingdoms, treaties were established with the remaining Muslim population which defined their status as Mudejar. Their status, modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>, established a parallel society with its own religious, legal, administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to their Christian kings and lords. Soon after the fall of Granada in 1492, the policy towards Mudéjar changed and they were forced to either convert or emigrate. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mudéjar was originally the term used for <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> or Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> who remained in Iberia after the Christian <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> but were not initially forcibly converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> or exiled. The word Mudéjar references several historical interpretations and cultural borrowings. It was a medieval <a href="/wiki/Castilian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian language">Castilian</a> borrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <i>Mudajjan</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدجن</span></span>, meaning "subjugated; tamed", or <i>al-Madjun</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المدجون</span></span> meaning "those who remained or stayed on", referring to Muslims who remained and submitted to the rule of Christian kings. The term likely originated as a taunt, as the word was usually applied to domesticated animals such as poultry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Mudéjar also can be translated from Arabic as "one permitted to remain", which refers to the Christians allowing Muslims to remain in Christian Iberia. </p><p>Another term with the same meaning, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl al-dajn</i></span> ("people who stay on"), was used by Muslim writers, notably <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">al-Wansharisi</a> in his work <i>Kitab al-Mi'yar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudéjars in Iberia lived under a protected tributary status known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dajn</i></span>, which refer to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl al-dajn</i></span>. This protected status suggested subjugation at the hands of Christian rulers, as the word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dajn</i></span> resembled <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">haywanāt dājina</i></span> meaning "tame animals". Their protected status was enforced by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">fueros</i></span> or local charters which dictated Christians laws. Muslims of other regions outside of the Iberian Peninsula disapproved of the Mudéjar subjugated status and their willingness to live under subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_Mudéjar"><span id="Origin_of_the_Mud.C3.A9jar"></span>Origin of the Mudéjar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of the Mudéjar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the eight century, Arab and Berber forces defeated the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">conquered the majority of the Iberian peninsula</a> and ended the Visigothic kingdom that had ruled. In the following centuries, several Christian principalities started retaking these territories and especially from the eleventh century onwards, larger groups of Muslims, who lived in these territories, came under Christian rule and became known as Mudejar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially influential in creating this new status was the surrender treaty during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(1085)" title="Siege of Toledo (1085)">conquest of Toledo</a> where the fact that Muslims were a numerical majority allowed them to significantly influence the reasoning and wording of the treaty. Further conquests and treaties resulted in a permanent status of protection for Muslims widely acknowledged by all Christian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These agreements in the Aragonese and Castilian frontier lands contrast with the strict policies of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> concerning dhimmis after 1130.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202127_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202127-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of the thirteenth century, Christian military success transformed the Iberian peninsula as several regions under Muslim control from the Algarve, the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalalquivir</a> basin (including the cities of Cordoba and Seville) to the cities of Murcia and Valencia came under Christian control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19929–11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19929–11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two ways in which the Muslim populations were treated: those who accepted terms of surrender might be allowed to continue living in the region and became Mudéjar while those that held out to the bitter and refused terms of surrender were expelled, though there were exceptions. As the newly acquired territories often lacked labour force, those that were willing to make themselves useful or had services to offer which made them valuable might be allowed to stay if they practised their religion discreetly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there was a massive influx of Christian folk from the North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199213_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199213-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_period">Middle period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_Reconquista_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_Reconquista_cities.png/220px-Spain_Reconquista_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_Reconquista_cities.png/330px-Spain_Reconquista_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spain_Reconquista_cities.png/440px-Spain_Reconquista_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Reconquista of the main towns, per year (present-day state borders)</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the conquests of these new territories, the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_revolt_of_1264%E2%80%931266" title="Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266">Mudéjar of Andalucia rebelled 1264</a>, instigated by the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">emirate of Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201134_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201134-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199216_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199216-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some initial success, the revolt was quelled by joined Castilian and Aragonese forces by 1267.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201136–49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201136–49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, king <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> aimed to reconstruct Andalucia and Murcia by expelling the Mudéjar and persuading Christians to settle in the newly evacuated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1300, only enclaves of Mudéjar remained in Andalucia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Valencia, where the Mudéjar were in the majority, the Mudéjar revolted unsuccessfully soon after its conquest several times throughout the thirteenth century, in the 1270s with the help of their <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid</a> and Granadan allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Mudéjar had apparently arrived in a stable equilibrium with the Christian-dominated society they lived in: they enjoyed a clearly defined and legitimate legal status with broad rights and privileges and had maintained their religious and personal liberties as well as cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This status, however, was changed by a series of crisis in the mid-fourteenth century, such as wars, economic uncertainty and most dramatically the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> (estimates put the peninsula's death rate at 30%).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Valencian Mudéjar revolted again in 1359 inspired by the messianic pretensions of a Mudéjar called Cilim and in 1364 due to the difficult conditions caused by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">Aragonese war with Castile</a>. At the same time, anti-Mudéjar violence, often fuelled by fears of the Mudéjar being a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> or spiriting Christians away to the slave markets of Granada or the Magrhib, was often directed against the <i>morerías</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Ferrer_i_Mallol" title="Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol">Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol</a> points out, these attacks tended to coincide with periods of war with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Granada">sultanate of Granada</a> or with rumours of possible Granadan attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363–64_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363–64-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Granadan cavalry by king <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Cruel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Cruel">Peter the Cruel</a> for raiding in Aragonese lands cultivated a popular fear of Mudéjar collaboration with the enemy which, while not generally true, was lend credence by occasional complicity of Mudéjar in Granadan raiding and spying for the Marinids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014172_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014172-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mudéjar population in Aragon was around one-third while in Valencia it was still around two-thirds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These tensions intensified in the fifteenth century in which economic competition and depression, religious reactionism, continuing civil disorder and a growing threat of a war with the sultanate of Granada undermined the Christian-Muslim relations and stoking the perception of Muslims as disloyal, generically distinct foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014204_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014204-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with the Mudéjar's strengthening of relations with foreign Muslim regimes, resulted in the entrenchment of many Mudéjar communities across the Iberian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014206_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014206-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially the relation with the Ottoman Empire, whose advances threatened the Aragonese possession of Sicily, rendered the sultanate of Granada more formidable and the allegiance of the Mudéjar more uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202365_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202365-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1487, both the sultanate of Granada as well as the Mudéjar established <a href="/wiki/Nasrid%E2%80%93Ottoman_relations" title="Nasrid–Ottoman relations">relations with the Ottomans</a> whom they saw as the last hope of saving the sultanate of Granada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202367–68_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202367–68-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_end">Decline and end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the decade long <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">war of the united crowns of Aragon and Castile against the sultanate of Granada</a>, the Aragonese policy regarding Mudéjar did not change and they were not viewed as a military problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202371–72_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202371–72-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it was reported in 1486 that the Mudéjar were funding the Granadan war effort, a likely possibility as the Mudéjar were bound to the last Islamic state on Spanish soil by religion and kinship and the Nasrid sultan likely exercised a spiritual leadership over the Valencian Mudéjar, the results of the investigation ordered by king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> are not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202372_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202372-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the prospect for a successful outcome for Granada faded, negotiations for surrender began and were <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Granada_(1491)" title="Treaty of Granada (1491)">finalised in November 1491</a>. These <i>capitulaciones</i> were far more detailed and generous than those which had been current in the peninsula since the eleventh century, including security and freedom of movement for all Muslims, Islamic law in its broadest possible sense and visible signs of Christian domination to be minimised. Essentially, they created a functioning Islamic principality under Christian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014213_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014213-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and the other postwar policies of Ferdinand II affirm his belief in the continuing viability of Mudejarism and the view that the Mudéjar were a valuable asset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202374_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202374-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most of the Muslim aristocrats emigrated to North Africa, most religious authorities and common folk remained, some even returning after having first chosen to emigrate to North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214–216_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214–216-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equilibrium was further upheld by the newly installed <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Talavera" title="Hernando de Talavera">archbishop Talavera</a>, who adhered to the letter and spirit of the <i>capitulaciones</i> and took an optimistic approach to missionising and an open approach to the maintenance of folk customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1498 this balanced approach broke down as Mudéjar were banned from living in Granada and the militant <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cisneros">Cardinal Cisneros</a> set out to abrogate the <i>capitulaciones</i> by coercing Mudéjar to convert and suppressing public manifestations of Arabo-Islamic culture, most notably by confiscating and publicly burning Islamic religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014216–217_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014216–217-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1499%E2%80%931501)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)">Mudéjar of Granada rose in rebellion</a> and the region was not subdued until 1501.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014217–218_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014217–218-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the Mudéjar of Granada were given the choice to remain and accept baptism, reject baptism and be enslaved or be exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200548_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200548-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just a couple of years prior, in 1497, Islam had been outlawed by Portugal, possibly as king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> aimed to obtain rights of sovereignty over the kingdom of Fez from the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200515_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200515-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014218–219_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014218–219-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, after several Mudéjar populations in Castile had converted, Ferdinand and Isabella promulgated a decree ordering the conversion or departure of all Muslims remaining in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> in 1502.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200557_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200557-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014219_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014219-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the last redoubt of medieval European Islam was the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, though Mudéjar were now in the minority amounting to some 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014221_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014221-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Ferdinand II in 1516 sparked another political transformation in which Spain became part of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Hapsburg bloc</a>, set against the equally powerful Ottoman Sultanate and its ally France, and was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos I of Spain">Carlos I</a> who was little disposed to tolerate "enemies of the faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014222–223_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014222–223-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Brotherhoods" title="Revolt of the Brotherhoods">Revolt of the Brotherhoods</a>, in which local craftsmen rebelled against royal authority, the Mudéjar were seen as confederates of the aristocracy and therefore attacked. Carlos I., however, also turned against them and issued in 1526 an edict that ordered the suppression of Islamic worship and traditions in the Crown of Aragon. This transformed it, like the rest of the "new kingdom of Spain", into a nation of Christians alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200594_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200594-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014223–224_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014223–224-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the forced conversions, the newly baptised Christians faced suspicions that they were not truly converted but remained crypto-Muslims, and were known as <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Moriscos</a>. The Moriscos, too, were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">eventually expelled</a>, in 1609–1614. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_legal_opinions">Islamic legal opinions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islamic legal opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of Mudéjar posed series of problems for their religion as Islam pays great attention to models of conduct provided by good Muslims of the past. As Islam had until then never lived on a permanent basis in the territory of a non-Muslim ruler and Islam had been a religion of expansion, no guidance was forthcoming for Muslims living now under Christian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199255_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> of Ibn Rabi, a thirteenth century native of Cordoba, classified Mudéjar and their obligation to emigrate according to a graduate scale of sin. Mudéjar absorbed by the enemy and living dispersed among them committed the greatest sin, comparable to polytheism. Muslims living in a special quarter and avoiding to mingle with the enemy, was held at a minor fault. The third case consisted of the case where Mudéjar constituted the majority of a region and non-Muslims lived only in castles controlling the region. These Mudéjar were held at even greater obligation to emigrate as due to their numerical priority, in a position of strength, they should be either able to revolt or travel undisturbed. Ibn Rabi did not mention the potential for the Mudéjar's continued adherence to Islamic law for this would have undermined his intention to push them towards emigration, which was based on his political agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202128_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202128-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The view that Muslims should emigrate was also taken by the late fifteenth century <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wansharisi" title="Ahmad al-Wansharisi">Ahmad al-Wansharisi</a> who cited the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Rushd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Rushd">Ibn Rushd</a> that the obligation to emigrate from countries under infidel control would continue right up to judgement day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199256_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199256-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Wansharisi thought that coexistence led to erosion of the distinctive features of Muslim life, such as the use of Arabic, which in turn led to neglect of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199258_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199258-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Oran_fatwa" title="Oran fatwa">Oran fatwa</a> from 1504 took a different position and even allowed Mudéjar to pretend to be Christians given the forced conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200563–64_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200563–64-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mudéjar_social_status_in_Spain"><span id="Mud.C3.A9jar_social_status_in_Spain"></span>Mudéjar social status in Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mudéjar social status in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as the previously the Christians, whose place had been defined by their Muslim conquerors and who were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> status, the Muslims became second class citizens who endured restrictions on their activities but also were granted specific rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rights and obligations were established by the Muslims surrender treaties (either written, understood or applied as custom law) which established a parallel society with its own religious, legal and administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to the royal and seigneurial authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Muslim administrators oversaw the Muslims and their taxes were collected by Muslim tax collectors, while the perhaps most important grant was that they were allowed to be governed by Islamic law and be able to practice their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019158_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019158-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes Mozarabic Christians were employed in the government of the Mudejar as they were familiar with their language and customs and the Muslim elites would often flee as Islamic law forbade them to submit to the authority of infidels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though in principle the Mudéjar were directly subject to royal fiscal and judicial jurisdiction, Mudéjar were also found to be subject to the authority and paying taxes to lay lords, municipalities, dioceses as well as the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the crown of Aragon, where the king could not tax without the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">cortes</a>, the Mudéjar aljamas formed an important and flexible component of the royal fisc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178–179_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178–179-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As was common at the time in both Christian and Muslim societies, Muslims were segregated from Christians. Both societies often held each other in contempt, demanded civic expression of their respective revelations and feared any assimilation from the infidel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intimate relations between members of both faiths were forbidden by both Christian and Islamic law, but they did occur anyways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Mudéjar were often the object of "exploitation", so was also the rest of the medieval common class. In certain ways they even enjoyed protections their Christian counterparts did not have, such as against torture and execution as well as a right to appeal at the royal court, though in some ways they were more vulnerable to violence and abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014179_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014179-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surrender terms varied between the different regions, resulting in differences between the legal status of the Mudéjar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castile">Castile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Castile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Muslim population in Castile originally immigrated from Toledo, Seville and other <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> territories. They were not original to the land in Castile. Muslim immigration into Castile was sponsored settlement by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>. It is hypothesized that the slow-growing Christian population demonstrated a need to bring more people into Castile. Primary documents written by Castilians in the 13th century indicate that Muslims were able to maintain some agency under Christian rule. The Mudéjars were able to maintain their religion, their laws, and had their own judges. The Mudéjars in Castile spoke the same <a href="/wiki/Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a> and dialects as their Christian neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aragon_and_Catalonia">Aragon and Catalonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aragon and Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg/220px-Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg/330px-Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg/440px-Assoc_de_la_Moreria_Reial_de_Lleida_a_l%27Edat_Mitjana_-_Muhamed_Ibrahim_Bosch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Market street or <i><a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">Assoc</a></i> (from the Arabic <i>As-Suq</i>) of the Morería (medieval Muslim quarter) of the Catalan city of Lleida/Lérida between late 13th century and early 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the Mudéjars in Castile, Aragonese and Catalan Mudéjars also spoke the Romance languages of their Christian counterparts. However, unlike the Mudéjars in Castile, there were Muslim villages in Aragon and, to a lesser extent, in south-western Catalonia which populated the land before the Christian reconquests, setting up a history of Muslim cultivation and population of the land. Besides the large Muslim populations in Granada and Valencia, the Aragonese Muslim peasants were the most well-established Muslim community in the region, while in Catalonia Muslim autochthonous presence was limited only to the Low <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> and Low <a href="/wiki/Segre_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Segre River">Segre</a> areas. Aragonese and Catalan Muslims were under the jurisdiction of the Aragonese Crown and were designated a special status. This status applied to the Mudéjar cultivators, the <i>exarici</i>, and this status made them subservient to their Christian superiors because by law; they were required to cultivate the land of royal estates. However, this status was also beneficial as the law suggested that this land be passed down through Muslim family members. Despite their expulsion at the end of the Morisco period, the Mudéjars in Aragon left evidence of their style in <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_Architecture_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon">architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in Catalonia only some reminiscences of this can be appreciated in some <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic</a> churches and cathedrals in some shires of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lérida">Lleida</a>. From the mid fourteenth century, several Mudéjar were used as diplomats by the Aragonese crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014183_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014183-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a> in Catalonia was, besides <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>, the only major Catalan town to have a Muslim quarter, at which its numerous Muslim population of Andalusi origins, was organized as a community (<i>Aljama</i> or <i>Al-Jama'ah</i>), even though there were also Muslims living outside the quarter. Its Muslim population descended from the population that did not leave <i>Madinat Larida</i> when it was taken over from the Moors by the counts of <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Urgell" title="Counts of Urgell">Urgell</a> and Barcelona. The autochthonous Muslim community, largely composed of a mix of skilled artisans, laborers, and peasants, although progressively diminishing throughout the Middle Ages by emigration to the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, to the nearby increasingly powerful and numerous Aljamas of Aitona and Serós, and to Islamic countries (<i>Al-Hijrah</i>) as well as by increasing conversions to Christianity, was nevertheless also being reinforced by immigration of Navarrese and Aragonese Muslims (Mudéjares) and by intermittent arrivals of Valencian, Granadan, and North African origin, these being mostly slaves or former slaves. The quarter and its <i><a href="/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama">Aljama</a></i> or community enjoyed a special status within the social reality of the city, with its own elites: <i>Alfaquins</i>, <i>Cadís</i> and <i>Sabasales</i> (<i>Al-Fuqaha</i>, <i>Al-Qudat</i> and <i>Ashab As-Salat</i>, that is, Islamic scholars, Islamic Judges and Imams respectively); <i>Escrivans</i> (Scrives); <i>Alamins</i> (<i>Al-'Amin</i>), or officials that represented the <i>Aljama</i> before the king (in case of the royal Aljamas) or the feudal lords (in case of the rural manor Aljamas), etc. The Morería had its Mosque (<i>Al-Masjid</i>), its baths (<i>Al-Hammam</i>), its cemetery (<i>Al-Maqbara</i>, in the outskirts of the city), its Halal butchery, its market or <i>Assoc</i> (<i>As-Suq</i>) and its bakery. The <i>Aljama</i> suffered a period of decadence throughout the late Middle Ages, leading to its progressive reduction in numbers and privileges, up to the forced conversions of the late medieval period, and finally its total expulsion from the city during the early modern period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valencia">Valencia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Valencia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century, the Aragonese Christians conquered Valencia. Unlike in Aragon and in Catalonia, the Mudéjar population in Valencia outnumbered Christians in the area, amounting to two-thirds of the Valencian population in the late fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Valencia, the majority of communities were peasant, Arabic-speaking and Muslim. Not long after the kingdom of Valencia had been conquered, the Mudéjar rose in rebellion in the 1240s, then again in the 1250s, 1260s and 1270s with the support of Marinid and Granadan allies. Though not demonstratively a direct response to these revolts, the terrible anti-Muslim social riots of 1275-1276 originated in an atmosphere of heightened tension. The Mudéjar further defected to the Castilian during the war of the two Peters and revolted again in 1359 and 1364.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Mudéjar riots took place again in 1309 and 1455, though the Mudéjar were under protection of the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202364_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202364-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1450 the Mudéjar constituted only 30% of the Valencian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">moo-<span style="font-size:90%">DAY</span>-har</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠<span style="font-size:90%">DHE(K)H</span>-</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[muˈðexaɾ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <i lang="ca">mudèjar</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[muˈðɛʒəɾ]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[muˈðɛʒaɾ]</a></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مدجن</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mudajjan</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'subjugated; tamed; domesticated'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215160033/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/mudejar">"Mudejar"</a> (US) and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185954/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mudejar">"Mudejar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Mudejar">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mudejar&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FMudejar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Mudéjar" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Mud%C3%A9jar">"Mudéjar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Mud%C3%A9jar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DMud%25C3%25A9jar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Mudejar">"Mudejar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Mudejar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FMudejar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1979" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans (1979). <i>Arabic-English Dictionary</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87950-003-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87950-003-0"><bdi>978-0-87950-003-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic-English+Dictionary&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87950-003-0&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19922-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19922_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19924_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay1977" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, Angus (1977). <i>Spain in the Middle Ages : From Frontier to Empire, 1000-1500</i>. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+in+the+Middle+Ages+%3A+From+Frontier+to+Empire%2C+1000-1500&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013591_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2013">Burns 2013</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202125_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEchevarria2021">Echevarria 2021</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202127-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202127_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEchevarria2021">Echevarria 2021</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19929–11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19929–11_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199212_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199213-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199213_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201134-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201134_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199216-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199216_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201136–49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201136–49_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 36–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201151_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan2011">O'Callaghan 2011</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2013592_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2013">Burns 2013</a>, p. 592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014164_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363–64-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202363–64_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014172-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014172_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014204-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014204_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014206-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014206_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202365-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202365_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202367–68-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202367–68_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202371–72-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202371–72_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202372-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202372_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014213-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014213_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202374-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202374_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214–216-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214–216_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 214–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014214_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014216–217-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014216–217_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014217–218-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014217–218_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200548-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200548_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200515-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200515_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014218–219-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014218–219_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200557-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200557_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014219-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014219_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014221-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014221_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014222–223-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014222–223_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200594-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200594_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014223–224-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014223–224_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199255-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199255_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202128-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEchevarria202128_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEchevarria2021">Echevarria 2021</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199256-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199256_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199258-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199258_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1992">Harvey 1992</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200563–64-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200563–64_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2005">Harvey 2005</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019157_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2019">Frassetto 2019</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019158-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2019158_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrassetto2019">Frassetto 2019</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178–179-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014178–179_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, pp. 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014179-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014179_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECatlos2014183-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECatlos2014183_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatlos2014">Catlos 2014</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202364-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyerson202364_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyerson2023">Meyerson 2023</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud%C3%A9jar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2013" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Robert I. (4 December 2013). "Mudéjars". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=euVJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 591–592. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-77162-0"><bdi>978-1-136-77162-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mud%C3%A9jars&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=591-592&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-136-77162-0&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeuVJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos2014" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtXSAgAAQBAJ"><i>Muslims of Medieval Latin Christendom, c.1050–1614</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88939-1"><bdi>978-0-521-88939-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+of+Medieval+Latin+Christendom%2C+c.1050%E2%80%931614&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88939-1&rft.aulast=Catlos&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtXSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchevarria2021" class="citation book cs1">Echevarria, Anna (28 March 2021). "Islamic influence on Christian legislation in the kingdom of Castile". In Berend, Nora (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vsTEAAAQBAJ"><i>Minority Influences in Medieval Society</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-37019-5"><bdi>978-1-000-37019-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+influence+on+Christian+legislation+in+the+kingdom+of+Castile&rft.btitle=Minority+Influences+in+Medieval+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-000-37019-5&rft.aulast=Echevarria&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vsTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrassetto2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Frassetto" title="Michael Frassetto">Frassetto, Michael</a> (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEC9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Christians and Muslims in the Middle Ages: From Muhammad to Dante</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7757-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7757-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-7757-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+From+Muhammad+to+Dante&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-7757-1&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEC9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._P._Harvey" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Harvey">Harvey, L. P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=td3tcLWvSNkC"><i>Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31962-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31962-9"><bdi>978-0-226-31962-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Spain%2C+1250+to+1500&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31962-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtd3tcLWvSNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2005" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, L. P. (May 16, 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muslimsinspain1500lple"><i>Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31963-6"><bdi>978-0-226-31963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Spain%2C+1500+to+1614&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31963-6&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuslimsinspain1500lple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerson2023" class="citation book cs1">Meyerson, Mark D. (15 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmvfEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33495-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33495-3"><bdi>978-0-520-33495-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+Valencia+in+the+Age+of+Fernando+and+Isabel%3A+Between+Coexistence+and+Crusade&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-520-33495-3&rft.aulast=Meyerson&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmvfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kathryn A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elKsAgAAQBAJ"><i>Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231136129" title="Special:BookSources/9780231136129"><bdi>9780231136129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+Islam%3A+Religious+Authority+and+Muslim+Communities+of+Late+Medieval+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231136129&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DelKsAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMud%C3%A9jar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (17 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOiAzwEJgaYC"><i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0463-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-0463-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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