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You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Skopje" title="Special:EditPage/Skopje">editing it</a>. (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Skopje (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈskɒpjeɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SKOP-yay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈskoʊpjeɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SKOHP-yay</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Скопје <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">[ˈskɔpjɛ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/20\/Mk-Skopje.ogg\/Mk-Skopje.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Mk-Skopje.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Mk-Skopje.ogg/Mk-Skopje.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Mk-Skopje.ogg" title="File:Mk-Skopje.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shkup, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: Shkupi) is the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Macedonia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in North Macedonia by population">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. Skopje lies in the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Basin" title="Skopje Basin">Skopje Basin</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Skopje</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Скопје (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>) Shkup / Shkupi (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Град Скопје Qyteti i Shkupit City of Skopje</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg/278px-Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg/417px-Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg/556px-Skopje_view_from_Kale_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8075" data-file-height="3000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">View over central Skopje with the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar river</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_(13).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG/139px-Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG/209px-Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG/278px-Arheo_Museum_of_Macedonia_%2813%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Archaeological Museum of North Macedonia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:64px;max-width:64px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_(9451253725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg/62px-Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg/93px-Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg/124px-Skopje_-_Warrior_on_a_Horse_%289451253725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Square">Macedonia Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:71px;max-width:71px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG/69px-Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG/104px-Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG/138px-Tower_from_the_Skopje_Fortress.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a> (Kale)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Macedonia,_Skopie,_Macedonia_del_Norte,_2014-04-16,_DD_105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg/132px-Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg/198px-Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg/264px-Porta_Macedonia%2C_Skopie%2C_Macedonia_del_Norte%2C_2014-04-16%2C_DD_105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5061" data-file-height="3630"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Porta_Macedonia" title="Porta Macedonia">Porta Macedonia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg/142px-Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg/213px-Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg/284px-Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5030" data-file-height="3355"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Church of St. Clement of Ohrid">Church of St. Clement of Ohrid</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Bridge_Panorama_(41441871740).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg/278px-Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg/417px-Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg/556px-Stone_Bridge_Panorama_%2841441871740%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1685"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Skopje,_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Skopje"><img alt="Flag of Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/75px-Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Skopje%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="360"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Skopje" title="Flag of Skopje">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Skopje"><img alt="Coat of arms of Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg/95px-Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg/142px-Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg/189px-Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="131"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje" title="Coat of arms of Skopje">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skopje is located in North Macedonia"><img alt="Skopje is located in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-North_Macedonia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1133"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.994%;left:39.023%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Skopje</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Skopje in North Macedonia</div>Show map of North Macedonia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skopje is located in Balkans"><img alt="Skopje is located in Balkans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Balkans_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1067"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.989%;left:49.89%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Skopje</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Skopje (Balkans)</div>Show map of Balkans</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skopje is located in Europe"><img alt="Skopje is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.162%;left:55.888%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Skopje</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Skopje (Europe)</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Skopje&params=41_59_46_N_21_25_54_E_type:city_region:MK-85">41°59′46″N 21°25′54″E / 41.99611°N 21.43167°E / 41.99611; 21.43167</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">North Macedonia</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Regions_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical Regions of North Macedonia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">Skopje Statistical</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Skopje">Greater Skopje</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Special unit of local self-government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Skopje City Council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_City_of_Skopje" title="Mayor of the City of Skopje">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danela_Arsovska" title="Danela Arsovska">Danela Arsovska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Greater Skopje</div></th><td class="infobox-data">571.46 km2 (220.64 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">337.80 km2 (130.43 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,854.00 km2 (715.83 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">240 m (790 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Greater Skopje</div></th><td class="infobox-data">526,502</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Skopjan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Skopjan">Skopjan</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Skopjanec/Skopjanka Скопјанец/Скопјанка <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shkupjan (m), Shkupjane (f)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Official Language(s)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">МК-10 00</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+389 2</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MK-85</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Car plates</th><td class="infobox-data">SK</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.802<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_North_Macedonia_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of North Macedonia by Human Development Index">1st of 8</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skopje.gov.mk/">www.skopje.gov.mk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a> is attested for the first time in the second century AD as a city in Roman <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. During much of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a>, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. In 1004, when it was seized by the Byzantine Empire, the city became a centre of a new <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">province</a> called <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. From 1282, the town was part of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, of which it was the capital from 1346 to 1371. In 1392, Skopje was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>, who called it Üsküb (اسکوب).<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> The town stayed under Ottoman control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">pashasanjak</a> of Üsküp and later the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Kosovo">Vilayet of Kosovo</a>. Its central position in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Balkans">Ottoman Balkans</a> made it a significant centre of commerce and administration during the Ottoman era. In 1912, it was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40%5D-11">[10]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the city was seized by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a>, and, after the war, it became part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Vardarska_Banovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardarska Banovina">Vardarska Banovina</a>. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city was again captured by Bulgaria and in 1945 became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">SR Macedonia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a> within <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The city developed rapidly, but this was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">a disastrous earthquake</a>. Skopje is on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> River and is on a major north–south <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> route between <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. It is a centre for the chemical, timber, textile, leather, printing, and metal-processing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official census from 2021, Skopje had a population of 526,502 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Topography">2.1 Topography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hydrography">2.2 Hydrography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geology">2.3 Geology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate">2.4 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Environment">2.5 Environment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Urbanism">3 Urbanism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Urban_morphology">3.1 Urban morphology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Urban_sociology">3.2 Urban sociology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Localities_and_villages">3.3 Localities and villages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Pollution">3.4 Pollution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#History">4 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Origins">4.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Roman_Scupi">4.2 Roman Scupi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Middle_Ages">4.3 Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Ottoman_period">4.4 Ottoman period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Balkan_Wars_to_present_day">4.5 Balkan Wars to present day</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Emblems">5 Emblems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Administration">6 Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Status">6.1 Status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#City_Council">6.2 City Council</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Mayor">6.3 Mayor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Municipalities">6.4 Municipalities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Economic_weight">7.1 Economic weight</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Firms_and_activities">7.2 Firms and activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Employment">7.3 Employment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Demographics">8 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Population">8.1 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">8.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Religion">8.3 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Health">8.4 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Education">8.5 Education</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Media">9 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Sports">10 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Transport">11 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Main_connections">11.1 Main connections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Rail_and_coach_stations">11.2 Rail and coach stations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Public_transport">11.3 Public transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Airport">11.4 Airport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Culture">12 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Cultural_institutions">12.1 Cultural institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Museums">12.2 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Architecture">12.3 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Festivals">12.4 Festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Nightlife">12.5 Nightlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#People_from_Skopje">13 People from Skopje</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#International_relations">14 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">14.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Partnerships">14.2 Partnerships</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Notes">16 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Citations">17 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#General_sources">18 General sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Further_reading">19 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#External_links">20 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages:_Q-T#S" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of European cities in different languages: Q-T">Other names of Skopje</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skoplje_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Skoplje_1912.jpg/220px-Skoplje_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Skoplje_1912.jpg/220px-Skoplje_1912.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Skoplje_1912.jpg/330px-Skoplje_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Skoplje_1912.jpg/440px-Skoplje_1912.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Serbian troops overseeing the city's renaming from "Üsküb" to "Skoplje" following Serbia's annexation of <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> in 1912</figcaption></figure> The city is attested for the first name in <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 AD as one of the cities of Roman <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>. Ptolemy describes the city in Latin as Scupi and ancient Greek as Σκοῦποι. The toponym likely belongs to a group of similar <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> toponyms which have been transmitted to Slavic languages in the same way as the modern <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> toponym Skopje: Skoplje and Uskoplje in Bosnia, Uskoplje in Dalmatia (Croatia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518%E2%80%9319-13">[12]</a> Shkup, the name of the city in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, developed directly from Roman-era Scupi in agreement with the Albanian phonological development, the basis of evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in the area.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Shkupi is the definite form of Shkup in Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029-17">[16]</a> Skopje, the name of the city during the Middle Ages, is the local Slavic (Macedonian) rendition of Scupi.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> rendition of the city's name is "Üsküb" (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: اسكوب) and it was adapted in Western languages in "Uskub" or "Uskup", and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also cite "Scopia" and "Skopia".<a href="#cite_note-britannica-19">[18]</a> Scopia is the name of the city in <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a> was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> in 1912, the city officially became "Skoplje" (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: Скопље) and many languages adopted this name. To reflect local pronunciation, the city's name was eventually spelled as "Skopje" (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Скопје) after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, when standard <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> became the official language of the new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Topography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Skopje is in the north of the country, in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a>, and halfway between <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. The city was built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river, which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in Greece. The valley is approximately 20 km (12 mi) wide<a href="#cite_note-tourism-21">[20]</a> and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the north and south. These ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serava (page does not exist)">Serava</a>, a small river which comes from the north. In its administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 km (21 mi),<a href="#cite_note-transports-22">[21]</a> but it is only 10 km (6.2 mi) wide.<a href="#cite_note-figures-23">[22]</a> Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2.<a href="#cite_note-drisla-24">[23]</a> The urbanized area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65 inhabitants per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-nature-25">[24]</a> Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including <a href="/wiki/Dra%C4%8Devo,_Skopje" title="Dračevo, Skopje">Dračevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi" title="Gorno Nerezi">Gorno Nerezi</a> and Bardovci. According to the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-meta-26">[25]</a> The City of Skopje reaches the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> border to the north-east. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cu%C4%8Der-Sandevo_Municipality" title="Čučer-Sandevo Municipality">Čučer-Sandevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipkovo_Municipality" title="Lipkovo Municipality">Lipkovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ara%C4%8Dinovo_Municipality" title="Aračinovo Municipality">Aračinovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilinden_Municipality" title="Ilinden Municipality">Ilinden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Studeni%C4%8Dani_Municipality" title="Studeničani Municipality">Studeničani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopi%C5%A1te_Municipality" title="Sopište Municipality">Sopište</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDelino_Municipality" title="Želino Municipality">Želino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jegunovce_Municipality" title="Jegunovce Municipality">Jegunovce</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red."><noscript><img alt="The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg/307px-Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="910"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg/307px-Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg.png" data-alt="The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red." data-width="205" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg/460px-Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg/614px-Map_City_of_Skopje_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The city of Skopje; its administrative limits are in red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MIHPM(Skopje).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Skopje in North Macedonia"><noscript><img alt="Location of Skopje in North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png/225px-MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png/225px-MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png" data-alt="Location of Skopje in North Macedonia" data-width="150" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png/337px-MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/MIHPM%28Skopje%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Location of Skopje in North Macedonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci"><noscript><img alt="Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg/240px-Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg/240px-Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg" data-alt="Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg/360px-Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg/480px-Wildflowers_of_Bardovci12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Landscape of the Skopje valley, near Bardovci</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrography">Hydrography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 km (37 mi) from its source near <a href="/wiki/Gostivar" title="Gostivar">Gostivar</a>. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m3/s, with a wide amplitude depending on seasons, between 99.6 m3/s in May and 18.7 m3/s in July. The water temperature is between 4.6 °C in January and 18.1 °C in July.<a href="#cite_note-vardar-27">[26]</a> Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city boundaries. The largest is the <a href="/wiki/Treska" title="Treska">Treska</a>, which is 130 km (81 mi) long. It crosses the <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a> before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of the City of Skopje. The <a href="/wiki/Lepenac" title="Lepenac">Lepenac</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a> until the 1960s when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it met the Vardar close to the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>. Nowadays, it flows into the Vardar near the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marko%27s_River" title="Marko's River">Markova Reka</a>, which originates in Mount <a href="/wiki/Vodno" title="Vodno">Vodno</a>, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less than 70 km (43 mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-figures-23">[22]</a> The City of Skopje incorporates two artificial lakes, on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for leisure purposes in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-figures-23">[22]</a> Three small natural lakes can be found near <a href="/wiki/Smilkovci" title="Smilkovci">Smilkovci</a>, on the northeastern edge of the urban area. The river <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110 m3/s−1.<a href="#cite_note-vardar-27">[26]</a> Several works have been carried out since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kozjak_Hydro_Power_Plant" title="Kozjak Hydro Power Plant">Kozjak dam</a> on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.<a href="#cite_note-kozjak-29">[28]</a> The subsoil contains a large <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an underground river. Under the table lies an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> contained in <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>. The water table is 4 to 12 m under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking water used in Skopje comes from a <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karstic</a> spring in <a href="/wiki/Ra%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Rašče">Rašče</a>, west of the city.<a href="#cite_note-nature-25">[24]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Treska lake"><noscript><img alt="The Treska lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg/120px-Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg/120px-Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg" data-alt="The Treska lake" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg/179px-Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg/239px-Saraj_swimming_pool.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Treska lake</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city"><noscript><img alt="The Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Skopje_X31.jpg/269px-Skopje_X31.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Skopje_X31.jpg/269px-Skopje_X31.jpg" data-alt="The Vardar and the Stone Bridge, symbol of the city" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Skopje_X31.jpg/404px-Skopje_X31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Skopje_X31.jpg/538px-Skopje_X31.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>, symbol of the city</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Del_od_Skopje,_1950ti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950"><noscript><img alt="The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg/244px-Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 163px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg/244px-Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg" data-alt="The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950" data-width="163" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg/366px-Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg/488px-Del_od_Skopje%2C_1950ti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main river running through the centre of Skopje, c. 1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Serava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Serava north of the city"><noscript><img alt="The Serava north of the city" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Serava.jpg/240px-Serava.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Serava.jpg/240px-Serava.jpg" data-alt="The Serava north of the city" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Serava.jpg/360px-Serava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Serava.jpg/480px-Serava.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Serava north of the city</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a>, on the South by the <a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a> range, on the East by hills belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Osogovo" title="Osogovo">Osogovo</a> range, and on the North by the <a href="/wiki/Skopska_Crna_Gora" title="Skopska Crna Gora">Skopska Crna Gora</a>. Mount <a href="/wiki/Vodno" title="Vodno">Vodno</a>, the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Jakupica" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakupica">Jakupica</a> range.<a href="#cite_note-figures-23">[22]</a> Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a> is built.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a> and experiences regular seismic activity.<a href="#cite_note-damages-31">[30]</a> This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963.<a href="#cite_note-damages-31">[30]</a> The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> deposits. The substratum is made of <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> deposits including <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">marl</a>, and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt, and gravel, carried by the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.<a href="#cite_note-ohis-33">[32]</a> In some areas, the subsoil is <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karstic</a>. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a>, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep.<a href="#cite_note-macedonia.co.uk-34">[33]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje-pano.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje"><noscript><img alt="Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Skopje-pano.JPG/240px-Skopje-pano.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Skopje-pano.JPG/240px-Skopje-pano.JPG" data-alt="Mount Vodno in the background overlooking Skopje" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Skopje-pano.JPG/360px-Skopje-pano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Skopje-pano.JPG/480px-Skopje-pano.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount <a href="/wiki/Vodno" title="Vodno">Vodno</a> in the background overlooking Skopje</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Matka2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje"><noscript><img alt="The Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/312px-Matka2.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 208px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/312px-Matka2.jpg" data-alt="The Matka Canyon on the western edge of the City of Skopje" data-width="208" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/468px-Matka2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Matka2.jpg/624px-Matka2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a> on the western edge of the City of Skopje</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_lake_(8172274819).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cave at the Matka Canyon"><noscript><img alt="A cave at the Matka Canyon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg/270px-Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg/270px-Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg" data-alt="A cave at the Matka Canyon" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg/405px-Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg/540px-Cave_lake_%288172274819%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cave at the <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Skopje has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfa), bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfa)<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> with a mean annual temperature of 12.6 °C (55 °F). Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Accursed Mountains</a> to the northwest, being significantly less than what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and relatively dry with low humidity. Skopje's average July high is 32 °C (90 °F). On average Skopje sees 88 days above 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 °C (95 °F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 °C (88 °F) and sometimes above 40 °C (104 °F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 °C (59 to 75 °F). In winter, the day temperatures are roughly in the range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F), but at nights they often fall below 0 °C (32 °F) and sometimes below −10 °C (14 °F). Typically, temperatures throughout one year range from −13 °C to 39 °C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to December, and from April to June. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Skopje International Airport (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1949−present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.2 (109.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #E70000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.2 (109.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1 (68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 (42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3 (61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7 (44.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.6 (−14.1) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.0 (−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.0 (−2.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3 (27.9) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.2 (10.0) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.9 (−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.6 (−14.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 (1.4) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">483 (19.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.9 </td> <td style="background: #B7B756; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.5 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.4 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.2 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.3 </td> <td style="background: #F3F318; color:#000000;" class="notheme">323.0 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">305.4 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.5 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B563; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114.8 </td> <td style="background: #919191; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,339 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (precipitation days)<a href="#cite_note-WMO-37">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sun, 1961–1990),<a href="#cite_note-HKO-38">[37]</a> UHMR (extremes, 1951-present)<a href="#cite_note-uhmr-39">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The City of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich. However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and urban extension. The largest protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other large natural spots include the <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature-25">[24]</a> The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; Žena Borec Park, in front of the Parliament; the university arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest. Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Steel processing, which is a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">soil pollution</a> with heavy metals such as lead, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, and air pollution with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature-25">[24]</a> Vehicle traffic and <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> plants are also responsible for air pollution. Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nature-25">[24]</a> Waste is disposed of in the open-air municipal landfill site, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m3 of domestic waste and 400 m3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of North Macedonia, and no link has been found between the low environmental quality and the health of the residents.<a href="#cite_note-security-41">[40]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_panorama_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Skopje_panorama_2.jpg/1000px-Skopje_panorama_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10650" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Skopje_panorama_2.jpg/1000px-Skopje_panorama_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Skopje_panorama_2.jpg/1500px-Skopje_panorama_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Skopje_panorama_2.jpg/2000px-Skopje_panorama_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_panorama_2.jpg" title="File:Skopje panorama 2.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno.</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Urbanism">Urbanism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urbanism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_morphology">Urban morphology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urban morphology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/220px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="618"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/220px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/330px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg/440px-GUP_Skopje_2002_mal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje urban plan for 2002–2020: <div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> City centre</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Collective housing</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Individual housing</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Industrial areas</div> </div></figcaption></figure> The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">26 July 1963 earthquake</a>, which destroyed 80% of the city, and by the reconstruction that followed.<a href="#cite_note-damages-31">[30]</a> For instance, neighbourhoods were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of potential future earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-post-42">[41]</a> Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ciborowski" title="Adolf Ciborowski">Adolf Ciborowski</a>, who had already planned the reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Ciborowski divided the city into blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river became natural areas and parks, areas between the main boulevards were built with highrise housing and shopping centres, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry.<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-43">[42]</a> Reconstruction had to be quick to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban extension was anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg/220px-Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg/220px-Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg/330px-Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg/440px-Skopje_SPOT_1114.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje as seen by the <a href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">SPOT satellite</a>. Mount Vodno is visible on the bottom left of the picture.</figcaption></figure> The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpoš neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Aerodrom</a> was planned in the 1980s to house 80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpoš and Aerodrom lies the city centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Kenzo_Tange" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzo Tange">Kenzo Tange</a>. The centre is surrounded by a row of long buildings suggesting a wall ("Gradski Zid").<a href="#cite_note-post-42">[41]</a> On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a> was restored and its surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a>. Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, were also relocated to the north bank to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. The north bank is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks, and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians predominantly reside on the south bank.<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-43">[42]</a> The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>, and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist</a> city. At the end of the 2000s, the city centre experienced profound changes. A highly controversial<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> urban project, "<a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a>", was adopted by the municipal authorities to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticized because of its cost and its historicist aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-objections-46">[45]</a> The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments,<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_objections-47">[46]</a> and launched side projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separates the city centre from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X48.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vapcarov Street, in the city centre"><noscript><img alt="Vapcarov Street, in the city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skopje_X48.JPG/269px-Skopje_X48.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skopje_X48.JPG/269px-Skopje_X48.JPG" data-alt="Vapcarov Street, in the city centre" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skopje_X48.JPG/404px-Skopje_X48.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Skopje_X48.JPG/538px-Skopje_X48.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vapcarov Street, in the city centre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_-_Old_City_(9454038410).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A street in the Old Bazaar"><noscript><img alt="A street in the Old Bazaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg/271px-Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg/271px-Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg" data-alt="A street in the Old Bazaar" data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg/406px-Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg/542px-Skopje_-_Old_City_%289454038410%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A street in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highrise housing in Karpoš"><noscript><img alt="Highrise housing in Karpoš" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg/300px-Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg/300px-Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg" data-alt="Highrise housing in Karpoš" data-width="200" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg/450px-Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg/600px-Towers_Karpos4_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highrise housing in Karpoš</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='"Macedonian Cross" and Cevahir Towers.'><noscript><img alt='"Macedonian Cross" and Cevahir Towers.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg/249px-Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 166px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg/249px-Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg" data-alt='"Macedonian Cross" and Cevahir Towers.' data-width="166" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg/373px-Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg/497px-Macedonian_Cross_Aerodrom_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Macedonian Cross" and <a href="/wiki/Cevahir_Towers" title="Cevahir Towers">Cevahir Towers</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='The archeological museum, one of the elements of "Skopje 2014"'><noscript><img alt='The archeological museum, one of the elements of "Skopje 2014"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg/268px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5215" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 179px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg/268px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg" data-alt='The archeological museum, one of the elements of "Skopje 2014"' data-width="179" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg/403px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg/537px-Archaeological_Museum_of_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The archeological museum, one of the elements of "<a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a>"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_sociology">Urban sociology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Urban sociology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapistec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kapistec.jpg/220px-Kapistec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kapistec.jpg/220px-Kapistec.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kapistec.jpg/330px-Kapistec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kapistec.jpg/440px-Kapistec.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kapištec neighbourhood, developed during the 1970s. Some post-earthquake prefabricated houses can be seen in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and religious affiliation. <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> form 66% of the city population, while <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roma_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma in North Macedonia">Roma</a> account respectively for 20% and 6%.<a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a> Each ethnic group generally restricts itself to certain areas of the city. Macedonians live south of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>, in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and rupture from rural life.<a href="#cite_note-thiesen57-50">[49]</a> The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for <a href="/wiki/Topaana" title="Topaana">Topaana</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair municipality</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari municipality</a>, which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from one generation to another. Topaana, close to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>, is a very old area: it was first mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000 and 5,000 inhabitants. Šuto Orizari, on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its own, with <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> as its local official language. It was developed after the <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 earthquake</a> to accommodate Roma who had lost their house.<a href="#cite_note-roma-51">[50]</a> The population density varies greatly from one area to another. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41 m2 (208.93 sq ft) per person as of 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit">[update]</a>, but at 24 m2 (258 sq ft) in <a href="/wiki/Centar_municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centar municipality (Skopje)">Centar</a> on the south bank, and only 14 m2 (151 sq ft) in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair</a> on the north bank. In <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari</a>, the average was at 13 m2 (140 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localities_and_villages">Localities and villages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Localities and villages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorno_Nerezi_2013_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG/220px-Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG/220px-Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG/330px-Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG/440px-Gorno_Nerezi_2013_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi" title="Gorno Nerezi">Gorno Nerezi</a>, a village on the northern side of Mount Vodno</figcaption></figure> Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them are becoming outer suburbs, such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cento" title="Čento">Čento</a>, on the road to Belgrade, which has more than 23,000 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Dra%C4%8Devo,_Skopje" title="Dračevo, Skopje">Dračevo</a>, which has almost 20,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-dwelling-52">[51]</a> Other large settlements are north of the city, such as Radišani, with 9,000 inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-dwelling-52">[51]</a> whereas smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in <a href="/wiki/Saraj_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraj municipality">Saraj municipality</a>, which is the most rural of the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> Some localities outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ilinden_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilinden municipality">Ilinden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrovec_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovec municipality">Petrovec municipality</a>. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways, and the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_%22Alexander_the_Great%22_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title='Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport'>airport</a>, in Petrovec.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_pollution_,%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/220px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/220px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/330px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg/440px-Urban_pollution_%2C%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pollution contributors in the area of Skopje</figcaption></figure> Air pollution is a serious problem in Skopje, especially in winter.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-54">[53]</a> Concentrations of certain types of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> (PM2 and PM10) are regularly over twelve times the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> recommended maximum levels. In winter, smoke regularly obscures vision and can lead to problems for drivers. Together with <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> has the most polluted urban areas in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Skopje's high levels of pollution are caused by a combination of smoke from houses, emissions from the industry, buses, and other forms of public transport, as well as from cars, and a lack of interest in caring for the environment. Central heating is often not affordable, and so households often burn firewood, as well as used car tyres, various plastic garbage, petroleum, and other possible flammable waste, which emits toxic chemicals harmful to the population, especially to children and the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-54">[53]</a> The city's smog has reduced its air quality and affected the health of many of its citizens, many of whom have died from pollution-related illnesses. An <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application</a> called AirCare ('MojVozduh') has been launched by local eco-activist <a href="/wiki/Gorjan_Jovanovski" title="Gorjan Jovanovski">Gorjan Jovanovski</a> to help citizens track pollution levels. It uses a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a> system, with purple for heavily polluted air, red for high levels detected, amber for moderate levels detected, and green for when the air is safe to inhale.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The application relies on both government and volunteer <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> to track hourly air pollution. Unfortunately, government sensors are frequently inoperable and malfunctioning, causing the need for more low-cost, but less accurate, volunteer sensors to be put up by citizens. Faults on government sensors are especially frequent when the pollution is measured is extremely high, according to the AQILHC (Air Quality Index Levels of Health Concern).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Skopje topped the ranks in December 2017 as one of the most polluted cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 2017, as part of the city's efforts to reduce pollution, a <a href="/wiki/CityTrees" title="CityTrees">CityTree</a> was installed, and promoted by German ambassador Christine Althauser.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> On 29 November 2019, a march, organized by the Skopje Smog Alarm <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-skopje-smog-60">[59]</a> attracted thousands of people who opposed the government's lack of action in dealing with the city's pollution, which has worsened since 2017, contributing to around 1300 deaths annually.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-skopje-smog-60">[59]</a><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1299px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5,_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_,_Skopje,_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of the smog in the central area of Skopje"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg/1291px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="1291" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="547"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1291px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg/1291px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1291" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg/1937px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg/2582px-%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%2C_Skopje%2C_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_-_photo_by_Giotto_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5,_%D0%A0._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_,_Skopje,_R._Macedonia_-_panoramio.jpg" title="File:Скопски смог - photo by Giotto Скопје, Р. Македонија , Skopje, R. Macedonia - panoramio.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of the smog in the central area of Skopje</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Skopje" title="History of Skopje">History of Skopje</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Skopje" title="Timeline of Skopje">Timeline of Skopje</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Timeline of Skopje Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Dardanian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardanian Kingdom">Dardanian Kingdom</a>, 230–28 BC <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, 28 BC–395 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, 395–836 <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, 836–1004 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, 1004–1093 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality of Serbia</a>, 1093–1097 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, 1098–1203 <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, 1203–1246 <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, 1246–1255 <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, 1255–1256 <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>, 1256–1261 <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, 1261–1282 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, 1282–1346 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Serbian_Empire%2C_reconstruction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, 1346–1371 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg/23px-Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg/35px-Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg/45px-Royal_banner_of_Brankovi%C4%87_family.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/District_of_Brankovi%C4%87" title="District of Branković">District of Branković</a>, 1371–1392 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, 1392–1912 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> 1912–1915 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a> 1915–1918 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[Note 1]</a> 1918–1941 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Tsardom of Bulgaria</a> 1941–1944 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Democratic Federal Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Democratic Federal Macedonia</a>) 1944–1946 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Socialist Republic of Macedonia</a>) 1946–1992 <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[Note 2]</a> 1992–present </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rocky promontory on which <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a> stands was the first site to be settled in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on this site date from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-kalepre-64">[61]</a> Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it declined during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Archeological research suggests that the settlement always belonged to the same culture, which progressively evolved due to contacts with <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> cultures, and later with the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. The locality eventually disappeared during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a><a href="#cite_note-kaleant-65">[62]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a> emerged on Zajčev Rid hill, some 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the fortress promontory. At the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on the road between the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-provincial-66">[63]</a> it was a prosperous locality, although its history is not well known.<a href="#cite_note-provincial-66">[63]</a> During the Iron Age, the area of Skopje was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>. <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribes lived in most of the area west of Skopje and <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> groups (<a href="/wiki/Maedi" title="Maedi">Maedi</a>) to the east, while <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> lived to the south of Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197517-67">[64]</a> The Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, and it seems most likely that Dardania lost its independence in 28 BC.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Scupi">Roman Scupi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roman Scupi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg/150px-Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="651"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 285px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg/150px-Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg/225px-Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg/300px-Shy_venus_statue_skopje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A "Venus Pudica" found in Scupi, dated from the 2nd century AD<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Claudia" title="Legio VII Claudia">Legio VII Claudia</a> in the time of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (81–96 AD). However, several legions from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Macedonia">Roman province of Macedonia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a>' army may already have been stationed there around 29–28 BC before the official imperial command was instituted.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The first mention of the city was made at that period by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, who died in 17 AD.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region<a href="#cite_note-provincial-66">[63]</a> and was officially named "Colonia Flavia Scupinorum", Flavia being the name of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">emperor's dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-archeology-72">[69]</a> Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s rule. After the division of the province by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status and became a seat of government within the new province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a>. The district called <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> (within Moesia Superior) was formed into a special province by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, with the capital at <a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a>. In Roman times the eastern part of Dardania, from Scupi to Naissus, remained inhabited mostly by a local population, mainly of <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978242-73">[70]</a> The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many veterans were from <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> maintained itself as the main language in the city at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> During the following centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly flourishing.<a href="#cite_note-archeology-72">[69]</a> The first church was founded under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following the division of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in two, Scupi became part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> An ancient funeral inscription of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5 m (11 ft) wide wall.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> It had many monuments, including four necropoles, a theatre, thermae,<a href="#cite_note-archeology-72">[69]</a> and a large Christian basilica.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Kale_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skopje_Kale_3.jpg/220px-Skopje_Kale_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skopje_Kale_3.jpg/220px-Skopje_Kale_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skopje_Kale_3.jpg/330px-Skopje_Kale_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Skopje_Kale_3.jpg/440px-Skopje_Kale_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a></figcaption></figure> In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake,<a href="#cite_note-damages-31">[30]</a> possibly the most devastating the town had ever experienced.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> At that time, the region was threatened by the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian invasions">Barbarian invasions</a>, and the city inhabitants had already fled to the forests and mountains before the disaster occurred.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The city was eventually rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. During his reign, many Byzantine towns were relocated on hills and other easily defendable places to face invasions. It was thus transferred to another site: the promontory on which the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">fortress</a> stands.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> However, Scupi was sacked by <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> at the end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 595.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The Slavic tribe which sacked Scupi was probably the <a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> who had invaded the entire <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> valley.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> However the Slavs did not settle permanently in the region, which had been already plundered and depopulated, but continued south to the Mediterranean coast.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> After the Slavic invasion it was deserted for some time and is not mentioned during the following centuries.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> Perhaps in the late 7th or the early 8th century the Byzantines again settled at this strategic location. Along with the rest of the Upper Vardar valley it became part of the expanding <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> in the 830s.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an,_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_(1926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/330px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/440px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Serbian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Serbian monarch">The coronation</a> of emperor <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Dušan</a> in Skopje<a href="#cite_note-86">[b]</a> </figcaption></figure> Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political troubles. It served as the Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuil</a> ruled it from 976<a href="#cite_note-kalemed-87">[83]</a> until 1004, when its governor surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil the Bulgar Slayer</a> in 1004 in exchange for the titles of patrician and strategos.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> It became a centre of a new Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">province</a> called <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Later Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents who wanted to restore the Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under <a href="/wiki/Peter_Delyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Delyan">Peter Delyan</a>'s command,<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> and in 1072 under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Voyteh" title="Georgi Voyteh">Georgi Voyteh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> In 1081, Skopje was captured by <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> troops led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Vukan,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia" title="Vukan, Grand Prince of Serbia">Vukan</a> in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later. However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the Byzantines.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to create large kingdoms stretching from <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a> brought Skopje back into <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">reestablished Bulgaria</a> in 1203<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_1994_175%E2%80%93184-94">[90]</a> until his nephew <a href="/wiki/Strez" title="Strez">Strez</a> declared autonomy along the Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> In 1209, Strez switched allegiances and recognized <a href="/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria" title="Boril of Bulgaria">Boril of Bulgaria</a> with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first internationally recognized king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_the_First-Crowned" title="Stefan the First-Crowned">Stefan Nemanjić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_1994_175%E2%80%93184-94">[90]</a> From 1214 to 1230, Skopje was a part of Byzantine successor state <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a> before being recaptured by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen II</a> and held by Bulgaria until 1246 when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state – the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young <a href="/wiki/Michael_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Asen I of Bulgaria">Michael Asen I of Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a> Skopje <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> and grandson to <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Tikh_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria">Constantine Tikh</a> gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo" title="Uprising of Ivaylo">Uprising of Ivaylo</a> deposed him. In 1282, Skopje was captured by Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_II_Milutin_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia">Stefan Milutin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Under the political stability of the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemanjić">Nemanjić</a> rule, settlement has spread outside the walls of the fortress, towards Gazi Baba hill.<a href="#cite_note-kalemed-87">[83]</a> Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> opened shops. The town greatly benefited from its location near European, Middle Eastern, and African markets. In the 14th century, Skopje became such an important city that king <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Stefan Dušan</a> made it the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. In 1346, he was crowned "Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks" in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into several principalities which were unable to defend themselves against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Prilep" title="Lordship of Prilep">Lordship of Prilep</a> and finally taken by <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> (1371)<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> before becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1392.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> In 1330, Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_De%C4%8Danski" title="Stefan Dečanski">Stefan Dečanski</a> mentioned Albanians as being in the district of Skopje and regularly going to the Fair of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> which convened near the city.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ottoman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg/220px-Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="925"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg/220px-Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg/330px-Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg/440px-Prvomajska_proslava_vo_Skopje%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First May Day celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> in Skopje, 1909</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> stayed in Skopje for over 520 years and the city’s economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, the European province of the Ottomans. The <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>, "one of the most imposing stone bridges to be found in Yugoslavia", was reconstructed under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_II_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror">Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror</a> between 1451 and 1469.<a href="#cite_note-jpm-101">[97]</a> The Ottomans drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organized the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Bazaar</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, mosques and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">baths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ottoman-102">[98]</a> In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood Gjin-ko - (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian <a href="/wiki/Gjini_family" title="Gjini family">Gjini family</a>. The neighbourhood displayed mixed Christian Albanian anthroponomy with cases of Slavicisation present (e.g Palić; Pal + Slavic suffix ić).<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> During this time period, a number of timariotes of the city are recorded as bearing the name Arnauti (Albanian) alongside a Muslim name, i.e Hamza Arnauti, Shahin Arnauti, Jusuf Arnauti. Another group bore Christian/Slavic names, while also carrying bearing the surname Arbanas/Arnaut, i.e Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut etc. These individuals are not noted as having the Slavic appellatives došlac, prišlac or uselica, which were given by Ottoman authorities to new settlers of a given region, likely indicating they were locals.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> In the year 1451/53 a neighborhood was registered bearing an Aromanian name, Mahalle-i Todor Vlaja-Vlaha. Among the 45 family heads of this neighborhood, Christian-Slavic and Albanian anthroponyms were recorded (Gjon-çe, son of Noriç, Koljko Bibani, Tusho, son of Rada etc), while a sizeable number of individuals bearing mixed Slavic-Vlach anthroponyms are also registered, such as: Petko, son of <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vllah</a> (Iflak), Petru son of David, Andreja, kozhuhar, Nikul Çikun, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Rexha_2011_167%E2%80%93218-105">[101]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mahallah" title="Mahallah">mahallah</a> Ahrijan Hasan in the year 1451/53, a head of the family from noble Albanian <a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka family</a>, who had converted to Islam, was re-registered among the Muslim heads of the family. In the other register of 1467/68, now in the Christian mahallah named Svetko Samarxhi, among the 29 heads of families with Slavic Christian anthroponyms, a number also carry Albanian anthroponyms.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> In the neighborhood of Jazixhi Shahin, among the residents with Muslim names, the head of the family was registered only with the surname Zenebishi, without mentioning his social position or his profession, indicating a higher social status. This may suggest a relation to Hasan Bey Zenebishi adescendant of the <a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family" title="Zenevisi family">Zenebishi family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soubashi" title="Soubashi">Soubashi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">Nahiyah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Kalkandelen</a>. Individuals bearing Albanian anthroponyms, be they in conjunction with Oriental/Islamic, Slavic or Christian ones, also appear in the neighbourhoods of Kasim Fakih, Dursun Saraç, Kujumxhi Mentesheli, Çerep, Jandro, Stanimir, Vllah Dançu and Rela.<a href="#cite_note-Rexha_2011_167%E2%80%93218-105">[101]</a> A number of Sipahis were also of Albanian origin, with these individuals holding <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timars</a> in areas which had a Christian Albanian symbiosis with Slavic anthroponyms in the vicinity of Skopje. The defters noted that these were old were old Sipahis, likely having been landowners. These individual Sipahis were closely related by descent and blood, and taking account kinship ties, even though they had heterogeneous, Christian, Slavic and Oriental names, they appear to have been Albanians. Some have names indicating their origin, such as Shimerd Vardarli from Skopje, making it likely these timariotes were locals.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque,_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="2382"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg/220px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg/330px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg/440px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Mustafa Pasha Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> Around 1529, the Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanians</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenian</a> tradesmen.<a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Mustafa Pasha Mosque</a>, built in 1492, is reputed to be "one of the most resplendent sacral Islamic buildings in the Balkans."<a href="#cite_note-haemus-109">[105]</a> In 1535 all churches were demolished by decree of the (Ottoman) governor.<a href="#cite_note-oao-110">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Skopje#Dubious" title="Talk:Skopje">discuss</a>] In 1555, the city was hit by another severe earthquake, collapsing much of the city. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar of Skopje</a>, the columns of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>, and the murals in the upper parts of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi" title="Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi">Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi</a> were all severely damaged.<a href="#cite_note-%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_100-111">[107]</a> Some modern sources estimate this earthquake to have been a category XII (Extreme) on the <a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale">Modified Mercalli intensity scale</a>, although others believe this is an overestimate.<a href="#cite_note-damages-31">[30]</a> In 1623-1624, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Pjeter_Mazreku" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjeter Mazreku">Pjeter Mazreku</a> reported the town was inhabited by 'Turks (Muslims), majority of them being Albanians, the rest are of Asiatic origin', Mazreku further wrote; 'there are also Jews, Serbs and some Greeks in the town'.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> In the Ottoman period, 'Turk' was used within Christian writings as a name for a Muslim or for Islamised Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>. At that time, <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The city severely suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a> at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Hapsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapsburgs">Hapsburgs</a> seized Skopje which was already weakened by a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The same day, general <a href="/wiki/Enea_Silvio_Piccolomini_(general)" title="Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)">Silvio Piccolomini</a> set <a href="/wiki/Skopje_fire_of_1689" title="Skopje fire of 1689">fire to the city</a> to end the epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Ottomans caused in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">in 1683</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> Skopje burned for two days but the general himself perished of the plague and his leaderless army was routed.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-judah09-120">[116]</a> The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, the Austrians left the country within the year and the <a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">Hajduks</a>, leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> Some were arrested by the Ottomans, such as <a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Karposh's Rebellion">Petar Karposh</a>, who was impaled on Skopje's <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated.<a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Ottoman outlaws, <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hajduk" title="Hajduk">Hajduks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rossos08-122">[118]</a> An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was surpassed by two other towns of present-day North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> (40,000) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a> (15–20,000).<a href="#cite_note-population1-123">[119]</a> Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Church</a> was established and its separate diocese was created, based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a>, rather than religious principles.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian Millet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje-<a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> railway in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> The train station was built south of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanized before.<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-43">[42]</a> Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas<a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a> In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a>, which encompassed present-day <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, northwestern Macedonia and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. In statistics gathered by Bulgarian ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kanchov" title="Vasil Kanchov">Vasil Kanchov</a> in 1900, the city of Skopje was inhabited by 31,900 people, of whom 15,000 were Turks, 13,000 Christian Bulgarians, 1920 Romani, 800 Jews, 450 Vlachs, 150 Christian Albanians, 50 Christian Greeks, 30 Circassians and 500 inhabitants of various other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Kanchov wrote in the same year that many Albanians declared themselves as Turks. In Skopje, the population that declared itself Turkish "was of Albanian blood", but it "had been Turkified after the Ottoman invasion, including Skanderbeg", referring to Islamization. Bulgarian literary historian <a href="/wiki/Yordan_Ivanov_(literary_historian)" title="Yordan Ivanov (literary historian)">Yordan Ivanov</a> wrote in 1915 that Albanians, since they did not have their own alphabet, due to a lack of consolidated national consciousness and influenced by foreign propaganda, declared themselves as Turks, Greeks and Bulgarians, depending on which religion they belonged to. Albanians were losing their mother tongue in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> German linguist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Weigand" title="Gustav Weigand">Gustav Weigand</a> described that the Skopje's Muslim population of "Turks" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians who spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home.<a href="#cite_note-Hart214-128">[124]</a> In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> with its 30,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-19">[18]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">ironworks</a> and wine and flour processing.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-19">[18]</a> Skopje was one of the five main centres of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> when it organized the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden uprising</a>. Its revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Skopje_revolutionary_district" title="Skopje revolutionary district">network in the region</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pushkarov" title="Nikola Pushkarov">Nikola Pushkarov</a> was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising, the rebel forces derailed a military train.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> On 3 and 5 August respectively, they attacked an Ottoman unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the "St. Jovan" monastery. In the next few days, the band was pursued by numerous <a href="/wiki/Bashibozuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashibozuk">Bashibozuks</a> and moved to Bulgaria. Following the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> However, some of the policies implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a>, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter, they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August. On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province and they were amnestied the day later.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution"><noscript><img alt="Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg/277px-Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="487"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg/277px-Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg" data-alt="Bulgarian manifestation in support of the Young Turk Revolution" data-width="185" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg/416px-Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg/555px-Ottoman_Postcard_of_Huriet_in_Skopie2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> manifestation in support of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century"><noscript><img alt="The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg/283px-Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 189px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg/283px-Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg" data-alt="The Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century" data-width="189" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg/424px-Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg/565px-Sv._Bogorodica_Skopje_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity_of_the_Theotokos,_Skopje" title="Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Skopje">Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos</a>, seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900"><noscript><img alt="Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg/275px-Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="696"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 184px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg/275px-Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg" data-alt="Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around 1900" data-width="184" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg/412px-Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg/549px-Skopje-couteliers_1919.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cutlers in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a> around 1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars_to_present_day">Balkan Wars to present day</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars to present day" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shkup1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shkup1912.jpg/220px-Shkup1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shkup1912.jpg/220px-Shkup1912.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shkup1912.jpg/330px-Shkup1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shkup1912.jpg/440px-Shkup1912.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje after being <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_%C3%9Cskup" title="Capture of Üskup">captured by Albanian revolutionaries</a> in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city, later the Ottomans restored power over the city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg/220px-PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg/220px-PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg/330px-PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg/440px-PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I of Serbia</a> visiting Skopje in 1914</figcaption></figure> Following an alliance contracted in 1912, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> During the conflict, <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michailidis330-131">[127]</a> The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg/220px-Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3284" data-file-height="2084"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg/220px-Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg/330px-Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg/440px-Centarot_na_Skopje_pred_zemjotresot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A view of the centre of Skopje in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg/220px-Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg/220px-Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg/330px-Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg/440px-Nanev_Skopje_1941.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941</figcaption></figure> In 1915, during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, was helped by France, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and Italy, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a>. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_fran%C3%A7aise_d%27Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée française d'Orient">Armée française d'Orient</a> reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a>, which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> A mostly foreign <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">ethnic Serb</a> ruling class gained control, imposing large-scale repression.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. Until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-demographic-108">[104]</a> Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopsko_Kale,_stara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg/220px-Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="646"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg/220px-Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg/330px-Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg/440px-Skopsko_Kale%2C_stara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The national theatre and the fortress around 1920</figcaption></figure> In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Germans seized Skopje on 8 April<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006139-138">[134]</a> To ensure the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarization">bulgarization</a> of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches, opening new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to the <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a> where almost all of them were killed.<a href="#cite_note-jews_p._47-140">[136]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg/220px-Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg/220px-Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg/330px-Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg/440px-Chento_Vlahov_Apostolski_-_Parading_in_liberated_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metodija_Andonov-%C4%8Cento" title="Metodija Andonov-Čento">Čento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Vlahov" title="Dimitar Vlahov">Dimitar Vlahov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Apostolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Apostolski">Mihajlo Apostolski</a> parading in liberated Skopje, November 1944</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Skopje_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Skopje (1944)">Skopje was liberated</a> on 13 November 1944 by units of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_People%27s_Army" title="Bulgarian People's Army">Bulgarian People's Army</a> (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944">in September</a>) aided by <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_National_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian National Liberation Army">Macedonian National Liberation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Skopje became the capital city of the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federal Macedonia">Democratic Federal Macedonia</a> as set up by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">ASNOM</a> on 2 August 1944 in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgarian occupation zone in Yugoslavia</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Skopje greatly benefited from <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslav</a> policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a philharmonic orchestra, a university, and the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. However, its post-war development was altered by the <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 earthquake</a> which occurred on 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the <a href="/wiki/1960_Agadir_earthquake" title="1960 Agadir earthquake">1960 Agadir earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home.<a href="#cite_note-post-42">[41]</a> Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg/220px-US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="318"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg/220px-US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg/330px-US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/US_army_in_Skopje_1963.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>American soldiers in Skopje after the <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">1963 earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centar,_Skopje_1000,_Macedonia_(FYROM)_-_panoramio_(151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg/220px-Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg/220px-Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg/330px-Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg/440px-Centar%2C_Skopje_1000%2C_Macedonia_%28FYROM%29_-_panoramio_%28151%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Monument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government building</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/1963_Skopje_earthquake" title="1963 Skopje earthquake">earthquake</a>, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with.<a href="#cite_note-post-42">[41]</a> Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort.<a href="#cite_note-Ragaru535-146">[142]</a> Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-reconstruction-43">[42]</a> Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a>. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population.<a href="#cite_note-Neofotistos893-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen10-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown417442-150">[146]</a> The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Ragaru535-146">[142]</a> However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the "<a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a>" project renewed the appearance of the city centre. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Emblems">Emblems</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Emblems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Skopje" title="Flag of Skopje">Flag of Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje" title="Coat of arms of Skopje">Coat of arms of Skopje</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Skopje" title="Flag of Skopje">Flag of Skopje</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Skopje" title="Coat of arms of Skopje">coat of arms of the city</a> positioned in the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used. The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a> river, the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Kale Fortress</a> and the snow-capped peaks of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Šar mountains">Šar mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MKD_muni_nonn(Skopje).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png/220px-MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png/220px-MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png/330px-MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png/440px-MKD_muni_nonn%28Skopje%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Greater Skopje among the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_North_Macedonia" title="Municipalities of North Macedonia">municipalities of North Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all of the country's municipalities. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-local-153">[149]</a> The City of Skopje is part of the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">Skopje Statistical Region</a>, which has no political or administrative power.<a href="#cite_note-local-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_Council">City Council</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: City Council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with budget, global orientations and relations between the city and the government. Several commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local development.<a href="#cite_note-council-154">[150]</a> The President of the council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2021 the president has been Trajko Slaveski, member of <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-council-154">[150]</a> Following the 2021 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:<a href="#cite_note-council-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party / List </th> <th>Seats </th> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_City_Council_(October_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg/360px-Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 360px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg/360px-Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg.png" data-width="360" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg/540px-Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg/720px-Skopje_City_Council_%28October_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Macedonia" title="Social Democratic Union of Macedonia">SDSM</a></td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a></td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_Integration" title="Democratic Union for Integration">DUI</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Albanians" title="Alliance for Albanians">AA/A</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal_of_Macedonia" title="Democratic Renewal of Macedonia">DOM</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(North_Macedonia)" title="The Left (North Macedonia)">Levica</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td style="text-align:center;">45 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mayor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Skopje">Mayor of Skopje</a> is elected every four years. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and can submit ideas to the council, manages the administrative bodies and their officials.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Municipalities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created in 1976. They were five: <a href="/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centar Municipality (Skopje)">Centar</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpoš municipality">Karpoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Baba municipality">Gazi Baba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisela Voda municipality">Kisela Voda</a>. After the 1991 independence of the country, power was centralized and municipalities lost much of their competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ǵorče Petrov municipality (page does not exist)">Ǵorče Petrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces</a> in 2001, a new law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Saraj_Municipality" title="Saraj Municipality">Saraj Municipality</a> into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Aerodrom Municipality</a> separated itself from Kisela Voda, and <a href="/wiki/Butel_Municipality" title="Butel Municipality">Butel Municipality</a> from Čair.<a href="#cite_note-local-153">[149]</a> Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments (education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;">Name </th> <th style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;">Size (km2)<a href="#cite_note-drisla-24">[23]</a> </th> <th style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;">Population 2002<a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a> </th> <th style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;">Population 2021<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Aerodrom</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>72,009</td> <td>77,735 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Butel_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Butel municipality">Butel</a></td> <td>54.79</td> <td>36,144</td> <td>37,968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centar Municipality (Skopje)">Centar</a></td> <td>7.52</td> <td>45,412</td> <td>43,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair</a></td> <td>3.52</td> <td>64,773</td> <td>62,586 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Baba municipality">Gazi Baba</a></td> <td>110.86</td> <td>72,617</td> <td>69,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality" title="Ǵorče Petrov Municipality">Ǵorče Petrov</a></td> <td>66.93</td> <td>41,634</td> <td>44,844 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpoš municipality">Karpoš</a></td> <td>35.21</td> <td>59,666</td> <td>63,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisela Voda municipality">Kisela Voda</a></td> <td>34.24</td> <td>57,236</td> <td>61,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraj_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraj municipality">Saraj</a></td> <td>229.06</td> <td>35,408</td> <td>38,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari</a></td> <td>7.48</td> <td>22,017</td> <td>25,726 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E9E9E9;"> <td>City of Skopje</td> <td style="background: #E9E9E9;">571.46</td> <td style="background: #E9E9E9;">506,926</td> <td style="background: #E9E9E9;">526,502 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_administrative_division_numbered1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Skopje_administrative_division_numbered1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Skopje_administrative_division_numbered1.png" data-width="300" data-height="248" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality,_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="691"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Centar_Municipality%2C_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centar Municipality (Skopje)">Centar</a> (Центар)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1866"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gazi_Baba_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Baba municipality">Gazi Baba</a> (Гази Баба)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality,_2012-present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 34px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Aerodrom_Municipality%2C_2012-present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Aerodrom</a> (Аеродром)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%8Cair_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair</a> (Чаир)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_(2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kisela_Voda_Municipality_%282015%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisela Voda municipality">Kisela Voda</a> (Кисела Вода)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Butel_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Butel_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Butel municipality">Butel</a> (Бутел)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality,_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C5%A0uto_Orizari_Municipality%2C_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari</a> (Шуто Оризари)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Karpo%C5%A1_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpoš municipality">Karpoš</a> (Карпош)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_Municipality" title="Ǵorče Petrov Municipality">Ǵorče Petrov</a> (Ѓорче Петров)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saraj_Municipality.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Saraj_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraj municipality">Saraj</a> (Сарај)</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_weight">Economic weight</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economic weight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skopje_X9.JPG/220px-Skopje_X9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skopje_X9.JPG/220px-Skopje_X9.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skopje_X9.JPG/330px-Skopje_X9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skopje_X9.JPG/440px-Skopje_X9.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The small business district</figcaption></figure> Skopje is a medium city at the European level. Being the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">Skopje Statistical Region</a>, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces 45.5% of the Macedonian GDP.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to US$6,565, or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> This figure is, however, smaller than the one of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (US$10,106),<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (US$10,048)<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (US$7,983),<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> but higher than the one of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> (US$4,126).<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Because there are no other large cities in the country, and because of political and economic centralization, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages <a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">rural exodus</a>, not only from North Macedonia, but also from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quality-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firms_and_activities">Firms and activities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Firms and activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small (13,625).<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialized in business and real estate, and 2,849 are manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X132.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_X132.JPG/220px-Skopje_X132.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_X132.JPG/220px-Skopje_X132.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_X132.JPG/330px-Skopje_X132.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skopje_X132.JPG/440px-Skopje_X132.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Tobacco">Imperial Tobacco</a> plant</figcaption></figure>The city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012, it accounted for 30% of the city's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> Most of the industrial areas are in <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Baba municipality">Gazi Baba municipality</a>, on the major routes and rail lines to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Notably, the <a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a>, Makstil steel plants and the Skopje Brewery are there. Other zones are between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. These zones comprise Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Končar (electrical supplies), <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Tobacco">Imperial Tobacco</a>, and Ohis (fertilizers). Two <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a> also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They have attracted several foreign companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van_Hool" title="Van Hool">Van Hool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> As the country's financial capital, Skopje is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Stock_Exchange" title="Macedonian Stock Exchange">Macedonian Stock Exchange</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_North_Macedonia" title="National Bank of North Macedonia">National Bank</a>, and of most of the country's banking, insurance, and telecommunication companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Makedonski_Telekom" title="Makedonski Telekom">Makedonski Telekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komercijalna_banka_Skopje" title="Komercijalna banka Skopje">Komercijalna banka Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stopanska_Banka" title="Stopanska Banka">Stopanska Banka</a>. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_(9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg/220px-Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg/220px-Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg/330px-Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg/440px-Zeleno_pazarce_-_Flickr_-_ImogenX_%289%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Zelen Pazar ("green market")</figcaption></figure> Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered local institutions.<a href="#cite_note-thiesen57-50">[49]</a> However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernized and Skopje now has many supermarkets and shopping centres. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a <a href="/wiki/Carrefour" title="Carrefour">Carrefour</a> hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_City_Mall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skopje_City_Mall.jpg/220px-Skopje_City_Mall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="2990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skopje_City_Mall.jpg/220px-Skopje_City_Mall.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skopje_City_Mall.jpg/330px-Skopje_City_Mall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Skopje_City_Mall.jpg/440px-Skopje_City_Mall.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje City Mall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Employment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> 51% of the Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> The unemployment rate for the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">Skopje Statistical Region</a> was at 27% in 2009, three points under the national rate (30%). The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Polog_Statistical_Region" title="Polog Statistical Region">Polog Region</a> had a similar rate, but the less affected region was the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">South-West</a>, with 22%.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Unemployment in Skopje mainly affects men, who represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-qualified people (43%).<a href="#cite_note-region-53">[52]</a> Unemployment also concerns <a href="/wiki/Roma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma people">Roma people</a>, who represent 4.63% of the city population but affects 70% of the active population in the community.<a href="#cite_note-roma-51">[50]</a> The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at €400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of the national figure.<a href="#cite_note-brutno-172">[168]</a> The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> (€522),<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (€436),<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> (€440).<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">68,880</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1948</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">88,355</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1953</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,130</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">166,870</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">314,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.54%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">448,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">444,760</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.08%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">506,926</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.20%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">526,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.20%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-jasna-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Population" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Makedonija.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ulica_Makedonija.JPG/220px-Ulica_Makedonija.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ulica_Makedonija.JPG/220px-Ulica_Makedonija.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ulica_Makedonija.JPG/330px-Ulica_Makedonija.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ulica_Makedonija.JPG/440px-Ulica_Makedonija.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People on Macedonia street, the main pedestrian axis of the city</figcaption></figure> According to the results of the 2021 census, the City of Skopje had 526,502 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a> Skopje's employment area covers a large part of the country, including <a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>, and totaling more than one million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-trace-178">[174]</a> Skopje contains roughly a quarter of North Macedonia's population. The second most populous municipality, <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-stats-179">[175]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Urban_unit" title="Urban unit">urban unit</a> of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Austro-Turkish war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Skopje_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire of Skopje 1689">1689 Great Fire</a>, Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-history-18">[17]</a> After the fire set by the retreating Austrian forces, it experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-population1-123">[119]</a> However, the population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-19">[18]</a> In the 20th century, Skopje was one of the fastest-growing cities in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and it had 448,200 inhabitants in 1981. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace.<a href="#cite_note-jasna-176">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ethnic groups in the Greater Skopje include: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">2002 </th> <th colspan="2">2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a> </td> <td>338,358 </td> <td>66.75 </td> <td>309,107 </td> <td>58.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> </td> <td>103,891 </td> <td>20.49 </td> <td>120,293 </td> <td>22.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> </td> <td>8,595 </td> <td>1.70 </td> <td>8,524 </td> <td>1.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> </td> <td>23,475 </td> <td>4.63 </td> <td>18,498 </td> <td>3.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> </td> <td>2,557 </td> <td>0.50 </td> <td>2,778 </td> <td>0.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> </td> <td>14,298 </td> <td>2.82 </td> <td>9,478 </td> <td>1.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> </td> <td>7,585 </td> <td>1.50 </td> <td>7,365 </td> <td>1.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>8,167 </td> <td>1.61 </td> <td>6,284 </td> <td>1.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Administrative sources </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>44,175 </td> <td>8.39 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total </th> <td>506,926 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>526,502 </td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> Skopje, just like North Macedonia as a whole, is characterized by a large ethnic diversity. The city is in a region where Macedonians and Albanians meet, and it has had populations of Bulgarians, Romani, Turks, Jews, and Serbs through its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city until the 19th century when large numbers of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2021 census, Macedonians were the largest ethnic group in Skopje, with 309,107 inhabitants, or 58.71% of the population. Then came Albanians with 120,293 inhabitants (22.85%), Roma people with 18,498 (3.51%), Serbs (9,478 inhabitants), Turks (8,524), Bosniaks (7,365) and <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a> (also known as "Vlachs", 2,778). 6,284 people did not belong to any of these groups.<a href="#cite_note-stats2-2">[2]</a> Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Aerodrom_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodrom Municipality (Skopje)">Aerodrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centar_Municipality_(Skopje)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centar Municipality (Skopje)">Centar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ǵorče Petrov municipality (page does not exist)">Ǵorče Petrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karpo%C5%A1_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Karpoš municipality">Karpoš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kisela_Voda_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisela Voda municipality">Kisela Voda</a>, which are all south of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Vardar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ragaru536-180">[176]</a> They also form a majority in <a href="/wiki/Butel_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Butel municipality">Butel</a><a href="#cite_note-Ragaru536537-181">[177]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazi_Baba_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazi Baba municipality">Gazi Baba</a> which are north of the river. Albanians form a majority in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cair_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Čair municipality">Čair</a> which roughly corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Saraj_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraj municipality">Saraj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ragaru535537-182">[178]</a> They form a large minority in Butel<a href="#cite_note-Ragaru536537-181">[177]</a> and Gazi Baba. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uto_Orizari_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuto Orizari municipality">Šuto Orizari</a>, on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma.<a href="#cite_note-stats1-49">[48]</a> When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in Čair and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in Šuto Orizari.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The latter is the only municipality in the world where Romani is an official language.<a href="#cite_note-roma-51">[50]</a> Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group tolerates the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Both Macedonians and Albanians view themselves each as the original population of Skopje and the other as newcomers.<a href="#cite_note-StefoskaStojanov363-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ragaru535-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neofotistos893-148">[144]</a> The Roma minority is on its side very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.<a href="#cite_note-roma-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG/220px-Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG/220px-Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG/330px-Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG/440px-Presveta_Bogordica_od_Skopje_4.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary</figcaption></figure> Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs, and Aromanians are mainly Orthodox, with the majority affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Ohrid_Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Ohrid Archbishopric">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a>; Turks are almost entirely Muslim; those of Albanian ethnicity are largely Muslim, although Skopje also has a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Albanian minority, into which <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> was born; the Roma (Gypsies) represent a mixture (in almost equal numbers) of Muslim and Orthodox religious heritage.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, while 28.6% belonged to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The city also had Catholic (0.5%) and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (0.04%) minorities.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> The Catholics are served by the Latin <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Skopje" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Skopje">bishopric of Skopje</a>, in which is also vested the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia">Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">2002 </td> <td colspan="2">2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Number </td> <td>% </td> <td>Number </td> <td>% </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL </td> <td>506,926 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>526,502 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> </td> <td>348,837 </td> <td>68.8 </td> <td>264,872 </td> <td rowspan="3">60.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christians </td> <td>216 </td> <td>0.49 </td> <td>50,624 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Macedonia" title="Catholic Church in North Macedonia">Catholics</a> </td> <td>2,506 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>2,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">Islam</a> </td> <td>143,770 </td> <td>28.4 </td> <td>155,245 </td> <td>29.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>others </td> <td>11,597 </td> <td>1.81 </td> <td>9,542 </td> <td>1.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Administrative sources </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>44,175 </td> <td>8.39 </td></tr></tbody></table> Until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from Spanish <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardis</a> who had escaped the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. The community comprised 2,424 members in 1939 (representing about 3% of the city population), but most of them were deported and killed by <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Today the city has around 200 Jewish inhabitants (about 0.04% of the population). Because of its 520-year Ottoman past, and the fact that many of its inhabitants today are Muslims, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure and new places of worship are often built.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a> and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasahs</a>, a Roman Catholic cathedral and a synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialized medical institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Filip_II_Hospital,_Skopje" title="Filip II Hospital, Skopje">Filip II Hospital</a>, a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a gerontology hospital, and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However, the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-health-192">[188]</a> The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6‰ in Skopje and 9.3‰ on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8‰ in Skopje and 7.6‰ in North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-health-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg/220px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg/220px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg/330px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg/440px-Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_in_Skopje_6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Faculty of Economics, <a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University</a>.</figcaption></figure> Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. 16% of Skopjans have graduated from university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9% compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up residence in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-strategija-193">[189]</a> Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16 vocational schools.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most notable of which is <a href="/wiki/Ss._Cyril_and_Methodius_University_of_Skopje" title="Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje">Ss. Cyril and Methodius University</a>, founded in 1949. The university has 23 departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> After the country's independence in 1991, several private universities were brought into existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are <a href="/wiki/European_University_Skopje" title="European University Skopje">European University Skopje</a> with 7 departments<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/FON_University" title="FON University">FON University</a> with 9 departments respectively.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRT_Center_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_Center_3.jpg/200px-MRT_Center_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_Center_3.jpg/200px-MRT_Center_3.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_Center_3.jpg/300px-MRT_Center_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MRT_Center_3.jpg/400px-MRT_Center_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/MRT_Center" title="MRT Center">Macedonian Radio-Television headquarters</a></figcaption></figure> Skopje is the largest media centre in North Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their headquarters in Skopje. The daily <a href="/wiki/Dnevnik_(Skopje)" title="Dnevnik (Skopje)">Dnevnik</a>, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in Skopje, <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Der_(Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Večer (Macedonia)">Večer</a> is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one-third of its capital, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a>, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies), and <a href="/wiki/Vreme_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vreme (newspaper)">Vreme</a> (15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500 copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-media-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> The city is home of the studios of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Radio_Television" title="Macedonian Radio Television">Macedonian Radio-Television</a> (MRT), the country's public radio and television. Founded in 1966, it operates with three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours a day. The most popular private television stations are <a href="/wiki/Sitel_(TV_channel)" title="Sitel (TV channel)">Sitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanal_5_(Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanal 5 (Macedonia)">Kanal 5</a>, Telma, Alfa TV, and AlsatM.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> MRT also operates radio stations with national coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio <a href="/wiki/Antenna_5_FM" title="Antenna 5 FM">Antenna 5</a> and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, such as the <a href="/wiki/Media_Information_Agency" title="Media Information Agency">Media Information Agency</a>, and private, such as the <a href="/wiki/Makfax" title="Makfax">Makfax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-media-198">[194]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Skopje">Sports in Skopje</a></div> As the capital and largest city of North Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in Čair and Železarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 2,200 people and the court of Jane Sandanski has a 6,000 seat capacity.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X126.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Skopje_X126.JPG/220px-Skopje_X126.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Skopje_X126.JPG/220px-Skopje_X126.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Skopje_X126.JPG/330px-Skopje_X126.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Skopje_X126.JPG/440px-Skopje_X126.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Toše Proeski Arena</figcaption></figure> The largest stadium remains <a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena" title="Toše Proeski Arena">Toše Proeski Arena</a>. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008, City Stadium Skopje<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 33,460 seats,<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> and a health spa and fitness area. The <a href="/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski_Sports_Center" title="Boris Trajkovski Sports Center">Boris Trajkovski Sports Center</a> is the largest sports complex in the country with 6,250 seats. It was opened in 2008 and named after former president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski" title="Boris Trajkovski">Boris Trajkovski</a>, who died in 2004. It includes rooms dedicated to handball, basketball, and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area, and an ice hockey court. Its main hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/FK_Vardar" title="FK Vardar">FK Vardar</a> and <a href="/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki" class="mw-redirect" title="FK Rabotnički">FK Rabotnički</a> are the two most popular football teams in the city. Vardar plays in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Second_Football_League" title="Macedonian Second Football League">second division</a>, while Rabotnicki plays in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_First_Football_League" title="Macedonian First Football League">first division</a>. Their games are held at Toše Proeski Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also home to many smaller football clubs, such as: <a href="/wiki/FK_Makedonija_%C7%B4or%C4%8De_Petrov" class="mw-redirect" title="FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov">FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Gorno_Lisi%C4%8De" title="FK Gorno Lisiče">FK Gorno Lisiče</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Lokomotiva_Skopje" title="FK Lokomotiva Skopje">FK Lokomotiva Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Metalurg_Skopje" title="FK Metalurg Skopje">FK Metalurg Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/FK_Mad%C5%BEari_Solidarnost" title="FK Madžari Solidarnost">FK Madžari Solidarnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/FK_Skopje" title="FK Skopje">FK Skopje</a>, who play in first, second or third national league. Another popular sport in North Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams <a href="/wiki/KK_MZT_Skopje" title="KK MZT Skopje">MZT Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/KK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki" title="KK Rabotnički">Rabotnički</a>. Handball is illustrated by <a href="/wiki/RK_Vardar" title="RK Vardar">RK Vardar</a> PRO and <a href="/wiki/RK_Metalurg_Skopje" title="RK Metalurg Skopje">RK Metalurg Skopje</a>, also the women's team <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Metalurg" title="ŽRK Metalurg">ŽRK Metalurg</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDRK_Vardar" title="ŽRK Vardar">ŽRK Vardar</a>. The city co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/2008_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2008 European Women's Handball Championship">2008 European Women's Handball Championship</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> and hosted the <a href="/wiki/2017_UEFA_Super_Cup" title="2017 UEFA Super Cup">2017 UEFA Super Cup</a>, the match between the two giants of the European football <a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Madrid">Real Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester United">Manchester United</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_connections">Main connections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Main connections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg/220px-E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg/220px-E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg/330px-E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg/440px-E65_Skopje_Northern_Bypass_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje bypass</figcaption></figure> Skopje is near three other capital cities, <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> (87 km (54 mi) away), <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> (291 km) and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (245 km). <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> is 233 km (145 mi) south and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> is 433 km (269 mi) north.<a href="#cite_note-rimed-207">[203]</a> Skopje is also at the crossroad of two <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_corridors" title="Pan-European corridors">Pan-European corridors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_X" title="Pan-European Corridor X">Corridor X</a>, which runs between <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII" title="Pan-European Corridor VIII">Corridor VIII</a>, which runs from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> in Albania to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade, and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia. Corridor X locally corresponds to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M-1_motorway_(North_Macedonia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M-1 motorway (North Macedonia) (page does not exist)">M-1 motorway</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a>), which is the longest highway in North Macedonia. It also corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Tabanovce" title="Tabanovce">Tabanovce</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a> railway. Corridor VIII, less developed, corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the <a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a>-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and M-4 is some 20 km (12 mi) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement of people and goods is not optimized, especially with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have never been to <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, while only 6.7% have never been to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and 0% to <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-rimed-207">[203]</a> The first highways were built during the Yugoslav period, when Skopje was linked through the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_Unity_Highway" title="Brotherhood and Unity Highway">Brotherhood and Unity Highway</a> to, what was then, the Yugoslav capital <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> to the North, and the Greek border to the South. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_and_coach_stations">Rail and coach stations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rail and coach stations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG/220px-Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG/220px-Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG/330px-Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG/440px-Skopje_Train_Station_from_Mount_Vodno.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Center_Skopje" title="Transportation Center Skopje">Main railway station</a> as seen from Mount <a href="/wiki/Vodno" title="Vodno">Vodno</a></figcaption></figure> The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>-<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and Skopje-<a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> international lines.<a href="#cite_note-mz-208">[204]</a> After the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_VIII" title="Pan-European Corridor VIII">Corridor VIII</a> railway project, currently scheduled for 2030, the city will also be linked to <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> Daily trains also link Skopje with other towns of North Macedonia, such as <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%8Devo" title="Kičevo">Kičevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Štip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veles (city)">Veles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mz-208">[204]</a> Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Center_Skopje" title="Transportation Center Skopje">main station</a> to Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Dračevo and Dolno Lisiče stations, and on the railway to Kičevo are Skopje-North, Ǵorče Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.<a href="#cite_note-stations-212">[208]</a> Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host 450 coaches in a day.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Coach connections reach more destinations than train connections, connecting Skopje to many domestic and foreign destinations including <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Prague, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Public transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yutong_City_Master_(SK_9734-AC)_JSP_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg/220px-Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg/220px-Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg/330px-Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg/440px-Yutong_City_Master_%28SK_9734-AC%29_JSP_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A red Yutong City Master double-decker bus in Skopje</figcaption></figure> Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines. However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines out of 80. Only 24 lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city.<a href="#cite_note-transpower-215">[211]</a> Many of the JSP vehicles are red <a href="/wiki/Yutong_City_Master" title="Yutong City Master">Yutong City Master</a> double-decker buses built by Chinese bus manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Yutong" title="Yutong">Yutong</a> and designed to resemble the classic British <a href="/wiki/AEC_Routemaster" title="AEC Routemaster">AEC Routemaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for 2019.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The airport was built in 1928. The first commercial flights in Skopje were introduced in 1929 when the Yugoslav carrier <a href="/wiki/Aeroput" title="Aeroput">Aeroput</a> introduced a route linking the city with the capital, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aeroput-218">[214]</a> A year later the route was extended to <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> in Greece, and further extended to Greek capital <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-aeroput-218">[214]</a> In 1935 Aeroput linked Skopje with <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, and also operated a longer international route linking <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> through <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Belgrade and Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-aeroput-218">[214]</a> After the Second World War, Aeroput was replaced by <a href="/wiki/JAT_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JAT Airways">JAT Yugoslav Airlines</a>, which linked Skopje to a number of domestic and international destinations until the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport" title="Skopje International Airport">Skopje International Airport</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Petrovec,_North_Macedonia" title="Petrovec, North Macedonia">Petrovec</a>, 20 km (12 mi) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish <a href="/wiki/TAV_Airports_Holding" title="TAV Airports Holding">TAV Airports Holding</a> and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year.<a href="#cite_note-tav-219">[215]</a> The annual traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Skopje's airport has connections to several European cities, including <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Brussels, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, London and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. It also maintains a direct connection with <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doha,_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha, Qatar">Doha, Qatar</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_institutions">Cultural institutions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cultural institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5210" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg/330px-Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg/440px-Macedonian_Opera_and_Ballet_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Macedonian Opera and Ballet</figcaption></figure> Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_%22St._Kliment_of_Ohrid%22" title='National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"'>National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>, the National Theatre, the National Philharmonic Orchestra and the Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Kočo Racin which is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> and young talents.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> a <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance française</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> an <a href="/wiki/American_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="American Corner">American Corner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in 1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows, and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333).<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Other smaller venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the organization: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip_Hop_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hip Hop Macedonia (page does not exist)">Hip Hop Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg/220px-Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg/220px-Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg/330px-Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg/440px-Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle_(Skopje)" title="Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Skopje)">Museum of the Macedonian Struggle</a></figcaption></figure> The largest museum in Skopje is the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Republic_of_North_Macedonia" title="Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia">Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia</a> which details the history of the country. Its <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> and lapidary collections are particularly rich.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> The Macedonian Archeological Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in North Macedonia, dating from <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> to the Ottoman period. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Macedonia">National Gallery of Macedonia</a> exhibits paintings dating from the 14th to the 20th century in two former <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Art_Museum_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Art Museum (North Macedonia)">Contemporary Art Museum</a> was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by <a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Fernand Léger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartung" title="Hans Hartung">Hans Hartung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasarely" title="Victor Vasarely">Victor Vasarely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soulages" title="Pierre Soulages">Pierre Soulages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Burri" title="Alberto Burri">Alberto Burri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christo">Christo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skopje_City_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Skopje City Museum">Skopje City Museum</a> is inside the remains of the old railway station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to local history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history, and art history.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Memorial_House_of_Mother_Teresa" title="Memorial House of Mother Teresa">Memorial House of Mother Teresa</a> was built in 2009 on the original site of the church in which the saint had been baptized.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Macedonian_Struggle_(Skopje)" title="Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Skopje)">Museum of the Macedonian Struggle</a> is dedicated to the modern national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Center_for_the_Jews_of_Macedonia" title="Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia">Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia</a>. The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> while the 12-ha <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Zoo" title="Skopje Zoo">Skopje Zoo</a> is home to 300 animals.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skupi_(Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum)_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG/220px-Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG/220px-Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG/330px-Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG/440px-Skupi_%28Colonia_Flavia_Scupinorum%29_-_by_Pudelek_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ruins of Roman <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a></figcaption></figure> Although Skopje has been destroyed many times throughout its history, it still has many historical landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original purpose. It was also a ground for <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist</a> experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963 earthquake. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building campaigns, thanks to the "<a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a>" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new, progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg/220px-Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8530" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg/220px-Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg/330px-Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg/440px-Skopje_Aqueduct_9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skopje Aqueduct</figcaption></figure> Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture which can be seen on the <a href="/wiki/Tumba_Mad%C5%BEari" title="Tumba Madžari">Tumba Madžari</a> Neolithic site.<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi">Scupi</a>, with ruins of a theatre, thermae and a basilica.<a href="#cite_note-archeology-72">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Aqueduct" title="Skopje Aqueduct">Skopje Aqueduct</a>, between Scupi and the city centre, is rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> It consists of 50 arches, worked in cloisonné masonry.<a href="#cite_note-strategic-237">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg/220px-Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="2847"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg/220px-Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg/330px-Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg/440px-Manastir_sveti_Pantelejmon_vo_selo_Nerezi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Church of Saint Panteleimon</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fortress" title="Skopje Fortress">Skopje Fortress</a> was rebuilt several times before it was destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several churches around the city illustrate the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine architecture">Vardar architectural school</a> which flourished around 1300. Among these churches are the ones around <a href="/wiki/Matka_Canyon" title="Matka Canyon">Matka Canyon</a> (St Nicholas, St Andrew and Matka churches). The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi" title="Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi">church of Saint Panteleimon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi" title="Gorno Nerezi">Gorno Nerezi</a> dates from the 12th century. Its expressive frescoes anticipate the <a href="/wiki/Italian_primitives" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian primitives">Italian primitives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG/220px-Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG/220px-Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG/330px-Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG/440px-Isak_Bey_Turbe_Aladja_Mosque_Skopje.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aladža Mosque and its türbe</figcaption></figure> Examples of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a>. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple in design, with a square base and a single <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>. Their entrance is usually emphasized by a portico, as on <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Mustafa Pasha Mosque</a>, dating from the 15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Mosque" title="Sultan Murad Mosque">Sultan Murad</a> and Yahya Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Aladža Mosque was originally covered with blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the adjoining <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a>. Other Ottoman public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a <a href="/wiki/Bedesten" title="Bedesten">bedesten</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserais</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Skopje)" title="Stone Bridge (Skopje)">Stone Bridge</a>, first mentioned in 1469.<a href="#cite_note-ottoman-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-oldskopje-239">[235]</a> The oldest churches in the city centre, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension_of_Jesus,_Skopje" title="Church of the Ascension of Jesus, Skopje">Ascension</a> and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook neighbouring mosques.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, which is a large three-nave building designed by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Damyanov" title="Andrey Damyanov">Andrey Damyanov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje,_Macedonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg/330px-Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg/440px-Po%C5%A1ta_vo_Skopje%2C_Macedonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Main post office and the Communication Centre</figcaption></figure> After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernized. Wealthy Serbs built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Risti%E1%B8%B1_Palace" title="Ristiḱ Palace">Ristiḱ Palace</a>. The architecture of that time is very similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Neo-Moorish</a> Arab House and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a> train station, both built in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernism</a> appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Zlokovi%C4%87" title="Milan Zloković">Milan Zloković</a>.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the 1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of the city centre was partially planned by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kenzo_Tange" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzo Tange">Kenzo Tange</a> who designed the new train station.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> Macedonian architects also took part in the reconstruction: <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Konstantinovski" title="Georgi Konstantinovski">Georgi Konstantinovski</a> designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce Delčev in 1975, while <a href="/wiki/Janko_Konstantinov" title="Janko Konstantinov">Janko Konstantinov</a> designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main post office (1974–1989). <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Brezovski" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavko Brezovski">Slavko Brezovski</a> designed the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Church of St. Clement of Ohrid">Church of St. Clement of Ohrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> These two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-colophon-136">[132]</a> The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the "<a href="/wiki/Skopje_2014" title="Skopje 2014">Skopje 2014</a>" project in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> It made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about €500 million.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs of reactionary <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicist</a> aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-Skopje2014-246">[242]</a> Also, the government has been criticized for its cost and the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and memorials.<a href="#cite_note-Skopje2014-246">[242]</a> However, representations of minorities have since been included among the monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a <a href="/wiki/Theme_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme park">theme park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> which is viewed as nationalistic kitsch,<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler2010%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsgfc1TosZGYCdqantiquizationpgPA43_43%5D-249">[245]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon"><noscript><img alt="Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/244px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 163px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/244px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg" data-alt="Fresco in the church of Saint Panteleimon" data-width="163" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/366px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/488px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Panteleimon,_Gorno_Nerezi" title="Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi">church of Saint Panteleimon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque,_Skopje_-_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque"><noscript><img alt="Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg/204px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg/204px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg" data-alt="Interior of Mustafa Pasha Mosque" data-width="136" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg/306px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg/408px-Mustafa_Pa%C5%9Fa_Mosque%2C_Skopje_-_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_Mosque" title="Mustafa Pasha Mosque">Mustafa Pasha Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daut-pasin_amam,_Skopje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daut Pasha Hammam"><noscript><img alt="Daut Pasha Hammam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg/174px-Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg/174px-Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg" data-alt="Daut Pasha Hammam" data-width="116" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg/261px-Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg/348px-Daut-pasin_amam%2C_Skopje.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Daut Pasha Hammam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_(27).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The historic clock tower"><noscript><img alt="The historic clock tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG/120px-Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG/120px-Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG" data-alt="The historic clock tower" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG/180px-Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG/240px-Saat_Kula-Sultan_Muratova_Dzamija_-Skopje_%2827%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The historic clock tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_X8.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Arab House"><noscript><img alt="The Arab House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skopje_X8.JPG/269px-Skopje_X8.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skopje_X8.JPG/269px-Skopje_X8.JPG" data-alt="The Arab House" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skopje_X8.JPG/404px-Skopje_X8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Skopje_X8.JPG/538px-Skopje_X8.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Arab House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Macedonian National Theater"><noscript><img alt="Macedonian National Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG/270px-Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG/270px-Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG" data-alt="Macedonian National Theater" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG/405px-Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG/540px-Makedonski_Naroden_Teatar_2013_18.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Macedonian National Theater</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Bridge"><noscript><img alt="Art Bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG/290px-Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG/290px-Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG" data-alt="Art Bridge" data-width="194" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG/435px-Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG/580px-Skopje_2014_-_Art_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Bridge" title="Art Bridge">Art Bridge</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Jazz_Festival" title="Skopje Jazz Festival">Skopje Jazz Festival</a> has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, <a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">acid jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Latin jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">smooth jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotan_Project" title="Gotan Project">Gotan Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Di_Meola" title="Al Di Meola">Al Di Meola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a>, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> Past guests include <a href="/wiki/Larry_Coryell" title="Larry Coryell">Larry Coryell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Taylor" title="Mick Taylor">Mick Taylor</a> & the All-Stars Blues Band, <a href="/wiki/Candy_Dulfer" title="Candy Dulfer">Candy Dulfer</a> & Funky Stuff, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bosco" title="João Bosco">João Bosco</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolo_Marton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolo Marton (page does not exist)">Tolo Marton</a> Trio, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blues_Wire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blues Wire (page does not exist)">Blues Wire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phil_Guy" title="Phil Guy">Phil Guy</a>. The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Festivals_and_Events_Association" title="International Festivals and Events Association">International Festivals and Events Association</a> (IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irina_Arkhipova" title="Irina Arkhipova">Irina Arkhipova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tretiakov" title="Viktor Tretiakov">Viktor Tretiakov</a>, The Theatre of Shadows, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Dalberto" title="Michel Dalberto">Michel Dalberto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dave_Burgess_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Burgess (musician)">David Burgess</a>. May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major international theatre festival that takes place each year at the end of September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center – Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> More than 700 theatrical performances have been presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">experimental theatre</a> groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT International Theatre Festival is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_for_Contemporary_Performing_Arts_(IETM)" title="International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts (IETM)">International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> Within the framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theatre association. The festival has an international character, always representing theatres from all over the world that present and enhance the exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant-garde theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skopje Film Festival (page does not exist)">Skopje Film Festival</a> is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from North Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Nightlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skopije_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Skopije_at_night.jpg/220px-Skopije_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Skopije_at_night.jpg/220px-Skopije_at_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Skopije_at_night.jpg/330px-Skopije_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Skopije_at_night.jpg/440px-Skopije_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Panorama of Skopje at night</figcaption></figure> Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated with hotels. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Armin_van_Buuren" title="Armin van Buuren">Armin van Buuren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Above_and_Beyond_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Above and Beyond (band)">Above and Beyond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifters_(music_act)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapeshifters (music act)">The Shapeshifters</a> are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Nighttime concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the <a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena" title="Toše Proeski Arena">Toše Proeski Arena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Trajkovski_Sports_Center" title="Boris Trajkovski Sports Center">Boris Trajkovski Sports Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nightlife-254">[250]</a> For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the <a href="/wiki/Kafana" title="Kafana">kafeanas</a> where traditional <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of North Macedonia">Macedonian food</a> is served and traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a>) is played, but <a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">music from all the Balkans</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbian folk music</a> is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring international cuisines.<a href="#cite_note-Nightlife-254">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar</a> was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of North Macedonia">national government</a> has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The closing time in shops, cafés and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman cuisine</a> are also served.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="People_from_Skopje">People from Skopje</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: People from Skopje" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Skopje" title="List of people from Skopje">List of people from Skopje</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoraviaCenter1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SoraviaCenter1.JPG/170px-SoraviaCenter1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SoraviaCenter1.JPG/170px-SoraviaCenter1.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SoraviaCenter1.JPG/255px-SoraviaCenter1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/SoraviaCenter1.JPG/340px-SoraviaCenter1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Soravia Center Skopje</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia">List of twin towns and sister cities in North Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Skopje is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a>, United Kingdom (since 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France (since 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (since 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>, United States (since 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Roubaix" title="Roubaix">Roubaix</a>, France (since 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><noscript><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="Belgium" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Waremme" title="Waremme">Waremme</a>, Belgium (since 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany (since 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><noscript><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" data-alt="Algeria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a>, Algeria (since 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, China (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>, Turkey (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><noscript><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="Egypt" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, Egypt (since 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, United States (since 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (since 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><noscript><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia (since 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><noscript><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" data-alt="Montenegro" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro (since 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain (since 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><noscript><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="Croatia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia (since 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><noscript><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="Albania" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania (since 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Partnerships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (since 1995)<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><noscript><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="Serbia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia (since 2012)<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Macedonia" title="Portal:North Macedonia">North Macedonia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Skopje" title="History of Skopje">History of Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Skopje" title="List of honorary citizens of Skopje">List of honorary citizens of Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Skopje" title="List of people from Skopje">List of people from Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bazaar,_Skopje" title="Old Bazaar, Skopje">Old Bazaar, Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Skopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Skopje">Sports in Skopje</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> This name was also in use in English for a time. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a>, 1926 </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211101082844/https://rezultati.sec.mk/en/mayr-sk/r">"Local Elections 2021 – Mayor of Skopje State Election Commission"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rezultati.sec.mk/en/mayr-sk/r">the original</a> on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Elections+2021+%E2%80%93+Mayor+of+Skopje+State+Election+Commission.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frezultati.sec.mk%2Fen%2Fmayr-sk%2Fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats2_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=146">"Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци, 2021"</a>. www.stat.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%2C+2021+-+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%2C+2021&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPrikaziSoopstenie.aspx%3Frbrtxt%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yourdictionary.com/skopjan">"Skopjan dictionary definition | skopjan defined"</a>. YourDictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skopjan+dictionary+definition+%26%23124%3B+skopjan+defined&rft.pub=YourDictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourdictionary.com%2Fskopjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-4"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. hdi.globaldatalab.org. 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Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Skopje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DSkopje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Skopje">"Skopje"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Skopje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSkopje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, p. 747, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405881180" title="Special:BookSources/9781405881180"><bdi>9781405881180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.pages=747&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781405881180&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymeBirley1999" class="citation book cs1">Syme, Ronald; Birley, Anthony (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D5IxWxCgFFwC&q=scupi+dardania+roman&pg=PA129">The Provincial at Rome: And, Rome and the Balkans 80BC-AD14</a>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859896320" title="Special:BookSources/9780859896320"><bdi>9780859896320</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provincial+at+Rome%3A+And%2C+Rome+and+the+Balkans+80BC-AD14&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=9780859896320&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Birley%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD5IxWxCgFFwC%26q%3Dscupi%2Bdardania%2Broman%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1 January 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ&q=scupi+&pg=PA65">Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire</a>. Routledge & K. Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141" title="Special:BookSources/9780710077141"><bdi>9780710077141</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pannonia+and+Upper+Moesia%3A+A+History+of+the+Middle+Danube+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1974-01-01&rft.isbn=9780710077141&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L49AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dscupi%2B%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40]-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2006%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidFTw3lEqi2-oCdqserbiaannexed1912pgPA40_40%5D_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2006">Ramet 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&dq=serbia++annexed++1912&pg=PA40">40</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> John B., Bell, Martin, Conflict in the former Yugoslavia: an Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 270, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874369355" title="Special:BookSources/0874369355">0874369355</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518–19-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197518%E2%80%9319_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1975">Duridanov 1975</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207075619/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907">Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence</a> (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1338406907">the original</a> on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023. <q>Again the evidence of an earlier Albanian settlement in Macedonian territories relies on the phonological development of particular locations. In Macedonia the names of Ohrid (Alb Ohër) < Lychnidus, Skopje (Mk Skopje, Sr Skoplje, Alb Shkup) < Skupi, and Štip < Astibos are best explained by the phonological developments of Albanian (Stanišić 1995: 10–11 and references therein).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Slavic-Albanian+Language+Contact%2C+Convergence%2C+and+Coexistence&rft.inst=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_etd%2Fsend_file%2Fsend%3Faccession%3Dosu1338406907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj" title="Shaban Demiraj">Demiraj, Shaban</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201120114336/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ">The origin of the Albanians: linguistically investigated</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Albania" title="Academy of Sciences of Albania">Academy of Sciences of Albania</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994381715" title="Special:BookSources/9789994381715"><bdi>9789994381715</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXIbAQAAIAAJ">the original</a> on 20 November 2020. <q>The place-name Shkup is evidenced as Scupi- in ancient records, as for ex. in Itineraria Romana 1916 (of the III-IV centuries A.D.)77. ln the Balkan Slavic languages this place-name sounds with the initial /Sko-/: Skopie, whereas in Albanian the initial /Shku-/ in Shkup-i is a direct reflection of the ancient /Scu-/, and this excludes a Slavic intermediation. The regular evolution of Scupi > Shkup has also been admitted by Barić ( 1955, p. 49) and Skok78 (before him).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+the+Albanians%3A+linguistically+investigated&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+Albania&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789994381715&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Shaban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXIbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Origins: Serbs, Albanians and Vlachs Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's Kosovo, a short history (Macmillan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40) - The evidence is in fact very mixed; some of the Albanian forms (of both urban and rural names) suggest transmission via Slav, but others -including the towns of Shkodra, Drisht, Lezha, Shkup (Skopje) and perhaps Shtip (Stip, southeast of Skopje) - follow the pattern of continuous Albanian development from the Latin. [48] (One common objection to this argument, claiming that 'sc-' in Latin should have turned into 'h-', not 'shk-' in Albanian, rests on a chronological error, and can be disregarded.) [49] There are also some fairly convincing derivations of Slav names for rivers in northern Albania - particularly the Bojana (Alb.: Buena) and the Drim (Alb.: Drin) - which suggest that the Slavs must have acquired their names from the Albanian forms. [50 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler201029_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeroldLangerLechler2010">Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-history-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_18-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090512232543/http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=46">"History"</a>. City of Skopje. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=46">the original</a> on 12 May 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=City+of+Skopje&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skopje.gov.mk%2FEN%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3Ftabindex%3D0%26tabid%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_19-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Usk%C3%BCb">"Usküb" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811. <q>USKÜB, Uscup, or Skopia (anc. Scupi, Turk. Üshküb, Slav. Skoplye), the capital of the vilayet of Kossovo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Usk%C3%BCb&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=811&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ukim.mk/bitstream/20.500.12188/6782/1/The_war_of_numbers_and_its_first_victim.pdf">"The War of Numbers and its First Victim: The Aromanians in Macedonia (End of 19th – Beginning of 20th century)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+of+Numbers+and+its+First+Victim%3A+The+Aromanians+in+Macedonia+%28End+of+19th+%E2%80%93+Beginning+of+20th+century%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ukim.mk%2Fbitstream%2F20.500.12188%2F6782%2F1%2FThe_war_of_numbers_and_its_first_victim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism-21"><a href="#cite_ref-tourism_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914052819/http://www.macedoniatourism.gov.mk/freeTime.aspx?q=uKZfRLQMSvIy7ig7VCbGlw==#&&hp=L75tfs0nVNv%2bI7mU8aucLg%3d%3d">"Nature of the region of Skopje"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/prehistory.php">the original</a> on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Kale&rft.pub=Archaeological+exavations+Skopsko+Kale&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skopskokale.com.mk%2Fen%2Fprehistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaleant-65"><a href="#cite_ref-kaleant_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212053952/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/antiquty.php">"Kale in the antiquity"</a>. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. 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Anthony Birley, University of Exeter Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859896320" title="Special:BookSources/9780859896320"><bdi>9780859896320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provincial+at+Rome%3A+and+Rome+and+the+Balkans+80BC-AD14&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Anthony+Birley%2C+University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780859896320&rft.au=Ronald+Syme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197517-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov197517_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1975">Duridanov 1975</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006211424/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2006/0350-76530637007P.pdf">"Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations, Balcanica XXXVII, p 10"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2006/0350-76530637007P.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vladimir+P.+Petrovi%C4%87%2C+Pre-Roman+and+Roman+Dardania+Historical+and+Geographical+Considerations%2C+Balcanica+XXXVII%2C+p+10.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doiserbia.nb.rs%2Fimg%2Fdoi%2F0350-7653%2F2006%2F0350-76530637007P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorovska2011" class="citation journal cs1">Todorovska, Marina Ončevska (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodica.fzf.ukim.edu.mk/fab/FAB_02_(2012)/FAB%2002.22.%20On%C4%8Devska%20Todorovska,%20M.%20-%20The%20Statue%20of%20Venus%20Pudica%20from%20Scupi.pdf">"The Status of Venus from Skupi"</a> (PDF). Folia Archaeologica Balkanica. 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University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521264303" title="Special:BookSources/9780521264303"><bdi>9780521264303</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Augustan+Empire%2C+43+B.C.-A.D.+69%2C+2nd+ed.%2C+1996&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=9780521264303&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft.au=Cook%2C+Stanley+Arthur&rft.au=Adcock%2C+Frank+Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OTgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dscupi%2520dardania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (9 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&q=scupi">The Illyrians</a>. 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Archaeological Institute of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/1209/features/scupi_macedonia_roman_colony_bronze_age.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burial+Customs%2C+Death+on+the+Roman+Empire%27s+eastern+frontier&rft.pub=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Matthew+Brunwasser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F1209%2Ffeatures%2Fscupi_macedonia_roman_colony_bronze_age.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978242-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazoglu1978242_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglu1978">Papazoglu 1978</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrás_Mócsy1974" class="citation book cs1">András Mócsy (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. Vol. 4. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710077141" title="Special:BookSources/9780710077141"><bdi>9780710077141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pannonia+and+Upper+Moesia&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780710077141&rft.au=Andr%C3%A1s+M%C3%B3csy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0lmAAAAMAAJ">Dragojević-Josifovska 1982</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111171931/https://books.google.no/books?id=z0lmAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 11 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMimoza_Petrevska_Georgieva" class="citation web cs1">Mimoza Petrevska Georgieva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200751/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=5231293251&id=9&prilog=0&setIzdanie=22587">"Жителите на Скупи уживале во спа-центри"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a>. 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Dnevnik. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.com.mk/default.asp?ItemID=91D0ED79D1994545B51D56D4677B3F81">the original</a> on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8&rft.pub=Dnevnik&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.au=Vesna+Ivanovsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevnik.com.mk%2Fdefault.asp%3FItemID%3D91D0ED79D1994545B51D56D4677B3F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031145850/http://kurir.mk/en/2012/07/26/49-years-after-the-disastrous-skopje-earthquake/">"49 Years after the Disastrous Skopje Earthquake"</a>. Kurir. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurir.mk/en/2012/07/26/49-years-after-the-disastrous-skopje-earthquake/">the original</a> on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=49+Years+after+the+Disastrous+Skopje+Earthquake&rft.pub=Kurir&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurir.mk%2Fen%2F2012%2F07%2F26%2F49-years-after-the-disastrous-skopje-earthquake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Evans2007" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Evans (2007). Ancient Illyria: An Archaeological Exploration. I.B.Tauris. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845111670" title="Special:BookSources/9781845111670"><bdi>9781845111670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Illyria%3A+An+Archaeological+Exploration&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845111670&rft.au=Arthur+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrás_Mócsy1974" class="citation book cs1">András Mócsy (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. 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Retrieved 7 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macedonian+Cultural+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+Monuments&rft.pub=Unesco+Venice&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Zoran+Pavlov+M.A.&rft.au=Radmila+Petkova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.see-heritage-download.org%2FOttoman_Monuments_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rexha, Iljaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066">"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane"</a>. Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari, vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë), dhe Todori, i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza, e vejë.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmime+Albanologjike%3A+Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike&rft.atitle=Vendbanimet+dhe+popullsia+albane+gjat%C3%AB+mesjet%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+hap%C3%ABsir%C3%ABn+e+Maqedonis%C3%AB+s%C3%AB+sotme%3A+Sipas+burimeve+sllave+dhe+osmane&rft.issue=41%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=167-218&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rexha&rft.aufirst=Iljaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D70066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rexha, Iljaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066">"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane"</a>. Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Si dëshmi tjetër për praninë e albanëve në territorrin e Maqedonisë së sotme ishin edhe spahinjtë vendas, me prejardhje albane e jo të ardhur nga Arbanoni politik mesjetar, që më parë kishin kaluar në fenë islame dhe ishin inkuadruar në sistemin e timarit të spahinjve osmanë. Sipas defterëve të shek. XV (1451/53 dhe 1467/68) ata i kishin timaret e veta në territorin e Maqedonisë dhe të Kosovës, kësaj radhe po i përmendim vetëm disa prej tyre: Hamza Arnauti,59 nga mëhalla Mentesheli e Shku-pit e kishte timarin e vet në fshatin Gumaleva. Hamza Arnauti, (tjetër) nga vendbanimi Niçevo (Nokova) e Shkupit kishte timarin e tij në fshatin Pa-garusha. Jusuf Arnauti, nga fshati Topçe Is’akli afër Draçevës së Shkupit. Shahin Arnauti59/a dizdar i kalasë së Shkupit i kishte timarin në tri fshatra të Shkupit... pranë individit me etno-nimin Arbanas ose Arnaut, apelativi sllav: doshlac prishlac, uselica, emigrant, që do thotë se kryefamiljarët shqiptarëme këtë etnonim si:Petro Arbanas, Dimitri Arbanas, Nikolla Arbanas, Bogdan Arbanas, Bogoslav Arbanas, Milosh Arbanas, Bozhidar Arnaut, Gjuro Arba-nas, Mihajl Arbanas, Todor Arnaut, Andreja Arnaut, Lzar Arnaut apo Jusuf Arnaut, ose Hamza Arnavut etj., nuk janë shënuar me cilë-sorin sllav doselic ose prishlec, çka dëshmon se ata ishin vendës në vendbanimet e tyre</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmime+Albanologjike%3A+Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike&rft.atitle=Vendbanimet+dhe+popullsia+albane+gjat%C3%AB+mesjet%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+hap%C3%ABsir%C3%ABn+e+Maqedonis%C3%AB+s%C3%AB+sotme%3A+Sipas+burimeve+sllave+dhe+osmane&rft.issue=41%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=167-218&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rexha&rft.aufirst=Iljaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D70066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rexha_2011_167–218-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rexha_2011_167%E2%80%93218_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rexha_2011_167%E2%80%93218_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rexha, Iljaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066">"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane"</a>. Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmime+Albanologjike%3A+Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike&rft.atitle=Vendbanimet+dhe+popullsia+albane+gjat%C3%AB+mesjet%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+hap%C3%ABsir%C3%ABn+e+Maqedonis%C3%AB+s%C3%AB+sotme%3A+Sipas+burimeve+sllave+dhe+osmane&rft.issue=41%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=167-218&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rexha&rft.aufirst=Iljaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D70066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rexha, Iljaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066">"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane"</a>. Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në lagjenAhrijan Hasantë Shkupit të vitit 1451/53 ishte re-gjistruar në mesin e kryefamiljarëve myslimanë edhe kryefamiljari me partonimin e familjes fisnike albane Muzak, që kishte kaluar në islam, duke mos e përmendur emrin e tij të mëhershëm të krishterë dhe pa e theksuar pozitën shoqërore apo profesionin e tij.77 Në defterin tjetër të vitit 1467/68, tani në lagjen e krishterë me emrin Svetko Samarxhi tëShkupit, në mesin e 29 kryefamiljarëve me antroponimi krishtere sllave janë regjistruar: Nikolla, i biri Muzak-es, Todor, i biri Shendre-es (Shen Andre-it), Gjuro, i biri Marin-it, Jovan, i biri Suteç-it ( Suta). Nga këto të dhëna të këtyre dy defterëve shihet qartë, se këta dy kryefamiljarë me mbiemrin Muzaka, njëri i krishterë e tjetri mysliman ishin farefis dhe banorë të vjetër të Shkupit, ngase të parët e familjeve të tyre që nga mesjeta e hershme banonin në hapësirat e rajoneve të Nishit, Kosovës dhe të Maqedonisë sotme, pra para depërtimit osman në Ballkan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmime+Albanologjike%3A+Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike&rft.atitle=Vendbanimet+dhe+popullsia+albane+gjat%C3%AB+mesjet%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+hap%C3%ABsir%C3%ABn+e+Maqedonis%C3%AB+s%C3%AB+sotme%3A+Sipas+burimeve+sllave+dhe+osmane&rft.issue=41%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=167-218&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rexha&rft.aufirst=Iljaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D70066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRexha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rexha, Iljaz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066">"Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane"</a>. Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike (41–42): 167–218Në vijim po japim edhe disa të dhëna për spahinjtë e krishterë me prejardhje albane, që i kishin timaret e veta së bashku me individë të tjerë, në simbiozë me antroponimi sllave në rrethinën e Shkupit, ku shihet se edhe këta ishin vendas, meqë në defterë, posaçërisht theksohet se këta individë ishin spahinj të vjetër, çka kuptohet se edhe para viteve 1467-68, në regjistrimet e mëhershme, që nuk janë ruajtur, i kanë pasur timaret e tyre. Timari i Mirashit të birit të Todorit, i Dobroslavit, i të birit të Jaroslavit, i Kojçinit i të birit të Gjonit ,..... (dhe 4 individë të tjerë ). Timari i Gjurës i biri i Todorit, Petko i vëllai i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Petkos (Ibrahimit), Gjura i biri i Petko ( Ibrahimit ) dhe Lazori i biri Petko ( Ibrahimit ).Timari Hamzajt i vëlla i Ibrahimit, Gjoni i vëlla i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit, Nikolla i vëlla i tij Gjonit, Pavli i biri i Mihos, Pejo i biri i Pavlit, Petko i biri i Gjonit i vëllai i Hamzait të vëllait të Ibrahimit...Kemi edhe shumë spahinj tjerë me prejardhje albane si: Ali dhe Hamza Kërçovali, nga Kër-çova, Shimerd Vardarli i Shkupit, Mahmud Manastirli, Ali Arnauti etj. shihet qartazi se këta posedues të timareve ishin nga trojet e sotme të Maqedonisë e jo të ardhur nga Shqipëria e Qendrore e sotme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gjurmime+Albanologjike%3A+Seria+e+Shkencave+Historike&rft.atitle=Vendbanimet+dhe+popullsia+albane+gjat%C3%AB+mesjet%C3%ABs+n%C3%AB+hap%C3%ABsir%C3%ABn+e+Maqedonis%C3%AB+s%C3%AB+sotme%3A+Sipas+burimeve+sllave+dhe+osmane&rft.issue=41%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=167-218&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rexha&rft.aufirst=Iljaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D70066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-demographic-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_108-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehmet_İnbaşi" class="citation web cs1">Mehmet İnbaşi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002827/http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf">"The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century"</a> (PDF). International Balkan University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Skopje+and+its+Demographic+Structure+in+the+19th+Century&rft.pub=International+Balkan+University&rft.au=Mehmet+%C4%B0nba%C5%9Fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibu.edu.mk%2FSkopje%2520and%2520its%2520demograhic%2520structure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haemus-109"><a href="#cite_ref-haemus_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haemus.org.mk/mustafa-pasha-mosque/">"Mustafa Pasha Mosque"</a>. HAEMUS : Center for scientific research and promotion of culture. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mustafa+Pasha+Mosque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhaemus.org.mk%2Fmustafa-pasha-mosque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oao-110"><a href="#cite_ref-oao_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Skopje [Lat. Skupi; formerly Turk. Uskup]". Skopje. 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София: ИК „Гутенберг“. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-619-176-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-619-176-046-6"><bdi>978-619-176-046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%9A+%E2%80%9E%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%E2%80%9C&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-619-176-046-6&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/179876370-s-pulaha-popullsia-shqiptare-e-kosoves-gjate-shekujve-xv-xvi.html?page=1">Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] p. 488-489 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44590131/Dokumente_p%C3%ABr_historin%C3%AB_e_Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB_1623_1653_Documenti_per_la_storia_dellAlbania_1623_1653_Injac_Zamputti_Parafjala_Albert_Ramaj">Dokumente për historinë e Shqipërisë (1623-1653) - Documenti per la storia dell'Albania (1623-1653). Injac Zamputti. Parafjala Albert Ramaj</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/179876370-s-pulaha-popullsia-shqiptare-e-kosoves-gjate-shekujve-xv-xvi.html?page=1">Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] p. 489 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti7wDwAAQBAJ">Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians</a> "Some elements of a conversionist approach can also be found in the text of the Cuneus prophetarum. At one point, for example, Bogdani declares: ‘It is better to be a Christian, the son of a Muslim, than to be a Muslim, the son of a Christian:”” (As always in Christian writings of this period, the word “Turk here is used to mean ‘Muslim:) " p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Lampe2000" class="citation book cs1">John R. Lampe (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521774017" title="Special:BookSources/9780521774017"><bdi>9780521774017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+as+History%3A+Twice+there+was+a+Country&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521774017&rft.au=John+R.+Lampe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212054253/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/turkish.php">"Kale in the Turkish period"</a>. Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/turkish.php">the original</a> on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kale+in+the+Turkish+period&rft.pub=Archaeological+exavations+Skopsko+Kale&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skopskokale.com.mk%2Fen%2Fturkish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgnen_Čančareviḱ_et_Goce_Trpkovski" class="citation web cs1">Ognen Čančareviḱ et Goce Trpkovski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219224633/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819">"Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819">the original</a> on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA&rft.pub=Nova+Makedonija&rft.au=Ognen+%C4%8Can%C4%8Darevi%E1%B8%B1+et+Goce+Trpkovski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novamakedonija.com.mk%2FNewsDetal.asp%3Fvest%3D10249102423%26id%3D14%26setIzdanie%3D21819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mark_Avrum_Ehrlich_2009_980_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Avrum_Ehrlich2009" class="citation book cs1">Mark Avrum Ehrlich (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 980. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098736" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098736"><bdi>978-1851098736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Jewish+Diaspora%3A+Origins%2C+Experiences%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=980&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851098736&rft.au=Mark+Avrum+Ehrlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-judah09-120"><a href="#cite_ref-judah09_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2009" class="citation book cs1">Judah (2009). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Yale University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15826-7"><bdi>978-0-300-15826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs%3A+History%2C+Myth+and+the+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15826-7&rft.au=Judah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Rossos2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5"><bdi>978-0-8179-4882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+the+Macedonians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5&rft.au=Andrew+Rossos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rossos08-122"><a href="#cite_ref-rossos08_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Rossos2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5"><bdi>978-0-8179-4882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+the+Macedonians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5&rft.au=Andrew+Rossos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population1-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population1_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population1_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Rossos2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Rossos (2008). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-4882-5"><bdi>978-0-8179-4882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+the+Macedonians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5&rft.au=Andrew+Rossos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildo_BosJim_Forest1999" class="citation book cs1">Hildo Bos; Jim Forest, eds. (1999). For the Peace from Above: an Orthodox Resource Book on War, Peace and Nationalism. Syndesmos. pp. 52–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Peace+from+Above%3A+an+Orthodox+Resource+Book+on+War%2C+Peace+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Syndesmos&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г., стр. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Vasil Kanchov (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/vk/vk_2_39.htm">Macedonia: Ethnography and Statistics</a>. Sofia. p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Salajdin SALIHI. "DISA SHËNIME PËR SHQIPTARËT ORTODOKSË TË REKËS SË EPËRME". FILOLOGJIA - International Journal of Human Sciences 19:85-90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart214-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Hart214_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1999" class="citation cs2">Hart, Laurie Kain (February 1999), "Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece", American Ethnologist, 26 (1): 214, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196">10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.196</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/647505">647505</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Civilization%2C+and+Demarcation+at+the+Northwest+Borders+of+Greece&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1999.26.1.196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F647505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Laurie+Kain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> "Aarbakke notes that Weigand says of Skopje that the "Turks" are mostly Albanians who speak Turkish in public and Albanian at home, "but should be regarded as Osmanli" (Aarbakke 1992:10)." </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarloukovski1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karloukovski, Vassil (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/ilpr1968/ilpr1968_6.html#2">Илинденско-Преображенското въстание 1903–1968 – 6</a> (in Bulgarian). Издателство на Националния съвет на Отечествения фронт.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+1903%E2%80%931968+%E2%80%93+6&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Karloukovski&rft.aufirst=Vassil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.promacedonia.org%2Filpr1968%2Filpr1968_6.html%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Poulton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Poulton (2000). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1850655343" title="Special:BookSources/978-1850655343"><bdi>978-1850655343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Macedonians%3F&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1850655343&rft.au=Hugh+Poulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michailidis330-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Michailidis330_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichailidis2018" class="citation book cs1">Michailidis, Iakovos D. (2018). "Cleansing the Nation: War related Demographic Changes in Macedonia". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okMtDwAAQBAJ&q=burned">The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785337758" title="Special:BookSources/9781785337758"><bdi>9781785337758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleansing+the+Nation%3A+War+related+Demographic+Changes+in+Macedonia&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Yesterday%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+and+the+Emergence+of+Modern+Military+Conflict%2C+1912%E2%80%9313&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781785337758&rft.aulast=Michailidis&rft.aufirst=Iakovos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokMtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dburned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331081809/http://crbn-mk.courriers.info/IMG/pdf/_Orient_et_campagne_Macedoine.pdf">"L'Armée d'Orient et la Macédoine"</a> (PDF). Basse-Normandie Macédoine, la coopération au service de la gouvernance locale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crbn-mk.courriers.info/IMG/pdf/_Orient_et_campagne_Macedoine.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 March 2010. 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Retrieved 2 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Architect+Andreja+Damjanov-+New+Ray+of+Light+on+a+Valuable+Work&rft.pub=Utrinski+Vesnik&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.in.mk%2Fstory.asp%3Fid%3D1465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?page=388">"Macedonian Cities – Skopje Churches"</a>. macedonia.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macedonia.co.uk&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Cities+%E2%80%93+Skopje+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macedonia.co.uk%2Fclient%2Findex1.aspx%3Fpage%3D388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/20045/45/">PM Gruevski: Yes, Skopje 2014 was my Idea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111042343/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/20045/45">Archived</a> 11 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Macedonian International News Agency, Saturday, 7 January 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/gallery/skopje-2014">Skopje 2014: The new face of Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213192754/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/gallery/skopje-2014">Archived</a> 13 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BalkanInsight </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/weddings-planned-inside-macedonian-triumphal-arch">Macedonian Arch May Be Wedding Scene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725060156/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/weddings-planned-inside-macedonian-triumphal-arch">Archived</a> 25 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BalkanInsight </li> <li id="cite_note-Skopje2014-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skopje2014_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skopje2014_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkan_Insight2010" class="citation web cs1">Balkan Insight (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707205713/http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/analysis/29030/?tpl=299&ST1=Text&ST_T1=Article&ST_AS1=1&ST_max=1">"Critics Lash 'Dated' Aesthetics of Skopje 2014"</a>. balkaninsight.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/analysis/29030/?tpl=299&ST1=Text&ST_T1=Article&ST_AS1=1&ST_max=1">the original</a> on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critics+Lash+%27Dated%27+Aesthetics+of+Skopje+2014&rft.pub=balkaninsight.com&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.au=Balkan+Insight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.balkaninsight.com%2Fen%2Fmain%2Fanalysis%2F29030%2F%3Ftpl%3D299%26ST1%3DText%26ST_T1%3DArticle%26ST_AS1%3D1%26ST_max%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/europe/macedonia-skopje-2014/index.html">Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218025251/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/04/world/europe/macedonia-skopje-2014/index.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN International, 10 October 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/alexander-great-macedonia-warrior-horse">Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803123552/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/14/alexander-great-macedonia-warrior-horse">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Guardian, 14 August 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidsgfc1TosZGYCdqantiquizationpgPA43_43]-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeroldLangerLechler2010%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidsgfc1TosZGYCdqantiquizationpgPA43_43%5D_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeroldLangerLechler2010">Herold, Langer & Lechler 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgfc1TosZGYC&dq=antiquization&pg=PA43">43</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarikada_–_World_of_Music_–_Svastara_–_2007" class="citation web cs1">Barikada – World of Music – Svastara – 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208070513/http://www.barikada.com/svastara/2007/2007-06-26_blues_and_soul_2007.php">"Barikada – World of Music"</a>. Barikada.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barikada.com/svastara/2007/2007-06-26_blues_and_soul_2007.php">the original</a> on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barikada+%E2%80%93+World+of+Music&rft.pub=Barikada.com&rft.au=Barikada+%E2%80%93+World+of+Music+%E2%80%93+Svastara+%E2%80%93+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barikada.com%2Fsvastara%2F2007%2F2007-06-26_blues_and_soul_2007.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mot.com.mk">"41. MOT – international theatre festival"</a>. mot.com.mk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mot.com.mk&rft.atitle=41.+MOT+%E2%80%93+international+theatre+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mot.com.mk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206075809/http://ietm.org/">"IETM"</a>. ietm.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ietm.org/">the original</a> on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ietm.org&rft.atitle=IETM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fietm.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNova_Makedonija_Online" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Makedonija" title="Nova Makedonija">Nova Makedonija</a> Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.mk/cluster%E2%85%9C5f8c795814c87a8cbb24041466d94c8/368735">""Колосеум" меѓу најдобрите пет клуба во Југоисточна Европа"</a>. daily.mk. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%22+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft.pub=daily.mk&rft.au=Nova+Makedonija+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaily.mk%2Fcluster%E2%85%9C5f8c795814c87a8cbb24041466d94c8%2F368735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nightlife-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nightlife_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nightlife_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrip_Advisor" class="citation web cs1">Trip Advisor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g295110-c17456/Skopje:Republic-Of-Macedonia:Nightlife.html">"Skopje: Nightlife"</a>. tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skopje%3A+Nightlife&rft.pub=tripadvisor.com&rft.au=Trip+Advisor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com%2FTravel-g295110-c17456%2FSkopje%3ARepublic-Of-Macedonia%3ANightlife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVest_Online" class="citation web cs1">Vest Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928131711/http://www.vest.com.mk/?ItemID=F602DD424FAD5E4B8771B653206B91FE&arc=1">"Нов живот на старата скопска чаршија"</a>. vest.com.mk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vest.com.mk/?ItemID=F602DD424FAD5E4B8771B653206B91FE&arc=1">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.pub=vest.com.mk&rft.au=Vest+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vest.com.mk%2F%3FItemID%3DF602DD424FAD5E4B8771B653206B91FE%26arc%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starportal.skopje.gov.mk/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=172">"Збратимени градови"</a>. starportal.skopje.gov.mk (in Macedonian). Skopje. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=starportal.skopje.gov.mk&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarportal.skopje.gov.mk%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3Ftabindex%3D0%26tabid%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004055/https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara">"Sister Cities of Ankara"</a>. ankara.bel.tr. Ankara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ankara.bel.tr/en/foreign-relations-department/sister-cities-of-ankara">the original</a> on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ankara.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+of+Ankara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankara.bel.tr%2Fen%2Fforeign-relations-department%2Fsister-cities-of-ankara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekapija.com/en/news/2162335/belgrade-has-five-twin-cities-in-the-world">"Belgrade has five twin cities in the world"</a>. ekapija.com. Belgrade. 18 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ekapija.com&rft.atitle=Belgrade+has+five+twin+cities+in+the+world&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekapija.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2162335%2Fbelgrade-has-five-twin-cities-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: General sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina P.</a> (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253346568" title="Special:BookSources/9780253346568"><bdi>9780253346568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780253346568&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuridanov1975" class="citation book cs1">Duridanov, Ivan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12037585.pdf">Die Hydronymie des Vardarsystems als Geschichtsquelle</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag" title="Böhlau Verlag">Böhlau Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3412839736" title="Special:BookSources/3412839736"><bdi>3412839736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Hydronymie+des+Vardarsystems+als+Geschichtsquelle&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=3412839736&rft.aulast=Duridanov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F12037585.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazoglu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fanula_Papazoglu" title="Fanula Papazoglu">Papazoglu, Fanula</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians</a>. Amsterdam: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025607937" title="Special:BookSources/9789025607937"><bdi>9789025607937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Balkan+Tribes+in+pre-Roman+Times%3A+Triballi%2C+Autariatae%2C+Dardanians%2C+Scordisci+and+Moesians&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9789025607937&rft.aulast=Papazoglu&rft.aufirst=Fanula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUp4JAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeroldLangerLechler2010" class="citation book cs1">Herold, Stephanie; Langer, Benjamin & Lechler, Julia (2010). Reading the city: Urban Space and Memory in Skopje. Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Berlin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783798321298" title="Special:BookSources/9783798321298"><bdi>9783798321298</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+city%3A+Urban+Space+and+Memory+in+Skopje&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag+der+Technischen+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783798321298&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Langer%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Lechler%2C+Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlká_Thiessen2007" class="citation book cs1">Ilká Thiessen (2007). Waiting for Macedonia: Identity in a Changing World. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551117195" title="Special:BookSources/9781551117195"><bdi>9781551117195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waiting+for+Macedonia%3A+Identity+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781551117195&rft.au=Ilk%C3%A1+Thiessen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Tomovski1978" class="citation book cs1">Ivan Tomovski (1978). Skopje between the past and the future. Macedonian Review Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skopje+between+the+past+and+the+future&rft.pub=Macedonian+Review+Editions&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Ivan+Tomovski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovan_Šćekić1963" class="citation book cs1">Jovan Šćekić (1963). This Was Skopje. Yugoslav Federal Secretariat for Information.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Was+Skopje&rft.pub=Yugoslav+Federal+Secretariat+for+Information&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Jovan+%C5%A0%C4%87eki%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Tokarev2006" class="citation book cs1">M. Tokarev (2006). 100 години модерна архитектура. Pridonesot na Makedonija i Jugoslavija.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.pub=Pridonesot+na+Makedonija+i+Jugoslavija&rft.date=2006&rft.au=M.+Tokarev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilo_Kocevski2008" class="citation book cs1">Danilo Kocevski (2008). Чај од јужните мориња. Маgor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789989183447" title="Special:BookSources/9789989183447"><bdi>9789989183447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%98+%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0gor&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789989183447&rft.au=Danilo+Kocevski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Gjorgiev1997" class="citation book cs1">D. Gjorgiev (1997). Скопје од турското освојување до крајот на XVIII vek. Institut za nacionalna istorija.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+XVIII+vek&rft.pub=Institut+za+nacionalna+istorija&rft.date=1997&rft.au=D.+Gjorgiev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç2008" class="citation book cs1">L. Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç (2008). Üsküp'te osmanlı mimarî eserleri. ENKA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp%27te+osmanl%C4%B1+mimar%C3%AE+eserleri&rft.pub=ENKA&rft.date=2008&rft.au=L.+Kumbarac%C4%B1-Bogoyevi%C3%A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkopje" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Skopje" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Skopje">Skopje</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Skopje#Q384" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Skopje">Skopje</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524191452/https://discoverskopje.net.ms/">Discover Skopje</a> (archived 24 May 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skopje.gov.mk/en">City of Skopje Official Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426114127/http://vecer.com.mk/galerii/skopje/index.html">Skopje at night</a>, picture gallery (archived 26 April 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skopje.in/">Online tourist guide for Skopje</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&oldid=1259971551">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&oldid=1259971551</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Skopje&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 November 2024, at 02:42 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE%E1%8D%95%E1%8B%AC" title="ስኮፕዬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስኮፕዬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Скопие – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Скопие" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إسكوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopia" title="Scopia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Scopia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopia" title="Scopia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Scopia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopie" title="Skopie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Skopie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopye" title="Skopye – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skopye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ایسکوپیه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسکوپیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="স্কপিয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কপিয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Скоп’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скоп’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Скоп’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скоп’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="स्कोप्ये – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्कोप्ये" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Скопие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скопие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="སི་ཀོཔ་ཇི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སི་ཀོཔ་ཇི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje" title="Skoplje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Skoplje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_(ulohang_dakbayan_sa_Makedoniya)" title="Skopje (ulohang dakbayan sa Makedoniya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Skopje (ulohang dakbayan sa Makedoniya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Σκόπια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκόπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Скопье ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Скопье ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopie" title="Skopie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Skopie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopjo" title="Skopjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skopjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکوپیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکوپیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sc%C3%B3ip%C3%A9" title="Scóipé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scóipé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B9" title="𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍀𐌹 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍀𐌹" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%8E%98" title="스코페 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스코페" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Սկոպիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկոպիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="स्कोपिये – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्कोपिये" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje" title="Skoplje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skoplje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="סקופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="სკოპიე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სკოპიე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopye" title="Skopye – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Skopye" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopye" title="Skopye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Skopye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopia" title="Skopia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Skopia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scupi" title="Scupi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scupi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopj%C4%97" title="Skopjė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skopjė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopye" title="Skopye – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Skopye" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkopje" title="Szkopje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szkopje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Скопје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скопје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86" title="സ്കോപിയെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്കോപിയെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="स्कोप्ये – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कोप्ये" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%94" title="სკოპიე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სკოპიე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسكوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکوپیه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسکوپیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8" title="スコピエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スコピエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopie" title="Skopie – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Skopie" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopye" title="Skopye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skopye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%8F" title="ਸਕੋਪੀਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕੋਪੀਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A6%DB%92" title="سکوپئے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سکوپئے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اسکوپیه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسکوپیه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%B3pia" title="Escópia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escópia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp" title="Üsküp – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Üsküp" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopiye" title="Skopiye – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Skopiye" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Скопие – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скопие" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkupi" title="Shkupi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkupi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="اسڪوپجي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسڪوپجي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%A5" title="Съкопиѥ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Съкопиѥ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%95" title="سکۆپیە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سکۆپیە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Скопље – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скопље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoplje" title="Skoplje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skoplje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87" title="ஸ்கோப்ஜே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்கோப்ஜே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Өскеп – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Өскеп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สกอเปีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สกอเปีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Скопйе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Скопйе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCp" title="Üsküp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üsküp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Скопье – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Скопье" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%27%D1%94" title="Скоп'є – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скоп'є" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%81" title="اسکوپیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسکوپیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%8A%DB%90" title="سكوپليې – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سكوپليې" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C" title="斯科普里 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯科普里" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סקאפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקאפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6" title="史高比耶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史高比耶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskub" title="Uskub – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uskub" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuopj%C4%97" title="Skuopjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skuopjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C" title="斯科普里 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯科普里" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopi" title="Skopi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Skopi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Skopje" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopije" title="Skopije – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Skopije" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 02:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-pqqrn","wgBackendResponseTime":365,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.183","walltime":"3.787","ppvisitednodes":{"value":34694,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":774067,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41199,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":38,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":974267,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3101.408 1 -total"," 40.73% 1263.305 3 Template:Reflist"," 21.23% 658.570 149 Template:Cite_web"," 17.52% 543.272 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 14.01% 434.401 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.73% 270.724 62 Template:Cite_book"," 4.16% 129.025 15 Template:Navbox"," 4.11% 127.406 7 Template:Sfn"," 3.35% 103.901 2 Template:Native_name"," 2.78% 86.153 80 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1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorges_Castellan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeroldLangerLechler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHildo_BosJim_Forest1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorst_Woldemar_JansonAnthony_F._Janson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_Poulton2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFITU2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlká_Thiessen2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIseni2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Tomovski1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJ.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._B._Bury2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakim_T._Petrovski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasna_Stefanovska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasna_Stefanovska_et_Janez_Koželj2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_R._Lampe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1994\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJovan_Šćekić1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudith_HerrinGuillaume_Saint-Guillain2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarloukovski1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Kumbaracı-Bogoyeviç2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauney2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_and_Mickute2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Tokarev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarjola_Rukaj2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Avrum_Ehrlich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_Brunwasser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehmet_İnbaşi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichailidis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMimoza_Petrevska_Georgieva\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMócsy1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeofotistos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNova_Makedonija_Online\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgnen_Čančareviḱ_et_Goce_Trpkovski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapazoglu1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrushevska2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippe_Canayesieur_de_Fresne1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopovski1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._J._Crampton2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRagaru2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRexha2011\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFRisto_Ḱorstošev2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Homes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Syme2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanja_Jancevska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerge_Jodra2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidney_F._Borg1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiemen_Van_Berkum_et_Natalija_Bogdanov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSima_M._ĆirkovićVuk_Tošić2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinisa_Jakov_Marusic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinisa_Jakov_Marusic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefoskaStojanov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Runciman1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvetomir_Skaric\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymeBirley1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiessen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThérese_Steenberghen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodorovska2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrip_Advisor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentina_GeorgievaSasha_Konechni1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesna_Damcevska2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesna_Damcevska2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVesna_Ivanovsa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVest_Online\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladimir_B._Ladinski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_BartlettHristina_CipushevaMarjan_NikolovMiroljub_Shukarov2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYale_Strom1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoran_Milutinovic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoran_Pavlov_M.A.Radmila_Petkova2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzdoğanSaybaşılı1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГергова2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFГрад_Скопје\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFЗафиров2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital cities of the European Union candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitals of Bulgaria\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 7,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite American Heritage Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 147,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Copyedit\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 28,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 11,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 21,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 10,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Historical capitals of Serbia\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-mk\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Lang-sq-definite\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-sr-Cyrl\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"List of European capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Noflag\"] = 12,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Skopje\"] = 1,\n [\"Skopje (close area)\"] = 1,\n [\"Towns in North Macedonia\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","11.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.1"],["(for generator) 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