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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Histological characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histological_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_situ_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_situ_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In situ disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_situ_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Invasive disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degree_of_differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degree_of_differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Degree of differentiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Degree_of_differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سرطان الجلد حرشفي الخلايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الجلد حرشفي الخلايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_escat%C3%B3s_de_la_pell" title="Carcinoma escatós de la pell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carcinoma escatós de la pell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_epidermoide" title="Carcinoma epidermoide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carcinoma epidermoide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سرطان پوست سلول سنگفرشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان پوست سلول سنگفرشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinome_spinocellulaire" title="Carcinome spinocellulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carcinome spinocellulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%B6%80_%ED%8E%B8%ED%8F%89%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%95%94" title="피부 편평세포암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피부 편평세포암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%A2%D5%BB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Մաշկի տափակ բջջային քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաշկի տափակ բջջային քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סרטן תאי עור קשקשיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן תאי עור קשקשיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A3%98%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="有棘細胞癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有棘細胞癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ସ୍କ୍ୱାମସ ସେଲ ଚର୍ମ କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସ୍କ୍ୱାମସ ସେଲ ଚର୍ମ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਕੁਐਮਸ ਸੈਲ ਚਮੜੀ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਕੁਐਮਸ ਸੈਲ ਚਮੜੀ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_kolczystokom%C3%B3rkowy_sk%C3%B3ry" title="Rak kolczystokomórkowy skóry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak kolczystokomórkowy skóry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_de_c%C3%A9lulas_escamosas_da_pele" title="Carcinoma de células escamosas da pele – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carcinoma de células escamosas da pele" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Плоскоклеточный рак кожи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плоскоклеточный рак кожи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowenin_tauti" title="Bowenin tauti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bowenin tauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous-cell skin cancer, epidermoid carcinoma, squamous-cell epithelioma of the skin</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg/220px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg/330px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg/440px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma tends to arise from <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratoses</a> (premalignant lesions); surface is usually scaly and often ulcerates (as shown here).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">otorhinolaryngology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hard lump with a scaly top or <a href="/wiki/Ulceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulceration">ulceration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyn2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyn2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">Ultraviolet radiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighter_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter skin">lighter skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> exposure, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poor_immune_system_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor immune system function">poor immune system function</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV infection">HPV infection</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">Tissue biopsy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Diag_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Diag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">Keratoacanthoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warts" class="mw-redirect" title="Warts">warts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cell cancer">basal cell cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fer2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Decreased <a href="/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a> exposure, <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a><sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jou2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jou2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgical removal, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Tx_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Tx-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Usually good<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">2.2 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">51,900 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma</b> (<b>cSCC</b>), also known as <b>squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin</b> or <b>squamous-cell skin cancer</b>, is one of the three principal types of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">basal-cell carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2013TxPro_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2013TxPro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cSCC typically presents as a hard lump with a scaly surface, though it may also present as an <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyn2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyn2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Onset and development often occurs over several months.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to basal cell carcinoma, cSCC is more likely to <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">spread to distant areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cak2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cak2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When confined to the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, the outermost layer of the skin, the pre-invasive or <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> form of cSCC is termed <b>Bowen's disease</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bath-Hextall2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bath-Hextall2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant risk factor for cSCC is extensive lifetime exposure to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> from sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional risk factors include prior scars, chronic wounds, <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratosis</a>, lighter skin susceptible to sunburn, Bowen's disease, exposure to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">poor immune system function</a>, previous basal cell carcinoma, and <a href="/wiki/HPV_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="HPV infection">HPV infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACSrisk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSrisk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk associated with UV radiation correlates with cumulative exposure rather than early-life exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-UV2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tanning_beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning beds">Tanning beds</a> have emerged as a significant source of UV radiation. </p><p>Genetic predispositions, such as <a href="/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">xeroderma pigmentosum</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa" title="Epidermolysis bullosa">epidermolysis bullosa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also increase susceptibility to cSCC. The condition originates from <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cells">squamous cells</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>'s upper layers.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2016Def_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Def-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis typically relies on skin examination, and is confirmed through <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Diag_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Diag-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research, both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>, indicates a crucial role for the <a href="/wiki/Upregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Upregulation">upregulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/FGFR2" class="mw-redirect" title="FGFR2">FGFR2</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor">fibroblast growth factor receptor</a> immunoglobin family, in cSCC cell progression.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">Mutations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/TPL2" class="mw-redirect" title="TPL2">TPL2</a> gene leads to overexpression of FGFR2, which activates the <a href="/wiki/MTORC1" title="MTORC1">mTORC1</a> and <a href="/wiki/AKT" class="mw-redirect" title="AKT">AKT</a> pathways in primary and metastatic cSCC cell lines. Utilization of a "pan FGFR inhibitor" has shown to reduce <a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">cell migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> in cSCC <i>in vitro</i> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preventive measures against cSCC include minimizing exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the use of <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jou2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jou2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surgical removal is the typical treatment method,<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employing simple excision for minor cases or <a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a> for more extensive instances.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other options include <a href="/wiki/Cryotherapy" title="Cryotherapy">cryotherapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Tx_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Tx-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cases with distant metastasis, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biologic_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologic therapy">biologic therapy</a> may be employed.<sup id="cite_ref-NCI2017Tx_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Tx-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, approximately 2.2 million individuals globally were living with cSCC at any given time,<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constituting about 20% of all skin cancer cases.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, approximately 12% of males and 7% of females are diagnosed with cSCC at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While prognosis remains favorable in the absence of metastasis, upon distant spread the <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> is markedly reduced to ~34%.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WCR2014_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, global deaths attributed to cSCC numbered around 52,000.<sup id="cite_ref-GBD2015De_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age at diagnosis is approximately 66 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following successful treatment of an initial cSCC lesion, there is a substantial risk of developing subsequent lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ga2015_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ga2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png/305px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png" decoding="async" width="305" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png/458px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png/610px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Cutaneous <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinoma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>SCC of the skin begins as a small nodule and as it enlarges the center becomes necrotic and sloughs and the nodule turns into an ulcer, and generally are developed from an actinic keratosis. Once keratinocytes begin to grow uncontrollably, they have the potential to become cancerous and produce cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The lesion caused by cSCC is often <a href="/wiki/Symptom#Types" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">asymptomatic</a></li> <li>Ulcer or reddish skin plaque that is slow growing</li> <li>Intermittent bleeding from the tumor, especially on the lip</li> <li>The clinical appearance is highly variable</li> <li>Usually the tumor presents as an ulcerated lesion with hard, raised edges</li> <li>The tumor may be in the form of a hard plaque or a <a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">papule</a>, often with an opalescent quality, with <a href="/wiki/Telangiectasia" title="Telangiectasia">tiny blood vessels</a></li> <li>The tumor can lie below the level of the surrounding skin, and eventually ulcerates and invades the underlying tissue</li> <li>The tumor commonly presents on sun-exposed areas (e.g. back of the hand, scalp, lip, and superior surface of <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">pinna</a>)</li> <li>On the lip, the tumor forms a small ulcer, which fails to heal and bleeds intermittently</li> <li>Evidence of chronic skin photodamage, as in multiple <a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">actinic keratoses</a> (solar keratoses)</li> <li>The tumor grows relatively slowly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">basal-cell carcinoma</a> (BCC), squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) has a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>.</li> <li>Risk of metastasis is higher clinically in SCC arising in scars, on the lower lips, ears, or mucosa, and occurring in immunosuppressed and solid organ transplant patients. Risk of metastasis is also higher in SCC that are > 2 cm in diameter, growth into the fat layer and <a href="/wiki/Perineural_invasion" title="Perineural invasion">along nerves</a>, presence of <a href="/wiki/Lymphovascular_invasion" title="Lymphovascular invasion">lymphovascular invasion</a>, poorly differentiated cell architecture on histology, or thickness greater than 6 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma is the second-most common <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">cancer of the skin</a> (after basal-cell carcinoma, but more common than <a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">melanoma</a>). It usually occurs in areas exposed to the sun. Sunlight exposure and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> are <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factors">risk factors</a> for SCC of the skin, with chronic sun exposure being the strongest environmental risk factor.<sup id="cite_ref-mdconsult_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdconsult-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a risk of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> starting more than 10 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> after diagnosable appearance of squamous-cell carcinoma, but the risk is low,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (July 2012)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> though much<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (July 2012)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> higher than with basal-cell carcinoma. Squamous-cell cancers of the lip and ears have high rates of local recurrence and distant metastasis.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recent study, it has also been shown that the deletion or severe down-regulation of a gene titled Tpl2 (tumor progression locus 2) may be involved in the progression of normal keratinocytes into becoming squamous-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>cSCC represents about 20% of the non-melanoma skin cancers; 80-90% of cSCCs with metastatic potential are located on the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco smoking also increases the risk for cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSrisk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSrisk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of cSCC cases are located on exposed skin, and are often the result of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> exposure. cSCC usually occurs on portions of the body commonly exposed to the sun; the face, ears, neck, hands, or arms. The primary sign is a growing bump that may have a rough, scaly surface, and flat, reddish patches. Unlike basal-cell carcinoma, cSCC carries a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> than does basal-cell carcinoma, and may spread to the regional <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Erythroplasia of Queyrat</i> (SCC in situ of the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">prepuce</a> in males,<sup id="cite_ref-Lookingbill_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lookingbill-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M<sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 733">: 733 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 656">: 656 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenilman2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenilman2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) may be induced by <a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">human papilloma virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wieland_2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wieland_2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is reported to occur in the <a href="/wiki/Corneal_limbus" title="Corneal limbus">corneoscleral limbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erythroplasia of Queyrat may also occur on the anal <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> or the oral mucosa.<sup id="cite_ref-Katsambas2003_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsambas2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetically, cSCC tumors harbor high frequencies of <a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">NOTCH</a> and <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> mutations as well as less frequent alterations in histone acetyltransferase <a href="/wiki/EP300" title="EP300">EP300</a>, subunit of the <a href="/wiki/SWI/SNF" title="SWI/SNF">SWI/SNF</a> chromatin remodeling complex <a href="/wiki/PBRM1" title="PBRM1">PBRM1</a>, DNA-repair deubiquitinase USP28, and <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> signaling regulator CHUK.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant proportion of cSCC and its precursor lesions carry <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> mutations. In fact, these mutations are present in up to 90% of cSCC cases. The detection of p53 mutations in precursor lesions indicates that this could be an early event in the development of squamous cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunosuppression">Immunosuppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Immunosuppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who have received solid organ transplants are at a significantly increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinoma</a> due to the use of chronic immunosuppressive medication.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the risk of developing all skin cancers increases with these medications, this effect is particularly severe for cSCC, with hazard ratios as high as 250 being reported, versus 40 for basal cell carcinoma.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incidence of cSCC development increases with time posttransplant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heart and lung transplant recipients are at the highest risk of developing cSCC due to more intensive immunosuppressive medications used.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma in individuals on immunotherapy or who have lymphoproliferative disorders (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>) tend to be much more aggressive, regardless of their location.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of cSCC, and non-melanoma skin cancers generally, varies with the immunosuppressive drug regimen chosen. The risk is greatest with calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, and least with mTOR inhibitors, such as sirolimus and everolimus. The <a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">antimetabolites</a> azathioprine and mycophenolic acid have an intermediate risk profile.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagnosis is confirmed via <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsy</a> of the tissue or tissues suspected to be affected by SCC. The pathological appearance of a squamous-cell cancer varies with the depth of the biopsy. For that reason, a biopsy including the subcutaneous tissue and basilar epithelium, to the surface is necessary for correct diagnosis. The performance of a shave biopsy (see <a href="/wiki/Skin_biopsy" title="Skin biopsy">skin biopsy</a>) might not acquire enough information for a diagnosis. An inadequate biopsy might be read as actinic keratosis with follicular involvement. A deeper biopsy down to the dermis or subcutaneous tissue might reveal the true cancer. An excision biopsy is ideal, but not practical in most cases. An incisional or punch biopsy is preferred. A shave biopsy is least ideal, especially if only the superficial portion is acquired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histological_characteristics">Histological characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Histological characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Histopathologically, the epidermis in cSCC <i>in situ</i> (Bowen's disease) will show hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. There will also be marked acanthosis with elongation and thickening of the rete ridges. These changes will overly keratinocytic cells which are often highly atypical and may in fact have a more unusual appearance than invasive cSCC. The atypia spans the full thickness of the epidermis, with the keratinocytes demonstrating intense mitotic activity, pleomorphism, and greatly enlarged nuclei. They will also show a loss of maturity and polarity, giving the epidermis a disordered or "windblown" appearance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two types of multinucleated cells may be seen: the first will present as a multinucleated giant cell, and the second will appear as a dyskeratotic cell engulfed in the cytoplasm of a keratinocyte. Occasionally, cells of the upper epidermis will undergo vacuolization, demonstrating an abundant and strongly eosinophilic cytoplasm. There may be a mild to moderate lymphohistiocytic infiltrate detected in the upper dermis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histopathology of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ (black arrow), compared to normal skin, showing marked atypia."><img alt="Histopathology of squamous-cell carcinoma in situ (black arrow), compared to normal skin, showing marked atypia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg/360px-Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg/540px-Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Histopathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histopathology of squamous-cell carcinoma <i>in situ</i> (black arrow), compared to normal skin, showing marked atypia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, showing prominent dyskeratosis and aberrant mitoses at all levels of the epidermis, along with marked parakeratosis.[12]"><img alt="Squamous-cell carcinoma in situ, showing prominent dyskeratosis and aberrant mitoses at all levels of the epidermis, along with marked parakeratosis.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg/367px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg/552px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg/735px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_100x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squamous-cell carcinoma <i>in situ</i>, showing prominent dyskeratosis and aberrant mitoses at all levels of the epidermis, along with marked parakeratosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_situ_disease">In situ disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In situ disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Erythroplasia_of_Queyrat"></span> </p><p>Bowen's disease is essentially equivalent to and used interchangeably with cSCC <i>in situ</i>, when not having invaded through the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on source, it is classified as precancerous<sup id="cite_ref-Bath-Hextall2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bath-Hextall2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or cSCC <i>in situ</i> (technically cancerous but non-invasive).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cSCC <i>in situ</i> (Bowen's disease), atypical <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell">squamous cells</a> proliferate through the whole thickness of the epidermis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire tumor is confined to the epidermis and does not invade into the dermis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cells are often highly atypical under the <a href="/wiki/Light_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscopy">microscope</a>, and may in fact look more unusual than the cells of some invasive squamous-cell carcinomas.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ, high magnification, demonstrating an intact basement membrane.[12]"><img alt="cSCC in situ, high magnification, demonstrating an intact basement membrane.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg/299px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg/449px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg/598px-Micrograph_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma_in_situ_-_400x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i>, high magnification, demonstrating an intact basement membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen_disease_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ"><img alt="cSCC in situ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg/169px-Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg/254px-Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg/339px-Bowen_disease_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen_disease_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ"><img alt="cSCC in situ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg/169px-Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg/254px-Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg/339px-Bowen_disease_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen_disease_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ"><img alt="cSCC in situ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg/299px-Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg/449px-Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg/598px-Bowen_disease_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen_disease_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ"><img alt="cSCC in situ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg/299px-Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg/449px-Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg/598px-Bowen_disease_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i></div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Erythroplasia of Queyrat</b> is a particular type of Bowen's disease that can arise on the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">prepuce</a> in males,<sup id="cite_ref-Lookingbill_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lookingbill-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitz2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitz2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 733">: 733 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 656">: 656 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolognia_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolognia-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> in females.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenilman2012_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenilman2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mainly occurs in uncircumcised males,<sup id="cite_ref-Zenilman2012_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenilman2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Katsambas2003_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsambas2003-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_disease">Invasive disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Invasive disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In invasive cSCC, tumor cells infiltrate through the basement membrane. The infiltrate can be somewhat difficult to detect in the early stages of invasion: however, additional indicators such as full thickness epidermal atypia and the involvement of hair follicles can be used to facilitate the diagnosis. Later stages of invasion are characterized by the formation of nests of atypical tumor cells in the dermis, often with a corresponding inflammatory infiltrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gross slice of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin"><img alt="Gross slice of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg/303px-Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg/455px-Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg/606px-Gross_pathology_of_squamous_cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gross_pathology" title="Gross pathology">Gross</a> slice of squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 203.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Superficially invasive cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. These lesions often do not show the marked pleomorphism and atypical nuclei of cSCC in situ, but manifest early keratinocyte invasion of the dermis.[12]"><img alt="Superficially invasive cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. These lesions often do not show the marked pleomorphism and atypical nuclei of cSCC in situ, but manifest early keratinocyte invasion of the dermis.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg/305px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg/458px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg/609px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_150x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Superficially invasive cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma. These lesions often do not show the marked pleomorphism and atypical nuclei of cSCC <i>in situ</i>, but manifest early keratinocyte invasion of the dermis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High magnification demonstrates the pleomorphism of the invading keratinocytes[12]"><img alt="High magnification demonstrates the pleomorphism of the invading keratinocytes[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg/340px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg/510px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg/679px-Micrograph_of_invasive_squamous_cell_carcinoma_-_200x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High magnification demonstrates the pleomorphism of the invading keratinocytes<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Invasive nests with characteristic large celled centers. Ulceration (at left) is common in invasive cSCC."><img alt="Invasive nests with characteristic large celled centers. Ulceration (at left) is common in invasive cSCC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg/188px-Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg/283px-Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg/376px-Ulcer_border_of_a_squamous_cell_skin_cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Invasive nests with characteristic large celled centers. Ulceration (at left) is common in invasive cSCC.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_differentiation">Degree of differentiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Degree of differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Well-differentiated (yet invasive) cSCC, showing prominent keratinization. It may form pearl-like structures where dermal nests of keratinocytes attempt to mature in a layered fashion. Well-differentiated cSCC has slightly enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with abundant amounts of cytoplasm. Intercellular bridges will frequently be visible.[12]"><img alt="Well-differentiated (yet invasive) cSCC, showing prominent keratinization. It may form pearl-like structures where dermal nests of keratinocytes attempt to mature in a layered fashion. Well-differentiated cSCC has slightly enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with abundant amounts of cytoplasm. Intercellular bridges will frequently be visible.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/306px-Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/459px-Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/611px-Micrograph_of_well-differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Well-differentiated (yet invasive) cSCC, showing prominent keratinization. It may form pearl-like structures where dermal nests of keratinocytes attempt to mature in a layered fashion. Well-differentiated cSCC has slightly enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei with abundant amounts of cytoplasm. Intercellular bridges will frequently be visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moderately differentiated lesions of invasive cSCC show much less organization and maturation with significantly less keratin formation.[12]"><img alt="Moderately differentiated lesions of invasive cSCC show much less organization and maturation with significantly less keratin formation.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/310px-Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/466px-Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/620px-Micrograph_of_moderately_differentiated_and_invasive_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moderately differentiated lesions of invasive cSCC show much less organization and maturation with significantly less keratin formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poorly differentiated, where attempts at keratinization are often no longer evident. This is a clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma. The dysplastic cells infiltrated cords through the dermis. Poorly differentiated cSCC has greatly enlarged pleomorphic nuclei showing a high degree of atypia and frequent mitoses.[12]"><img alt="Poorly differentiated, where attempts at keratinization are often no longer evident. This is a clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma. The dysplastic cells infiltrated cords through the dermis. Poorly differentiated cSCC has greatly enlarged pleomorphic nuclei showing a high degree of atypia and frequent mitoses.[12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/296px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/445px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg/593px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poorly differentiated, where attempts at keratinization are often no longer evident. This is a clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma. The dysplastic cells infiltrated cords through the dermis. Poorly differentiated cSCC has greatly enlarged pleomorphic nuclei showing a high degree of atypia and frequent mitoses.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanofsky2011_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanofsky2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poorly differentiated clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma. For this type of cSCC, immunostains will likely be required to classify it unless other areas of the tumor show obvious squamous-cell features such as seen here (arrow)."><img alt="Poorly differentiated clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma. For this type of cSCC, immunostains will likely be required to classify it unless other areas of the tumor show obvious squamous-cell features such as seen here (arrow)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg/299px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg/449px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg/598px-Micrograph_of_clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma_with_focus_of_obvious_squamous-cell_features%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poorly differentiated <a href="/wiki/Clear_cell" title="Clear cell">clear-cell</a> squamous-cell carcinoma. For this type of cSCC, immunostains will likely be required to classify it unless other areas of the tumor show obvious squamous-cell features such as seen here (arrow).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appropriate sun-protective clothing, use of broad-spectrum (UVA/UVB) <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a> with at least SPF 50, and avoidance of intense sun exposure may prevent <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review of sunscreen for preventing cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma found insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether it was effective.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas are removed with surgery. A few selected cases are treated with <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a> medication. Surgical excision with a <a href="/wiki/Free_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Free margin">free margin</a> of healthy tissue is a frequent treatment modality. Radiotherapy, given as <a href="/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy" title="External beam radiotherapy">external beam radiotherapy</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> (internal radiotherapy), can also be used to treat cSCC. There is little evidence comparing the effectiveness of different treatments for non-metastatic cSCC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohs_surgery" title="Mohs surgery">Mohs surgery</a> is frequently utilized; considered the treatment of choice for squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin, physicians have also utilized the method for the treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the mouth, throat, and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An equivalent method of the <a href="/wiki/CCPDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CCPDMA">CCPDMA</a> standards can be utilized by a pathologist in the absence of a Mohs-trained physician. <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> therapy is often used afterward in high risk cancer or patient types.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiation or <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiotherapy</a> can also be a standalone option in treating cSCC. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_procedure" title="Non-invasive procedure">non-invasive</a> option <a href="/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">brachytherapy</a> serves a painless possibility to treat in particular but not only difficult to operate areas like the earlobes or genitals. An example of this kind of therapy is the high-dose brachytherapy Rhenium-SCT which makes use of the beta rays emitting property of <a href="/wiki/Rhenium-188" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium-188">rhenium-188</a>. The radiation source is enclosed in a compound which is applied to a thin protection foile directly over the lesion. This way the radiation source can be applied to complex locations and minimize radiation to healthy tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After removal of the cancer, closure of the skin for patients with a decreased amount of skin laxity involves a split-thickness skin graft. A donor site is chosen and enough skin is removed so that the donor site can heal on its own. Only the epidermis and a partial amount of dermis is taken from the donor site which allows the donor site to heal. Skin can be harvested using either a mechanical dermatome or Humby knife.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electrodesiccation_and_curettage" title="Electrodesiccation and curettage">Electrodessication and curettage</a> (EDC) can be done on selected squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin. In areas where cSCC is known to be non-aggressive, and where the patient is not immunosuppressed, EDC<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can be performed with good to adequate cure rate.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment options for cSCC <i>in situ</i> (Bowen's disease) include <a href="/wiki/Photodynamic_therapy" title="Photodynamic therapy">photodynamic therapy</a> with 5-aminolevulinic acid, <a href="/wiki/Cryosurgery" title="Cryosurgery">cryotherapy</a>, topical <a href="/wiki/5-fluorouracil" class="mw-redirect" title="5-fluorouracil">5-fluorouracil</a> or imiquimod, and excision. A meta-analysis showed evidence that PDT is more effective than cryotherapy and has better cosmetic outcomes. There is generally a lack of evidence comparing the effectiveness of all treatment options.<sup id="cite_ref-Bath-Hextall2013_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bath-Hextall2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-risk squamous-cell carcinoma, as defined by that occurring around the eye, ear, or nose, is of large size, is poorly differentiated, and grows rapidly, requires more aggressive, multidisciplinary management. </p><p>Nodal spread: </p> <ol><li>Surgical block dissection if palpable nodes or in cases of Marjolin's ulcers but the benefit of prophylactic block lymph node dissection with Marjolin's ulcers is not proven.</li> <li>Radiotherapy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">Adjuvant therapy</a> may be considered in those with high-risk cSCC even in the absence of evidence for local metastasis. <a href="/wiki/Imiquimod" title="Imiquimod">Imiquimod</a> (Aldara) has been used with success for squamous-cell carcinoma <i>in situ</i> of the skin and the penis, but the morbidity and discomfort of the treatment is severe. An advantage is the cosmetic result: after treatment, the skin resembles normal skin without the usual scarring and morbidity associated with standard excision. Imiquimod is not FDA-approved for any squamous-cell carcinoma.</li></ol> <p>In general, squamous-cell carcinomas have a high risk of local recurrence, and up to 50% do recur.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent skin exams with a dermatologist is recommended after treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The long-term outcome of squamous-cell carcinoma is dependent upon several factors: the sub-type of the carcinoma, available treatments, location and severity, and various patient health-related variables (accompanying diseases, age, etc.). Generally, the long-term outcome is positive, with a metastasis rate of 1.9-5.2% and a mortality rate of 1.5-3.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it does metastasize, the most commonly involved organs are the lungs, brain, bone and other skin locations.<sup id="cite_ref-MajorAnderson2017_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MajorAnderson2017-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squamous-cell carcinoma occurring in immunosuppressed people (such as those with organ transplant, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia) the risk of developing cSCC and having metastasis is much higher than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study found squamous-cell carcinoma of the penis had a much greater rate of mortality than some other forms of squamous-cell carcinoma, that is, about 23%,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this relatively high mortality rate may be associated with possibly latent diagnosis of the disease due to patients avoiding genital exams until the symptoms are debilitating, or refusal to submit to a possibly scarring operation upon the genitalia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/250px-Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/375px-Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg/500px-Melanoma_and_other_skin_cancers_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Age_adjustment" title="Age adjustment">Age-standardized</a> death from melanoma and other skin cancers per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;"> </span> less than 0.7</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;"> </span> 0.7–1.4</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;"> </span> 1.4–2.1</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;"> </span> 2.1–2.8</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;"> </span> 2.8–3.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;"> </span> 3.5–4.2</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;"> </span> 4.2–4.9</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;"> </span> 4.9–5.6</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;"> </span> 5.6–6.3</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;"> </span> 6.3–7</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;"> </span> 7–7.7</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;"> </span> more than 7.7</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>The incidence of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma continues to rise around the world. This is theorized to be due to several factors; including an aging population, a greater incidence of those who are immunocompromised and the increasing use of tanning beds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent study estimated that there are between 180,000 and 400,000 cases of cSCC in the United States in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors for cSCC varies with age, gender, race, geography, and genetics. The incidence of cSCC increases with age and with those 75 years or older being at a 5-10 times increased risk of developing cSCC as compared with those who are younger than 55 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males are affected with cSCC at a ratio of 3:1 in comparison to females.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who have light skin, red or blonde hair and light colored eyes are also at increased risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysong_2023_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysong_2023-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin can be found on all areas of the body but is most common on frequently sun-exposed areas, such as the face, legs and arms.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid organ transplant recipients (heart, lung, liver, pancreas, among others) are also at a heightened risk of developing aggressive, high-risk cSCC. There are also a few rare congenital diseases predisposed to cutaneous malignancy. In certain geographic locations, exposure to arsenic in well water<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26231242_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26231242-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from industrial sources may significantly increase the risk of cSCC.<sup id="cite_ref-mdconsult_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdconsult-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biopsy-proven cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma"><img alt="Biopsy-proven cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg/103px-Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg/154px-Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg/206px-Biopsy_proven_Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma-_2014-05-27_05-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Biopsy-proven cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the dorsum of the hand"><img alt="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the dorsum of the hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg/100px-Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg/150px-Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg/200px-Squamous-carcinoma-of-dorsum-of-hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the dorsum of the hand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowen11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC in situ (Bowen's disease)"><img alt="cSCC in situ (Bowen's disease)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bowen11.jpg/120px-Bowen11.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bowen11.jpg/180px-Bowen11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bowen11.jpg/240px-Bowen11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC <i>in situ</i> (<i>Bowen's disease</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma,_Right_Upper_Cheek.png" class="mw-file-description" title="cSCC of the right upper cheek; lesion outlined in blue with a dashed line prior to biopsy"><img alt="cSCC of the right upper cheek; lesion outlined in blue with a dashed line prior to biopsy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png/120px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png/180px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png/240px-Squamous_Cell_Carcinoma%2C_Right_Upper_Cheek.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">cSCC of the right upper cheek; lesion outlined in blue with a dashed line prior to biopsy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the cheek"><img alt="Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the cheek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg/120px-Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg/180px-Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg/240px-Giant_squamous_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cheek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant squamous cell carcinoma of the cheek</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions_associated_with_increased_risk_of_nonmelanoma_skin_cancer" title="List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer">List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutaneous_squamous-cell_carcinoma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lyn2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyn2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyn2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunphy2011" class="citation book cs1">Dunphy LM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RR1hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA242"><i>Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T+he+Skin+Cancer+Foundation&rft.atitle=Squamous+Cell+Carcinoma&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skincancer.org%2Fskin-cancer-information%2Fsquamous-cell-carcinoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACutaneous+squamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26231242-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26231242_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaragasGossaiPierceAhsan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karagas MR, Gossai A, Pierce B, Ahsan H (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522704">"Drinking Water Arsenic Contamination, Skin Lesions, and Malignancies: A Systematic Review of the Global Evidence"</a>. <i>Current Environmental Health Reports</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 52–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40572-014-0040-x">10.1007/s40572-014-0040-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522704">4522704</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26231242">26231242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Environmental+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Drinking+Water+Arsenic+Contamination%2C+Skin+Lesions%2C+and+Malignancies%3A+A+Systematic+Review+of+the+Global+Evidence&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-68&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522704%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26231242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40572-014-0040-x&rft.aulast=Karagas&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Gossai%2C+A&rft.au=Pierce%2C+B&rft.au=Ahsan%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4522704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACutaneous+squamous-cell+carcinoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5749018" class="extiw" title="d:Q5749018">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C44">C44</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=199">199</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases_for_Oncology" title="International Classification of Diseases for Oncology">ICD-O</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://progenetix.org/subsets/?term_id=icdom:8070_3">M8070/3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002294">D002294</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000829.htm">000829</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/derm/401-overview">derm/401</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_skin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the skin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dermnetnz.org/lesions/squamous-cell-carcinoma.html">DermNet NZ: Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Template talk:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_skin_and_appendages_by_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">Epidermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callus" title="Callus">Callus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_tag" title="Skin tag">Acrochordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_sebaceous" title="Nevus sebaceous">Nevus sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichoepithelioma" title="Trichoepithelioma">Trichoepithelioma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freckle" title="Freckle">Freckles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">Lentigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melasma" title="Melasma">Melasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> and<br />subcutaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermoid_cyst" title="Epidermoid cyst">Epidermal inclusion cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">Hemangioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_fibrous_histiocytoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign fibrous histiocytoma">Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keloid" title="Keloid">Keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoma" title="Lipoma">Lipoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibroma" title="Neurofibroma">Neurofibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_digital_fibromatosis" title="Infantile digital fibromatosis">Infantile digital fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_cell_tumor" title="Granular cell tumor">Granular cell tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyoma" title="Leiomyoma">Leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma_circumscriptum" title="Lymphangioma circumscriptum">Lymphangioma circumscriptum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_cyst" title="Myxoid cyst">Myxoid cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eczematous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_dermatitis" title="Stasis dermatitis">Stasis dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagonoma syndrome">Glucagonoma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis" title="Langerhans cell histiocytosis">Langerhans cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus foliaceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scale_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale (dermatology)">Scaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li>Tinea (<a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Corporis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Pedis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Faciei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rosea" title="Pityriasis rosea">Pityriasis rosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Secondary syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Mycosis fungoides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_rubra_pilaris" title="Pityriasis rubra pilaris">Pityriasis rubra pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsoriasis" title="Parapsoriasis">Parapsoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">Ichthyosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">Blistering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">Varicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Bullous impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Acute contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">Porphyria cutanea tarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolysis_bullosa_simplex" title="Epidermolysis bullosa simplex">Epidermolysis bullosa simplex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">Papular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">Scabies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bite reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miliaria" title="Miliaria">Miliaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratosis_pilaris" title="Keratosis pilaris">Keratosis pilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_spinulosus" title="Lichen spinulosus">Lichen spinulosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_acantholytic_dermatosis" title="Transient acantholytic dermatosis">Transient acantholytic dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_nitidus" title="Lichen nitidus">Lichen nitidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_lichenoides_et_varioliformis_acuta" title="Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta">Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">Pustular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosacea" title="Rosacea">Rosacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis" title="Folliculitis">Folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">Impetigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Gonococcemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcorneal_pustular_dermatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcorneal pustular dermatosis">Subcorneal pustular dermatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypopigmented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitiligo" title="Vitiligo">Vitiligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postinflammatory_hyperpigmentation" title="Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation">Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_guttate_hypomelanosis" title="Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis">Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis_fungoides" title="Mycosis fungoides">Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Without<br /> epidermal<br /> involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Red" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blanchable<br /> <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">Erythema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generalized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exanthem" title="Exanthem">Viral exanthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Toxic erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Localized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">Cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">Boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_nodosum" title="Erythema nodosum">Erythema nodosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid_syndrome" title="Carcinoid syndrome">Carcinoid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed drug eruption">Fixed drug eruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li>Erythema (<a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_chronicum_migrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythema chronicum migrans">Migrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_gyratum_repens" title="Erythema gyratum repens">Gyratum repens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_annulare_centrifugum" title="Erythema annulare centrifugum">Annulare centrifugum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_ab_igne" title="Erythema ab igne">Ab igne</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonblanchable<br /> Purpura</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Thrombocytopenic purpura">Thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_purpura" title="Solar purpura">Actinic/solar purpura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_intravascular_coagulation" title="Disseminated intravascular coagulation">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasculitis" title="Vasculitis">Vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indurated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleroderma" title="Scleroderma">Scleroderma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morphea" title="Morphea">morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_annulare" title="Granuloma annulare">Granuloma annulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobiosis_lipoidica" title="Necrobiosis lipoidica">Necrobiosis lipoidica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<br /> disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">Ulcers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hair</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telogen_effluvium" title="Telogen effluvium">Telogen effluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">Androgenic alopecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopecia_areata" title="Alopecia areata">Alopecia areata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">Tinea capitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loose_anagen_syndrome" title="Loose anagen syndrome">Loose anagen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planopilaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichen planopilaris">Lichen planopilaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculitis_decalvans" title="Folliculitis decalvans">Folliculitis decalvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae" title="Pseudofolliculitis barbae">Acne keloidalis nuchae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriasis" title="Psoriasis">Psoriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrown_nail" title="Ingrown nail">Ingrown nail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">Mucous<br /> membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" title="Mucous membrane pemphigoid">Mucous membrane pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial pemphigoid">Cicatricial pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviridae" title="Herpesviridae">Herpesvirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">Coxsackievirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">Syphilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Systemic histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_cancer_of_nevi_and_melanomas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_tumors,_nevi_and_melanomas" title="Template:Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skin_tumors,_nevi_and_melanomas" title="Template talk:Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_tumors,_nevi_and_melanomas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin tumors, nevi and melanomas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skin_cancer_of_nevi_and_melanomas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin cancer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nevi_and_melanomas" title="Nevi and melanomas">nevi and melanomas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_melanoma" title="Mucosal melanoma">Mucosal melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_spreading_melanoma" title="Superficial spreading melanoma">Superficial spreading melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_melanoma" title="Nodular melanoma">Nodular melanoma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lentigo" title="Lentigo">lentigo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_maligna" title="Lentigo maligna">Lentigo maligna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lentigo_maligna_melanoma" title="Lentigo maligna melanoma">Lentigo maligna melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acral_lentiginous_melanoma" title="Acral lentiginous melanoma">Acral lentiginous melanoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelanotic_melanoma" title="Amelanotic melanoma">Amelanotic melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplastic_melanoma" title="Desmoplastic melanoma">Desmoplastic melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma_with_features_of_a_Spitz_nevus" title="Melanoma with features of a Spitz nevus">Melanoma with features of a Spitz nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_melanoma" title="Small-cell melanoma">Melanoma with small nevus-like cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoid_melanoma" title="Polypoid melanoma">Polypoid melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevoid_melanoma" title="Nevoid melanoma">Nevoid melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_tumors_of_uncertain_malignant_potential" title="Melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential">Melanocytic tumors of uncertain malignant potential</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">Nevus</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_nevus" title="Melanocytic nevus">melanocytic nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_of_Ito" title="Nevus of Ito">Nevus of Ito</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nevus_of_Ota" title="Nevus of Ota">Nevus of Ota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitz_nevus" title="Spitz nevus">Spitz nevus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_spindle_cell_nevus" title="Pigmented spindle cell nevus">Pigmented spindle cell nevus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halo_nevus" title="Halo nevus">Halo nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomelanoma" title="Pseudomelanoma">Pseudomelanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_nevus" title="Blue nevus">Blue nevus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_nevus_of_Jadassohn%E2%80%93Ti%C3%A8che" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue nevus of Jadassohn–Tièche">of Jadassohn–Tièche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular blue nevus">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelioid blue nevus">Epithelioid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_penetrating_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep penetrating nevus">Deep penetrating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelanotic_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amelanotic blue nevus">Amelanotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant blue nevus">Malignant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_melanocytic_nevus" title="Congenital melanocytic nevus">Congenital melanocytic nevus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_pigmented_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant pigmented nevus">Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-sized_congenital_nevocytic_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-sized congenital nevocytic nevus">Medium-sized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-sized_congenital_nevocytic_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-sized congenital nevocytic nevus">Small-sized</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_cell_nevus" title="Balloon cell nevus">Balloon cell nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysplastic_nevus" title="Dysplastic nevus">Dysplastic nevus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dysplastic_nevus_syndrome" title="Dysplastic nevus syndrome">Dysplastic nevus syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acral_nevus" title="Acral nevus">Acral nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becker%27s_nevus" title="Becker's nevus">Becker's nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_melanocytic_nevus" title="Benign melanocytic nevus">Benign melanocytic nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_spilus" title="Nevus spilus">Nevus spilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_nevus" title="Connective tissue nevus">Connective tissue nevus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glandular_and_epithelial_cancer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Template:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Template talk:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial_neoplasms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial neoplasms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glandular_and_epithelial_cancer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glandular and epithelial <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma" title="Small-cell carcinoma">Small-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_small-cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Combined small-cell lung carcinoma">Combined small-cell lung carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">Basal-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_cell_carcinoma" title="Transitional cell carcinoma">Transitional cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_papilloma" title="Inverted papilloma">Inverted papilloma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_tumor" title="Mixed tumor">Complex epithelial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warthin%27s_tumor" title="Warthin's tumor">Warthin's tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymoma" title="Thymoma">Thymoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin_gland_carcinoma" title="Bartholin gland carcinoma">Bartholin gland carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">Glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenomas/adenocarcinomas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenomas</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinomas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>tract:</i> <a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Linitis plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>pancreas</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulinoma" title="Insulinoma">Insulinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagonoma" title="Glucagonoma">Glucagonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPoma" title="VIPoma">VIPoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatinoma" title="Somatostatinoma">Somatostatinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" title="Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" title="Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cell_carcinoma" title="Renal cell carcinoma">Renal cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_oncocytoma" title="Renal oncocytoma">Renal oncocytoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">Prolactinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia">Multiple endocrine neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocortical_adenoma" title="Adrenocortical adenoma">Adrenocortical adenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adrenocortical_carcinoma" title="Adrenocortical carcinoma">Adrenocortical carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrthle_cell" title="Hürthle cell">Hürthle cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">Neuroendocrine tumor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncocytoma" title="Oncocytoma">Oncocytoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma">Clear-cell adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apudoma" title="Apudoma">Apudoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Cylindroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_hidradenoma" title="Papillary hidradenoma">Papillary hidradenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adnexal and<br />skin appendage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>sweat gland</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidrocystoma" title="Hidrocystoma">Hidrocystoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringoma" title="Syringoma">Syringoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringocystadenoma_papilliferum" title="Syringocystadenoma papilliferum">Syringocystadenoma papilliferum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cystic,<br />mucinous,<br />and serous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cystic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystic">Cystic</a> general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystadenoma" title="Cystadenoma">Cystadenoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cystadenocarcinoma" title="Cystadenocarcinoma">Cystadenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucinous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">Signet ring cell carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenoma" title="Mucinous cystadenoma">Mucinous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma">Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" title="Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma" title="Mucoepidermoid carcinoma">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">Serous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_serous_cystadenoma" title="Ovarian serous cystadenoma">Ovarian serous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_serous_cystadenoma" title="Pancreatic serous cystadenoma">Pancreatic serous cystadenoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Serous cystadenocarcinoma">Serous cystadenocarcinoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papillary_serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma">Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma</a> </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ductal,<br />lobular,<br />and medullary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ductal_carcinoma" title="Ductal carcinoma">Ductal carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammary ductal carcinoma">Mammary ductal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal carcinoma">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedocarcinoma" title="Comedocarcinoma">Comedocarcinoma</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_the_breast" title="Paget's disease of the breast">Paget's disease of the breast</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma" title="Lobular carcinoma">Lobular carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobular_carcinoma_in_situ" title="Lobular carcinoma in situ">Lobular carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_lobular_carcinoma" title="Invasive lobular carcinoma">Invasive lobular carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medullary_carcinoma" title="Medullary carcinoma">Medullary carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_breast_carcinoma" title="Medullary breast carcinoma">Medullary breast carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">Medullary thyroid cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acinus" title="Acinus">Acinar</a> cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acinic_cell_carcinoma" title="Acinic cell carcinoma">Acinic cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Skin_cancer_of_the_epidermis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Template:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Template talk:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skin_tumors,_epidermis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Skin tumors, epidermis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Skin_cancer_of_the_epidermis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin cancer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tumor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">BCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberrant_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberrant basal-cell carcinoma">Aberrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatricial_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatricial basal-cell carcinoma">Cicatricial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystic basal-cell carcinoma">Cystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroepithelioma_of_Pinkus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus">Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltrative_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiltrative basal-cell carcinoma">Infiltrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronodular_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronodular basal-cell carcinoma">Micronodular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodular basal-cell carcinoma">Nodular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmented basal-cell carcinoma">Pigmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoid_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypoid basal-cell carcinoma">Polypoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore-like_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore-like basal-cell carcinoma">Pore-like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodent_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodent ulcer">Rodent ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_basal-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Superficial basal-cell carcinoma">Superficial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevoid_basal-cell_carcinoma_syndrome" title="Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome">Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">SCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoid squamous-cell carcinoma">Adenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaloid squamous-cell carcinoma">Basaloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Clear-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet-ring-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet-ring-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Signet-ring-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle-cell_squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindle-cell squamous-cell carcinoma">Spindle-cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjolin%27s_ulcer" title="Marjolin's ulcer">Marjolin's ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen's disease">Bowen's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowenoid_papulosis" title="Bowenoid papulosis">Bowenoid papulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplasia_of_Queyrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythroplasia of Queyrat">Erythroplasia of Queyrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_keratosis" title="Actinic keratosis">Actinic keratosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_digital_papillary_adenocarcinoma" title="Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma">Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkel-cell_carcinoma" title="Merkel-cell carcinoma">Merkel-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcystic_adnexal_carcinoma" title="Microcystic adnexal carcinoma">Microcystic adnexal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucinous carcinoma">Mucinous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma">Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant_mixed_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant mixed tumor">Malignant mixed tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benign<br />tumors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acanthoma" title="Acanthoma">Acanthoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Forms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large-cell_acanthoma" title="Large-cell acanthoma">Large-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthoma_fissuratum" title="Acanthoma fissuratum">Fissuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_cell_acanthoma" title="Clear cell acanthoma">Clear-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermolytic_acanthoma" title="Epidermolytic acanthoma">Epidermolytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanoacanthoma">Melanoacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_sheath_acanthoma" title="Pilar sheath acanthoma">Pilar sheath acanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seboacanthoma" title="Seboacanthoma">Seboacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">Seborrheic keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warty_dyskeratoma" title="Warty dyskeratoma">Warty dyskeratoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">Keratoacanthoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_eruptive_keratoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma">Generalized eruptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma_centrifugum_marginatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum">Keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_keratoacanthomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple keratoacanthomas">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_keratoacanthoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary keratoacanthoma">Solitary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Verruca vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruca_plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruca plana">Verruca plana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantar_wart" title="Plantar wart">Plantar wart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periungual_wart" title="Periungual wart">Periungual wart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epidermal nevus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Syndromes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_nevus_syndrome" title="Epidermal nevus syndrome">Epidermal nevus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schimmelpenning_syndrome" title="Schimmelpenning syndrome">Schimmelpenning syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_comedonicus_syndrome" title="Nevus comedonicus syndrome">Nevus comedonicus syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_comedonicus" title="Nevus comedonicus">Nevus comedonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_linear_verrucous_epidermal_nevus" title="Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus">Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_verrucous_epidermal_nevus" title="Linear verrucous epidermal nevus">Linear verrucous epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigmented_hairy_epidermal_nevus_syndrome" title="Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome">Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematized_epidermal_nevus" title="Systematized epidermal nevus">Systematized epidermal nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phakomatosis_pigmentokeratotica" title="Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica">Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Nevus" title="Nevus">nevus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevus_unius_lateris" title="Nevus unius lateris">Nevus unius lateris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_blue_nevus" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch blue nevus">Patch blue nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_palmoplantar_verrucous_nevus" title="Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus">Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteriform_speckled_lentiginous_nevus" title="Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus">Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_horn" title="Cutaneous horn">Cutaneous horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cancer_involving_the_respiratory_tract" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_neoplasia" title="Template:Respiratory neoplasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Respiratory neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cancer_involving_the_respiratory_tract" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">Upper RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">Nasal cavity</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esthesioneuroblastoma" title="Esthesioneuroblastoma">Esthesioneuroblastoma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">Nasopharynx</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">Nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_angiofibroma" title="Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma">Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">Laryngeal cancer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_papillomatosis" title="Laryngeal papillomatosis">Laryngeal papillomatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">Trachea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tumor" title="Tracheal tumor">Tracheal tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-small-cell lung carcinoma">Non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung">Squamous-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Adenocarcinoma of the lung">Adenocarcinoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenocarcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the lung">Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Large-cell lung carcinoma">Large-cell lung carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-cell_lung_carcinoma_with_rhabdoid_phenotype" title="Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype">Rhabdoid carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcomatoid_carcinoma" title="Sarcomatoid carcinoma">Sarcomatoid carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_pulmonary_carcinoid_tumour" title="Typical pulmonary carcinoid tumour">Carcinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland%E2%80%93like_carcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Salivary gland–like carcinoma of the lung">Salivary gland–like carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosquamous_carcinoma" title="Adenosquamous carcinoma">Adenosquamous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_adenocarcinoma" title="Papillary adenocarcinoma">Papillary adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung">Giant-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous_cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma">Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small-cell_carcinoma" title="Small-cell carcinoma">Small-cell carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_small-cell_lung_carcinoma" title="Combined small-cell lung carcinoma">Combined small-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_teratoma" title="Immature teratoma">Immature teratoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancoast_tumor" title="Pancoast tumor">Pancoast tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_pulmonary_nodule" class="mw-redirect" title="Solitary pulmonary nodule">Solitary pulmonary nodule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilum_of_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilum of lung">Central lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">Peripheral lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchial_leiomyoma" title="Bronchial leiomyoma">Bronchial leiomyoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">Pleura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">Malignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Solitary_fibrous_tumor" title="Solitary fibrous tumor">solitary fibrous tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">Mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_tumors" title="Mediastinal tumors">Mediastinal tumors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumors_of_the_female_urogenital_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_genital_neoplasia" title="Template:Female genital neoplasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_genital_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Female genital neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_genital_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female genital neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tumors_of_the_female_urogenital_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">Tumors</a> of the female <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Urogenital system">urogenital system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adnexa_of_uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnexa of uterus">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glandular_and_epithelial_neoplasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glandular and epithelial neoplasm (page does not exist)">Glandular and epithelial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Surface_epithelial-stromal_tumor" title="Surface epithelial-stromal tumor">surface epithelial-<br />stromal tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CMS:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CMS:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_serous_cystadenoma" title="Ovarian serous cystadenoma">Ovarian serous cystadenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenoma" title="Mucinous cystadenoma">Mucinous cystadenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystadenocarcinoma" title="Cystadenocarcinoma">Cystadenocarcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_serous_cystadenocarcinoma" title="Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma">Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_clear-cell_carcinoma" title="Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma">Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenner_tumour" title="Brenner tumour">Brenner tumour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord%E2%80%93gonadal_stromal_tumour" title="Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumour">Sex cord–gonadal stromal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Leydig cell tumour">Leydig cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli cell tumour">Sertoli cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour">Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecoma" title="Thecoma">Thecoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell_tumour" title="Granulosa cell tumour">Granulosa cell tumour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteoma" title="Luteoma">Luteoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_cord_tumour_with_annular_tubules" title="Sex cord tumour with annular tubules">Sex cord tumour with annular tubules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysgerminoma" title="Dysgerminoma">Dysgerminoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor#Nongerminomatous" title="Germ cell tumor">Nongerminomatous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">Embryonal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">Endodermal sinus tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadoblastoma" title="Gonadoblastoma">Gonadoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratoma" title="Teratoma">Teratoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Struma_ovarii" title="Struma ovarii">Struma ovarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_fibroma" title="Ovarian fibroma">Fibroma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs%27_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Meigs' syndrome">Meigs' syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube_cancer" title="Fallopian tube cancer">Fallopian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenomatoid_tumor" title="Adenomatoid tumor">Adenomatoid tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroid" title="Uterine fibroid">Uterine fibroids/leiomyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiomyosarcoma" title="Leiomyosarcoma">Leiomyosarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyoma" title="Adenomyoma">Adenomyoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrioid_tumor" title="Endometrioid tumor">Endometrioid tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_serous_carcinoma" title="Uterine serous carcinoma">Uterine papillary serous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia">Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_clear-cell_carcinoma" title="Uterine clear-cell carcinoma">Uterine clear-cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">Clear-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma#Vagina_and_cervix" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_cell_carcinoma_of_the_cervix" title="Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix">Glassy-cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villoglandular_adenocarcinoma_of_the_cervix" title="Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of the cervix">Villoglandular adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_trophoblastic_disease" title="Gestational trophoblastic disease">Gestational trophoblastic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_sarcoma" title="Uterine sarcoma">Uterine sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_M%C3%BCllerian_tumor" title="Mixed Müllerian tumor">Mixed Müllerian tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma_of_the_vagina" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina">Squamous-cell carcinoma of the vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma_botryoides" title="Sarcoma botryoides">Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia">Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cysts" title="Vaginal cysts">Vaginal cysts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_hidradenoma" title="Papillary hidradenoma">Papillary hidradenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramammary_Paget%27s_disease" title="Extramammary Paget's disease">Extramammary Paget's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia">Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin_gland_carcinoma" title="Bartholin gland carcinoma">Bartholin gland carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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