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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the supra-national region. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Macedonia (disambiguation)">Macedonia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><p><b>Macedonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/En-us-Macedonia.ogg\/En-us-Macedonia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Macedonia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/En-us-Macedonia.ogg/En-us-Macedonia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Macedonia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Macedonia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MASS</span>-ih-<span style="font-size:90%">DOH</span>-nee-ə</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">geographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. Its boundaries have changed considerably over time; however, it came to be defined as the modern geographical region by the mid-19th century. Today the region is considered to include parts of six Balkan countries: all of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, large parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and smaller parts of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. It covers approximately 67,000 square kilometres (25,869 sq mi) and has a population of around five million. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a> comprises about half of Macedonia's area and population. </p><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Macedonia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background: transparent; text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><span style="font-size:1.0em;">Expand for local names</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Maqedonia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg" style="font-style: normal;">Македония</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el" style="font-style: normal;">Μακεδονία</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Macedonian-language text"><span lang="mk" style="font-style: normal;">Македонија</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr">Македонија</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>)</span>/<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Makedonija</i></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">Machedonia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>)</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span title="Megleno Romanian-language text"><i lang="ruq">Machedonia</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Megleno_Romanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Megleno Romanian language">Megleno Romanian</a>)</span> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonia_topography-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2009 topographical map of the geographical region of Macedonia"><img alt="2009 topographical map of the geographical region of Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Macedonia_topography-en.svg/250px-Macedonia_topography-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Macedonia_topography-en.svg/375px-Macedonia_topography-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Macedonia_topography-en.svg/500px-Macedonia_topography-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="652"></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">2009 topographical map of the geographical region of Macedonia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">67,000 km<sup>2</sup> (26,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Estimate<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">over 4,760,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Its oldest known settlements date back approximately to 7,000 BC. From the middle of the 4th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedon">Kingdom of Macedon</a> became the dominant power on the Balkan Peninsula; since then Macedonia has had a diverse history. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Boundaries_and_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Boundaries and definitions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_times"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient times</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Roman_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Roman era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Byzantine_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Byzantine era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ottoman_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman era</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Early_Neolithic"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Neolithic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Middle_Neolithic"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Neolithic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Late_Neolithic"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Late Neolithic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ancient_Macedonia_(500_to_146_BCE)"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Macedonia (500 to 146 BCE)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Roman_Macedonia"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Roman Macedonia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Medieval_Macedonia"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval Macedonia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ottoman_Macedonia"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman Macedonia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Birth_of_nationalism_and_of_Macedonian_identities"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Birth of nationalism and of Macedonian identities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Macedonia_in_the_Balkan_Wars,_World_War_I_and_II"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Macedonia in the Balkan Wars, World War I and II</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Balkan_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">4.9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Balkan Wars</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#World_War_I"><span class="tocnumber">4.9.2</span> <span class="toctext">World War I</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">4.9.3</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Post%E2%80%93World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">4.9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Post–World War II</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Makedon_(mythology)#Etymology" title="Makedon (mythology)">Makedon (mythology) § Etymology</a></div> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a> <i>Makedṓn</i> and <i>Makednós</i> are morphologically derived from the Ancient Greek adjective <i>makednós</i> meaning "tall, slim", and are related to the term <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Boundaries_and_definitions">Boundaries and definitions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/260px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/260px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/390px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/520px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The kingdom of Macedon with its provinces</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_(1843-1927).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png/260px-Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4590" data-file-height="2636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png/260px-Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png" data-width="260" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png/390px-Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png/520px-Borders_of_Macedonia_according_authors_%281843-1927%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Borders of Macedonia, based on the Roman province, according to different authors (1843–1927)</figcaption></figure> <p>The definition of Macedonia has changed several times throughout history. Prior to its expansion under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, to which the modern region owes its name, lay entirely within the central and western parts of the current Greek province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and consisted of 17 provinces/districts or eparchies (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: επαρχία).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expansion of Kingdom of Macedon: </p> <ol><li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdiccas I">Perdiccas I</a>: Macedonian Kingdom of Emathia consisting of six provinces <a href="/wiki/Emathia" title="Emathia">Emathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottiaea" title="Bottiaea">Bottiaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mygdonia" title="Mygdonia">Mygdonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eordaea" title="Eordaea">Eordaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almopia" title="Almopia">Almopia</a>.</li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a>: All the above provinces plus the eastern annexations <a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Crestonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisaltia" title="Bisaltia">Bisaltia</a> and the western annexations <a href="/wiki/Elimiotis" title="Elimiotis">Elimiotis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orestis_(region)" title="Orestis (region)">Orestis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynkestis" title="Lynkestis">Lynkestis</a>.</li> <li>Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a>: All the above provinces plus the appendages of <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Macedonian Paeonia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Sintike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintike">Sintike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odomantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Odomantis">Odomantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edonis_(region)" title="Edonis (region)">Edonis</a> to the east and the <a href="/wiki/Chalkidike" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalkidike">Chalkidike</a> to the south.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3></div> <p>In the 2nd century, Macedonia covered approximately the area where it is considered to be today, but the northern regions of today Republic of North Macedonia were not identified as Macedonian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons that are still unclear, over the next eleven centuries Macedonia's location was changed significantly. The <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Roman province of Macedonia</a> consisted of what is today Northern and Central Greece, much of the geographical area of the Republic of North Macedonia and southeast Albania. Simply put, the Romans created a much larger administrative area under that name than the original ancient <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. In late Roman times, the provincial boundaries were reorganized to form the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>, consisting of most of modern mainland Greece right across the Aegean to include <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, southern Albania, <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagoevgrad province">southwest Bulgaria</a>, and most of Republic of North Macedonia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Macedonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greater_Macedonia.png/260px-Greater_Macedonia.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greater_Macedonia.png/260px-Greater_Macedonia.png" data-width="260" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Greater_Macedonia.png/390px-Greater_Macedonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Greater_Macedonia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The maximum range of modern geographical region of Macedonia shown in blue (not generally accepted). The region is <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)#Subregions" title="Macedonia (terminology)">divided</a> by the national boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a>), <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mala_Prespa" title="Mala Prespa">Mala Prespa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golloborda" class="mw-redirect" title="Golloborda">Golo Brdo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prohor_P%C4%8Dinjski_Monastery" title="Prohor Pčinjski Monastery">Prohor Pčinjski</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gora_(region)" title="Gora (region)">Gora</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_era">Byzantine era</h3></div> <p>In the Byzantine Empire, a <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Macedonia">province under the name of Macedonia</a> was carved out of the original <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Thrace">Theme of Thrace</a>, which was well east of the Struma River.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i><a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">thema</a></i> variously included parts of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_dynasty" title="Macedonian dynasty">Macedonian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Byzantine documents of this era that mention Macedonia are most probably referring to the Macedonian thema. The region of Macedonia, on the other hand, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> throughout the 9th and the 10th century, was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire in 1018 as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Themе of Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3></div> <p>With the gradual conquest of southeastern Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in the late 14th century, the name of Macedonia disappeared as an administrative designation for several centuries and was rarely displayed on maps. The name was again revived to mean a distinct geographical region in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defining the region bounded by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> range, mounts <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Shar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a>, the western <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodopes</a>, the lower course of the river Mesta (Greek <a href="/wiki/Nestos_(river)" title="Nestos (river)">Nestos</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developing roughly the same borders that it has today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Macedonia" title="Demographic history of Macedonia">Demographic history of Macedonia</a></div> <p>During medieval and modern times, Macedonia has been known as a Balkan region inhabited by many ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, as a frontier region where several very different cultures meet, Macedonia has an extremely diverse demographic profile. The current demographics of Macedonia include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonians (Greek)">Macedonian Greeks</a> self-identify culturally and regionally as "Macedonians" (Greek: Μακεδόνες, <i>Makedónes</i>). They form the majority of the region's population (~51%). They number approximately 2,500,000 and, today, they live almost entirely in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>. The Greek Macedonian population is mixed, with other indigenous groups and with a large influx of Greek refugees descending from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontians">Pontic Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">East Thracian Greeks</a> in the early 20th century. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>, during which over 1.2 million Orthodox Christian refugees from Turkey were settled in Greece, 638,000 of whom were settled in the Greek province of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller Greek minorities exist in Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia, although their numbers are difficult to ascertain. In official census results, only 86 persons declared themselves Greeks in Bulgarian Macedonia (Blagoevgrad Province) in 2011, out of a total of 1,379 in all of Bulgaria; while only 294 persons described themselves as Greeks in the 2021 census in the Republic of North Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-census-mk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-mk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Ethnic Macedonians</a> self-identify as "Macedonians" (Macedonian: Македонци, <i>Makedonci</i>) in an ethnic sense as well as in the regional sense. They are the second largest ethnic group in the region. Being a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> they are also known as "Macedonian Slavs" and "Slav Macedonians" (Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνες, "Slavomakedones") in Greece, though this term can be viewed as derogatory by ethnic Macedonians, including those in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They form the majority of the population in the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a> where according to the 2021 census, approximately 1,100,000 people declared themselves as Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-census-mk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-mk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/International_Helsinki_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights">Greek Helsinki Monitor</a> estimated a significant minority of ethnic Macedonians ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 that exist among the <a href="/wiki/Slavic-speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has not been a census in Greece on the question of mother tongue since 1951, when the census recorded 41,017 <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language (Greece)">Slavic-speakers</a>, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/West_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Macedonia">West Macedonia</a> periphery of Greece. The linguistic classification of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic dialects</a> spoken by these people are nowadays typically classified as <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, although the people themselves call their native language a variety of terms, including <i>makedonski</i>, <i>makedoniski</i> ("Macedonian"),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>slaviká</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">σλαβικά</span>, "Slavic"), <i>dópia</i> or <i>entópia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">εντόπια</span>, "local/indigenous [language]"),<sup id="cite_ref-eurac_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurac-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>balgàrtzki</i>, <i>bògartski</i> ("Bulgarian")<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <i>naši</i> ("our own") and <i>stariski</i> ("old").<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Slavic-speakers declare themselves as ethnic Greeks (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_speaking_minority_in_northern_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic speaking minority in northern Greece">Slavophone Greeks</a>), although there are small groups espousing ethnic Macedonian<sup id="cite_ref-USCountryReport_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCountryReport-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bulgarian national identities, however some groups reject all these ethnic designations and prefer terms such as <i>"natives"</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Macedonian minority in Albania</a> are an officially recognised minority in Albania and are primarily concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Pustec" title="Pustec">Prespa</a> region<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gollobord%C3%AB" title="Gollobordë">Golo Brdo</a> and are primarily <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> with the exception of the later region where Macedonians are predominantly Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2011 Albanian census, 5,870 Albanian citizens declared themselves Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the latest Bulgarian census held in 2011, there are 561 people declaring themselves ethnic Macedonians in the <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a> of Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a>). The official number of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria</a> is 1,654.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a> are ethnic Bulgarians who self-identify regionally as "Macedonians" (Bulgarian: Mакедонци, <i>Makedontsi</i>). They represent the bulk of the population of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Macedonia">Bulgarian Macedonia</a> (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a>"). They number approximately 250,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a> where they are mainly situated. There are small Bulgarian-identifying groups in Albania, Greece and the Republic of North Macedonia. In the Republic of North Macedonia, 3,504 people claimed a Bulgarian ethnic identity in the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census-mk_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-mk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> are another major ethnic group in the region. Ethnic Albanians make up the majority in certain northern and western parts of the Republic of North Macedonia, and account for 24.3% of the total population of the Republic of North Macedonia, according to the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census-mk_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-mk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians_(Balkans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptians (Balkans)">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniotes</a>) can also be found in Macedonia.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_(1899).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of ethnic groups in Macedonia in 1892 (Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik – German Bevieiofor Geography and Statistics)"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in Macedonia in 1892 (Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik – German Bevieiofor Geography and Statistics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg/104px-Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="3535"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg/104px-Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg" data-alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in Macedonia in 1892 (Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik – German Bevieiofor Geography and Statistics)" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg/156px-Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg/208px-Ethnographische_Karte_von_Makedonien_%281899%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of ethnic groups in Macedonia in 1892 (<i>Deutsche Rundschau für Geographie und Statistik</i> – <i>German Bevieiofor Geography and Statistics</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans,_ca._1900.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (Institute and Museum of Military History)"><noscript><img alt="Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (Institute and Museum of Military History)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png/111px-Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1859"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 111px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png/111px-Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png" data-alt="Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (Institute and Museum of Military History)" data-width="111" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png/167px-Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png/222px-Ethnographic_map_of_the_central_Balkans%2C_ca._1900.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnographic map of the vilayets of Kosovo, Saloniki, Scutari, Janina and Monastir, ca. 1900 (<i>Institute and Museum of Military History</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1910 (Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York)"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1910 (Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg/120px-Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="868"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg/120px-Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg" data-alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1910 (Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, New York)" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg/180px-Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg/240px-Distribution_of_races_in_the_Balkans_c.1910.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1910 (<i>Historical Atlas</i> by William R. Shepherd, New York)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (National Geographic)"><noscript><img alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (National Geographic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/120px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="1214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 64px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/120px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg" data-alt="Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (National Geographic)" data-width="120" data-height="64" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/180px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg/240px-Distribution_Of_Races_1918_National_Geographic.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of ethnic groups in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor in 1918 (<i>National Geographic</i>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg/200px-Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg/200px-Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg/300px-Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg/400px-Thessaloniki_Saint_Gregory_Palamas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Saint Gregory Palamas Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karta_Athos.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Athos.PNG/200px-Karta_Athos.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Athos.PNG/200px-Karta_Athos.PNG" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Athos.PNG/300px-Karta_Athos.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Karta_Athos.PNG/400px-Karta_Athos.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Monasteries of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia (Greece)</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macedonia_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Macedonia (Greece)">Religion in Macedonia (Greece)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">Religion in North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pirin_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Pirin Macedonia">Religion in Pirin Macedonia</a></div> <p>Most present-day inhabitants of the region are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, principally of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Orthodox">Bulgarian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> Churches. Notable <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> minorities are present among the Albanian, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torbe%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Torbeš">Torbeš</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bosniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosniak">Bosniak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> populations. </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, main religion in the region of Macedonia was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>. After the Roman conquest of Macedonia, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a> was also introduced. Many ancient religious monuments, dedicated to Greek and Roman deities are preserved in this region. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, ecclesiastical structure was established in the region of Macedonia, and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Thessaloniki" title="Metropolis of Thessaloniki">see of Thessaloniki</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan diocese">metropolitan diocese</a> of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199151_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199151-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Thessaloniki" title="Metropolis of Thessaloniki">archbishop of Thessaloniki</a> also became the senior ecclesiastical primate of the entire <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Illyricum">Eastern Illyricum</a>, and in 535 his jurisdiction was reduced to the administrative territory of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it came under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a>. </p><p>During the Middle Ages and up to 1767, western and northern regions of Macedonia were under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a>. Northern fringes of the region (areas surrounding <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>) had temporary jurisdiction under the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Patriarchate of Peć</a>. Both the Archbishopric of Ohrid and the Patriarchate of Peć became abolished and absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> in the middle of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1968_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1968-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman</a> rule, a partial <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">islamization</a> was also recorded. In spite of that, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> remained the dominant religion of local population. </p><p>During the 19th century, religious life in the region was strongly influenced by rising national movements. Several major <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnoreligious">ethnoreligious</a> disputes arose in the region of Macedonia, main of them being schisms between the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> and the newly created <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> (1872), and later between the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> and the newly created <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a> (1967). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="History of modern Macedonia (Greece)">History of modern Macedonia (Greece)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of North Macedonia">History of the Republic of North Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Neolithic">Early Neolithic</h3></div> <p>While Macedonia shows signs of human habitation as old as the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">paleolithic</a> period (among which is the <a href="/wiki/Petralona_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Petralona cave">Petralona cave</a> with the oldest European humanoid), the earliest known settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Nea_Nikomedeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nea Nikomedeia">Nea Nikomedeia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a> (today's Greek Macedonia), date back 9,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The houses at Nea Nikomedeia were constructed—as were most structures throughout the Neolithic in northern Greece—of <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> on a timber frame. The cultural assemblage includes well-made pottery in simple shapes with occasional decoration in white on a red background, clay female figurines of the 'rod-headed' type known from <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Valley">Danube Valley</a>, stone axes and adzes, chert blades, and ornaments of stone including curious 'nose plugs' of uncertain function. The assemblage of associated objects differs from one house to the next, suggesting some degree of craft specialisation had already been established from the beginning of the site's history. The farming economy was based on the cultivation of cereal crops such as wheat and barley and <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses</a> and on the herding of sheep and goats, with some cattle and pigs. Hunting played a relatively minor role in the economy. Surviving from 7000 to 5500 BCE, this Early Neolithic settlement was occupied for over a thousand years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Neolithic">Middle Neolithic</h3></div> <p>The Middle Neolithic period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5500</span> to 4500 BCE) is at present best represented at <a href="/wiki/Servia,_Greece" title="Servia, Greece">Servia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon" title="Haliacmon">Haliacmon</a> Valley in western Macedonia, where the typical red-on-cream pottery in the <a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> style emphasises the settlement's southern orientation. Pottery of this date has been found at a number of sites in Central and Eastern Macedonia but so far none has been extensively excavated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Neolithic">Late Neolithic</h3></div> <p>The Late Neolithic period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4500</span> to 3500 BCE) is well represented by both excavated and unexcavated sites throughout the region (though in Eastern Macedonia levels of this period are still called Middle Neolithic according to the terminology used in the Balkans). Rapid changes in pottery styles, and the discovery of fragments of pottery showing trade with quite distant regions, indicate that society, economy and technology were all changing rapidly. Among the most important of these changes were the start of copper working, convincingly demonstrated by Renfrew to have been learnt from the cultural groups of Bulgaria and Roumania to the North.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Principal excavated settlements of this period include Makryialos<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Paliambela near the western shore of the Thermaic gulf, Thermi to the south of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sitagroi" title="Sitagroi">Sitagroi</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dikili Tas in the Drama plain. Some of these sites were densely occupied and formed large mounds (known to the local inhabitants of the region today as 'toumbas'). Others were much less densely occupied and spread for as much as a kilometer (Makryialos). Both types are found at the same time in the same districts and it is presumed that differences in social organisation are reflected by these differences in settlement organisation. Some communities were clearly concerned to protect themselves with different kinds of defensive arrangements: ditches at Makryialos and concentric walls at Paliambela. The best preserved buildings were discovered at Dikili Tas, where long timber-framed structures had been organised in rows and some had been decorated with bulls' skulls fastened to the outside of the walls and plastered over with clay. </p><p>Remarkable evidence for cult activity has been found at <a href="/wiki/Promachonas" title="Promachonas">Promachonas</a>-Topolnica, which straddles the Greek Bulgarian border to the north of <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a>. Here a deep pit appeared to have been roofed to make a subterranean room; in it were successive layers of debris including large numbers of figurines, bulls' skulls, and pottery, including several rare and unusual shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The farming economy of this period continued the practices established at the beginning of the Neolithic, although sheep and goats were less dominant among the animals than they had previously been, and the cultivation of vines (<i><a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">Vitis vinifera</a></i>) is well attested. </p><p>Only a few burials have been discovered from the whole of the Neolithic period in northern Greece and no clear pattern can be deduced. Grave offerings, however, seem to have been very limited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Macedonia_(500_to_146_BCE)"><span id="Ancient_Macedonia_.28500_to_146_BCE.29"></span>Ancient Macedonia (500 to 146 BCE)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/260px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="791"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/260px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/390px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/520px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Expansion of Macedon into a kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>In classical times, the region of Macedonia comprised parts of what at the time was known as Macedonia, Illyria and Thrace. Among others, in its lands were located the kingdoms of Paeonia, Dardania, Macedonia and Pelagonia, historical tribes like the Agrianes, and colonies of southern Greek city states. Prior to the Macedonian ascendancy, parts of southern Macedonia were populated by the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while western, (i. e., <a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper</a>) Macedonia, was inhabited by Macedonian and <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian tribes</a>. Whilst numerous wars are later recorded between the Illyrian and Macedonian Kingdoms, the Bryges might have co-existed peacefully with the Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the time of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paionia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paionia">Paionia</a>, whose exact boundaries are obscure, originally included the whole <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axius</a> River valley and the surrounding areas, in what is now the northern part of the Greek region of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a>, and a small part of western Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 500 BCE, the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> was centered somewhere between the southern slopes of Lower Olympus and the lowest reach of the Haliakmon River.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 512/511 BCE, the kingdom of Macedonia was <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Macedonia" title="Achaemenid Macedonia">subject</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, but after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">battle of Plataia</a> it regained its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2010135–138,_342–345_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2010135%E2%80%93138,_342%E2%80%93345-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, the kingdom of Macedonia forcefully expanded, placing the whole of the region of Macedonia under their rule. Alexander's conquests produced a lasting extension of Hellenistic culture and thought across the ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, but his empire broke up on his death. His generals divided the empire between them, founding their own states and dynasties. The kingdom of Macedon was taken by <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, who ruled it until his death in 297 BC. At the time, Macedonian control over the Thracoillyrian states of the region slowly waned, although the kingdom of Macedonia remained the most potent regional power. This period also saw several Celtic invasions into Macedonia. However, the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Celts</a> were each time successfully repelled by Cassander, and later Antigonus, leaving little overall influence on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Macedonia">Roman Macedonia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia (province)">Macedonia (province)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_200AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Balkans_200AD.png/220px-Balkans_200AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Balkans_200AD.png/220px-Balkans_200AD.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Balkans_200AD.png/330px-Balkans_200AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Balkans_200AD.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Roman provinces in the Balkans including Macedonia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonia_ad400.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Macedonia_ad400.png/260px-Macedonia_ad400.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="605"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Macedonia_ad400.png/260px-Macedonia_ad400.png" data-width="260" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Macedonia_ad400.png/390px-Macedonia_ad400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Macedonia_ad400.png/520px-Macedonia_ad400.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The late Roman <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a>, including the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Salutaris">Macedonia Secunda or Salutaris</a> (periodically abolished), <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus vetus">Epirus vetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus_nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus nova">Epirus nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Classical,_Hellenistic,_Roman_and_Byzantine_Crete" title="History of Crete">Crete</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> sovereignty in the region was brought to an end at the hands of the rising power of Rome in the 2nd century BC. <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> took his kingdom to war against the Romans in two wars during his reign (221–179 BC). The <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a> (215–205 BC) was fairly successful for the Macedonians but Philip was decisively defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second Macedonian War</a> in (200–197 BC). Although he survived war with Rome, his successor <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus of Macedon</a> (reigned 179–168 BC) did not; having taken Macedon into the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a> in (171–168 BC), he lost his kingdom when he was defeated. Macedonia was initially divided into four republics subject to Rome before finally being annexed in 146 BC as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>. Around this time, vulgar Latin was introduced in the Balkans by Latin-speaking colonists and military personnel. </p><p>With the division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> into west and east in 298 AD, Macedonia came under the rule of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> successors. The population of the entire region was, however, depleted by destructive invasions of various <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hun tribes</a> c. 300 – 5th century AD. Despite this, other parts of the Byzantine empire continued to flourish, in particular some coastal cities such as <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> became important trade and cultural centres. Despite the empire's power, from the beginning of the 6th century the Byzantine dominions were subject to frequent raids by various <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic tribes</a> which, in the course of centuries, eventually resulted in drastic demographic and cultural changes in the Empire's Balkan provinces. Although traditional scholarship attributes these changes to large-scale colonizations by Slavic-speaking groups, it has been proposed that a generalized dissipation of Roman identity might have commenced in the 3rd century, especially among rural provincials who were crippled by harsh taxation and famines. Given this background, penetrations carried by successive waves of relatively small numbers of Slavic warriors and their families might have been capable of assimilating large numbers of indigenes into their cultural model, which was sometimes seen as a more attractive alternative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In this way and in the course of time, great parts of Macedonia came to be controlled by Slavic-speaking communities. Despite numerous attacks on Thessaloniki, the city held out, and Byzantine-Roman culture continued to flourish, although Slavic cultural influence steadily increased. </p><p>The Slavic settlements organized themselves along tribal and territorially based lines which were referred to by Byzantine Greek historians as "Sklaviniai". The Sklaviniai continued to intermittently assault the Byzantine Empire, either independently, or aided by <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> contingents. Around 680 AD a "Bulgar" group (which was largely composed of the descendants of former Roman Christians taken captive by the Avars), led by Khan <a href="/wiki/Kuber" title="Kuber">Kuber</a> (theorized to have belonged to the same <a href="/wiki/Dulo_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulo clan">clan</a> as the Danubian Bulgarian khan <a href="/wiki/Asparukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Asparukh">Asparukh</a>), settled in the <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonian plain</a>, and launched campaigns to the region of Thessaloniki. When the Empire could spare imperial troops, it attempted to regain control of its lost Balkan territories. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> a significant number of the Slavs of Macedonia were captured and transferred to central Asia Minor where they were forced to recognize the authority of the Byzantine emperor and serve in his ranks. In the late 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> again organized a massive expedition against the Sklaviniai and Bulgars of Macedonia. Launching from Constantinople, he subdued many Slavic tribes and established the <i>Theme of Thrace</i> in the hinterland of the Great City, and pushed on into Thessaloniki. However, on his return he was ambushed by the Slavo-Bulgars of Kuber, losing a great part of his army, booty, and subsequently his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these temporary successes, rule in the region was far from stable since not all of the Sklaviniae were pacified, and those that were often rebelled. The emperors rather resorted to withdrawing their defensive line south along the Aegean coast, until the late 8th century. Although a new theme—that of "Macedonia"—was subsequently created, it did not correspond to today's geographic territory, but one farther east (centred on Adrianople), carved out of the already existing Thracian and Helladic themes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Macedonia">Medieval Macedonia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">Bulgaria (theme)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(theme)" title="Macedonia (theme)">Macedonia (theme)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strymon_(theme)" title="Strymon (theme)">Strymon (theme)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica_(theme)" title="Thessalonica (theme)">Thessalonica (theme)</a></div> <p>There are no Byzantine records of "Sklaviniai" after 836/837 as they were absorbed into the expanding <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. Slavic influence in the region strengthened along with the rise of this state, which incorporated parts of the region to its domain in 837. In the early 860s <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> brothers from Thessaloniki, created the first Slavic <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> language was first transcribed, and are thus commonly referred to as the apostles of the Slavic world. Their cultural heritage was acquired and developed in medieval Bulgaria, where after 885 the region of <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (present-day Republic of North Macedonia) became a significant ecclesiastical center with the nomination of the Saint <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a> for "first archbishop in Bulgarian language" with residence in this region. In conjunction with another disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Saint Naum</a>, Clement created a flourishing Slavic cultural center around Ohrid, where pupils were taught theology in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> language and the Glagolitic and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> at what is now called <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary School</a>. The Bulgarian-Byzantine boundary in the beginning of 10th century passed approximately 20 km (12 mi) north of Thessaloniki according to the inscription of Narash. According to the Byzantine author <a href="/wiki/John_Kaminiates" title="John Kaminiates">John Kaminiates</a>, at that time the neighbouring settlements around Thessaloniki were inhabited by "Scythians" (Bulgarians) and the Slavic tribes of <a href="/wiki/Drugubites" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugubites">Drugubites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a>, in addition to Greeks. </p><p>At the end of the 10th century, what is now the Republic of North Macedonia became the political and cultural heartland of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, after Byzantine emperors <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> conquered the eastern part of the Bulgarian state during the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(970%E2%80%93971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (970–971)">Rus'–Byzantine War of 970–971</a>. The Bulgarian capital <a href="/wiki/Preslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Preslav">Preslav</a> and the Bulgarian Tsar Boris II were captured, and with the deposition of the Bulgarian regalia in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, Bulgaria was officially annexed to Byzantium. A new capital was established at Ohrid, which also became the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Patriarchate">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a>. A new dynasty, that of the <a href="/wiki/Comitopuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitopuli">Comitopuli</a> under Tsar <a href="/wiki/Samuil_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuil of Bulgaria">Samuil</a> and his successors, continued resistance against the Byzantines for several more decades, before also <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">succumbing</a> in 1018. The western part of Bulgaria including Macedonia was incorporated into the Byzantine Empire as the province of Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Bulgaria">Theme of Bulgaria</a>) and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced in rank to an <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric</a>. </p><p>Intermittent Bulgarian uprisings continued to occur, often with the support of the Serbian princedoms to the north. Any temporary independence that might have been gained was usually crushed swiftly by the Byzantines. It was also marked by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Norman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Norman Wars">periods of war</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and Byzantium. The Normans launched offensives from their lands acquired in southern Italy, and temporarily gained rule over small areas in the northwestern coast. </p><p>At the end of the 12th century, some northern parts of Macedonia were temporarily conquered by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>. In the 13th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, Macedonia was disputed among <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a> crusaders of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Thessalonica" title="Kingdom of Thessalonica">Kingdom of Thessalonica</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">revived Bulgarian state</a>. Most of southern Macedonia was secured by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> and then by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, while the north was ruled by Bulgaria. After 1261 however, all of Macedonia returned to Byzantine rule, where it largely remained until the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a>. Taking advantage of this conflict, the Serb ruler <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Dushan">Stefan Dushan</a> expanded his realm and founded the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, which included all of Macedonia, northern and central Greece – excluding Thessaloniki, Athens and the Peloponnese. Dushan's empire however broke up shortly after his death in 1355. After his death local rulers in the regions of Macedonia were despot <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Uglje%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovan Uglješa">Jovan Uglješa</a> in eastern Macedonia, and kings <a href="/wiki/Vuka%C5%A1in_Mrnjav%C4%8Devi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Vukašin Mrnjavčević">Vukašin Mrnjavčević</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Marko_Mrnjav%C4%8Devi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Marko Mrnjavčević">Marko Mrnjavčević</a> in western regions of Macedonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Macedonia">Ottoman Macedonia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilaet_Solunski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vilaet_Solunski.jpg/270px-Vilaet_Solunski.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vilaet_Solunski.jpg/270px-Vilaet_Solunski.jpg" data-width="270" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vilaet_Solunski.jpg/405px-Vilaet_Solunski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Vilaet_Solunski.jpg/540px-Vilaet_Solunski.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Contemporary Ottoman map or the <a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica Vilayet</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia,_Lapie_1826_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg/270px-Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg/270px-Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg" data-width="270" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg/405px-Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg/540px-Map_of_a_part_of_Macedonia%2C_Lapie_1826_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption> Map of <i>Part</i> of Macedonia (Carte d'une partie de la Macedoine) by Piere Lapie (1826).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Greek Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardar Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire">Vardar Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Ottoman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic history of Ottoman Macedonia">Demographic history of Ottoman Macedonia</a></div> <p>Since the middle of the 14th century, the Ottoman threat was looming in the Balkans, as the Ottomans defeated the various Christian principalities, whether Serb, Bulgarian or Greek. After the Ottoman victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371, most of Macedonia accepted vassalage to the Ottomans and by the end of the 14th century the Ottoman Empire gradually annexed the region. The final Ottoman capture of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a> (1430) was seen as the prelude to the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> itself. Macedonia remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for nearly 500 years, during which time it gained a substantial <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a> minority. Thessaloniki later become the home of a large <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi Jewish</a> population following the expulsions of Jews after 1492 from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_nationalism_and_of_Macedonian_identities">Birth of nationalism and of Macedonian identities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macedonia_(region)" title="Special:EditPage/Macedonia (region)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Macedonia%22+region">"Macedonia" region</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Macedonia%22+region+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Macedonia%22+region&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Macedonia%22+region+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Macedonia%22+region">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Macedonia%22+region&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the centuries Macedonia had become a multicultural region. The historical references mention Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Albanians, Gypsies, Jews, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(food)" title="Macedonia (food)">macédoine</a>, the fruit or vegetable salad, was named after the area's very mixed population, as it could be witnessed at the end of the 19th century. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_in_Ottoman_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia">Slavic-speaking population in Macedonia</a> was identified mostly as Bulgarian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a> many Bulgarians from these regions supported the struggle for creation of Bulgarian cultural educational and religious institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, in the 20th century, 'Bulgarians' came to be understood as synonymous with 'Macedonian Slavs' and, eventually, 'ethnic Macedonians'. <a href="/wiki/Krste_Misirkov" title="Krste Misirkov">Krste Misirkov</a>, a philologist and publicist, wrote his work "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Macedonian_Matters" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Macedonian Matters">On the Macedonian Matters</a>" (1903), for which he is heralded by <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> as one of the founders of the Macedonian nation. </p><p>After the revival of Greek, Serbian, and Bulgarian statehood in the 19th century, the Ottoman lands in Europe that became identified as "Macedonia", were contested by all three governments, leading to the creation in the 1890s and 1900s of rival armed groups who divided their efforts between fighting the Turks and one another. The most important of these was the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a>, which organized the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ilinden-Preobrazhenie_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> in 1903, fighting for an autonomous or independent Macedonian state, and the Greek efforts from 1904 until 1908 (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Struggle_for_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Struggle for Macedonia">Greek Struggle for Macedonia</a>). Diplomatic intervention by the European powers led to plans for an autonomous Macedonia under Ottoman rule. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/220px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="624"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/220px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/330px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif/440px-Territorial_Expansion_of_Greece_from_1832%E2%80%931947.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Evolution of the territory of Greece. The 'Macedonia' shown is the Greek province.</figcaption></figure> <p>The restricted borders of the modern Greek state at its inception in 1830 disappointed the inhabitants of northern Greece (Epirus and Macedonia).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Addressing these concerns in 1844, the Greek Prime Minister Kolettis addressed the constitutional assembly in Athens that "the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Wittelsbach)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)">Kingdom of Greece</a> is not Greece; it is only a part, the smallest and poorest, of Greece. The Greek is not only he who inhabits the kingdom, but also he who lives in Ioannina, or Thessaloniki, or Serres, or Odrin" . He mentions cities and islands that were under Ottoman possession as composing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Idea" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Idea">Great Idea</a> (Greek: Μεγάλη Ιδέα, <i>Megáli Idéa</i>) which meant the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">classical Greek world</a> or the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The important idea here is that for Greece, Macedonia was a region with large Greek populations expecting annexation to the new Greek state. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contested_regions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Contested_regions.jpg/220px-Contested_regions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="687"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Contested_regions.jpg/220px-Contested_regions.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Contested_regions.jpg/330px-Contested_regions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Contested_regions.jpg/440px-Contested_regions.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map of the region contested by Serbia and Bulgaria and subject to the arbitration of the Russian Tsar</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin,_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Berlin, 1878">Congress of Berlin</a> changed the Balkan map again. The treaty restored Macedonia and Thrace to the Ottoman Empire. Serbia, Romania and Montenegro were granted full independence, and some territorial expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Russia would maintain military advisors in Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia until May 1879. Austria-Hungary was permitted to occupy Bosnia, Herzegovina and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. The Congress of Berlin also forced Bulgaria, newly given autonomy by the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, to return over half of its newly gained territory to the Ottoman Empire. This included Macedonia, a large part of which was given to Bulgaria, due to Russian pressure and the presence of significant numbers of Bulgarians and adherents to the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a>. The territorial losses dissatisfied Bulgaria; this fuelled the ambitions of many Bulgarian politicians for the following seventy years, who wanted to review the treaty – by peaceful or military means and to reunite all lands which they claimed had a Bulgarian majority. Besides, Serbia was now interested in the Macedonian lands, until then only Greece was Bulgaria's main contender, which after the addition of Thessaly to Greece in (1881) was bordering Macedonia. Thus, the Berlin Congress renewed the struggle for Turkey in Europe, including the so-called Macedonia region, rather than setting up a permanent regime. In the following years, all of the neighboring states struggled over Turkey in Europe; they were only kept at bay by their own restraints, the Ottoman Army and the territorial ambitions of the Great Powers in the region. </p><p>Serbian policy had a distinct anti-Bulgarian flavor, attempting to prevent the Bulgarian influencing the inhabitants of Macedonia. On the other hand, Bulgaria was using the power of its religious institutions (Bulgarian Exarchate established in 1870) to promote its language and make more people identify with Bulgaria. Greece, in addition, was in an advantageous position for protecting its interests through the influence of Patriarchate of Constantinople which traditionally sponsored Greek-language and Greek-culture schools also in villages with few Greeks. This put the Patriarchate in dispute with the Exarchate, which established schools with Bulgarian education. Indeed, belonging to one or another institution could define a person's national identity. Simply, if a person supported the Patriarchate they were regarded as Greek, whereas if they supported the Exarchate they were regarded as Bulgarian. Locally, however, villagers were not always able to express freely their association with one or the other institution as there were numerous armed groups trying to defend and/or expand the territory of each. Some were locally recruited and self-organized while others were sent and armed by the protecting states. </p><p>The aim of the adversaries, however, was not primarily to extend their influence over Macedonia but merely to prevent Macedonia succumbing to the influence of the other. This often violent attempt to persuade the people that they belonged to one ethnic group or another pushed some people to reject both. The severe pressure on the peaceful peasants of Macedonia worked against the plans of the Serbians and Bulgarians to make them adopt their ethnic idea and eventually a social divide became apparent. The British Ambassador in Belgrade in 1927 said: "At present the unfortunate Macedonian peasant is between the hammer and the anvil. One day 'comitadjis' come to his house and demand under threat lodging, food and money and the next day the gendarm hales him off to prison for having given them; the Macedonian is really a peaceable, fairly industrious agriculturist and if the (Serbian) government give him adequate protection, education, freedom from malaria and decent communications, there seems no reason why he should not become just as Serbian in sentiment as he was Bulgarian 10 years ago". As a result of this game of tug-of-war, the development of a distinct Macedonian national identity was impeded and delayed. Moreover, when the imperialistic plans of the surrounding states made possible the division of Macedonia, some Macedonian intellectuals such as Misirkov mentioned the necessity of creating a Macedonian national identity which would distinguish the Macedonian Slavs from Bulgarians, Serbians or Greeks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans-ethnique.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balkans-ethnique.JPG/260px-Balkans-ethnique.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="262" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 262px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balkans-ethnique.JPG/260px-Balkans-ethnique.JPG" data-width="260" data-height="262" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balkans-ethnique.JPG/390px-Balkans-ethnique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Balkans-ethnique.JPG/520px-Balkans-ethnique.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Ethnic composition of the Balkans according to <i>Atlas Général Vidal-Lablanche</i>, Paris 1890–1894. Henry Robert Wilkinson stated that this ethnic map, as most ethnic maps of that time, contained a pro-Bulgarian ethnographic view of Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Baptizing Macedonian Slavs as Serbian or Bulgarian aimed therefore to justify these countries' territorial claims over Macedonia. The Greek side, with the assistance of the Patriarchate that was responsible for the schools, could more easily maintain control, because they were spreading Greek identity. For the very same reason the Bulgarians, when preparing the Exarchate's government (1871) included Macedonians in the assembly as "brothers" to prevent any ethnic diversification. On the other hand, the Serbs, unable to establish Serbian-speaking schools, used propaganda. Their main concern was to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_in_Ottoman_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers in Ottoman Macedonia">Slavic-speaking Macedonians</a> from acquiring Bulgarian identity through concentrating on the myth of the ancient origins of the Macedonians and simultaneously by the classification of Bulgarians as Tatars and not as Slavs, emphasizing their 'Macedonian' characteristics as an intermediate stage between Serbs and Bulgarians. To sum up the Serbian propaganda attempted to inspire the Macedonians with a separate ethnic identity to diminish the Bulgarian influence. This choice was the 'Macedonian ethnicity'. The Bulgarians never accepted an ethnic diversity from the Slav Macedonians, giving geographic meaning to the term. In 1893 they established the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (VMRO) aiming to confront the Serbian and Greek action in Macedonia. VMRO hoped to answer the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian question">Macedonian question</a> through a revolutionary movement, and so they instigated the <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden Uprising</a> (1903) to release some Ottoman territory. Bulgaria used this to internationalize the Macedonian question. Ilinden changed Greece's stance which decided to take Para-military action. In order to protect the Greek Macedonians and Greek interests, Greece sent officers to train guerrillas and organize militias (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>), known as <i>makedonomahi</i> (Macedonian fighters), essentially to fight the Bulgarians. After that it was obvious that the Macedonian question could be answered only with a war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/260px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="368" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 368px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/260px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="368" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/390px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg/520px-Balkan_Wars_Boundaries.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Boundaries on the Balkans after the First and the Second Balkan War (1912–1913)</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of the Albanian and the Turkish nationalism after 1908, however, prompted Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria to bury their differences with regard to Macedonia and to form a joint coalition against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1912. Disregarding public opinion in Bulgaria, which was in support of the establishment of an autonomous Macedonian province under a Christian governor, the Bulgarian government entered a pre-war treaty with Serbia which divided the region into two parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The part of Macedonia west and north of the line of partition was contested by both Serbia and Bulgaria and was subject to the arbitration of the Russian Tsar after the war. Serbia formally renounced any claims to the part of Macedonia south and east of the line, which was declared to be within the Bulgarian sphere of interest. The pre-treaty between Greece and Bulgaria, however, did not include any agreement on the division of the conquered territories – evidently both countries hoped to occupy as much territory as possible having their sights primarily set on Thessaloniki. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro occupied almost all Ottoman-held territories in Europe. Bulgaria bore the brunt of the war fighting on the Thracian front against the main Ottoman forces. Both her war expenditures and casualties in the First Balkan War were higher than those of Serbia, Greece and Montenegro combined. Macedonia itself was occupied by Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian forces. The Ottoman Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> in May 1913 assigned the whole of Macedonia to the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, without, specifying the division of the region, to promote problems between the allies. Dissatisfied with the creation of an autonomous Albanian state, which denied her access to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, Serbia asked for the suspension of the pre-war division treaty and demanded from Bulgaria greater territorial concessions in Macedonia. Later in May the same year, Greece and Serbia signed a secret treaty in Thessaloniki stipulating the division of Macedonia according to the existing lines of control. Both Serbia and Greece, as well as Bulgaria, started to prepare for a final war of partition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonia_1913_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Macedonia_1913_map.png/220px-Macedonia_1913_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Macedonia_1913_map.png/220px-Macedonia_1913_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Macedonia_1913_map.png/330px-Macedonia_1913_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Macedonia_1913_map.png/440px-Macedonia_1913_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Macedonia's division in 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1913, Bulgarian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a>, without consulting the government, and without any declaration of war, ordered Bulgarian troops to attack the Greek and Serbian troops in Macedonia, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>. The Bulgarian army was in full retreat in all fronts. The Serbian army chose to stop its operations when achieved all its territorial goals and only then the Bulgarian army took a breath. During the last two days the Bulgarians managed to achieve a defensive victory against the advancing Greek army in the <a href="/wiki/Kresna_Gorge" title="Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a>. However at the same time the Romanian army crossed the undefended northern border and easily advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. Romania interfered in the war, in order to satisfy its territorial claims against Bulgaria. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> also interfered, easily reassuming control of Eastern Thrace with <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. The Second Balkan War, also known as Inter-Ally War, left Bulgaria only with the Struma valley and a small part of Thrace with minor ports at the Aegean sea. Vardar Macedonia was incorporated into Serbia and thereafter referred to as South Serbia. Southern (Aegean) Macedonia was incorporated into Greece and thereafter was referred to as northern Greece. The region suffered heavily during the Second Balkan War. During its advance at the end of June, the Greek army set fire to the Bulgarian quarter of the town of <a href="/wiki/Kilkis" title="Kilkis">Kilkis</a> and over 160 villages around Kilkis and Serres driving some 50,000 refugees into Bulgaria proper. The Bulgarian army retaliated by burning the Greek quarter of <a href="/wiki/Serres,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Serres, Greece">Serres</a> and by arming Muslims from the region of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> which led to a <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacre</a> of Greek civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 1915, the Greek government authorized the landing of the troops in Thessaloniki. In 1916 the pro-German King of Greece agreed with the Germans to allow military forces of the Central Powers to enter Greek Macedonia to attack Bulgarian forces in Thessaloniki. As a result, Bulgarian troops occupied the eastern part of Greek Macedonia, including the port of <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>. The region was, however, restored to Greece following the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in 1918. After the destruction of the Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1922 Greece and Turkey exchanged most of Macedonia's Turkish minority and the Greek inhabitants of Thrace and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, as a result of which Aegean Macedonia experienced a large addition to its population and became overwhelmingly Greek in ethnic composition. Serbian-ruled Macedonia was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>) in 1918. Yugoslav Macedonia was subsequently subjected to an intense process of "<a href="/wiki/Serbianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbianization">Serbianization</a>" during the 1920s and 1930s. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the boundaries of the region shifted yet again. When the German forces occupied the area, most of Yugoslav Macedonia and part of Aegean Macedonia were transferred for administration to Bulgaria. During the Bulgarian administration of Eastern Greek Macedonia, some 100,000 Bulgarian refugees from the region were resettled there and perhaps as many Greeks were deported or fled to other parts of Greece. Western Aegean Macedonia was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, with the western parts of Yugoslav Macedonia being annexed to Italian-occupied Albania. The remainder of Greek Macedonia (including all of the coast) was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. One of the worst episodes of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> happened here when 60,000 Jews from Thessaloniki were deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Only a few thousand survived. </p><p>Macedonia was liberated in 1944, when the Red Army's advance in the Balkan Peninsula forced the German forces to retreat. The pre-war borders were restored under U.S. and British pressure because the Bulgarian government was insisting to keep its military units on Greek soil. The Bulgarian Macedonia returned fairly rapidly to normality, but the Bulgarian patriots in Yugoslav Macedonia underwent a process of ethnic cleansing by the Belgrade authorities, and Greek Macedonia was ravaged by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>, which broke out in December 1944 and did not end until October 1949. </p><p>After this civil war, a large number of former ELAS fighters who took refuge in communist Bulgaria and Yugoslavia and described themselves as "ethnic Macedonians" were prohibited from reestablishing to their former estates by the Greek authorities. Most of them were accused in Greece for crimes committed during the period of the German occupation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macedonia_in_the_Balkan_Wars,_World_War_I_and_II"><span id="Macedonia_in_the_Balkan_Wars.2C_World_War_I_and_II"></span>Macedonia in the Balkan Wars, World War I and II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Macedonia_(region)" title="Special:EditPage/Macedonia (region)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></div> <p>The imminent <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">collapse of the Ottoman Empire</a> was welcomed by the Balkan states, as it promised to restore their European territory. The <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of 1908 proved a nationalistic movement thwarting the peoples' expectations of the empire's modernization and hastened the end of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans. To this end, an alliance was struck among the Balkan states in Spring 1913. The First Balkan War, which lasted six weeks, commenced in August 1912, when Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, whose forces ultimately engaged four different wars in Thrace, Macedonia, Northern and Southern Albania and Kosovo. The Macedonian campaign was fought in atrocious conditions. The retreat of the Ottoman army from Macedonia succeeded the desperate effort of the Greek and Bulgarian forces to reach the city of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a>, the "single prize of the first Balkan War" for whose status no prior agreements were done. In this case possession would be equal to acquisition. The Greek forces entered the city first liberating officially, a progress only positive for them. Glenny says: "for the Greeks it was a good war". </p><p>The first Balkan War managed to liberate Balkans from Turks and settled the major issues except Macedonia. In the spring 1913 the Serbs and Greeks begun the '<a href="/wiki/Serbianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbianization">Serbianization</a>' and the '<a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>' of the parts in Macedonia they already controlled, while Bulgarians faced some difficulties against the Jews <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the Turkish populations. Moreover, the possession of Thessalonica was a living dream for the Bulgarians that were preparing for a new war. For this, the Bulgarian troops had a secret order in June 1913 to launch surprise attacks on the Serbs. Greece and Serbia signed a previous bilateral defensive agreement (May 1913). Consequently, Bulgaria decided to attack Greece and Serbia. After some initial gains the Bulgarians were forced to retreat back to Bulgaria proper and lose nearly all of the land they had conquered during the first war. </p><p>The Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) took off most of the Bulgarian conquests of the previous years. A large part of Macedonia became southern Serbia, including the territory of what today is the Republic of North Macedonia, and southern Macedonia became <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">northern Greece</a>. Greece almost doubled its territory and population size and its northern frontiers remain today, more or less the same since the Balkan Wars. However, when Serbia acquired 'Vardarska Banovina' (the present-day Republic of North Macedonia), it launched having expansionist views aiming to descend to the Aegean, with Thessalonica as the highest ambition. However, Greece after the population exchange with Bulgaria, soon after its victory in the Balkan wars, managed to give national homogeneity in the Aegean and any remaining Slavic-speakers were absorbed. </p><p>Many volunteers from Macedonia joined Bulgarian army and participated in the battles against Bulgarian enemies in these wars—on the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</a> and other units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <p>After World War I <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian front (World War I)">Macedonian Campaign</a> the status quo of Macedonia remained the same. The establishment of the 'Kingdom of Serbians, Croats and Slovenes' in 1918, which in 1929 was renamed 'Yugoslavia' (South Slavia) predicted no special regime for Skopje neither recognized any Macedonian national identity. In fact, the claims to Macedonian identity remained silent at a propaganda level because, eventually, North Macedonia had been a Serbian conquest. </p><p>The situation in Serbian Macedonia changed after the Communist Revolution in Russia (1918–1919). According to Sfetas, Comintern was handling Macedonia as a matter of tactics, depending on the political circumstances. In the early 1920s it supported the position for a single and independent Macedonia in a Balkan Soviet Democracy. Actually, the Soviets desired a common front of the Bulgarian communist agriculturists and the Bulgarian-Macedonian societies to destabilize the Balkan Peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> (IMRO), under the protection of Comintern, promoted the idea of an independent Macedonia in a Federation of Balkan states, unifying all Macedonians. However, the possible participation of Bulgaria in a new war, on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> side, ended the Soviet support some years later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div> <p>Bulgaria joined the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in 1941, when German troops prepared to invade Greece from Romania reached the Bulgarian borders and demanded permission to pass through Bulgarian territory. Threatened by direct military confrontation, <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Boris_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Boris III">Tsar Boris III</a> had no choice but to join the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite pact">Tripartite pact</a>, which officially happened on 1 March 1941. There was little popular opposition, since the Soviet Union was in a non-aggression pact with Germany. </p><p>On 6 April 1941, despite having officially joined the Axis Powers, the Bulgarian government maintained a course of military passivity during the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Battle of Greece</a>. As German, Italian, and Hungarian troops crushed Yugoslavia and Greece, the Bulgarians remained on the sidelines. The Yugoslav government surrendered on 17 April. The Greek government was to hold out until 30 April. On 20 April, the period of Bulgarian passivity ended. The Bulgarian Army entered the Aegean region. The goal was to gain an <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> outlet in Thrace and Eastern Macedonia and much of eastern Serbia. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a> was divided between Bulgaria and Italians which occupied West Macedonia. The Bulgarian occupation of Macedonia was technically viewed as interim administration in anticipation of a conclusive internationally recognized settlement of the legal status of the so-called "New Lands" after the end of the Second World War. Bulgarian administration greatly contributed to economic rebirth of the region – the poorest one in the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> – through introducing measures such as allotment of arable lands to local landless peasantry and by establishing plenty of new elementary and secondary schools. Local population with Bulgarian ethnic origins was given full Bulgarian citizenship. In general, Bulgarians themselves regarded the incorporation of former Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a> as a way to achieve national unity. Two new oblasts (provinces) were formed and most public vacancies were filled up with representatives of the local population. </p><p>During the German occupation of Greece (1941–1944), the Greek Communist Party-KKE was the main resistance factor with its military branch <a href="/wiki/Ethniko_Apeleftherotiko_Metopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethniko Apeleftherotiko Metopo">EAM</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ethnikos_Laikos_Apeleftherotikos_Stratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos">ELAS</a> (National Liberation Front). Although many members of EAM were Slavic-speaking, they had either Bulgarian, Greek or distinct Macedonian conscience. To take advantage of the situation KKE established <a href="/wiki/SNOF" class="mw-redirect" title="SNOF">SNOF</a> with the cooperation of the Yugoslav leader Tito, who was ambitious enough to make plans for Greek Macedonia. For this he established the Anti-Fascistic Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) giving an actual liberating character to the whole region of Macedonia. Besides, KKE was very positive to the option of a greater Macedonia, including the Greek region, since it realized that a victory in the Greek Civil War was utopic. Later EAM and SNOF disagreed in issues of policy and they finally crashed and the latter was expelled from Greece (1944). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h4></div> <p>The end of the War did not bring peace to Greece and a strenuous civil war between the Government forces and EAM broke out with about 50,000 casualties for both sides. The defeat of the Communists in 1949 forced their Slav-speaking members to either leave Greece or fully adopt Greek language and surnames. The Slav minorities were discriminated against, and not even recognised as a minority. Since 1923 the only internationally recognized minority in Greece are the Muslims in Western Thrace. </p><p>Yugoslav Macedonia was the only region where Yugoslav communist leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> had not developed a Partisan movement because of the Bulgarian occupation of a large part of that area. To improve the situation, in 1943 the Communist Party of Macedonia was established in <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a> with the prospect that it would support the resistance against the Axis. In the meantime, the Bulgarians' violent repression led to loss of moral support from the civilian population. By the end of the war "a Macedonian national consciousness hardly existed beyond a general conviction, gained from bitter experience, that rule from Sofia was as unpalatable as that from Belgrade. But if there were no Macedonian nation there was a Communist Party of Macedonia, around which the People's Republic of Macedonia was built". </p><p>Tito thus separated Yugoslav Macedonia from Serbia after the war. It became a republic of the new federal Yugoslavia (as the Socialist Republic of Macedonia) in 1946, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>. Tito also promoted the concept of a separate Macedonian nation, as a means of severing the ties of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Slav" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Slav">Slav population of Yugoslav Macedonia</a> with Bulgaria. A separate <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a> was established, splitting off from the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>. The Communist Party sought to deter pro-Bulgarian sentiment, which was punished severely. </p><p>Across the border in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_speaking_minority_in_northern_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic speaking minority in northern Greece">Slavophones</a> were seen as a potentially disloyal "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a>" within the Greek state by both the US and Greece, and their existence as a minority was officially denied. Greeks were resettled in the region many of whom emigrated (especially to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>) along with many Greek-speaking natives, because of the hard economic conditions after the Second World War and the Greek Civil War. Although there was some liberalization between 1959 and 1967, the Greek military dictatorship re-imposed harsh restrictions. The situation gradually eased after Greece's return to democracy, although even as recently as the 1990s Greece has been criticised by international human rights activists for "harassing" Macedonian Slav political activists, who, nonetheless, are free to maintain their own political party (<a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow (political party)">Rainbow</a>). Elsewhere in Greek Macedonia, economic development after the war was brisk and the area rapidly became the most prosperous part of the region. The coast was heavily developed for tourism, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Halkidiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkidiki">Halkidiki</a> peninsula. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> loyalist and head of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, Bulgaria initially accepted the existence of a distinctive Macedonian identity. It had been agreed that <a href="/wiki/Pirin_Macedonia" title="Pirin Macedonia">Pirin Macedonia</a> would join Yugoslav Macedonia and for this reason the population was forced to declare itself "Macedonian" in the 1946 census.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This caused resentment and many people were imprisoned or interned in rural areas outside Pirin Macedonia. After Tito's split from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a> this position was abandoned and the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity or language was denied. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">North Macedonia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia (terminology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Macedonia" title="Demographic history of Macedonia">Demographic history of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagoevgrad_Province" title="Blagoevgrad Province">Blagoevgrad Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Macedonia_(Greece)" title="History of modern Macedonia (Greece)">History of Greek Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">History of the Republic of North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">History of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homonymous_states_and_regions" title="List of homonymous states and regions">List of homonymous states and regions</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2010), "μακεδνός", in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ancient Greeks: New Perspectives, Stephanie Lynn Budin, ABC-CLIO, 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576078140" title="Special:BookSources/1576078140">1576078140</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-Py1QbavoQC&dq=borders+of+ancient+macedon&pg=PA12">p. 12.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entangled Histories of the Balkans: Volume One, Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, BRILL, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900425076X" title="Special:BookSources/900425076X">900425076X</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The migrations during the early Byzantine centuries also changed the meaning of the geographical term Macedonia, which seems to have moved to the east together with some of the non-Slavic population of the old Roman province. In the early 9th century an administrative unit (theme) of Makedonikon was established in what is now Thrace (split among Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey) with Adrianopleas its capital. It was the birthplace of Emperor Basil I (867–886), the founder of the so-called Macedonian dynasty in Byzantinum.</i> Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810862956" title="Special:BookSources/0810862956">0810862956</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilGfCIF4Ao4C&dq=in+the+early+9th+century+an+administrative+unit+macedonia+it+was+the+birthplace&pg=PR52">Iii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>By the beginning of the 9th century, the theme of Macedonia, with its capital at Adrianople consisted not of Macedonian but of Thracian territories. During the Byzantine period the Macedonia proper corresponded to the themes of Thessalonica and Strymon. The Ottoman administration ignored the name of Macedonia. It was only revived during the Renaissance, when western scholars rediscovered the ancient Greek geographical terminology.</i> Brill's Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC – 300 AD, Robin J. Fox, Robin Lane Fox, BRILL, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004206507" title="Special:BookSources/9004206507">9004206507</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjLPBsB2dIkC&dq=Macedonia+adrianople+capital&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>When the barbarian invasions started in the fourth through seventh centuries AD in the Balkans, the remnants of the Hellenes who lived in Macedonia were pushed to eastern Thrace, the area between Adrianople (presently the Turkish city of Edirne) and Constantinople. This area would be called theme of Macedonia by the Byzantines... whereas the modern territory of R. of Macedonia was included in the theme of Bulgaria after the destruction of Samuels Bulgarian Empire in 1018.</i> Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900–1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3034301960" title="Special:BookSources/3034301960">3034301960</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-1m1FLtrvsC&dq=the+area+between+Adrianople+(presently+the+Turkish+city+of+Edirne)+and+macedonia&pg=PA48">p. 48.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The ancient name 'Macedonia' disappeared during the period of Ottoman rule and was only restored in the nineteenth century originally as geographical term.</i> The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism, John Breuilly, Oxford University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199209197" title="Special:BookSources/0199209197">0199209197</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pI25h1bHPIC&dq=name+of+macedonia+historical+region+ottoman&pg=PA192">p. 192.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/91"><i>History of the Balkans, Vol. 2: Twentieth Century</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521274591" title="Special:BookSources/0521274591"><bdi>0521274591</bdi></a>. <q>However, in the nineteenth century the term Macedonian was used almost exclusively to refer to the geographic region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0521274591&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela%2Fpage%2F91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007065957">"Mazedonien"</a> [Macedonia]. <i><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Gro%C3%9Fes_Konversations-Lexikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon</a></i> (in German). Leipzig: Zeno.org. 1905. pp. 488–491. <q>Neuerdings hat man sich wiederum gewöhnt, den Namen M. im Sinne der Alten, d. h. für das jetzige Wilajet Saloniki und den Süden des Wilajets Monastir, zu gebrauchen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meyers+Gro%C3%9Fes+Konversations-Lexikon&rft.atitle=Mazedonien&rft.pages=488-491&rft.date=1905&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2Fnid%2F20007065957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah, eds. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a></span>. Elsevier Science. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00brow/page/n699">663</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080877747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080877747"><bdi>978-0080877747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=663&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0080877747&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The region was not called "Macedonia" by the Ottomans, and the name "Macedonia" gained currency together with the ascendance of rival nationalism.</i> Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Victor Roudometof, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275976483" title="Special:BookSources/0275976483">0275976483</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xoww453NVQMC&dq=name+of+macedonia+ottoman+was+lost&pg=PA89">p. 89</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Macedonia Redux", Eugene N. Borza, The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/corpora/pi/content.html?c=9&t=3,3997">"Διδακτικά Βιβλία του Παιδαγωγικού Ινστιτούτου"</a>. <i>www.greek-language.gr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greek-language.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC+%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%99%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-language.gr%2FgreekLang%2Fmodern_greek%2Ftools%2Fcorpora%2Fpi%2Fcontent.html%3Fc%3D9%26t%3D3%2C3997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-mk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census-mk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census-mk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census-mk_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census-mk_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/2022/POPIS_DZS_web_EN.pdf">"Total resident population, households and dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, census 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia</i>. pp. 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Statistical+Office+of+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia&rft.atitle=Total+resident+population%2C+households+and+dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia%2C+census+2021&rft.pages=32-33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2Fpublikacii%2F2022%2FPOPIS_DZS_web_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> and offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged as <i>Slavomacedonians</i>. Pavlos Koufis, a native of Greek Macedonia, pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, says in <i>Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias</i> (Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996: <blockquote><p>"[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples."</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Helsinki_Monitor" title="Greek Helsinki Monitor">Greek Helsinki Monitor</a> reports: </p> <blockquote><p>"... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223">Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Greece) – GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR (GHM)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030523145306/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223">Archived</a> 23 May 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowanDembourWilson2001" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Jane K.; Dembour, Marie-Bénédicte; Wilson, Richard A. (29 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD3TZJy5HagC&q=number+of+macedonians+&pg=PA152"><i>Culture and Rights</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521797351" title="Special:BookSources/9780521797351"><bdi>9780521797351</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Rights&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-29&rft.isbn=9780521797351&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Jane+K.&rft.au=Dembour%2C+Marie-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtD3TZJy5HagC%26q%3Dnumber%2Bof%2Bmacedonians%2B%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lois Whitman (1994): <i>Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece</i> Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p. 39 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxCnAHCCuxYC">[1]</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanforth" class="citation book cs1">Danforth, Loring M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&pg=PA33"><i>The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World</i></a>. p. 62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Conflict%3A+Ethnic+Nationalism+in+a+Transnational+World&rft.pages=62&rft.aulast=Danforth&rft.aufirst=Loring+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmesOn_HhfEC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurac-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eurac_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030523145306/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223">"Greek Helsinki Monitor – Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"</a>. Archived from the original on 23 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Helsinki+Monitor+%E2%80%93+Report+about+Compliance+with+the+Principles+of+the+Framework+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+National+Minorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdev.eurac.edu%3A8085%2Fmugs2%2Fdo%2Fblob.html%3Ftype%3Dhtml%26serial%3D1044526702223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/shklifovi/shklifovi_000_100.pdf">Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български диалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28–36, 172</a> – Shkifov, Blagoy and Ekaterina Shklifova. Bulgarian dialect texts from Aegean Macedonia, Sofia 2003, pp. 28–36, 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lois Whitman (1994): <i>Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece</i> Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p. 37 <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxCnAHCCuxYC">[2]</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCountryReport-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCountryReport_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Northwestern Greece is home to an indeterminate number of citizens who speak a Slavic dialect at home, particularly in Florina province. Estimates ranged widely, from under 10,000 to 50,000. A small number identified themselves as belonging to a distinct ethnic group and asserted their right to "Macedonian" minority status" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18368.htm">"2002 U.S. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Greece"</a>. 31 March 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+U.S.+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+Greece&rft.date=2003-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2002%2F18368.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61651.htm">"Greece"</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greece&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2005%2F61651.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumovski2014" class="citation news cs1">Naumovski, Jaklina (25 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkans.courriers.info/article24081.html">"Minorités en Albanie : les Macédoniens craignent la réorganisation territoriale du pays"</a>. Balkan Courriers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minorit%C3%A9s+en+Albanie+%3A+les+Mac%C3%A9doniens+craignent+la+r%C3%A9organisation+territoriale+du+pays&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft.aulast=Naumovski&rft.aufirst=Jaklina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkans.courriers.info%2Farticle24081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityrights.org/minorities/macedonians/">minorityrights.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makfax.com.mk/298566/samo_0_2_otsto_makedonci_zhiveat_vo_albanija_spored_podatocite_na_tamoshnite_vlasti">Only 0.2 % Macedonians live in Albania according to the Albanian authorities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518101534/http://makfax.com.mk/298566/samo_0_2_otsto_makedonci_zhiveat_vo_albanija_spored_podatocite_na_tamoshnite_vlasti">Archived</a> 18 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> makfax.com.mk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199151-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENesbittOikonomides199151_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1991">Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1991</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff1989_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff1989">Meyendorff 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1968-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1968_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRunciman1968">Runciman 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J. Rodden and K.A. Wardle, Nea Nikomedia: The Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece 1961–1964, Vol I, The Excavation and the Ceramic Assemblage, British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 25, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.C. Renfrew, The autonomy of the south-east European Copper Age, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35 1969: 12–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella G. Souvatzi, A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach Series: Cambridge Studies in Archaeology, 2008, 166–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Renfrew, Marija Gimbutas and Ernestine S. Elster 1986. Excavations at Sitagroi, a prehistoric village in northeast Greece. Vol. 1. Los Angeles : Institute of Archaeology, University of California, 1986, Monumenta archaeologica 13; E. Elster and C. Renfrew, Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol. 2: The Final Report, Monumenta Archaeologica 20 (Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931745-03-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-931745-03-X">1-931745-03-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella G. Souvatzi, A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece: An Anthropological Approach Series: Cambridge Studies in Archaeology, 2008, 217–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200;query=chapter%3D%23245;layout=;loc=2.98.1">2.99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borza, Eugene N. <i>In the Shadow of Olympus: the Emergence of Macedon</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9">0-691-00880-9</a>, p. 65. "There is no record of conflict between the Bryges and the local population; they are described as <i>synoikoi</i> ("fellow inhabitant" or neighbors) of the Macedonians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057963/Paeonia">"Paeonia – historical region"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paeonia+%E2%80%93+historical+region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9057963%2FPaeonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.G.L. Hammond, "Connotations of 'Macedonia' and of 'Macedones' Until 323 B. C.", <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, New Series, Vol. 45, No. 1, (1995), p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2010135–138,_342–345-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoismanWorthington2010135%E2%80%93138,_342%E2%80%93345_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010">Roisman & Worthington 2010</a>, pp. 135–138, 342–345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Celts. A history. Daithi O Hogain. Boydell Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-923-0">0-85115-923-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Early Medieval Balkans. John Fine. Page 71: "In 688/89 the emperor Justinian II marched through Thrace where at least enough Byzantine rule had been restored for a theme administration to be established.... The purpose of the campaign was to punish the Bulgars and Slavs. Justinian successfully subdued many Slavs (taking many captives) and reached Thessaloniki. On his return toward Constantinople in 689 he was ambushed by the Bulgars who wiped out most of his army"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.public.gr/Books-PDF/flippingTool/deploy/public.html?file=//media.public.gr/Books-PDF/9789604564071-0823314.pdf">From E. Livieratos & Chrys. Paliadeli, "European chartography and politics ..." (Ευρωπαϊκή χαρτογραφία και πολιτική. ...",) Thessaloniki, 2013, p. 141. In Greek</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarloukovski" class="citation web cs1">Karloukovski, Vassil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/jf/jf_1.html">"J. Fraser – Pictures from the Balkans – 1"</a>. <i>www.kroraina.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kroraina.com&rft.atitle=J.+Fraser+%E2%80%93+Pictures+from+the+Balkans+%E2%80%93+1&rft.aulast=Karloukovski&rft.aufirst=Vassil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fknigi%2Fen%2Fjf%2Fjf_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606837/index.pdf">Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, pp. 99, 142</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4">Kaloudova, Yordanka. Documents on the situation of the population in the southwestern Bulgarian lands under Turkish rule, Военно-исторически сборник, 4, 1970, p. 72</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pulcherius, <i>Recueil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux</i>. III, p. 331 – a passage in English – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/ma1.html#13,">http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Journal Bulgarski knizhitsi, Constantinople, No. 10 May 1858, p. 19, in English – <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#23">[3]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/en/ban/nr2.html#53">From a letter of Georgi Gogov, Voden, to G.S. Rakovski, Belgrade, regarding the abuses perpetrated by the Greek bishop Nikodim and his persecution of Bulgarian patriots</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr2.html#87">Newspaper Makedonia, Constantinople, No. 26, May 27th, 1867</a>, Vacalopulos, Konstandinos A. Modern history of Macedonia, Thessaloniki 1988, pp. 52, 57, 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Robert Wilkinson: <i>Maps and Politics: A Review of the Ethnographic Cartography of Macedonia</i>. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1951, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D.</i></a> Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881410563" title="Special:BookSources/9780881410563"><bdi>9780881410563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+unity+and+Christian+divisions%3A+The+Church+450%E2%80%93680+A.D.&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780881410563&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6J_YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1991" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, John; <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Oikonomides, Nicolas</a>, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cUJmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 1: Italy, North of the Balkans, North of the Black Sea</i></a>. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-194-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-194-7"><bdi>0-88402-194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Byzantine+Seals+at+Dumbarton+Oaks+and+in+the+Fogg+Museum+of+Art%2C+Volume+1%3A+Italy%2C+North+of+the+Balkans%2C+North+of+the+Black+Sea&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Research+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-88402-194-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUJmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald M.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC"><i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</i></a> (Second ed.). London: Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-246-10559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-246-10559-3"><bdi>0-246-10559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rupert+Hart-Davis+Ltd.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-246-10559-3&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObolensky1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky" title="Dimitri Obolensky">Obolensky, Dimitri</a> (1974) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453</i></a>. London: Cardinal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449" title="Special:BookSources/9780351176449"><bdi>9780351176449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Commonwealth%3A+Eastern+Europe%2C+500%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cardinal&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780351176449&rft.aulast=Obolensky&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRlBoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrogorsky1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky" title="George Ostrogorsky">Ostrogorsky, George</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Byzantine State</i></a>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+State&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Ostrogorsky&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBt0_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopović1996" class="citation book cs1">Popović, Radomir V. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsQAQAAIAAJ"><i>Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves</i></a>. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789607387103" title="Special:BookSources/9789607387103"><bdi>9789607387103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Christianisme+sur+le+sol+de+l%27Illyricum+oriental+jusqu%27%C3%A0+l%27arriv%C3%A9e+des+Slaves&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789607387103&rft.aulast=Popovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radomir+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwsQAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2010" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC"><i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i></a>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351637" title="Special:BookSources/9781444351637"><bdi>9781444351637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444351637&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxsrAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</i></a> (1. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521071888" title="Special:BookSources/9780521071888"><bdi>9780521071888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780521071888&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxsrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlijepčević1958" class="citation book cs1">Slijepčević, Đoko M. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pi0xAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Macedonian Question: The Struggle for Southern Serbia</i></a>. Chicago: The American Institute for Balkan Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Question%3A+The+Struggle+for+Southern+Serbia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+American+Institute+for+Balkan+Affairs&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Slijep%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%90oko+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpi0xAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoulis1984" class="citation book cs1">Soulis, George Christos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXFpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors</i></a>. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780884021377" title="Special:BookSources/9780884021377"><bdi>9780884021377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs+and+Byzantium+during+the+reign+of+Tsar+Stephen+Du%C5%A1an+%281331%E2%80%931355%29+and+his+successors&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks+Library+and+Collection&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780884021377&rft.aulast=Soulis&rft.aufirst=George+Christos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXFpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanković2016" class="citation book cs1">Stanković, Vlada, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avTADAAAQBAJ"><i>The Balkans and the Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498513265" title="Special:BookSources/9781498513265"><bdi>9781498513265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+and+the+Byzantine+World+before+and+after+the+Captures+of+Constantinople%2C+1204+and+1453&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498513265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavTADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacedonia+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Macedonia" class="extiw" title="q:Macedonia">Macedonia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Macedonia_(region)&params=41_N_22_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°N</span> <span class="longitude">22°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41°N 22°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41; 22</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(region)&oldid=1255134581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(region)&oldid=1255134581</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(region)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Βατο" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1730626063"> <span>Last edited on 3 November 2024, at 09:27</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedoni%C3%AB_(streek)" title="Masedonië (streek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Masedonië (streek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonien" title="Makedonien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Makedonien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6cedonia" title="Mæcedonia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mæcedonia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="مقدونيا (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقدونيا (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonya_(rechi%C3%B3n)" title="Macedonya (rechión) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Macedonya (rechión)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machedonia_ditu_Z%C3%A3mani" title="Machedonia ditu Zãmani – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Machedonia ditu Zãmani" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedoniya_(vilay%C9%99t)" title="Makedoniya (vilayət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Makedoniya (vilayət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মেসিডোনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসিডোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Македонія (зямля) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Македонія (зямля)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F)" title="Македонія (зямля) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Македонія (зямля)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Македония (област) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Македония (област)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonija_(regija)" title="Makedonija (regija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Makedonija (regija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_(rannvro)" title="Makedonia (rannvro) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Makedonia (rannvro)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_(regi%C3%B3)" title="Macedònia (regió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macedònia (regió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonie_(region)" title="Makedonie (region) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Makedonie (region)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(rhanbarth)" title="Macedonia (rhanbarth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Macedonia (rhanbarth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonien_(omr%C3%A5de)" title="Makedonien (område) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makedonien (område)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonien" title="Makedonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makedonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedoonia_(piirkond)" title="Makedoonia (piirkond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Makedoonia (piirkond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μακεδονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μακεδονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Macedonia (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macedonia (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonio_(regiono)" title="Makedonio (regiono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makedonio (regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazedonia_(eskualdea)" title="Mazedonia (eskualdea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mazedonia (eskualdea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%87)" title="مقدونیه (ناحیه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقدونیه (ناحیه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%C3%A9doine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Macédoine (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macédoine (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(rexi%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Macedonia (rexión histórica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macedonia (rexión histórica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_(%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD)" title="마케도니아 (지역) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마케도니아 (지역)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonija_(regija)" title="Makedonija (regija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makedonija (regija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_(wilayah)" title="Makedonia (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makedonia (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(regione_storica)" title="Macedonia (regione storica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macedonia (regione storica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="მაკედონია (ოლქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაკედონია (ოლქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masedonia" title="Masedonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Masedonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonya" title="Makedonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Makedonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(regio)" title="Macedonia (regio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Macedonia (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%B7edonija_(re%C4%A3ions)" title="Maķedonija (reģions) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maķedonija (reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonijos_regionas" title="Makedonijos regionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Makedonijos regionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Македонија (регион) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонија (регион)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maked%C3%B4nia_(faritra)" title="Makedônia (faritra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Makedônia (faritra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_(kawasan)" title="Makedonia (kawasan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makedonia (kawasan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoni%C3%AB_(regio)" title="Macedonië (regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macedonië (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B1%E3%83%89%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="マケドニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マケドニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_(region)" title="Makedonia (region) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makedonia (region)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionen_Makedonia" title="Regionen Makedonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regionen Makedonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedoniya_(tarixiy_viloyat)" title="Makedoniya (tarixiy viloyat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Makedoniya (tarixiy viloyat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81)" title="مقدونیا (علاقہ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مقدونیا (علاقہ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonien_(Region)" title="Makedonien (Region) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Makedonien (Region)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(kraina_historyczna)" title="Macedonia (kraina historyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Macedonia (kraina historyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B4nia_(regi%C3%A3o)" title="Macedônia (região) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macedônia (região)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(regiune)" title="Macedonia (regiune) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macedonia (regiune)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Македония (область) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Македония (область)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzed%C3%B2nia_(regione_ist%C3%B2rica)" title="Matzedònia (regione istòrica) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matzedònia (regione istòrica)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqedonia_(rajon)" title="Maqedonia (rajon) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maqedonia (rajon)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macedonia (region)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonija_(regija)" title="Makedonija (regija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Makedonija (regija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97_%C2%B7_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Макєдонїꙗ · страна – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Макєдонїꙗ · страна" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Македонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Македонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonija_(region)" title="Makedonija (region) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Makedonija (region)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonia_(maantiede)" title="Makedonia (maantiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makedonia (maantiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonien_(historisk_region)" title="Makedonien (historisk region) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makedonien (historisk region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84)" title="มาซิโดเนีย (ภูมิภาค) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาซิโดเนีย (ภูมิภาค)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makedonya" title="Makedonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Makedonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Македонія (історична область) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Македонія (історична область)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81)" title="مقدونیہ (علاقہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مقدونیہ (علاقہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(v%C3%B9ng)" title="Macedonia (vùng) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Macedonia (vùng)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(rehiyon)" title="Macedonia (rehiyon) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Macedonia (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF" title="马其顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马其顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="馬其頓地區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬其頓地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="馬其頓地區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬其頓地區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 09:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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