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<li id="toc-Use_in_ancient_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_ancient_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Use in ancient cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_ancient_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Popularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_attitudes_and_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_attitudes_and_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Social attitudes and public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_attitudes_and_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Takeup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takeup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Takeup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takeup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Persistence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignition_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignition_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ignition safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignition_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_warnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_warnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Health warnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_warnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gateway_drug_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gateway_drug_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gateway drug theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gateway_drug_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cessation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cessation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cessation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cessation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tobacco smoking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%BA" title="تدخين التبغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدخين التبغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn%C3%A7%C9%99km%C9%99" title="Tütünçəkmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tütünçəkmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তামাকের ধূমপান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামাকের ধূমপান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тытунекурэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытунекурэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тытунепаленьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тытунепаленьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Тютюнопушене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тютюнопушене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaksrygning" title="Tobaksrygning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tobaksrygning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakrauchen" title="Tabakrauchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabakrauchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κάπνισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάπνισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumar_tabaco" title="Fumar tabaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fumar tabaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakfumado" title="Tabakfumado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabakfumado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="استعمال دخانیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استعمال دخانیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitheamh_tobac" title="Caitheamh tobac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caitheamh tobac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ધૂમ્રપાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધૂમ્રપાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_taba" title="Shan taba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shan taba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तम्बाकू धूम्रपान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तम्बाकू धूम्रपान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1enje" title="Pušenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pušenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengisapan_tembakau" title="Pengisapan tembakau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengisapan tembakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3baksreykingar" title="Tóbaksreykingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tóbaksreykingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86(%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8)" title="ತಂಬಾಕು ಸೇವನೆ(ಧೂಮಪಾನ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಂಬಾಕು ಸೇವನೆ(ಧೂಮಪಾನ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Темекі шегу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темекі шегу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimen" title="Fimen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fimen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABkymas" title="Rūkymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rūkymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouke" title="Rouke – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rouke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doh%C3%A1nyz%C3%A1s" title="Dohányzás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dohányzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="പുകവലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുകവലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roken_(tabak)" title="Roken (tabak) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roken (tabak)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AB%E7%85%99" title="喫煙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="喫煙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobakksr%C3%B8yking" title="Tobakksrøyking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tobakksrøyking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palenie_tytoniu" title="Palenie tytoniu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palenie tytoniu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabagismo" title="Tabagismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabagismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitay" title="Pitay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pitay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Табакокурение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Табакокурение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumu_(tabbagismu)" title="Fumu (tabbagismu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fumu (tabbagismu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tobacco smoking" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BD_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="سگريٽ نوشي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سگريٽ نوشي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faj%C4%8Denie" title="Fajčenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fajčenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajenje_tobaka" 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data-title="புகையிலை பிடித்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83" title="Тәмәке тарту – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәмәке тарту" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тютюнопаління – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тютюнопаління" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAt_thu%E1%BB%91c_l%C3%A1" title="Hút thuốc lá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hút thuốc lá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%83%E7%83%9F" title="吃烟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吃烟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="רייכערן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רייכערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABr%C4%97n%C4%97ms" title="Kūrėnėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kūrėnėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吸菸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7212330#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of burning tobacco and breathing the resulting smoke</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg/220px-Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg/330px-Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg/440px-Surgeon_General%27s_warning_cigarettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cigarettes and package with health warning</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tobacco" title="Category:Tobacco">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhill Early Morning Pipe Tobacco"><img alt="Dunhill Early Morning Pipe Tobacco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/150px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/225px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/300px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tobacco" title="History of tobacco">History of tobacco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke"> Smoke</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco_diseases" title="List of tobacco diseases">Tobacco diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco"> Types</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Personal and social effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence of tobacco consumption">Prevalence of consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing"> Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_art" title="Tobacco and art"> Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_other_drugs" title="Tobacco and other drugs">Tobacco and other drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control"> Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics"> Politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacconist" title="Tobacconist">Tobacconist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Production</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco"> Cultivation </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco" title="Curing of tobacco"> Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry"> Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products"> Products</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width: 20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Smoking" title="Category:Smoking">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg/120px-Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg/180px-Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg/240px-Papierosa_1_ubt_0069.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #eee; text-align: center; padding-top:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence of tobacco consumption">Prevalence of consumption</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #eee; text-align: center; padding-top:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_spiritual_use_of_cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious and spiritual use of cannabis">Religious and spiritual use</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #eee; text-align: center; padding-top:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium_den" title="Opium den">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum"><i>Papaver somniferum</i> (opium poppy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #eee; text-align: center; padding-top:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack epidemic">Epidemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #eee; text-align: center; padding-top:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Meth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">Narcotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking" title="Template:Smoking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Smoking" title="Template talk:Smoking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tobacco smoking</b> is the practice of burning <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and ingesting the resulting <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">smoke</a>. The smoke may be inhaled, as is done with <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>, or simply released from the mouth, as is generally done with <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gateley2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gateley2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in the late 17th century by <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonisation of the Americas">European colonists</a>, where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> onwards but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-L&M_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&M-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives<sup id="cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOJeffreyWigand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then combusted. The resulting smoke, which contains various active substances, the most significant of which is the addictive <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">psychostimulant</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> (a compound naturally found in tobacco), is absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli in the lungs</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GilmanXun2004p318_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilmanXun2004p318-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many substances in cigarette smoke, chiefly nicotine, <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">trigger chemical reactions in nerve endings</a>, which heighten heart rate, alertness<sup id="cite_ref-PMID2498936_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID2498936-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reaction time, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-WesnessWarburton1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesnessWarburton1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorphin">endorphins</a> are released, which are often associated with pleasure,<sup id="cite_ref-GilmanXun2004pp320-321_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilmanXun2004pp320-321-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">addiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German scientists identified a link between smoking and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> in the late 1920s, leading to the first <a href="/wiki/Anti-smoking_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-smoking campaign">anti-smoking campaign</a> in modern history, albeit one truncated by the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NWC228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, British researchers demonstrated a clear relationship between smoking and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardHillyBMJ1954_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardHillyBMJ1954-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence continued to mount in the 1960s, which prompted political action against the practice. Rates of consumption since 1965 in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a> have either peaked or declined.<sup id="cite_ref-RockEtAlCDC2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockEtAlCDC2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they continue to climb in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2002FactSheet_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2002FactSheet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008 to 2010, tobacco is used by about 49% of men and 11% of women aged 15 or older in fourteen low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam), with about 80% of this usage in the form of smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gender gap tends to be less pronounced in lower age groups.<sup id="cite_ref-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, 8 million annual deaths are caused by tobacco smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobacco_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobacco-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study of first smoking experiences of seventh-grade students found out that the most common factor leading students to smoke is cigarette advertisements. Smoking by parents, siblings and friends also encourages students to smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Lancet_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Lancet-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early stages, a combination of perceived pleasure acting as <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a> and desire to respond to social peer pressure may offset the unpleasant symptoms of initial use, which typically include nausea and coughing. After an individual has smoked for some years, the avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">nicotine withdrawal</a> symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Negative_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative reinforcement">negative reinforcement</a> become the key motivations to continue. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_tobacco" title="History of tobacco">History of tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_smoking" title="History of smoking">History of smoking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_ancient_cultures">Use in ancient cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in ancient cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztec_feast_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg/220px-Aztec_feast_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg/330px-Aztec_feast_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg/440px-Aztec_feast_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet, <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Smoking's history dates back to as early as 5000–3000 BC, when the agricultural product began to be cultivated in Mesoamerica and South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Gateley2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gateley2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice worked its way into shamanistic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilbert1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilbert1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ancient civilizations – such as the <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, the Indians, and the Chinese – burnt incense during religious rituals. Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamans</a> but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool.<sup id="cite_ref-Robicsek1979_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robicsek1979-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, to stimulate respiration, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke_enema" title="Tobacco smoke enema">tobacco smoke enemas</a> were used.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern North American tribes would carry large amounts of tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item and would often smoke it in <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">ceremonial pipes</a>, either in sacred ceremonies or to seal bargains.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults as well as children enjoyed the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that tobacco was a gift from the Creator and that the exhaled tobacco smoke was capable of carrying one's thoughts and prayers to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from smoking, tobacco had uses as medicine. As a pain killer it was used for earache and toothache and occasionally as a <a href="/wiki/Poultice" title="Poultice">poultice</a>. Smoking was said by the desert Indians to be a cure for colds, especially if the tobacco was mixed with the leaves of the small <a href="/wiki/Desert_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert sage">Desert sage</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Salvia_dorrii" title="Salvia dorrii">Salvia dorrii</a></i>, or the root of <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">Indian balsam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cough_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough root">cough root</a>, <i>Leptotaenia multifida</i>, the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularization">Popularization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more about the commercial development of tobacco, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">History of commercial tobacco in the United States</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern,_Dirck_Hals_1627.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png/230px-Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png/345px-Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png/460px-Gentlemen_Smoking_and_Playing_Backgammon_in_a_Tavern%2C_Dirck_Hals_1627.png 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption><i>Gentlemen Smoking and Playing Backgammon in a Tavern</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Hals" title="Dirck Hals">Dirck Hals</a>, 1627</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1612, six years after the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> was credited as the first settler to successfully raise tobacco as a cash crop. The demand quickly grew as tobacco, referred to as "brown gold", revived the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia joint stock company">Virginia joint stock company</a> from its failed gold expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to meet demands from the Old World, tobacco was grown in succession, quickly depleting the soil. This became a motivator to settle west into the unknown continent, and likewise an expansion of tobacco production.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicot" title="Jean Nicot">Jean Nicot</a> (from whose name the word nicotine is derived) introduced tobacco to France in 1560, and tobacco then spread to England. The first report of a smoking Englishman is of a sailor in Bristol in 1556, seen "emitting smoke from his nostrils".<sup id="cite_ref-L&M_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&M-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like tea, coffee and opium, tobacco was just one of many intoxicants that was originally used as a form of medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco was introduced around 1600 by French merchants in what today is modern-day Gambia and Senegal. At the same time, caravans from Morocco brought tobacco to the areas around <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, and the Portuguese brought the commodity (and the plant) to southern Africa, establishing the popularity of tobacco throughout all of Africa by the 1650s. </p><p>Soon after its introduction to the Old World, tobacco came under frequent criticism from state and religious leaders. <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, King of Scotland and England, produced the treatise <i><a href="/wiki/A_Counterblaste_to_Tobacco" title="A Counterblaste to Tobacco">A Counterblaste to Tobacco</a></i> in 1604, and also introduced excise duty on the product. <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>, sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> 1623–40 was among the first to attempt a smoking ban by claiming it was a threat to public morals and health. The <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> of China issued an edict banning smoking two years before his death and the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, would proclaim smoking "a more heinous crime than that even of neglecting archery". In <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> Japan, some of the earliest tobacco plantations were scorned by the <a href="/wiki/Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogunate">shogunate</a> as being a threat to the military economy by letting valuable farmland go to waste for the use of a recreational drug instead of being used to plant food crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Screech-Smoke_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Screech-Smoke-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonsack_machine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/220px-Bonsack_machine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/330px-Bonsack_machine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bonsack_machine.png/440px-Bonsack_machine.png 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Bonsack's cigarette rolling machine, as shown on U.S. patent 238,640</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious leaders have often been prominent among those who considered smoking immoral or outright blasphemous. In 1634, the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow</a> forbade the sale of tobacco, and sentenced men and women who flouted the ban to have their nostrils slit and their backs flayed. Pope <a href="/wiki/Urban_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a> likewise condemned smoking on holy places in a papal bull of 1624. Despite some concerted efforts, restrictions and bans were largely ignored. When <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>, a staunch smoking opponent and the author of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Counterblaste_to_Tobacco" title="A Counterblaste to Tobacco">A Counterblaste to Tobacco</a></i>, tried to curb the new trend by enforcing a 4000% tax increase on tobacco in 1604 it was unsuccessful, as suggested by the presence of around 7,000 tobacco outlets in London by the early 17th century. From this point on for some centuries, several administrations withdrew from efforts at discouragement and instead turned tobacco trade and cultivation into sometimes lucrative government monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-17th century most major civilizations had been introduced to tobacco smoking and in many cases had already assimilated it into the native culture, despite some continued attempts upon the parts of rulers to eliminate the practice with penalties or fines. Tobacco, both product and plant, followed the major trade routes to major ports and markets, and then on into the hinterlands. The English language term <i>smoking</i> appears to have entered currency in the late 18th century, before which less abbreviated descriptions of the practice such as <i>drinking smoke</i> were also in use.<sup id="cite_ref-L&M_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&M-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth in the US remained stable until the American Civil War in 1860s, when the primary agricultural workforce shifted from <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a>. This, along with a change in demand, accompanied the industrialization of cigarette production as craftsman <a href="/wiki/James_Bonsack" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bonsack">James Bonsack</a> created a machine in 1881 to partially automate their manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns134-135_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns134-135-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_attitudes_and_public_health">Social attitudes and public health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social attitudes and public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tobacco_smoking" title="Talk:Tobacco smoking">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1912 and 1932 in Germany, anti-smoking groups, often associated with anti-liquor groups,<sup id="cite_ref-NWC178_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC178-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first published advocacy against the consumption of tobacco in the journal <i>Der Tabakgegner</i> (The Tobacco Opponent). In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lickint" title="Fritz Lickint">Fritz Lickint</a> of Dresden, Germany, published a paper containing formal <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> evidence of a lung cancer–tobacco link. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> condemned his earlier smoking habit as a waste of money,<sup id="cite_ref-NWC219_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC219-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later with stronger assertions. This movement was further strengthened with Nazi reproductive policy as women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family.<sup id="cite_ref-NWC187_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC187-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, smoking was common. There were social events like the <a href="/wiki/Smoke_night" title="Smoke night">smoke night</a> which promoted the habit. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-tobacco_movement_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany">anti-tobacco movement in Nazi Germany</a> did not reach across enemy lines during the Second World War, as anti-smoking groups quickly lost popular support. By the end of the Second World War, American cigarette manufacturers quickly reentered the German black market. Illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent,<sup id="cite_ref-NWC245_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC245-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and leaders of the Nazi anti-smoking campaign were silenced.<sup id="cite_ref-ADLNMPHP_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADLNMPHP-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, the United States shipped free tobacco to Germany; with 24,000 tons in 1948 and 69,000 tons in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-NWC245_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC245-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1945">post-war Germany</a> steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-NWC228_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 20th century, anti-smoking campaigns in Germany were unable to exceed the effectiveness of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41 and German tobacco health research was described by <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Proctor" title="Robert N. Proctor">Robert N. Proctor</a> as "muted".<sup id="cite_ref-NWC228_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWC228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/220px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/330px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/440px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A lengthy study conducted in order to establish the strong association necessary for legislative action (US cigarette consumption per person blue, male lung cancer rate brown)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doll" title="Richard Doll">Richard Doll</a> published research in the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i> showing a close link between smoking and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in December 1952, the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i> published "Cancer by the Carton", a series of articles that linked <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/British_Doctors_Study" title="British Doctors Study">British Doctors Study</a>, a prospective study of some 40 thousand doctors for about 2.5 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related.<sup id="cite_ref-RichardHillyBMJ1954_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichardHillyBMJ1954-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1964, the United States <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" title="Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General</a>'s Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed <a href="/wiki/Contributory_negligence" title="Contributory negligence">contributory negligence</a> as the adverse health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. Health authorities sided with these claims up until 1998, from which they reversed their position. The <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a>, originally between the four largest US tobacco companies and the attorneys general of 46 states, restricted certain types of tobacco advertisement and required payments for health compensation; which later amounted to the largest civil settlement in United States history.<sup id="cite_ref-WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social campaigns have been instituted in many places to discourage smoking, such as Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_Non-Smoking_Week" title="National Non-Smoking Week">National Non-Smoking Week</a>. </p><p>From 1965 to 2006, rates of smoking in the United States declined from 42% to 20.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-RockEtAlCDC2006_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockEtAlCDC2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of those who quit were professional, affluent men. Although the per-capita number of smokers decreased, the average number of cigarettes consumed per person per day increased from 22 in 1954 to 30 in 1978. This paradoxical event suggests that those who quit smoked less, while those who continued to smoke moved to smoke more light cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend has been paralleled by many industrialized nations as rates have either leveled-off or declined. In the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, however, tobacco consumption continued to rise at 3.4% in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2002FactSheet_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2002FactSheet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Africa, smoking is in most areas considered to be modern, and many of the strong adverse opinions that prevail in the West receive much less attention.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Russia leads as the top consumer of tobacco followed by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and China.<sup id="cite_ref-MPOWER_2008_pp=267–288_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPOWER_2008_pp=267–288-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more about the production of the agricultural product, see <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco">Types of tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco" title="Curing of tobacco">Curing of tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products">Tobacco products</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i>. The genus contains several species, of which <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i> is the most commonly grown. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica" title="Nicotiana rustica">Nicotiana rustica</a></i> follows second, containing higher concentrations of nicotine. The leaves are harvested and cured to allow the slow <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> and degradation of <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves which can be attributed to sweet hay, tea, rose oil, or fruity aromatic flavors. Before packaging, the tobacco is often combined with other additives in order to increase the addictive potency, shift the product's <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, or improve the effects of smoke by making it more palatable. In the United States these additives are regulated to <a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">599 substances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOJeffreyWigand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product is then processed, packaged, and shipped to consumer markets. </p><p>Common methods of consuming tobacco include the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_of_Tobacco_(Nicotiana_tabacum_)_in_a_field_in_Intercourse,_Pennsylvania..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Field of tobacco organized in rows extending to the horizon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/180px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/270px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/360px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tobacco field in <a href="/wiki/Intercourse,_Pennsylvania" title="Intercourse, Pennsylvania">Intercourse, Pennsylvania</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Powderly stripps hung vertically, slightly sun bleached." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/180px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/270px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/360px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="3366" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco leaves">Basma</a> leaves curing in the sun at <a href="/wiki/Pomak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomak">Pomak</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Xanthi" title="Xanthi">Xanthi</a>, Thrace, Greece</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DunhillLightFlake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rectangular strips stacked in an open square box." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/180px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/270px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/360px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Processed tobacco pressed into flakes for pipe smoking</div></div></div></div></div> <dl><dt>Beedi</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedis</a> are thin South Asian cigarettes filled with tobacco flakes and wrapped in a tendu leaf tied with a string at one end. They produce higher levels of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than cigarettes typical in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg/220px-Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg/330px-Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Tendu Patta (Leaf) collection for Beedi industries</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Cigars</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">Cigars</a> are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco which are ignited so that smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth. They are generally not inhaled because of the high alkalinity of the smoke, which can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. The prevalence of cigar smoking varies depending on location, historical period, and population surveyed, and prevalence estimates vary somewhat depending on the survey method. The United States is the top consuming country by far, followed by Germany and the United Kingdom; the US and Western Europe account for about 75% of cigar sales worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Rarick_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rarick-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005 it is estimated that 4.3% of men and 0.3% of women smoke cigars in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Cigarettes</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></i>, French for "small cigar", are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, which are then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOJeffreyWigand-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cigarettes are ignited and inhaled, usually through a cellulose acetate filter, into the mouth and lungs.</dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="French_inhale"></span> </p> <dl><dt>Hookah</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">Hookah</a></i> are a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Originally from India, the hookah was a symbol of pride and honor for the landlords, kings and other such high class people. Now, the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits, tobacco, or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>.</dd> <dt>Kretek</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a></i> are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> and a flavoring "sauce". It was first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal eugenol of cloves to the lungs. The quality and variety of tobacco play an important role in kretek production, from which kretek can contain more than 30 types of tobacco. Minced dried clove buds weighing about one-third of the tobacco blend are added to add flavoring. In 2004 the United States prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol, thereby removing kretek from being classified as cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Pipe smoking</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pipe_smoking" title="Pipe smoking">Pipe smoking</a> is done with a tobacco pipe, typically consisting of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed into the chamber and ignited.</dd> <dt>Roll-your-own</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roll-your-own_cigarette" title="Roll-your-own cigarette">Roll-your-own</a> or hand-rolled cigarettes, often called "rollies", "cigi" or "Roll-ups", are very popular particularly in European countries and the UK. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper than ready-made cigarettes and small contraptions can be bought making the process easier.</dd> <dt>Vaporizer</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(cannabis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaporizer (cannabis)">vaporizer</a> is a device used to sublimate the active ingredients of plant material. Rather than burning the herb, which produces potentially irritating, toxic, or <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> by-products; a vaporizer heats the material in a partial vacuum so that the active compounds contained in the plant boil off into a vapor. This method is often preferable when medically administering the smoke substance, as opposed to directly pyrolyzing the plant material.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg/220px-Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg/330px-Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg/440px-Blood_nicotine_graph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>A graph that shows the efficiency of smoking as a way to absorb nicotine compared to other forms of intake</figcaption></figure> <p>The active substances in tobacco, especially cigarettes, are administered by burning the leaves and inhaling the vaporized gas that results. This quickly and effectively delivers substances into the bloodstream by <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">absorption</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> in the lungs. The lungs contain some 300 million alveoli, which amounts to a surface area of over 70 m<sup>2</sup> (about the size of a tennis court). This method is not completely efficient as not all of the smoke will be inhaled, and some amount of the active substances will be lost in the process of combustion, <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GilmanXun2004p318_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilmanXun2004p318-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipe and Cigar smoke are not inhaled because of its high <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a>, which are irritating to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_trachea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrate trachea">trachea</a> and lungs. However, because of its higher alkalinity (pH 8.5) compared to cigarette smoke (pH 5.3), non-ionized nicotine is more readily absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous membranes">mucous membranes</a> in the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicotine absorption from cigar and pipe, however, is much less than that from cigarette smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicotine and cocaine activate similar patterns of neurons, which supports the existence of common <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_substrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme substrate">substrates</a> among these drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absorbed <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> mimics nicotinic acetylcholine which when bound to <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a> prevents the reuptake of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> thereby increasing that <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> in those areas of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-WonnacottPMID9023878_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WonnacottPMID9023878-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are located in the central nervous system and at the nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles; whose activity increases heart rate, alertness,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID2498936_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID2498936-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and faster reaction times.<sup id="cite_ref-WesnessWarburton1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WesnessWarburton1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicotine acetylcholine stimulation is not directly addictive. However, since dopamine-releasing neurons are abundant on nicotine receptors, dopamine is released; and, in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a>, dopamine is associated with motivation causing <a href="/wiki/Reinforcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinforcing">reinforcing</a> behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine increase, in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_Cortex_Basal_Ganglia_Working_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefrontal Cortex Basal Ganglia Working Memory">prefrontal cortex</a>, may also increase <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When tobacco is smoked, most of the nicotine is pyrolyzed. However, a dose sufficient to cause mild somatic dependency and mild to strong psychological dependency remains. There is also a formation of <a href="/wiki/Harmala" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmala">harmane</a> (an <a href="/wiki/MAO_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="MAO inhibitor">MAO inhibitor</a>) from the acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke. This may play a role in nicotine addiction, by facilitating a dopamine release in the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> as a response to nicotine stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using rat studies, withdrawal after repeated exposure to nicotine results in less responsive nucleus accumbens cells, which produce dopamine responsible for <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Prevalence of tobacco use</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Smoking_by_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Male_Smoking_by_Country.png/200px-Male_Smoking_by_Country.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Male_Smoking_by_Country.png/300px-Male_Smoking_by_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Male_Smoking_by_Country.png/400px-Male_Smoking_by_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Percentage of <b>males</b> smoking any tobacco product</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Smoking_by_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Female_Smoking_by_Country.png/200px-Female_Smoking_by_Country.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Female_Smoking_by_Country.png/300px-Female_Smoking_by_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Female_Smoking_by_Country.png/400px-Female_Smoking_by_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Percentage of <b>females</b> smoking any tobacco product. Note that there is a difference between the scales used for males and the scales used for females.<sup id="cite_ref-MPOWER_2008_pp=267–288_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPOWER_2008_pp=267–288-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>As of 2000, smoking was practiced by around 1.22 billion people. At current rates of 'smoker replacement' and market growth, this may reach around 1.9 billion in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoking may be up to five times more prevalent among men than women in some communities,<sup id="cite_ref-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the gender gap usually declines with younger age.<sup id="cite_ref-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WomenTobaccoChallenges5-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001SurgeonGeneralWomen47-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and begun to decline, while for women they continue to climb.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teenagers (13–15) smoked worldwide. 80,000 to 100,000 children begin smoking every day, roughly half of whom live in Asia. Half of those who begin smoking in <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescent</a> years are projected to go on to smoke for 15 to 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2002FactSheet_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2002FactSheet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019 in the United States, roughly 800,000 high school students smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, however, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year as of 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2002FactSheet_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2002FactSheet-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2004GBD8_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2004GBD8-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4.9 million as of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2007FactSheet_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2007FactSheet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2007FactSheet_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2007FactSheet-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, smoking causes one in ten deaths worldwide, with half of those deaths in the US, China, India and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology">Psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Takeup">Takeup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Takeup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud,_by_Max_Halberstadt_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, whose doctor <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud#Death" title="Sigmund Freud">assisted his suicide</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a> caused by smoking<sup id="cite_ref-Gay_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gay-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most smokers begin smoking during adolescence or early adulthood. Some studies also show that smoking can also be linked to various mental health complications.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking has elements of risk-taking and rebellion, which often appeal to young people. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The presence of peers that smoke and media featuring high-status models smoking may also encourage smoking. Because teenagers are influenced more by their peers than by adults <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tobacco_smoking#Dubious" title="Talk:Tobacco smoking">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, attempts by parents, schools, and health professionals at preventing people from trying cigarettes are often unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-StantonSilva1992_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StantonSilva1992-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children of smoking parents are more likely to smoke than children with non-smoking parents. Children of parents who smoke are less likely to quit smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that parental smoking cessation was associated with less adolescent smoking, except when the other parent currently smoked.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A current study tested the relation of adolescent smoking to rules regulating where adults are allowed to smoke in the home. Results showed that restrictive home smoking policies were associated with lower likelihood of trying smoking for both middle and high school students.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behavioural research generally indicates that teenagers begin their smoking habits due to peer pressure, and cultural influence portrayed by friends. However, one study found that direct pressure to smoke cigarettes played a less significant part in adolescent smoking, with <a href="/wiki/Adolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent">adolescents</a> also reporting low levels of both <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a> and direct pressure to smoke cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mere exposure to tobacco retailers may motivate smoking behaviour in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar study suggested that individuals may play a more active role in starting to smoke than has previously been thought and that social processes other than peer pressure also need to be taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study's results indicated that <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> was significantly associated with smoking behavior across all age and gender cohorts, but that intrapersonal factors were significantly more important to the smoking behavior of 12- to 13-year-old girls than same-age boys. Within the 14- to 15-year-old age group, one peer pressure variable emerged as a significantly more important predictor of girls' than boys' smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is debated whether peer pressure or <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a> is a greater cause of adolescent smoking. </p><p>Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a> (who later was questioned for nonplausible results <sup id="cite_ref-Pelosi2019_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelosi2019-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unsafe publications<sup id="cite_ref-Enquiry_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enquiry-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hawkes_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkes-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) developed a personality profile for the typical smoker. <a href="/wiki/Extraversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraversion">Extraversion</a> is the trait that is most associated with smoking, and smokers tend to be sociable, impulsive, risk taking, and excitement seeking individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistence">Persistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reasons given by some smokers for this activity have been categorized as <i>addictive smoking</i>, <i>pleasure from smoking</i>, <i>tension reduction/relaxation</i>, <i>social smoking</i>, <i>stimulation</i>, <i>habit/automatism</i>, and <i>handling</i>. There are gender differences in how much each of these reasons contribute, with females more likely than males to cite <i>tension reduction/relaxation</i>, <i>stimulation</i> and <i>social smoking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some smokers argue that the <a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">depressant</a> effect of smoking allows them to calm their nerves, often allowing for increased concentration. However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, "Nicotine seems to provide both a stimulant and a depressant effect, and it is likely that the effect it has at any time is determined by the mood of the user, the environment and the circumstances of use. Studies have suggested that low doses have a depressant effect, while higher doses have stimulant effect."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns">Patterns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies have established that cigarette sales and smoking follow distinct time-related patterns. For example, cigarette sales in the United States of America have been shown to follow a strongly seasonal pattern, with the high months being the months of summer, and the low months being the winter months.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, smoking has been shown to follow distinct circadian patterns during the waking day—with the high point usually occurring shortly after waking in the morning, and shortly before going to sleep at night.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a></div> <p>Tobacco smoking is the <a href="/wiki/Leading_causes_of_preventable_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading causes of preventable death">leading cause of preventable death</a> and a global <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalkhoran2018_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalkhoran2018-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 1.3 billion tobacco users in the world, as per latest data from WHO.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobacco_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobacco-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One person dies every six seconds from a tobacco related disease.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and torso of a male with internal organs shown and labels referring to the effects of tobacco smoking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg/220px-Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg/330px-Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg/440px-Adverse_effects_of_tobacco_smoking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Common adverse effects of tobacco smoking. The more common effects are in bold face.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harm_Reduct._J._89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harm_Reduct._J.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Am._J._Public_Health_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Public_Health-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Expert_Rev._Cardiovasc_Ther._91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expert_Rev._Cardiovasc_Ther.-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD),<sup id="cite_ref-IJERPH_2009_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF),<sup id="cite_ref-Pulm_Med._93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulm_Med.-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IJERPH_2009_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJERPH_2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoking tobacco causes various types and subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a><sup id="cite_ref-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst._94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst.-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">cancers of the oropharynx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StatPearls_2020_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatPearls_2020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">larynx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StatPearls_2020_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatPearls_2020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">mouth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-StatPearls_2020_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatPearls_2020-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using tobacco, especially together with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, is a major risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a>. 72% of head and neck cancer cases are caused by using both alcohol and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rises to 89% when looking specifically at <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarette</a> smoking increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> as well as the severity of the course of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the number one cause of <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a>. Cigarette smoking has also been associated with <a href="/wiki/Sarcopenia" title="Sarcopenia">sarcopenia</a>, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that are exposed to the smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Harm_Reduct._J._89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harm_Reduct._J.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cancer_Epidemiol._Biomark._Prev._100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancer_Epidemiol._Biomark._Prev.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst._94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst.-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a> smoking is known to carry <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">serious health risks</a>, including increased risk of developing various types and subtypes of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_disease" title="Periodontal disease">periodontal diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">teeth decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malignant_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant disease">malignant diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harm_Reduct._J._89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harm_Reduct._J.-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst._94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Natl._Cancer_Inst.-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMC_Publ._Health_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMC_Publ._Health-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-J._Periodontol._103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._Periodontol.-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxic chemicals</a>, 98 of which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and 69 of which are known to be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalkhoran2018_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalkhoran2018-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important chemicals <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">causing cancer</a> are those that produce DNA damage, since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18403632_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18403632-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenic</a> compounds in cigarette smoke are <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20158384_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20158384-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11971987_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11971987-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19546159_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19546159-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/1,3-butadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-butadiene">1,3-butadiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21602187_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21602187-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21604744_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21604744-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19477295_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19477295-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17317274_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17317274-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the aforementioned toxic chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Flavored_tobacco" title="Flavored tobacco">flavored tobacco</a> contains flavorings which upon heating release toxic chemicals and carcinogens such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), <a href="/wiki/Furans" class="mw-redirect" title="Furans">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehydes">aldehydes</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>), and acids, in addition to nitrogenous <a href="/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogens">carcinogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals#Toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, all of which are dangerous to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-Cancer_Epidemiol._Biomark._Prev._100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cancer_Epidemiol._Biomark._Prev.-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arterioscler._Thromb._Vasc._Biol._112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arterioscler._Thromb._Vasc._Biol.-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ann._Am._Thorac._Soc._113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann._Am._Thorac._Soc.-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environ._Health_Prev._Med._114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environ._Health_Prev._Med.-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farag_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farag-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparison of 13 common <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a> flavors found that melon flavors are the most dangerous, with their smoke containing four classes of hazards in high concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Farag_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farag-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that tobacco caused 8 million deaths in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-Tobacco_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobacco-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although 70% of smokers state their intention to quit only 3–5% are actually successful in doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-Barendregt,_J._J._1997_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barendregt,_J._J._1997-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probabilities of death from lung cancer before age 75 in the United Kingdom are 0.2% for men who never smoked (0.4% for women), 5.5% for male former smokers (2.6% in women), 15.9% for current male smokers (9.5% for women) and 24.4% for male "heavy smokers" defined as smoking more than 25 cigarettes per day (18.5% for women).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco smoke can combine with other carcinogens present within the environment in order to produce elevated degrees of lung cancer. </p><p>The risk of lung cancer decreases almost from the first day someone <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quits smoking</a> and it drops by 50% after 10 years of smoking cessation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tobacco_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobacco-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy cells that have escaped mutations grow and replace the damaged ones in the lungs. In the research dated December 2019, 40% of cells in former smokers looked like those of people who had never smoked.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rates of smoking have generally leveled-off or declined in the developed world. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smoking alters the <a href="/wiki/Transcriptome" title="Transcriptome">transcriptome</a> of the lung <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a>; the expression levels of a panel of seven genes (KMO, CD1A, SPINK5, TREM2, CYBB, DNASE2B, FGG) are increased in the lung tissue of smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31506599_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31506599-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> is the inhalation of tobacco smoke by individuals who are not actively smoking. This smoke is known as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) when the burning end is present, and <a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">third-hand smoke</a> after the burning end has been extinguished. Because of its negative implications, exposure to SHS has played a central role in the regulation of tobacco products. Six hundred thousand deaths were attributed to SHS in 2004. It also has been known to produce skin conditions such as freckles and dryness.<sup id="cite_ref-lancet-2nd-burden_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet-2nd-burden-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smokers are at greater risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic disorder">psychotic disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco has also been described an <a href="/wiki/Anaphrodisiac" title="Anaphrodisiac">anaphrodisiac</a> due to its propensity for causing <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a correlation between tobacco smoking and a reduced risk of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></div> <p>In countries where there is a <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universally funded healthcare</a> system, the government covers the cost of medical care for smokers who become ill through smoking in the form of increased taxes. Two broad debating positions exist on this front, the "pro-smoking" argument suggesting that heavy smokers generally do not live long enough to develop the costly and chronic illnesses which affect the elderly, reducing society's healthcare burden, and the "anti-smoking" argument suggests that the healthcare burden is increased because smokers get chronic illnesses younger and at a higher rate than the general population. Data on both positions has been contested. The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> published research in 2002 claiming that the cost of each <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">pack</a> of cigarettes sold in the United States was more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost may be higher, with another study putting it as high as $41 per pack, most of which however is on the individual and his/her family.<sup id="cite_ref-Familycost_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Familycost-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is how one author of that study puts it when he explains the very low cost for others: "The reason the number is low is that for private pensions, Social Security, and Medicare — the biggest factors in calculating costs to society — smoking actually saves money. Smokers die at a younger age and don't draw on the funds they've paid into those systems."<sup id="cite_ref-Familycost_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Familycost-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other research demonstrates that premature death caused by smoking may redistribute Social Security income in unexpected ways that affect behavior and reduce the economic well-being of smokers and their dependents.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further support this, whatever the rate of smoking consumption is per day, smokers have a greater lifetime medical cost on average compared to a non-smoker by an estimated $6000.<sup id="cite_ref-Barendregt,_J._J._1997_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barendregt,_J._J._1997-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the cost for lost productivity and health care expenditures combined, cigarette smoking costs at least 193 billion dollars (Research also shows that smokers earn less money than nonsmokers<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). As for secondhand smoke, the cost is over 10 billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, some non-scientific studies, including one conducted by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_International" title="Philip Morris International">Philip Morris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Finance_Balance_of_Smoking_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic">Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Czechonomics_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechonomics-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support the opposite position. Philip Morris has explicitly apologised for the former study, saying: "The funding and public release of this study which, among other things, detailed purported cost savings to the Czech Republic due to premature deaths of smokers, exhibited terrible judgment as well as a complete and unacceptable disregard of basic human values. For one of our tobacco companies to commission this study was not just a terrible mistake, it was wrong. All of us at Philip Morris, no matter where we work, are extremely sorry for this. No one benefits from the very real, serious and significant diseases caused by smoking."<sup id="cite_ref-Czechonomics_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Czechonomics-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1970 and 1995, per-capita cigarette consumption in poorer developing countries increased by 67 percent, while it dropped by 10 percent in the richer developed world. Eighty percent of smokers now live in less developed countries. By 2030, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) forecasts that 10 million people a year will die of smoking-related illness, making it the single biggest cause of death worldwide, with the largest increase to be among women. WHO forecasts the 21st century's death rate from smoking to be ten times the 20th century's rate ("Washingtonian" magazine, December 2007). </p><p>The tobacco industry is known to be one of the largest global enterprises in the world. The six biggest tobacco companies made a combined profit of $35.1 billion (Jha et al., 2014) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">Tobacco advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religious views on smoking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg/220px-Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg/330px-Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg/440px-Skull_with_a_Burning_Cigarette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption><i>Skull with a burning cigarette</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Famous smokers of the past used cigarettes or pipes as part of their image, such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gauloises" title="Gauloises">Gauloises</a>-brand cigarettes; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>'s, and <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>'s pipes; or the news broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>'s cigarette. Writers in particular seem to be known for smoking, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> Professor Richard Klein's book <i><a href="/wiki/Cigarettes_Are_Sublime" title="Cigarettes Are Sublime">Cigarettes are Sublime</a></i> for the analysis, by this professor of French literature, of the role smoking plays in 19th and 20th century letters. The popular author <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a> addressed his addiction to cigarettes within his novels. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> was well known for smoking a pipe in public as was <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> for his cigars. <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a>, the fictional detective created by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, smoked a pipe, cigarettes, and cigars. The <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Comics" title="Vertigo Comics">Vertigo</a> comic book character <a href="/wiki/John_Constantine" title="John Constantine">John Constantine</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a>, is synonymous with smoking, so much so that the first storyline by <a href="/wiki/Preacher_(comics)" title="Preacher (comics)"><i>Preacher</i></a> creator <a href="/wiki/Garth_Ennis" title="Garth Ennis">Garth Ennis</a> centered around John Constantine contracting lung cancer. <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestler</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(wrestler)" title="The Sandman (wrestler)">James Fullington</a>, while in character as "The Sandman", is a chronic smoker in order to appear "tough". </p><p>The problem of smoking at home is particularly difficult for women in many cultures (especially Arab cultures), where it may not be acceptable for a woman to ask her husband not to smoke at home or in the presence of her children. Studies have shown that pollution levels for smoking areas indoors are higher than levels found on busy roadways, in closed motor garages, and during fire storms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, smoke can spread from one room to another, even if doors to the smoking area are closed.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremonial smoking of tobacco, and praying with a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">sacred pipe</a>, is a prominent part of the religious ceremonies of a number of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> Nations. <i>Sema</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> word for tobacco, is grown for ceremonial use and considered the ultimate sacred plant since its smoke is believed to carry prayers to the spirits. In most major religions, however, tobacco smoking is not specifically prohibited, although it may be discouraged as an immoral habit. Before the health risks of smoking were identified through controlled study, smoking was considered an immoral habit by certain Christian preachers and social reformers. The founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, recorded that on 27 February 1833, he received a <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> which discouraged tobacco use. This "Word of Wisdom" was later accepted as a commandment, and faithful Latter-day Saints abstain completely from tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses base their stand against smoking on the Bible's command to "clean ourselves of every defilement of flesh" (2 Corinthians 7:1). The Jewish Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Kagan" title="Yisrael Meir Kagan">Yisrael Meir Kagan</a> (1838–1933) was one of the first Jewish authorities to speak out on smoking. In <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya Islam</a>, smoking is highly discouraged, although not forbidden. During the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadhan">fasting</a> however, it is forbidden to smoke tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, smoking tobacco is discouraged though not forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-oneworld_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneworld-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Tobacco politics</a></div> <p>On 27 February 2005 the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a>, took effect. The FCTC is the world's first public health treaty. Countries that sign on as parties agree to a set of common goals, minimum standards for tobacco control policy, and to cooperate in dealing with cross-border challenges such as cigarette smuggling. Currently the WHO declares that 4 billion people will be covered by the treaty, which includes 168 signatories.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other steps, signatories are to put together legislation that will eliminate secondhand smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">Cigarette taxes in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/100px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/150px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg/200px-10_Percent_Legacy_and_Succession_Duty_Impressed_Duty_Stamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> An aspect of <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Policies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">Government revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax_equalization" title="Property tax equalization">Property tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">Tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">Non-tax revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">Tax bracket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_deduction" title="Tax deduction">Deduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">Tax shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">Tax cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_holiday" title="Tax holiday">Tax holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">Tax amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advantage" title="Tax advantage">Tax advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incentive" title="Tax incentive">Tax incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">Tax reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_harmonization" title="Tax harmonization">Tax harmonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_competition" title="Tax competition">Tax competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_withholding" title="Tax withholding">Tax withholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_taxation" title="Double taxation">Double taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">Representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_groups" title="Taxpayer groups">Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_savings_account" title="Medical savings account">Medical savings account</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax#Economic_effects" title="Tax">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_taxes_and_subsidies_on_price" title="Effect of taxes and subsidies on price">Price effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_burden_of_taxation" title="Excess burden of taxation">Excess burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_incidence" title="Tax incidence">Tax incidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_tax" title="Optimal tax">Optimal tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_taxation" title="Theories of taxation">Theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_capital_income_taxation" title="Optimal capital income taxation">Optimal capital income taxation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Distribution of Tax</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">Tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">Regressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_tax" title="Proportional tax">Proportional</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">Collection</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_service" title="Revenue service">Revenue service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">Revenue stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_assessment" title="Tax assessment">Tax assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxable_income" title="Taxable income">Taxable income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_lien" title="Tax lien">Tax lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_refund" title="Tax refund">Tax refund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shield" title="Tax shield">Tax shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_residence" title="Tax residence">Tax residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax preparation">Tax preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_investigation" title="Tax investigation">Tax investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_collector" title="Tax collector">Tax collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatized_tax_collection" title="Privatized tax collection">Private tax collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">Tax farming</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Noncompliance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_tax_avoidance" title="Repatriation tax avoidance">Repatriation tax avoidance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">Tax shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison">Debtors' prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Corporate</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">Transfer mispricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_erosion_and_profit_shifting" title="Base erosion and profit shifting">Base erosion and profit shifting</a> (BEPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement" title="Double Irish arrangement">Double Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sandwich" title="Dutch Sandwich">Dutch Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Replacement_by_single_malt" title="Double Irish arrangement">Single Malt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement#Backstop_of_capital_allowances" title="Double Irish arrangement">CAIA</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven" title="Corporate haven">Corporate havens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a> (OFCs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_magic_circle" title="Offshore magic circle">Offshore magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_sink_OFCs" title="Conduit and sink OFCs">Conduit and sink OFCs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">Financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Major examples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_as_a_tax_haven" title="Ireland as a tax haven">Ireland as a tax haven</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Ireland v. Commission</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">Leprechaun economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liechtenstein_tax_affair" title="2008 Liechtenstein tax affair">Liechtenstein tax affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuxLeaks" title="LuxLeaks">Luxembourg Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Leaks" title="Offshore Leaks">Offshore Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Leaks" title="Swiss Leaks">Swiss Leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_as_a_tax_haven" title="United States as a tax haven">United States as a tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_as_a_tax_haven" title="Panama as a tax haven">Panama as a tax haven</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxes" title="List of taxes">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_unit_tax" title="Per unit tax">Per unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem_tax" title="Ad valorem tax">Ad valorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_improvement_fee" title="Airport improvement fee">Airport improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_fee" title="Landing fee">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_tax_on_airplane_tickets" title="Solidarity tax on airplane tickets">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_gains_tax" title="Capital gains tax">Capital gains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expatriation_tax" title="Expatriation tax">Expatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_tax" title="Consumption tax">Consumption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departure_tax" title="Departure tax">Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel tax">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_duty" title="Stamp duty">Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_tax" title="Tourist tax">Tourist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value-added</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividend_tax" title="Dividend tax">Dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_tax" title="Landfill tax">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_consumption_tax" title="Natural resources consumption tax">Natural resources consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">Severance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_tax" title="Steering tax">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumpage" title="Stumpage">Stumpage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">Excise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_taxes_in_the_United_States" title="Cigarette taxes in the United States">Cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_tax" title="Fat tax">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tax" title="Meat tax">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_tax" title="Sin tax">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugary_drink_tax" title="Sugary drink tax">Sugary drink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Fund" title="Consolidated Fund">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_tax" title="Gift tax">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_receipts_tax" title="Gross receipts tax">Gross receipts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothecated_tax" title="Hypothecated tax">Hypothecated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance (estate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_tax" title="Luxury tax">Luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">Payroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_rent_tax" title="Resource rent tax">Resource rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">Surtax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_tax" title="Turnover tax">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_tax" title="Use tax">Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_charge" title="User charge">User charge</a>/<a href="/wiki/User_fee" title="User fee">fee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road</a>/<a href="/wiki/GNSS_road_pricing" title="GNSS road pricing">GNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_(fee)" title="Toll (fee)">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_miles_traveled_tax" title="Vehicle miles traveled tax">Vehicle miles traveled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Corporate profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windfall_tax" title="Windfall tax">Windfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative (income)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">International</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction_tax" title="Financial transaction tax">Financial transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Taxation_of_Financial_Transactions_and_for_Citizens%27_Action" title="Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action">ATTAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_transaction_tax" title="Currency transaction tax">Currency transaction tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Consolidated_Corporate_Tax_Base" title="Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base"><span class="wrap">European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base</span></a> (CCCTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_minimum_corporate_tax_rate" title="Global minimum corporate tax rate">Global minimum corporate tax rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">Robin Hood tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobin_tax" title="Tobin tax">Tobin tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahn_tax" title="Spahn tax">Spahn tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_equalization" title="Tax equalization">Tax equalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_treaty" title="Tax treaty">Tax treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of Information">Exchange of Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_establishment" title="Permanent establishment">Permanent establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_pricing" title="Transfer pricing">Transfer pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_financial_transaction_tax" title="European Union financial transaction tax">European Union FTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Foreign revenue rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">Import</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">Export</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Tariff war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Academic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihir_A._Desai" title="Mihir A. Desai">Mihir A. Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammika_Dharmapala" title="Dhammika Dharmapala">Dhammika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Hines_Jr." title="James R. Hines Jr.">James R. Hines Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Slemrod" title="Joel Slemrod">Joel Slemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Advocacy groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_on_Taxation_and_Economic_Policy" title="Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy">Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy</a> (ITEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a> (TJN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Policy_Center" title="Tax Policy Center">Tax Policy Center</a> (US)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_tax" title="Church tax">Church tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">Eight per thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teind" title="Teind">Teind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibzoll" title="Leibzoll">Leibzoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tax" title="Temple tax">Temple tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_tax" title="Tolerance tax">Tolerance tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_by_country" title="Category:Taxation by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> All Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_rates" title="List of countries by tax rates">List of countries by tax rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_revenue_to_GDP_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tax revenue to GDP ratio">Tax revenue to GDP ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_rates_in_Europe" title="Tax rates in Europe">Tax rates in Europe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Individual Countries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Argentina" title="Taxation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Azerbaijan" title="Taxation in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bangladesh" title="Taxation in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bhutan" title="Taxation in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Bulgaria" title="Taxation in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Taxation in the British Virgin Islands">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Croatia" title="Taxation in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Denmark" title="Taxation in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Finland" title="Taxation in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Greece" title="Taxation in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Taxation in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Indonesia" title="Taxation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Japan" title="Taxation in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Kazakhstan" title="Taxation in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Lithuania" title="Taxation in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Malta" title="Taxation in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Morocco" title="Taxation in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Namibia" title="Taxation in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Taxation in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Poland" title="Taxation in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Portugal" title="Taxation in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_South_Africa" title="Taxation in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sweden" title="Taxation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania" title="Taxation in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Taxation in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Uruguay" title="Taxation in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color: #efefef;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/16px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/24px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation" title="Template:Taxation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation" title="Template talk:Taxation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many governments have introduced <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise taxes</a> on cigarettes in order to reduce the consumption of cigarettes. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> finds that:<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The structure of tobacco excise taxes varies considerably across countries, with lower income countries more likely to rely more on <i>ad valorem</i> excises and higher income countries more likely to rely more on specific excise taxes, while many countries at all income levels use a mix of specific and <i>ad valorem</i> excises. </p><p>Tobacco excise tax systems are quite complex in several countries, where different tax rates are applied based on prices, product characteristics such as presence/absence of a filter or length, packaging, weight, tobacco content, and/or production or sales volume. These complex systems are difficult to administer, create opportunities for tax avoidance, and are less effective from a public health perspective. </p><p> Globally, cigarette excise taxes account for less than 45 percent of cigarette prices, on average, while all taxes applied to cigarettes account for just over half of half of price. Higher income countries levy higher taxes on tobacco products and these taxes account for a greater share of price, with both the absolute tax and share of price accounted for by tax falling as country incomes fall.</p></blockquote> <p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> said that each <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">pack</a> of cigarettes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (August 2018)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> sold in the United States costs the nation more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity,<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around $3400 per year per smoker. Another study by a team of health economists finds the combined price paid by their families and society is about $41 per pack of cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Substantial scientific evidence shows that higher cigarette prices result in lower overall cigarette consumption. Most studies indicate that a 10% increase in price will reduce overall cigarette consumption by 3% to 5%. Youth, minorities, and low-income smokers are two to three times more likely to quit or smoke less than other smokers in response to price increases.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While smoking is sometimes given as an example of an <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)" title="Elasticity (economics)">inelastic good</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, it is elastic in poorer and middle wealth nations, and even in wealthier nations price increases do effect consumption, if not at the same rate as more elastic goods.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is to say, a large rise in price will only result in a small decrease in consumption. </p><p>Many nations have implemented some form of tobacco taxation. As of 1997, Denmark had the highest cigarette tax burden of $4.02 per pack. Taiwan only had a tax burden of $0.62 per pack. The federal government of the United States charges $1.01 per pack.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cigarette taxes vary widely from state to state in the United States. For example, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> has a cigarette tax of only 17 cents per pack, the nation's lowest, while <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> has the highest cigarette tax in the U.S.: $4.35 per pack. In Alabama, Illinois, Missouri, New York City, Tennessee, and Virginia, counties and cities may impose an additional limited tax on the price of cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sales taxes are also levied on tobacco products in most jurisdictions. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, as of April 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> a packet of 20 cigarettes has a tax added of 16.5% of the retail price plus £5.89.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK has a significant <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for tobacco, and it has been estimated by the tobacco industry that 27% of cigarette and 68% of handrolling tobacco consumption is non-UK duty paid (NUKDP).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia total taxes account for 62.5% of the final price of a packet of cigarettes (2011 figures). These taxes include federal excise or customs duty and <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Australia)">Goods and Services Tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">Tobacco advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain tobacco packaging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">Smoking ban</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_area.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smoking_area.JPG/220px-Smoking_area.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smoking_area.JPG/330px-Smoking_area.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smoking_area.JPG/440px-Smoking_area.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="2173" /></a><figcaption>An enclosed smoking area in a Japanese train station. Notice the air vent on the roof.</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1967, the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> ruled that programmes broadcast on a television station which discussed smoking and health were insufficient to offset the effects of paid advertisements that were broadcast for five to ten minutes each day. In April 1970, the US Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Cigarette_Smoking_Act" title="Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act">Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act</a> banning the advertising of cigarettes on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> starting on 2 January 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 expressly prohibited almost all forms of Tobacco advertising in Australia, including the sponsorship of sporting or other cultural events by cigarette brands. </p><p>All tobacco advertising and sponsorship on television has been banned within the European Union since 1991 under the Television Without Frontiers Directive (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ban was extended by the Tobacco Advertising Directive, which took effect in July 2005 to cover other forms of media such as the internet, print media, and radio. The directive does not include advertising in cinemas and on billboards or using merchandising – or tobacco sponsorship of cultural and sporting events which are purely local, with participants coming from only one Member State<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as these fall outside the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. However, most member states have transposed the directive with national laws that are wider in scope than the directive and cover local advertising. A 2008 European Commission report concluded that the directive had been successfully transposed into national law in all EU member states, and that these laws were well implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada,_state_of_Cear%C3%A1,_Brazil._07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg/220px-Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg/330px-Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg/440px-Apr2024._Cigarette_dispenser_in_Canoa_Quebrada%2C_state_of_Cear%C3%A1%2C_Brazil._07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>A cigarette dispenser in <a href="/wiki/Canoa_Quebrada" title="Canoa Quebrada">Canoa Quebrada</a>, Brazil selling individual cigarettes for <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">R$</a>1 in 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Some countries also impose legal requirements on the packaging of tobacco products. For example, in the countries of the European Union, Turkey, Australia<sup id="cite_ref-auswarn_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auswarn-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South Africa, cigarette packs must be prominently labeled with the health risks associated with smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada, Australia, Thailand, Iceland and Brazil have also imposed labels upon cigarette packs warning smokers of the effects, and they include graphic images of the potential health effects of smoking. Cards are also inserted into cigarette packs in Canada. There are sixteen of them, and only one comes in a pack. They explain different methods of quitting smoking. Also, in the United Kingdom, there have been a number of graphic <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> advertisements, one showing a cigarette filled with fatty deposits, as if the cigarette is symbolizing the artery of a smoker. </p><p>Some countries have also banned advertisement at point of sale. United Kingdom and Ireland have limited the advertisement of tobacco at retailers.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes storing of cigarettes behind a covered shelf not visible to the public. They do however allow some limited advertising at retailers. Norway has a complete ban of point of sale advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes smoking products and accessories. Implementing these policies can be challenging, all of these countries experienced resistance and challenges from the tobacco industry.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Health Organization recommends the complete ban of all types of advertisement or product placement, including at vending machines, at airports and on internet shops selling tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence is as yet unclear as to the effect of such bans.   </p><p>Many countries have a <a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">smoking age</a>. In many countries, including the United States, most European Union member states, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, Israel, India,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Australia, it is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors and in the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark and South Africa it is illegal to sell tobacco products to people under the age of 18. On 1 September 2007 the minimum age to buy tobacco products in Germany rose from 16 to 18, as well as in the United Kingdom where on 1 October 2007 it rose from 16 to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underlying such laws is the belief that people should make an informed decision regarding the risks of tobacco use. These laws have a lax enforcement in some nations and states. In China, Turkey, and many other countries usually a child will have little problem buying tobacco products, because they are often told to go to the store to buy tobacco for their parents. </p><p>Several countries such as Ireland, Latvia, Estonia, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Portugal, Singapore, Italy, Indonesia, India, Lithuania, Chile, Spain, Iceland, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Türkiye and Malta have legislated against smoking in public places, often including bars and restaurants. Restaurateurs have been permitted in some jurisdictions to build designated smoking areas (or to prohibit smoking). In the United States, many states prohibit smoking in restaurants, and some also prohibit smoking in bars. In provinces of Canada, smoking is illegal in indoor workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants. As of 31 March 2008 Canada has introduced a smoke-free law in all public places, as well as within 10 metres of an entrance to any public place. In Australia, smoke-free laws vary from state to state. In New Zealand and Brazil, smoking is restricted in enclosed public places including bars, restaurants and pubs. Hong Kong restricted smoking on 1 January 2007 in the workplace, public spaces such as restaurants, karaoke rooms, buildings, and public parks (bars which do not admit minors were exempt until 2009). In Romania smoking is illegal in trains, metro stations, public institutions (except where designated, usually outside) and public transport. In Germany, in addition to smoking bans in public buildings and transport, an anti-smoking ordinance for bars and restaurants was implemented in late 2007. A study by the University of Hamburg (Ahlfeldt and Maennig 2010) demonstrates that the smoking ban had, if any, only short run effects on bar and restaurant revenues. In the medium and long run no negative effect was measurable. The results suggest either that the consumption in bars and restaurants is not affected by smoking bans in the long run or that negative revenue effects by smokers are compensated by increasing revenues through non-smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignition_safety">Ignition safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ignition safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An indirect public health problem posed by cigarettes is that of accidental fires, usually linked with consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>. Enhanced combustion using nitrates was traditionally used but cigarette manufacturers have been silent on this subject claiming at first that a safe cigarette was technically impossible, then that it could only be achieved by modifying the paper. Roll your own cigarettes contain no additives and are fire safe. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Fire_safe_cigarette" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire safe cigarette">fire safe cigarette</a> designs have been proposed, some by tobacco companies themselves, which would extinguish a cigarette left unattended for more than a minute or two, thereby reducing the risk of fire. Among American tobacco companies, some have resisted this idea, while others have embraced it. <a href="/wiki/RJ_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="RJ Reynolds">RJ Reynolds</a> was a leader in making prototypes of these cigarettes in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will make all of their U.S. market cigarettes to be fire-safe by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_USA" title="Philip Morris USA">Phillip Morris</a> is not in active support of it.<sup id="cite_ref-letter_fire_safe_cigarettes_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter_fire_safe_cigarettes-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorillard">Lorillard</a> (purchased by <a href="/wiki/RJ_Reynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="RJ Reynolds">RJ Reynolds</a>), the US' 3rd-largest tobacco company, seems to be ambivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-letter_fire_safe_cigarettes_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter_fire_safe_cigarettes-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_warnings">Health warnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health warnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual cigarettes in Canada now carry warnings such as "poison in every puff" and "cigarettes cause impotence" in what the government says is an effort to make it "virtually impossible to avoid health warnings altogether".<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gateway_drug_theory">Gateway drug theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gateway drug theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_other_drugs" title="Tobacco and other drugs">Tobacco and other drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">Gateway drug theory</a></div> <p>The relationship between tobacco and other drug use has been well-established, however the nature of this association remains unclear. The two main theories are the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_drug_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateway drug theory">phenotypic causation</a> (gateway) model and the correlated liabilities model. The causation model argues that smoking is a primary influence on future drug use,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the correlated liabilities model argues that smoking and other drug use are predicated on genetic or environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study published by the NIH found that tobacco use may be linked to cocaine addiction and marijuana use. The study stated that 90% of adults who used cocaine had smoked cigarettes before (this was for people ages 18–34). This study could support the gateway drug theory.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cessation">Cessation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cessation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></div> <p>Quitting smoking often involves advice from physicians or social workers,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cold_turkey" title="Cold turkey">cold turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">nicotine replacement therapy</a>, contingent vouchers,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, vaping,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>, self-help (mindfulness meditation),<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and support groups. </p><p>In the United States, about 70% of smokers would like to quit smoking, and 50% report having made an attempt to do so in the past year.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without support, 1% of smokers will successfully quit smoking each year. Physician advice to quit smoking increases the rate to 3% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunetta2022_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunetta2022-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding first‐line smoking cessation medications (and some behavioral help), increased quit rates to around 20% of smokers in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-RosenGalili2018_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RosenGalili2018-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cessation of smoking, public participation in health campaigns are important. In Nepal, cardiologist <a href="/wiki/Om_Murti_Anil" title="Om Murti Anil">Om Murti Anil</a> has launched <b>smokers are not selfish</b> campaign on the occasion of valentines day. He is using social media to motivate people to sacrifice their smoking habits as gift to their loved ones .<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_among_college_students" title="Cigarette smoking among college students">Cigarette smoking among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_for_weight_loss" title="Cigarette smoking for weight loss">Cigarette smoking for weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">Electronic cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_cigarette" title="Herbal cigarette">Herbal cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">List of cigarette smoke carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">Snuff (tobacco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoker's paradox">Smoker's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gateley2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gateley2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gateley2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGately2004" class="citation book cs1">Gately, Iain (2004) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x41jVocj05EC"><i>Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization</i></a>. Diane. pp. 3–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3960-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3960-3"><bdi>978-0-8021-3960-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080723/https://books.google.com/books?id=x41jVocj05EC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+How+an+Exotic+Plant+Seduced+Civilization&rft.pages=3-7&rft.pub=Diane&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3960-3&rft.aulast=Gately&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx41jVocj05EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L&M-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L&M_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L&M_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L&M_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloydMitchinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (25 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgeneralign00lloy"><i>The Book of General Ignorance</i></a>. Harmony Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39491-0"><bdi>978-0-307-39491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+General+Ignorance&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2008-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39491-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Mitchinson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgeneralign00lloy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_RobertShiffman,_Saul2007" class="citation book cs1">West, Robert; Shiffman, Saul (2007). <i>Fast Facts: Smoking Cessation</i>. Health Press Ltd. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903734-98-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903734-98-8"><bdi>978-1-903734-98-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts%3A+Smoking+Cessation&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Health+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-903734-98-8&rft.au=West%2C+Robert&rft.au=Shiffman%2C+Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOJeffreyWigand-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOJeffreyWigand_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigand2006" class="citation web cs1">Wigand, Jeffrey S. (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffreywigand.com/WHOFinal.pdf">"ADDITIVES, CIGARETTE DESIGN and TOBACCO PRODUCT REGULATION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mt. Pleasant, MI 48804: Jeffrey Wigand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516151158/http://www.jeffreywigand.com/WHOFinal.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADDITIVES%2C+CIGARETTE+DESIGN+and+TOBACCO+PRODUCT+REGULATION&rft.place=Mt.+Pleasant%2C+MI+48804&rft.pub=Jeffrey+Wigand&rft.date=2006-07&rft.aulast=Wigand&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeffreywigand.com%2FWHOFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GilmanXun2004p318-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GilmanXun2004p318_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GilmanXun2004p318_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmanXun2004">Gilman & Xun 2004</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID2498936-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMID2498936_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID2498936_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrottWinder1989" class="citation journal cs1">Parrott, A. 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(27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5648391">"Tobacco Use and Effects of Professional Advice on Smoking Cessation among Youth in India"</a>. <i>Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention</i>. <b>18</b> (7): 1861–1867. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.7.1861">10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.7.1861</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2476-762X">2476-762X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5648391">5648391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28749122">28749122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Pacific+Journal+of+Cancer+Prevention&rft.atitle=Tobacco+Use+and+Effects+of+Professional+Advice+on+Smoking+Cessation+among+Youth+in+India&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1861-1867&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5648391%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2476-762X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28749122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22034%2FAPJCP.2017.18.7.1861&rft.aulast=Chandrupatla&rft.aufirst=Siddardha+G.&rft.au=Tavares%2C+Mary&rft.au=Natto%2C+Zuhair+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5648391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Lancet-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Lancet_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Lancet2009" class="citation journal cs1">The Lancet (26 September 2009). "Tobacco smoking:why start?". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>374</b> (9695): 1038. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2809%2961680-9">10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61680-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19782852">19782852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37513171">37513171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Tobacco+smoking%3Awhy+start%3F&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=9695&rft.pages=1038&rft.date=2009-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37513171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19782852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2809%2961680-9&rft.au=The+Lancet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilbert1993-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilbert1993_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbert1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilbert, Johannes (28 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPCuo4LkrIwC"><i>Tobacco and Shamanism in South America</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05790-4"><bdi>978-0-300-05790-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080724/https://books.google.com/books?id=qPCuo4LkrIwC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+and+Shamanism+in+South+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05790-4&rft.aulast=Wilbert&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPCuo4LkrIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robicsek1979-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robicsek1979_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobicsek1979" class="citation book cs1">Robicsek, Francis (January 1979). <i>The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-1511-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-1511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smoking+Gods%3A+Tobacco+in+Maya+Art%2C+History%2C+and+Religion&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1979-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-1511-5&rft.aulast=Robicsek&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hallucinogenic_pre-Columbian_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.J.Carod-Artal2011" class="citation journal cs1">F.J.Carod-Artal (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010">"Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures"</a>. <i>Neurología</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 42–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010">10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21893367">21893367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurolog%C3%ADa&rft.atitle=Hallucinogenic+drugs+in+pre-Columbian+Mesoamerican+cultures&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-49&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21893367&rft.au=F.J.Carod-Artal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.nrleng.2011.07.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordenskiold1929" class="citation cs2">Nordenskiold, Erland (1929), "The American Indian as an Inventor", <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>, <b>59</b>: 277, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843888">10.2307/2843888</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843888">2843888</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+American+Indian+as+an+Inventor&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=277&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2843888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nordenskiold&rft.aufirst=Erland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckewelderReichel1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Heckewelder" title="John Heckewelder">Heckewelder, John Gottlieb Ernestus</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Cornelius_Reichel" title="William Cornelius Reichel">Reichel, William Cornelius</a> (June 1971) [1876]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPCuo4LkrIwC"><i>History, manners, and customs of the Indian nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and the neighboring states</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Historical society of Pennsylvania. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02853-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-02853-3"><bdi>978-0-405-02853-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080724/https://books.google.com/books?id=qPCuo4LkrIwC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+manners%2C+and+customs+of+the+Indian+nations+who+once+inhabited+Pennsylvania+and+the+neighboring+states&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=The+Historical+society+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1971-06&rft.isbn=978-0-405-02853-3&rft.aulast=Heckewelder&rft.aufirst=John+Gottlieb+Ernestus&rft.au=Reichel%2C+William+Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPCuo4LkrIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiérevilleWebsterWebster1933" class="citation journal cs1">Diéreville; Webster, John Clarence; Webster, Alice de Kessler Lusk (1933). "Relation of the voyage to Port Royal in Acadia or New France". The Champlain Society. <q>They smoke with excessive eagerness […] men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Relation+of+the+voyage+to+Port+Royal+in+Acadia+or+New+France&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Di%C3%A9reville&rft.au=Webster%2C+John+Clarence&rft.au=Webster%2C+Alice+de+Kessler+Lusk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottsegen1940" class="citation journal cs1">Gottsegen, Jack Jacob (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uNCAAAAIAAJ&q=Tobacco:+A+Study+of+Its+Consumption+in+the+United+States">"Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States"</a>. Pitman Publishing Company: 107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080757/https://books.google.com/books?id=1uNCAAAAIAAJ&q=Tobacco:+A+Study+of+Its+Consumption+in+the+United+States">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tobacco%3A+A+Study+of+Its+Consumption+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=107&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gottsegen&rft.aufirst=Jack+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uNCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DTobacco%3A%2BA%2BStudy%2Bof%2BIts%2BConsumption%2Bin%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalls1962" class="citation book cs1">Balls, Edward K. (1 October 1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyusesofcalif00ball"><i>Early Uses of California Plants</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyusesofcalif00ball/page/81">81</a>–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00072-8"><bdi>978-0-520-00072-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>Early Uses of California Plants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Uses+of+California+Plants&rft.pages=81-85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00072-8&rft.aulast=Balls&rft.aufirst=Edward+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyusesofcalif00ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Ervin L. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021017223417/http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/socialstudies/projects/jvc/overview.html">"Jamestown, Virginia, 1607–1907: An Overview"</a>. University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/socialstudies/projects/jvc/overview.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jamestown%2C+Virginia%2C+1607%E2%80%931907%3A+An+Overview&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Ervin+L.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurry.edschool.virginia.edu%2Fsocialstudies%2Fprojects%2Fjvc%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikoff1986" class="citation book cs1">Kulikoff, Allan (1 August 1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tobaccoslavesdev0000kuli"><i>Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake</i></a></span>. The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4224-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4224-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4224-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>. <q>Tobacco & Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+and+Slaves%3A+The+Development+of+Southern+Cultures+in+the+Chesapeake&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1986-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4224-9&rft.aulast=Kulikoff&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftobaccoslavesdev0000kuli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmanXun2004">Gilman & Xun 2004</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Screech-Smoke-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Screech-Smoke_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmanXun2004">Gilman & Xun 2004</a>, pp. 92–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmanXun2004">Gilman & Xun 2004</a>, pp. 15–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_James_I_of_England2002" class="citation journal cs1">King James I of England (16 April 2002) [1604]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/james/blaste/">"A Counterblaste to Tobacco"</a>. University of Texas at Austin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518062807/http://www.laits.utexas.edu/poltheory/james/blaste/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Counterblaste+to+Tobacco&rft.date=2002-04-16&rft.au=King+James+I+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laits.utexas.edu%2Fpoltheory%2Fjames%2Fblaste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns134-135-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns134-135_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2006" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Eric (28 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZfqS7vi9vEC&q=The+Smoke+of+the+Gods:+A+Social+History+of+Tobacco"><i>The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco</i></a>. Temple University Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-480-9"><bdi>978-1-59213-480-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114080727/https://books.google.com/books?id=cZfqS7vi9vEC&q=The+Smoke+of+the+Gods:+A+Social+History+of+Tobacco">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp">"Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy"</a>. <i>Dimensions</i>. <b>10</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205091200/http://www.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 September 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2038856">"Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (4682): 739–748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4682.739">10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447">0007-1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2038856">2038856</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14772469">14772469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Smoking+and+Carcinoma+of+the+Lung&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4682&rft.pages=739-748&rft.date=1950-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2038856%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0007-1447&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14772469&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4682.739&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Hill%2C+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2038856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/">"CNN Interactive"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN+Interactive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FUS%2F9705%2Ftobacco%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/NN/p-nid/60">"The Reports of the Surgeon General: The 1964 Report on Smoking and Health"</a>. <i>Profiles in Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">United States National Library of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120031958/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/NN/p-nid/60">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profiles+in+Science&rft.atitle=The+Reports+of+the+Surgeon+General%3A+The+1964+Report+on+Smoking+and+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2Fps%2Fretrieve%2FNarrative%2FNN%2Fp-nid%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WallStreetJournalTobaccoMastersSettlement_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilo_Geyelin1998" class="citation news cs1">Milo Geyelin (23 November 1998). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+College+London+enquiry+into+publications+authored+by+Professor+Hans+Eysenck+with+Professor+Ronald+Grossarth-Maticek&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretractionwatch.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F10%2FHE-Enquiry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkes-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawkes_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Hawkes (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/367/bmj.l5899.full.pdf">Works by eminent psychologist who doubted smoking caused cancer are "unsafe," finds inquiry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104001110/https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l5899">Archived</a> 4 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEysenckBrody2000" class="citation book cs1">Eysenck, Hans J.; Brody, Stuart (November 2000). <i>Smoking, health and personality</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Burden+of+Disease+2004+Update&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156371-0&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Fhealthinfo%2Fglobal_burden_disease%2FGBD_report_2004update_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMPOWER2008" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090207002649/http://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf"><i>WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159628-2"><bdi>978-92-4-159628-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Report+on+the+Global+Tobacco+Epidemic%2C+2008%3A+the+MPOWER+package&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159628-2&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Ftobacco%2Fmpower%2Fmpower_report_full_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco+smoking" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_smoking&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Tobacco smoking</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Smoking" class="extiw" title="wikt:Smoking">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tobacco_smoking" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Tobacco smoking">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Smoking" class="extiw" title="n:Smoking">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tobacco" class="extiw" title="q:Tobacco">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tobacco" class="extiw" title="s:Tobacco">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Smoking/Contents" class="extiw" title="b:Smoking/Contents">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Smoking" class="extiw" title="v:Smoking">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7212330" class="extiw" title="d:Q7212330">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961121221839/http://tobacco.org/History/history.html">Tobacco History Links</a> – repository from Tobacco.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328130928/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/"><b>Surgeon General</b>: Tobacco Cessation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cigarettes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cigarettes" title="Template talk:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cigarettes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_cigarette" title="Fire-safe cigarette">Fire-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_tobacco" title="Flavored tobacco">Flavored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilated_cigarette" title="Ventilated cigarette">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol_cigarette" title="Menthol cigarette">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">Additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtray" title="Ashtray">Ashtray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_case" title="Cigarette case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_receptacle" title="Cigarette receptacle">Receptacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_machine" title="Cigarette machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_among_college_students" title="Cigarette smoking among college students">Cigarette smoking among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_for_weight_loss" title="Cigarette smoking for weight loss">Cigarette smoking for weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cigarette" title="Candy cigarette">Candy cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_cigarette" title="Herbal cigarette">Herbal cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_tobacco_product" title="Heated tobacco product">Heated tobacco product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_heated_tobacco_product_emissions" title="Composition of heated tobacco product emissions">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heated_tobacco_products" title="List of heated tobacco products">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">Snus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">Electronic cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine pouch">Nicotine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Argentina" title="Tobacco industry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Malawi" title="Tobacco industry in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Tobacco production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />and the law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_cigarette_trade" title="Illicit cigarette trade">Cigarette smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain cigarette packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Legal smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Tobacco politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_brands" title="List of cigarette brands">Cigarette brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">Cigarette smoke carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Countries by tobacco consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rolling_papers" title="List of rolling papers">Rolling papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Smoking bans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" title="Category:Cigarettes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cigarettes">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_cigarettes" title="Template:Electronic cigarettes">Electronic cigarettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tobacco_smoking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Smoking_nav" title="Template talk:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tobacco_smoking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco smoking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country<br />and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_East_Timor" title="Smoking in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Smoking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iran" title="Smoking in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Macau" title="Smoking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Malaysia" title="Smoking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Pakistan" title="Smoking in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_Philippines" title="Smoking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Smoking in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Vietnam" title="Smoking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Australia" title="Smoking in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_New_Zealand" title="Smoking in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Tokelau" title="Smoking in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_policy_in_Armenia" title="Tobacco policy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Croatia" title="Smoking in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Finland" title="Smoking in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hungary" title="Smoking in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ireland" title="Smoking in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Italy" title="Smoking in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Latvia" title="Smoking in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Norway" title="Smoking in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Sweden" title="Smoking in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Uruguay" title="Smoking in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Jewish_law" title="Smoking in Jewish law">Smoking in Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_tobacco" title="Islamic views on tobacco">Islamic views on tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_fatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco fatwa">Tobacco fatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnikinnick" title="Kinnikinnick">Kinnikinnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_bag" title="Pipe bag">Pipe bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Prevalence of tobacco use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco_keratosis" title="Smokeless tobacco keratosis">Smokeless tobacco keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_face" title="Smoker's face">Smoker's face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis_nicotina" title="Stomatitis nicotina">Stomatitis nicotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_male_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and male infertility">Smoking and male infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_pharmacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco-free pharmacies">Tobacco-free pharmacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_No_Tobacco_Day" title="World No Tobacco Day">World No Tobacco Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_smoking" title="Youth smoking">Youth smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_and_smoking" title="Women and smoking">Women and smoking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties#Tobacco_smoking" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer#Tobacco" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer#Causes" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause#Additional_factors" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)#Causes" title="Ptosis (breasts)">Ptosis of the breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_female_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and female infertility">Smoking and female infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">Smoking ban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">List of smoking bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_college_campuses" title="Tobacco-free college campuses">Tobacco-free college campuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans#Smoking_bans_by_country" title="List of smoking bans">Country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_Australia" title="List of smoking bans in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking ban in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_%C3%89vin" title="Loi Évin">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_the_United_States" title="List of smoking bans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_consumption_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco consumption by country">Tobacco consumption by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smoking" title="History of smoking">History of smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">Smoking jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">Tobacco pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Nicotine marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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[\"CITEREFBurns2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._MerrillKleberShwartzLiu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrellcorrespondent2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_Prevention_(CDC)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_(CDC)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandraChaloupka2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandraShiffmanScharfDang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandrupatlaTavaresNatto2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangCoreyRostronApelberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChassinPressonRoseSherman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurch_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiérevilleWebsterWebster1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDollHill1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDollHill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorseyShererOkunBloem2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtemadiBlountCalafatChang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEysenckBrody2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.J.Carod-Artal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabianiRosignoliDe_BartolomeoFuccelli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaragElmassryEl-Ahmady2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGBD2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarciaAngeliFreitasGomes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGately2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGay1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmanXun2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiovinoMirza,_SA;_Samet,_JM;_Gupta,_PC;_Jarvis,_MJ;_Bhala,_N;_Peto,_R;_Zatonski,_W;_Hsia,_J;_Morton,_J;_Palipudi,_KM;_Asma,_S;_GATS_Collaborative,_Group2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGormleyCreaneySchacheIngarfield2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottsegen1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuinanPortasHill1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuindonBoisclair2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurilloJauharMurrayMacCabe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisPinker1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashibeBrennanChuangBoccia2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckewelderReichel1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelen_C._Alvarez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHylandBauerLiAbrams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalkhoranBenowitzRigotti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKastan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing_James_I_of_England2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoturbashScherhagSorrentinoSexton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulikoff1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarAbbasFaustoMitchell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaniado-Laborín2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindeman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuZhuXie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloydMitchinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMPOWER2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaLiuNeumannGao2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariolisRockAsman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichellWest1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilo_Geyelin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNargisStoklosaShangDrope2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolosi_Alfredo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNonnemakerRostronHallMacMonegle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordenskiold1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorwegian_Government1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhMurrayMolfino2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakhaleMaru1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinFairweatherShamsiStanley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParrottWinder1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelKhangooraMarik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatton_G._C.Hibbert_M.Rosier_M._J.Carlin_J._B.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelosi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetoLopezBorehamThun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeto_RichardDarby_SarahDeo_Harz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPichPagliusiTessariTalabot-Ayer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintarelliNociMasperoPettinicchio2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPontieriTandaOrziDi_Chiara1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProescholdbellChassinMacKinnon2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuKamendulisKlaunig2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQasimAlarabiAlzoubiKarim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRarick_CA2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobicsek1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoduPlurphanswat2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohsenowMartinTideyColby2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomKaisariAizenbudReznick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenGaliliKottGoodman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottish_Government2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahCole2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoaibLoweWilliams2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeitMerk2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStantonSilva1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanCarmelliRosenmanFabsitz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalhoutOpperhuizenVan_Amsterdam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTangTangPosner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Lancet2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_World_Health_Organization,_and_the_Institute_for_Global_Tobacco_Control,_Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Public_Health2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThunJacobsShapiro2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTompkinsMcLuckieJonesFarmer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnerSillettMcNicol1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbergShyuLiang1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVJ_Rock,_MPH,_A_Malarcher,_JW_Kahende,_K_Asman,_MSPH,_C_Husten,_MD,_R_Caraballo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest,_RobertShiffman,_Saul2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWigand2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWonnacott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshidaGowersLee-SixChandrasekharan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"French_inhale\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cigarettes\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 45,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Tobacco Smoking\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Drug use\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Globalize section\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Smoking\"] = 1,\n [\"Smoking nav\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxation\"] = 1,\n [\"Tobacco\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","21.4"],["?","240","17.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","14.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","12.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.7"],["type","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.3"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","2.9"],["assert","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.9"],["[others]","160","11.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xs6j4","timestamp":"20241122141100","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tobacco 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