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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Downfall and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downfall_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_consolatione_philosophiae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_consolatione_philosophiae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>De consolatione philosophiae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_consolatione_philosophiae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_topicis_differentiis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_topicis_differentiis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>De topicis differentiis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_topicis_differentiis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_arithmetica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_arithmetica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>De arithmetica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_arithmetica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_institutione_musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_institutione_musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>De institutione musica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_institutione_musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opuscula_sacra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opuscula_sacra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span><i>Opuscula sacra</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opuscula_sacra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dates of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Boethius'_life_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Boethius'_life_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>On Boethius' life and works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Boethius'_life_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Boethius'_logic_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Boethius'_logic_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>On Boethius' logic and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Boethius'_logic_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boethius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%93tius" title="Boētius – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Boētius" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بوثيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوثيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boecio" title="Boecio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boecio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boesi" title="Boesi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boesi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Баэцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баэцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Баэтыюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баэтыюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Боеций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боеций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeci" title="Boeci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boeci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Boëthius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بويتيوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بويتيوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Boëthius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βοήθιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοήθιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boecio" title="Boecio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boecio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boecio" title="Boecio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Boecio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Boezio" title="Severino Boezio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Severino Boezio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بوئتیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوئتیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%A8ce" title="Boèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisius_Manlius_Bo%C3%ABtius" title="Anisius Manlius Boëtius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Anisius Manlius Boëtius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boecio" title="Boecio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boecio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="보이티우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보이티우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Բոետիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոետիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="बोएथिउस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोएथिउस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetije" title="Boetije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boetije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeth%C3%ADus" title="Boethíus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boethíus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severino_Boezio" title="Severino Boezio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Severino Boezio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בואתיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בואתיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბოეთიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოეთიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Бойешес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бойешес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severini_Boesyo" title="Severini Boesyo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Severini Boesyo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Боэций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боэций" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Torquatus_Severinus_Boethius" title="Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boethius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus Boethius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%93cijs" title="Boēcijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boēcijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetijus" title="Boetijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boetijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Боетиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боетиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോത്തിയസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോത്തിയസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بوثيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوثيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Boëthius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A8%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ボエティウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボエティウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Boëthius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeci" title="Boeci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boeci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicio_Manlio_Torqu%C3%A0_Severin_Boessi" title="Anicio Manlio Torquà Severin Boessi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anicio Manlio Torquà Severin Boessi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%A9cio" title="Boécio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boécio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Боэций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боэций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinu_Boeziu" title="Severinu Boeziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Severinu Boeziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius" title="Boetius – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boetius" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniciu_Manliu_Turquatu_Sivirinu_Buezziu" title="Aniciu Manliu Turquatu Sivirinu Buezziu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aniciu Manliu Turquatu Sivirinu Buezziu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetij" title="Boetij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Boetij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B3" title="بۆیتیۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆیتیۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Боетије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боетије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetije" title="Boetije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boetije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%ABthius" title="Boëthius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boëthius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="போயதியஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போயதியஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Боецій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боецій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boethius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%B1%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="波爱修斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波爱修斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%84%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="波愛修斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波愛修斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%B1%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="波爱修斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波爱修斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q102851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Boethius, see <a href="/wiki/Boethius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boethius (disambiguation)">Boethius (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Boethius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boethius.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/250px-Boethius.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/330px-Boethius.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Boethius.jpeg/440px-Boethius.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyr</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Odoacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">524 (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Pavia">Diocese of Pavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><b>Philosophy career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">Fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Wheel of Fortune</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovery of Aristotle">Recovery of Aristotle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics#Western_Roman_Empire" title="Transmission of the Greek Classics">Classical revival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals#Medieval_philosophy" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_individuation#Middle_Ages" title="Principle of individuation">Principle of individuation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory#Europe" title="Music theory">Medieval music theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Square_of_opposition" title="Square of opposition">Square of opposition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syllogism#Medieval_syllogism" title="Syllogism">Medieval syllogism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)#Western_Church" title="Mode (music)">Mode (music)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Porphyrian_tree" title="Porphyrian tree">Porphyrian tree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic#Medieval_philosophy" title="Dialectic">Medieval dialectic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20037_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20037-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known simply as <b>Boethius</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>Boetius</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 480–524 AD), was a Roman <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magister officiorum</a></i>, polymath, historian, and philosopher of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. He was a central figure in the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek classics">Greek classics</a> into Latin, a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic movement</a>, and, along with <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, one of the two leading Christian scholars of the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local cult of Boethius in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Pavia">Diocese of Pavia</a> was sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Congregation_of_Rites" title="Sacred Congregation of Rites">Sacred Congregation of Rites</a> in 1883, confirming the diocese's custom of honouring him on the 23 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1907_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1907-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boethius was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> a few years after the forced abdication of the last <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman</a> emperor, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Anicii" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicii">Anicii</a> family, he was orphaned following the family's sudden decline and was raised by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Memmius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus</a>, a later <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a>. After mastering both Latin and Greek in his youth, Boethius rose to prominence as a statesman during the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>, becoming a senator by age 25, a consul by age 33, and later chosen as a personal advisor to <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>. </p><p>In seeking to reconcile the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> with <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, Boethius sought to translate the entirety of the Greek classics for Western scholars. He published numerous transcriptions and commentaries of the works of <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, among others, and wrote extensively on matters concerning <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. Though his translations were unfinished following an untimely death, it is largely due to them that the works of Aristotle survived into the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p>Despite his successes as a senior official, Boethius became deeply unpopular among other members of the Ostrogothic court for denouncing the extensive <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> prevalent among other members of government. After publicly defending fellow consul <a href="/wiki/Caecina_Decius_Faustus_Albinus" title="Caecina Decius Faustus Albinus">Caecina Albinus</a> from charges of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">conspiracy</a>, he was imprisoned by Theodoric around the year 523. <a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">While jailed</a> Boethius wrote <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Consolation_of_Philosophy" title="On the Consolation of Philosophy">On the Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>, a philosophical treatise on fortune, death, and other issues which became one of the most influential and widely reproduced works of the Early Middle Ages. He was tortured and executed in 524,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198115_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198115-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> in the Christian faith by tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boethius_father.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Boethius_father.jpg/250px-Boethius_father.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Boethius_father.jpg/330px-Boethius_father.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Boethius_father.jpg/500px-Boethius_father.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">Consular diptych</a> depicting Narius Manlius Boethius, Boethius' birth father </figcaption></figure> <p>Boethius was born in Rome to a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> family <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the exact date of his birth is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">birth family</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anicia_gens" title="Anicia gens">Anicii</a>, was a notably wealthy and influential <i>gens</i> that included emperors <a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a>, in addition to many <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880617_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880617-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the years prior to Boethius' birth, the family had lost much of its influence. The grandfather of Boethius, a senator by the same name, was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> of Italy but died in 454 during the palace plot against <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005244–245_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005244–245-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880196_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880196-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boethius' father, <a href="/wiki/Manlius_Boethius" title="Manlius Boethius">Manlius Boethius</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> in 487, died while Boethius was still young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20128_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20128-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Memmius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus">Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus</a>, another patrician, adopted and raised him instead, introducing to him philosophy and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196959_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196959-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of their good relationship, Boethius would later marry his foster-father's daughter, Rusticiana, with whom he would have two children also named <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(consul_522)" title="Symmachus (consul 522)">Symmachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boethius_(consul_522)" title="Boethius (consul 522)">Boethius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194034_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194034-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having been adopted into the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Aurelii_Symmachi" title="Aurelii Symmachi">Symmachi</a> family, Boethius had access to tutors that would have educated him during his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Symmachus had some fluency in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Boethius achieved a mastery of the language—an increasingly rare skill in the Western regions of the Empire—and dedicated his early career to translating the entire works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035,_38_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035,_38-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20033,_17–18_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20033,_17–18-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some of the translations that he produced being the only surviving transcriptions of Greek texts into the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003165_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003165-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unusual fluency of Boethius in the Greek language has led some scholars to believe that he was educated in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East</a>; a traditional view, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, is that Boethius studied in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> for eighteen years based on the letters of <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, though this was likely to have been a misreading by past historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Courcelle" title="Pierre Courcelle">Pierre Courcelle</a> has argued that Boethius studied at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a>. However, Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Moorhead" title="John Moorhead">John Moorhead</a> observes that the evidence supporting Boethius having studied in Alexandria is "not as strong as it may appear," adding that he may have been able to acquire his formidable learning without travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorhead200929_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorhead200929-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the case, Boethius' fluency in Greek proved useful throughout his life in translating the classic works of Greek thinkers, though his interests spanned across a variety of fields including music, mathematics, astrology, and theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194036_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194036-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg/220px-Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg/330px-Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Boethius_and_Simmachos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Boethius (<i>right</i>) and his adoptive father, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Memmius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus">Symmachus</a> (<i>left</i>); both had been appointed consuls in their own right</figcaption></figure> <p>Taking inspiration from Plato's <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)"><i>Republic</i></a>, Boethius left his scholarly pursuits to enter the service of <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194038_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194038-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two had first met in the year 500 when Theodoric traveled to Rome to stay for six months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194044–45_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194044–45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no record survives detailing the early relationship between Theodoric and Boethius, it is clear that the Ostrogothic king viewed him favorably. In the next few years, Boethius rapidly ascended through the ranks of government, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> by age 25 and a consul by the year 510.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194045_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194045-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His earliest documented acts on behalf of the Ostrogothic ruler were to investigate allegations that the paymaster of Theodoric's bodyguards had debased the coins of their pay, to produce a <a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">waterclock</a> for Theodoric to gift to king <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a> of the Burgundians, and to recruit a lyre-player to perform for <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">King of the Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.10,_pp._12–14;_I.45,_20–23;_II.40,_38–43_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.10,_pp._12–14;_I.45,_20–23;_II.40,_38–43-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boethius writes in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation</a></i> that, despite his own successes, he believed that his greatest achievement came when both his sons were selected by Theodoric to be consuls in 522, with each representing the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013187_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013187-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment of his sons was an exceptional honor, not only since it made conspicuous Theodoric's favor for Boethius, but also because the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> had forfeited his own nomination as a sign of goodwill, thus also endorsing Boethius' sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year as the appointment of his sons, Boethius was elevated to the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magister officiorum</a></i>, becoming the head of all government and palace affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recalling the event, he wrote that he was sitting "between the two consuls as if it were a military triumph, [letting my] largesse fulfill the wildest expectations of the people packed in their seats around [me]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196960_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196960-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boethius' struggles came within a year of his appointment as <i>magister officiorum</i>: in seeking to mend the rampant corruption present in the Roman Court, he writes of having to thwart the conspiracies of Triguilla, the steward of the royal house; of confronting the Gothic minister, Cunigast, who went to "devour the substance of the poor"; and of having to use the authority of the king to stop a shipment of food from Campania which, if carried, would have exacerbated an ongoing famine in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194048_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194048-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions made Boethius an increasingly unpopular figure among court officials, though he remained in Theodoric's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894265_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894265-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall_and_death">Downfall and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Downfall and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23%; border-width: 2px; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The young philosopher Boethius, a man whose varied accomplishments adorned the middle period of the reign of Theodoric, and whose tragic death was to bring sadness over its close. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Thomas Hodgkin</a>, <i>Theodoric the Goth</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894195_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894195-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p>In 520, Boethius was working to revitalize the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Roman_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman See">Roman See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Constantinople">Constantinopolitan See</a>—though the two were then still a part of the same <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Church</a>, disagreements had begun to emerge between them. This may have set in place a course of events that would lead to loss of royal favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five hundred years later, this disagreement led to the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> in 1054, in which communion between the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> was broken. </p><p>In 523, Boethius fell from power. After a period of imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> for what was deemed a treasonable offence, he was executed in 524.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius20075_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius20075-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources are in general agreement over the facts of what happened. At a meeting of the Royal Council in Verona, the <i><a href="/wiki/Referendary" title="Referendary">referendarius</a></i>, Cyprianus, accused the ex-consul <a href="/wiki/Caecina_Decius_Faustus_Albinus" title="Caecina Decius Faustus Albinus">Caecina Decius Faustus Albinus</a> of treasonous correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a>. Boethius leapt to his defense, crying, "The charge of Cyprianus is false, but if Albinus did that, so also have I and the whole senate with one accord done it; it is false, my Lord King".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcellinus1972562ff_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcellinus1972562ff-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg/165px-Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg/248px-Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg/330px-Consolation_of_philosophy_1385_boethius_images.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Manuscript depicting Boethius teaching students (<a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">initial</a>) and while imprisoned</figcaption></figure> <p>Cyprianus then also accused Boethius of the same crime and produced three men who claimed they had witnessed the crime. Boethius and Basilius were arrested. First the pair were detained in the baptistery of a church, then Boethius was exiled to the <i>Ager Calventianus</i>, a distant country estate, where he was put to death. Not long afterwards Theodoric had Boethius' father-in-law Symmachus put to death, according to <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, on the grounds that he and Boethius together were planning a revolution, and confiscated their property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewing196812f_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewing196812f-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The basic facts in the case are not in dispute", writes Jeffrey Richards. "What is disputed about this sequence of events is the interpretation that should be put on them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979114_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979114-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boethius claims his crime was seeking "the safety of the Senate". He describes the three witnesses against him as dishonorable: Basilius had been dismissed from Royal service for his debts, while <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Opilio" title="Venantius Opilio">Venantius Opilio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaudentius_(music_theorist)" title="Gaudentius (music theorist)">Gaudentius</a> had been exiled for fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196942_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196942-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources depict these men in a far more positive light. <a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> describes Cyprianus and Opilio as "utterly scrupulous, just and loyal" and mentions they are brothers and grandsons of the consul Opilio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979117_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979117-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theodoric was feeling threatened by international events. The <a href="/wiki/Acacian_schism" title="Acacian schism">Acacian schism</a> had been resolved, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicene Christian</a> aristocrats of his kingdom were seeking to renew their ties with Constantinople. The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Hilderic" title="Hilderic">Hilderic</a> had become king of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and had put Theodoric's sister <a href="/wiki/Amalafrida" title="Amalafrida">Amalafrida</a> to death and <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a> in the East were being persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923158_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923158-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979119_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979119-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there was the matter that with his previous ties to <a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a>, Boethius apparently found himself on the wrong side in the succession dispute following the untimely death of <a href="/wiki/Eutharic" title="Eutharic">Eutharic</a>, Theodoric's announced heir. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23%; border-width: 2px; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Boethius, the most learned man of his time, met his death in the hangman's noose...and yet the life of Boethius was a triumph! The West owes this individual, Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, nothing less than its progression toward a culture of reason. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fried" title="Johannes Fried">Johannes Fried</a>, <i>The Middle Ages</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried20151_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried20151-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The method of Boethius' execution varies in the sources. He may have been <a href="/wiki/Behead" class="mw-redirect" title="Behead">beheaded</a>, clubbed to death, or hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried20151_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried20151-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that he was tortured with a rope that was constricted around his head, bludgeoned until his eyes bulged out; then his skull was cracked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013190_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013190-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an agonizing death, his remains were entombed in the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a> in Pavia, also the resting place of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>. His wealth was confiscated and his wife, Rusticiana, reduced to poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past historians have had a hard time accepting a sincere Christian who was also a serious Hellenist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg197810_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg197810-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These worries have largely stemmed from the lack of any mention of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in Boethius' <i>Consolation</i>, nor of any other Christian figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> argues that "Boethius turned to paganism. His Christianity collapsed—it collapsed so thoroughly that perhaps he did not even notice its disappearance". The majority of scholarship has taken a different view, with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">Arthur Herman</a> writing that Boethius was "unshakably Orthodox Catholic" and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Thomas Hodgkin</a> having asserted that uncovered manuscripts "prove beyond a doubt that Boethius was a Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xxviiIntroduction_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xxviiIntroduction-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894277_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894277-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community that he was a part of valued equally both classical and Christian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201214_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201214-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_consolatione_philosophiae"><i>De consolatione philosophiae</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: De consolatione philosophiae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Neoplatonism" title="Category:Neoplatonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus"><img alt="Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/90px-Plotin.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/135px-Plotin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plotin.jpg/180px-Plotin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="792" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Reconstructed bust believed to represent Plotinus</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhema" title="Okhema">Okhema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm_and_macrocosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcosm and macrocosm">Microcosm and macrocosm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Works</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mysteries_of_the_Egyptians,_Chaldeans,_and_Assyrians" title="On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians">De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Consolation of Philosophy">The Consolation of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">De Coelesti Hierarchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_divisione_naturae" title="De divisione naturae">De divisione naturae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Oracles" title="Chaldean Oracles">Chaldean Oracles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist wraplinks"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">People</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:1.25em;padding-right:1.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite"><span class="nowrap">Pseudo-Dionysius</span></a></li> <li><a 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Scholasticus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> ("The Master")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> ("The Commentator")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ("Rabbi Moses")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> ("Doctor Universalis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ("Doctor Angelicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> ("Doctor Seraphicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> ("Doctor Subtilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> ("Doctor Invincibilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> ("Doctor Eximius")</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list 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title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant scholasticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscholastic_writing" title="Protoscholastic writing">Protoscholastic writing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scholasticism" title="Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scholasticism" title="Template talk:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle,_De_interpretatione,_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg/220px-Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg/330px-Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg/440px-Aristotle%2C_De_interpretatione%2C_Vaticanus_Palatinus_lat._988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>The beginning of Aristotle's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Interpretatione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Interpretatione">De interpretatione</a></i></span> in Boethius' Latin translation</figcaption></figure> <p>Boethius's best known work is the <i><a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a></i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De consolatione philosophiae</i></span>), which he wrote at the very end of his career, awaiting his execution in prison. This work represented an imaginary dialogue between himself and philosophy, with philosophy personified as a woman, arguing that despite the apparent inequality of the world, there is, in <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a> fashion, a higher power and everything else is secondary to that divine Providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOLL_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOLL-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several manuscripts survived and these were widely edited, translated and printed throughout the late 15th century and later in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond <i>Consolation of Philosophy</i>, his lifelong project was a deliberate attempt to preserve ancient classical knowledge, particularly philosophy. Boethius intended to translate all the works of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> from the original <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpade20164.2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpade20164.2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinasFrederick200514–_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinasFrederick200514–-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein200462_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein200462-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_topicis_differentiis"><i>De topicis differentiis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: De topicis differentiis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His completed translations of Aristotle's works on <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> were the only significant portions of Aristotle available in Latin Christendom from the sixth century until the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics" title="Transmission of the Greek Classics">rediscovery of Aristotle</a> in the 12th century. However, some of his translations (such as his treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Inventio#Topoi" title="Inventio">topoi</a> in <i>The <a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i>) were mixed with his own commentary, which reflected both Aristotelian and Platonic concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xvi—xvii_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xvi—xvii-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commentaries themselves have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19883_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19883-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his commentary on the Topics, Boethius composed two treatises on Topical argumentation, <i>In Ciceronis Topica</i> and <i>De topicis differentiis</i>. The first work has six books, and is largely a response to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s <i>Topica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198822_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198822-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first book of <i>In Ciceronis Topica</i> begins with a dedication to Patricius. It includes distinctions and assertions important to Boethius's overall philosophy, such as his view of the role of philosophy as "establish[ing] our judgment concerning the governing of life",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198825_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198825-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and definitions of logic from Plato, Aristotle and Cicero. He breaks logic into three parts: that which defines, that which divides, and that which deduces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198825_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198825-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He asserts that there are three types of arguments: those of necessity, of ready believability, and sophistry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198826_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198826-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He follows Aristotle in defining one sort of Topic as the maximal proposition, a proposition which is somehow shown to be universal or readily believable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198834_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198834-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other sort of Topic, the differentiae, are "Topics that contain and include the maximal propositions"; means of categorizing the Topics which Boethius credits to Cicero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198835_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198835-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>II covers two kinds of topics: those from related things and those from extrinsic topics. Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>III discusses the relationship among things studied through Topics, Topics themselves, and the nature of definition. Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV analyzes partition, designation and relationships between things (such as pairing, numbering, genus and species, etc.). After a review of his terms, Boethius spends Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>V discussing <a href="/wiki/Stoic_logic" title="Stoic logic">Stoic logic</a> and Aristotelian causation. Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>VI relates the nature of the Topic to causes. </p><p><i>In Topicis Differentiis</i> has four books; Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>I discusses the nature of rhetorical and dialectical Topics together, Boethius's overall purpose being "to show what the Topics are, what their differentiae are, and which are suited for what syllogisms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197829_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197829-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He distinguishes between argument (that which constitutes belief) and argumentation (that which demonstrates belief). Propositions are divided into three parts: those that are universal, those that are particular, and those that are somewhere in between.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197831_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197831-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These distinctions, and others, are applicable to both types of Topical argument, rhetorical and dialectical. Books<span class="nowrap"> </span>II and III are primarily focused on Topics of dialectic (syllogisms), while Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV concentrates on the unit of the rhetorical Topic, the enthymeme. Topical argumentation is at the core of Boethius's conception of dialectic, which "have categorical rather than conditional conclusions, and he conceives of the discovery of an argument as the discovery of a middle term capable of linking the two terms of the desired conclusion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19786_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19786-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only are these texts of paramount importance to the study of Boethius, they are also crucial to the history of topical lore. It is largely due to Boethius that the Topics of Aristotle and Cicero were revived, and the Boethian tradition of topical argumentation spans its influence throughout the Middle Ages and into the early Renaissance: "In the works of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buridan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buridan">Buridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a>, and the Pseudo-Scotus, for instance, many of the rules of consequence bear a strong resemblance to or are simply identical with certain Boethian Topics ... Boethius's influence, direct and indirect, on this tradition is enormous."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19787,_9–8_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19787,_9–8-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also in <i>De Topicis Differentiis</i> that Boethius made a unique contribution to the discourse on dialectic and rhetoric. Topical argumentation for Boethius is dependent upon a new category for the topics discussed by Aristotle and Cicero, and "[u]nlike Aristotle, Boethius recognizes two different types of Topics. First, he says, a Topic is a maximal proposition (<i>maxima propositio</i>), or principle; but there is a second kind of Topic, which he calls the <i>differentia</i> of a maximal proposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978180_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978180-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximal propositions are "propositions [that are] known per se, and no proof can be found for these."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197833_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197833-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is the basis for the idea that demonstration (or the construction of arguments) is dependent ultimately upon ideas or proofs that are known so well and are so fundamental to human understanding of logic that no other proofs come before it. They must hold true in and of themselves. According to Stump, "the role of maximal propositions in argumentation is to ensure the truth of a conclusion by ensuring the truth of its premises either directly or indirectly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978181_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978181-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>These propositions would be used in constructing arguments through the <i>Differentia</i>, which is the second part of Boethius' theory. This is "the genus of the intermediate in the argument."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978198_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978198-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So maximal propositions allow room for an argument to be founded in some sense of logic while <i>differentia</i> are critical for the demonstration and construction of arguments. </p><p>Boethius' definition of "differentiae" is that they are "the Topics of arguments ... The Topics which are the Differentiae of [maximal] propositions are more universal than those propositions, just as rationality is more universal than man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197848_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197848-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the second part of Boethius' unique contribution to the field of rhetoric. <i>Differentia</i> operate under maximal propositions to "be of use in finding maximal propositions as well as intermediate terms," or the premises that follow maximal propositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978204_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978204-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Boethius is drawing from Aristotle's Topics, <i>Differentiae</i> are not the same as Topics in some ways. Boethius arranges <i>differentiae</i> through statements, instead of generalized groups as Aristotle does. Stump articulates the difference. They are "expressed as words or phrases whose expansion into appropriate propositions is neither intended nor readily conceivable", unlike Aristotle's clearly defined four groups of Topics. Aristotle had hundreds of topics organized into those four groups, whereas Boethius has twenty-eight "Topics" that are "highly ordered among themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978205_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978205-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction is necessary to understand Boethius as separate from past rhetorical theories. </p><p>Maximal propositions and <i>Differentiae</i> belong not only to rhetoric, but also to dialectic. Boethius defines dialectic through an analysis of "thesis" and hypothetical propositions. He claims that "[t]here are two kinds of questions. One is that called, 'thesis' by the [Greek] dialecticians. This is the kind of question which asks about and discusses things stripped of relation to other circumstances; it is the sort of question dialecticians most frequently dispute about—for example, 'Is pleasure the greatest good?' [or] 'Should one marry?'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197835_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197835-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" Dialectic has "dialectical topics" as well as "dialectical-rhetorical topics", all of which are still discussed in <i>De Topicis Differentiis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978180_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978180-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dialectic, especially in Book<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, comprises a major component of Boethius' discussion on Topics. </p><p>Boethius planned to completely translate Plato's <i>Dialogues</i>, but there is no known surviving translation, if it was actually ever begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_arithmetica"><i>De arithmetica</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: De arithmetica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boethius,_De_institutione_arithmetica,_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg/155px-Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg/232px-Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg/310px-Boethius%2C_De_institutione_arithmetica%2C_Bamberg_Ms._Class._5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>Boethius' <i>De arithmetica</i> in a manuscript written for <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boethius chose to pass on the great Greco-Roman culture to future generations by writing manuals on music, astronomy, geometry and arithmetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of Boethius' writings, which were hugely influential during the Middle Ages, drew on the thinking of <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boethius wrote a commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Isagoge" title="Isagoge">Isagoge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which highlighted the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">problem of universals</a>: whether these concepts are subsistent entities which would exist whether anyone thought of them, or whether they only exist as ideas. This topic concerning the <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> nature of universal ideas was one of the most vocal controversies in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval philosophy</a>. </p><p>Besides these advanced philosophical works, Boethius is also reported to have translated important Greek texts on the topics of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His loose translation of <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a>'s treatise on arithmetic (<i>De institutione arithmetica libri duo</i>) and his textbook on music (<i>De institutione musica libri quinque</i>, unfinished) contributed to medieval education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>De arithmetica</i> begins with modular arithmetic, such as even and odd, evenly even, evenly odd, and oddly even. He then turns to unpredicted complexity by categorizing numbers and parts of numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader1968615–628_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader1968615–628-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His translations of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a> on geometry and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> on astronomy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasi197924_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasi197924-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if they were completed, no longer survive. Boethius made Latin translations of Aristotle's <i>De interpretatione</i> and <i>Categories</i> with commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his article <i>The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries</i>, James Stuart Beddie cites Boethius as the reason Aristotle's works were popular in the Middle Ages, as Boethius preserved many of the philosopher's works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddie19303_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddie19303-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_institutione_musica"><i>De institutione musica</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: De institutione musica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boethius' <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De institutione musica</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De musica</i></span> was one of the first musical texts to be printed in Venice between the years of 1491 and 1492. It was written toward the beginning of the sixth century and helped medieval theorists during the ninth century and onwards understand <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek music">ancient Greek music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1989xiii—xv_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1989xiii—xv-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his Greek predecessors, Boethius believed that arithmetic and music were intertwined, and helped to mutually reinforce the understanding of each, and together exemplified the fundamental principles of order and harmony in the understanding of the universe as it was known during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofwestern3rdgroupage24_24]_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofwestern3rdgroupage24_24]-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>De Musica</i>, Boethius introduced the threefold classification of music:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBower2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgehistory0000unse_t8n5page146_146]_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBower2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgehistory0000unse_t8n5page146_146]-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Musica mundana</i> – <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_spheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the spheres">music of the spheres</a>/world; this "music" was not actually audible and was to be understood rather than heard</li> <li><i>Musica humana</i> – harmony of human body and spiritual harmony</li> <li><i>Musica instrumentalis</i> – instrumental music</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HA_incunabula_boetius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HA_incunabula_boetius.jpg/250px-HA_incunabula_boetius.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/HA_incunabula_boetius.jpg/500px-HA_incunabula_boetius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Boethius, <i>Arithmetica Geometrica Musica</i> (1492 first printed edition, from <a href="/wiki/Hans_G._Adler" title="Hans G. Adler">Hans Adler Collection</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>De musica</i> I.2, Boethius describes 'musica instrumentis' as music produced by something under tension (e.g., strings), by wind (e.g., aulos), by water, or by percussion (e.g., cymbals). Boethius himself does not use the term 'instrumentalis', which was used by Adalbold II of Utrecht (975–1026) in his <i>Epistola cum tractatu</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term is much more common in the 13th century and later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also in these later texts that <i>musica instrumentalis</i> is firmly associated with audible music in general, including vocal music. Scholars have traditionally assumed that Boethius also made this connection, possibly under the header of wind instruments ("administratur ... aut spiritu ut tibiis"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1867b189_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1867b189-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but Boethius himself never writes about "instrumentalis" as separate from "instrumentis" explicitly in his very brief description. </p><p>In one of his works within <i>De institutione musica</i>, Boethius said that "music is so naturally united with us that we cannot be free from it even if we so desired."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius19898_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius19898-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages, Boethius was connected to several texts that were used to teach liberal arts. Although he did not address the subject of trivium, he did write many treatises explaining the principles of rhetoric, grammar, and logic. During the Middle Ages, his works of these disciplines were commonly used when studying the three elementary arts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasi197924_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasi197924-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/R._W._Southern" title="R. W. Southern">R. W. Southern</a> called Boethius "the schoolmaster of medieval Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013196_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013196-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An 1872 German translation of "De Musica" was the magnum opus of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Paul" title="Oscar Paul">Oscar Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1872_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1872-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opuscula_sacra"><i>Opuscula sacra</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opuscula sacra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boethius also wrote Christian theological treatises, which supported orthodox theology and condemned <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heterodox</a> forms of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five theological works are known:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201215_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201215-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>De Trinitate</i> – "The Trinity", where he defends the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> Trinitarian position, that God is in three persons who have no differences in nature. He argues against the Arian view of the nature of God, which put him at odds with the faith of the Arian King of Italy.</li> <li><i>Utrum Pater et filius et Spiritus Sanctus de divinitate substantialiter praedicentur</i> – "Whether Father, Son and Holy Spirit are Substantially Predicated of the Divinity", a short work where he uses reason and Aristotelian epistemology to argue that the Catholic views of the nature of God are correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer201195_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer201195-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Quomodo substantiae</i>, Boethius' claim that all substances are good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1988_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1988-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De fide catholica</i> – "On the Catholic Faith"</li> <li><i>Contra Eutychen et Nestorium</i> – "Against Eutyches and Nestorius," from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 513</span>, which dates it as the earliest of his theological works. Eutyches and Nestorius were contemporaries in the early to mid-5th century who held divergent Christological theologies. Boethius argues for a middle ground in conformity with Roman Catholic faith.</li></ul> <p>His theological works played an important part during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in philosophical thought, including the fields of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2009105–128_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2009105–128-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_works">Dates of works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dates of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_civici8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musei_civici8.jpg/129px-Musei_civici8.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musei_civici8.jpg/193px-Musei_civici8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musei_civici8.jpg/257px-Musei_civici8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gravestone of Boethius in the <a href="/wiki/Pavia_Civic_Museums" title="Pavia Civic Museums">Pavia Civic Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dates of composition:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips2012551–589_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips2012551–589-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>Mathematical works</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>De arithmetica</i> (On Arithmetic, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>) adapted translation of the <i>Introductio Arithmeticae</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus of Gerasa</a> (c. 160 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 220</span>).</li> <li><i>De musica</i> (On Music, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510</span>), based on a lost work by Nicomachus of Gerasa and on <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <i>Harmonica</i>.</li> <li>Possibly a treatise on geometry, extant only in fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkerts1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkerts1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Logical Works</dt></dl> <dl><dt>A) Translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>'s </i><a href="/wiki/Isagoge" title="Isagoge">Isagoge</a><i></i></li> <li><i>In Categorias Aristotelis</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Categories_(Aristotle)" title="Categories (Aristotle)">Categories</a></i></li> <li><i>De interpretatione vel periermenias</i>: Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/De_Interpretatione" class="mw-redirect" title="De Interpretatione">De Interpretatione</a><i></i></li> <li><i>Interpretatio priorum Analyticorum</i> (two versions): Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Prior_Analytics" title="Prior Analytics">Prior Analytics</a></i></li> <li><i>Interpretatio Topicorum Aristotelis</i>: Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Topics_(Aristotle)" title="Topics (Aristotle)">Topics</a></i></li> <li><i>Interpretatio Elenchorum Sophisticorum Aristotelis</i>: Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations" title="Sophistical Refutations">Sophistical Refutations</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>B) Commentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>In Isagogen Porphyrii commenta</i> (two commentaries, the first based on a translation by Marius Victorinus, (c. 504–05); the second based on Boethius' own translation (507–509) ).</li> <li><i>In Categorias Aristotelis</i> (c. 509–11)</li> <li><i>In librum Aristotelis de interpretatione Commentaria minora</i> (not before 513)</li> <li><i>In librum Aristotelis de interpretatione Commentaria majora</i> (c. 515–16)</li> <li><i>In Aristotelis Analytica Priora</i> (c. 520–523)</li> <li><i>Commentaria in Topica Ciceronis</i> (incomplete: the end the sixth book and the seventh are missing)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Original Treatises</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>De divisione</i> (515–520?)</li> <li><i>De syllogismo cathegorico</i> (505–506)</li> <li><i>Introductio ad syllogismos cathegoricos</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 523</span>)</li> <li><i>De hypotheticis syllogismis</i> (516–522)</li> <li><i>De topicis differentiis</i> (c. 522–23)</li> <li><i>Opuscula Sacra</i> (Theological Treatises) <ul><li><i>De Trinitate</i> (c. 520–21)</li> <li><i>Utrum Pater et Filius et Spiritus Sanctus de divinitate substantialiter praedicentur</i> (Whether Father and Son and Holy Spirit are Substantially Predicated of the Divinity)</li> <li><i>Quomodo substantiae in eo quod sint bonae sint cum non sint substantialia bona</i> [also known as <i>De hebdomadibus</i>] (How Substances are Good in that they Exist, when They are not Substantially Good)</li> <li><i>De fide Catholica</i></li> <li><i>Contra Eutychen et Nestorium</i> (Against <a href="/wiki/Eutyches" title="Eutyches">Eutyches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>De consolatione Philosophiae</i> (524–525).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_141v_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_141v_3.jpg/176px-Nuremberg_chronicles_f_141v_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_141v_3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Boethius in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennard_Rand" title="Edward Kennard Rand">Edward Kennard Rand</a> dubbed Boethius the "last of the Roman philosophers and the first of the scholastic theologians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2004x_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2004x-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the use of his mathematical texts in the early universities, it is his final work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>, that assured his legacy in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and beyond. This work is cast as a dialogue between Boethius himself, at first bitter and despairing over his imprisonment, and the spirit of philosophy, depicted as a woman of wisdom and compassion. "Alternately composed in prose and verse,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Consolation</i> teaches acceptance of hardship in a spirit of philosophical detachment from misfortune".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2007Preface_by_H.R._James_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2007Preface_by_H.R._James-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of the work are reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> of Plato's dialogues, as the spirit of philosophy questions Boethius and challenges his emotional reactions to adversity. The work was translated into <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> by <a href="/wiki/King_Alfred" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfred">King Alfred</a> and later into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many manuscripts survive and it was extensively edited, translated and printed throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the 14th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer19765–13_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer19765–13-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Boethian Wheel" is a model for Boethius' belief that history is a wheel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1999p._24,_n._1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1999p._24,_n._1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a metaphor that Boethius uses frequently in the <i>Consolation</i>; it remained very popular throughout the Middle Ages, and is still often seen today. As the wheel turns, those who have power and wealth will turn to dust; men may rise from poverty and hunger to greatness, while those who are great may fall with the turn of the wheel. It was represented in the Middle Ages in many relics of art depicting the rise and fall of man. Descriptions of "The Boethian Wheel" can be found in the literature of the Middle Ages from the <i>Romance of the Rose</i> to Chaucer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll-Clark1994_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll-Clark1994-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>De topicis differentiis</i> was the basis for one of the first works of logic in a western European vernacular, a selection of excerpts translated into <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Antioch_(translator)" title="John of Antioch (translator)">John of Antioch</a> in 1282.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201893_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201893-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veneration">Veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0372_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Cripta_-_Tomba_Boezio_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Oct_17_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/0372_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Cripta_-_Tomba_Boezio_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg/250px-0372_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Cripta_-_Tomba_Boezio_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/0372_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Cripta_-_Tomba_Boezio_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg/500px-0372_-_Pavia_-_S._Pietro_-_Cripta_-_Tomba_Boezio_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Oct_17_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>The Tomb of Boethius in <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Ciel_d%27Oro" title="San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro">San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boethius was regarded as a Christian martyr by those who lived in succeeding centuries after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, he is recognized as a saint and martyr for the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is included within the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></i>, though to Watkins "his status as martyr is dubious".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cult is held in Pavia, where Boethius' status as a saint was confirmed in 1883, and in the Church of Santa Maria in Portico in Rome. His <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is 23 October, provided by some as a date for his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmer201153_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer201153-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalviS._Severino_Boezio_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalviS._Severino_Boezio-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the current <i>Martyrologium Romanum</i>, his feast is still restricted to that diocese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyrologium_Romanum2004586_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyrologium_Romanum2004586-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> explained the relevance of Boethius to modern-day Christians by linking his teachings to an understanding of Providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustins_-_Les_adieux_du_consul_Boetius_%C3%A0_sa_famille_-_Victor_Schnetz_D_1886_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Augustins_-_Les_adieux_du_consul_Boetius_%C3%A0_sa_famille_-_Victor_Schnetz_D_1886_2.jpg/250px-Augustins_-_Les_adieux_du_consul_Boetius_%C3%A0_sa_famille_-_Victor_Schnetz_D_1886_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Augustins_-_Les_adieux_du_consul_Boetius_%C3%A0_sa_famille_-_Victor_Schnetz_D_1886_2.jpg/330px-Augustins_-_Les_adieux_du_consul_Boetius_%C3%A0_sa_famille_-_Victor_Schnetz_D_1886_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="6114" /></a><figcaption><i>Boethius' Farewell To His Family</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Victor_Schnetz" title="Jean-Victor Schnetz">Jean-Victor Schnetz</a></figcaption></figure><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i>, the spirit of Boethius is pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a> and is mentioned further in the poem. </p><p>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a>, Boethius is the favorite philosopher of the main character, Ignatius J. Reilly. The "Boethian Wheel" is a theme throughout the book, which won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1999_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> references Boethius in chapter 27 of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">Screwtape Letters</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis194457_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis194457-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boethius also appears in the 2002 film <i><a href="/wiki/24_Hour_Party_People" title="24 Hour Party People">24 Hour Party People</a></i> where he is played by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston" title="Christopher Eccleston">Christopher Eccleston</a>. </p><p>In 1976, a <a href="/wiki/Boethius_(lunar_crater)" title="Boethius (lunar crater)">lunar crater</a> was named in honor of Boethius. </p><p>The title of <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Botton" title="Alain de Botton">Alain de Botton</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Consolations_of_Philosophy" title="The Consolations of Philosophy">The Consolations of Philosophy</a></i>, is derived from Boethius' <i>Consolation</i>. </p><p>A codex of Boethius' <i>The Consolation of Philosophy</i> is the focus of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Scholar" title="The Late Scholar">The Late Scholar</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey" title="Lord Peter Wimsey">Lord Peter Wimsey</a> novel by <a href="/wiki/Jill_Paton_Walsh" title="Jill Paton Walsh">Jill Paton Walsh</a>. </p><p>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Genshin_Impact" title="Genshin Impact">Genshin Impact</a></i>, the song "Metres of Boethius" plays within the Sea of Bygone Eras, where the sunken civilization of Remuria once worshipped the Grand Symphony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Fide_Catolica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Fide Catolica">De Fide Catolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_literature" title="Prison literature">Prison literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpis_(wife_of_Boethius)" title="Elpis (wife of Boethius)">Elpis (wife of Boethius)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name Anicius demonstrated his connection with a noble family of the Lower Empire, while <i>Manlius</i> claims lineage from the <a href="/wiki/Manlia_gens" title="Manlia gens">Manlii Torquati</a> of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Severinus was given to him in honour of <a href="/wiki/Severinus_of_Noricum" title="Severinus of Noricum">Severinus of Noricum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of Italy, he is revered as <b>Saint Severinus</b> rather than as Boethius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fried" title="Johannes Fried">Johannes Fried</a> points out that no proof ever emerged that Boethius had committed a crime despite being sentenced to death by Theodoric and the Ostrogothic Senate. Theodoric, who Fried states was guilty of misjudgment, likely regretted his actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried201528_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201528-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> and later historians take a similar view, believing that he had been unjustly condemned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1940vii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1940vii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xxii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xxii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two years later, in 526, Boethius' adoptive father, Symmachus, was also put to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xiv_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xiv-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Helen M. Barrett writes that the notion of Boethius having studied in Athens "must be rejected as without foundation," as it likely came from a misunderstanding of Cassiodorus' letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035–36_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035–36-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Haec vero administratur aut intentione ut nervis, aut spiritu ut tibiis, vel his, quae ad aquam moventur, aut percussione quadam, ut in his, quae in concava quaedam aerea feriuntur, atque inde diversi efficiuntur soni." Translated: "This, however, is operated by the motion of a string, or the wind of a pipe, or to those, which are moved by the water, or the beat of time, as in the following, which is striking a kind of brass hollow, and in the other are made of a corresponding sound."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194037-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194037_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2015102-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried2015102_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFried2015">Fried 2015</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201466-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201466_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003168-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003168_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2003">Marenbon 2003</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1896688-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1896688_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1896">Hodgkin 1896</a>, p. 688.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20037-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20037_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2003">Marenbon 2003</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1885523_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1885">Hodgkin 1885</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194033_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198116_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1981">Matthews 1981</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1907-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1907_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1907">Turner 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews198115-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthews198115_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthews1981">Matthews 1981</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201528-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried201528_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFried2015">Fried 2015</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1940vii-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1940vii_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194059-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194059_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xxii-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xxii_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2001">Boethius 2001</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xiv-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xiv_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2000">Boethius 2000</a>, p. xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon200310_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2003">Marenbon 2003</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20121_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880617-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880617_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1880">Hodgkin 1880</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2005244–245-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2005244–245_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2005">Heather 2005</a>, p. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880196-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1880196_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1880">Hodgkin 1880</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20128-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20128_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196959-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196959_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1969">Boethius 1969</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194034-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194034_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips20124_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035,_38-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035,_38_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 35, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20033,_17–18-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon20033,_17–18_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2003">Marenbon 2003</a>, p. 3, 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877322_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithWace1877">Smith & Wace 1877</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003165-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2003165_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2003">Marenbon 2003</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035–36-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194035–36_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorhead200929-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorhead200929_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorhead2009">Moorhead 2009</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194036-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194036_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194038-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194038_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194044–45-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194044–45_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194045-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194045_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.10,_pp._12–14;_I.45,_20–23;_II.40,_38–43-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.10,_pp._12–14;_I.45,_20–23;_II.40,_38–43_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassiodorus1992">Cassiodorus 1992</a>, I.10, pp. 12–14; I.45, 20–23; II.40, 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013187-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013187_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2013">Herman 2013</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194046_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196960-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196960_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1969">Boethius 1969</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett194048-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett194048_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1940">Barrett 1940</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894265-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894265_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1894">Hodgkin 1894</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894195-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894195_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1894">Hodgkin 1894</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'ConnorRobertson2000_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2000">O'Connor & Robertson 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius20075-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius20075_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2007">Boethius 2007</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcellinus1972562ff-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcellinus1972562ff_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcellinus1972">Marcellinus 1972</a>, p. 562ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewing196812f-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewing196812f_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDewing1968">Dewing 1968</a>, p. 12f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979114-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979114_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1979">Richards 1979</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius196942-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius196942_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1969">Boethius 1969</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979117-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979117_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1979">Richards 1979</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBury1923158-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBury1923158_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1923">Bury 1923</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1979119-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards1979119_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1979">Richards 1979</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried20151-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried20151_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFried20151_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFried2015">Fried 2015</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWace1877321_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithWace1877">Smith & Wace 1877</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013190-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013190_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2013">Herman 2013</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg197810-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindberg197810_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindberg1978">Lindberg 1978</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013189_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2013">Herman 2013</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xxviiIntroduction-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2000xxviiIntroduction_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2000">Boethius 2000</a>, p. xxvii, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894277-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1894277_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1894">Hodgkin 1894</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201214-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201214_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOLL-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOLL_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOLL">OLL</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2001">Boethius 2001</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpade20164.2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpade20164.2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpade2016">Spade 2016</a>, 4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAquinasFrederick200514–-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAquinasFrederick200514–_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAquinasFrederick2005">Aquinas & Frederick 2005</a>, p. 14–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenstein200462-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubenstein200462_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2004">Rubenstein 2004</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xvi—xvii-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2001xvi—xvii_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2001">Boethius 2001</a>, p. xvi—xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19883-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19883_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198822-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198822_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198825-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198825_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198825_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198826-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198826_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198834-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198834_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump198835-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump198835_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1988">Stump 1988</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197829-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197829_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197831-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197831_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19786-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19786_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump19787,_9–8-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump19787,_9–8_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 7, 9–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978180-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978180_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978180_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197833-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197833_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978181-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978181_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978198-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978198_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197848-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197848_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978204-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978204_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump1978205-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump1978205_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStump197835-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStump197835_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStump1978">Stump 1978</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECassiodorus1992I.45.4_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassiodorus1992">Cassiodorus 1992</a>, I.45.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope_Benedict_XVI2008_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2008">Pope Benedict XVI 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarenbon2016_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarenbon2016">Marenbon 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbermann1913_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbermann1913">Herbermann 1913</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchrader1968615–628-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchrader1968615–628_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchrader1968">Schrader 1968</a>, p. 615–628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasi197924-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasi197924_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasi197924_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasi1979">Masi 1979</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddie19303-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddie19303_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeddie1930">Beddie 1930</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1989xiii—xv-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1989xiii—xv_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1989">Boethius 1989</a>, p. xiii—xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofwestern3rdgroupage24_24]-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofwestern3rdgroupage24_24]_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrout1980">Grout 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern3rdgrou/page/24">24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBower2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgehistory0000unse_t8n5page146_146]-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBower2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailscambridgehistory0000unse_t8n5page146_146]_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBower2006">Bower 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_t8n5/page/146">146</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1867b189-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1867b189_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1867b">Boethius 1867b</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius19898-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius19898_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1989">Boethius 1989</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2013196-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2013196_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerman2013">Herman 2013</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1872-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1872_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1872">Paul 1872</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1902[httpswwwexclassicscomconsolcons3htm_Editorial_Note]_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1902">Cooper 1902</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exclassics.com/consol/cons3.htm">Editorial Note</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201215-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips201215_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer201195-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeer201195_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeer2011">Speer 2011</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1988-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1988_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1988">MacDonald 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2009105–128-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradshaw2009105–128_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradshaw2009">Bradshaw 2009</a>, p. 105–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips2012551–589-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaylorPhilips2012551–589_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012">Kaylor & Philips 2012</a>, p. 551–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolkerts1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFolkerts1970[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFolkerts1970">Folkerts 1970</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2004x-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2004x_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2004">Boethius 2004</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius2007Preface_by_H.R._James-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius2007Preface_by_H.R._James_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius2007">Boethius 2007</a>, Preface by H.R. James.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer19765–13-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer19765–13_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwyer1976">Dwyer 1976</a>, p. 5–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoethius1999p._24,_n._1-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoethius1999p._24,_n._1_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoethius1999">Boethius 1999</a>, p. 24, n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll-Clark1994-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll-Clark1994_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll-Clark1994">Carroll-Clark 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin201893-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin201893_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubin2018">Rubin 2018</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkins2016108_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkins2016">Watkins 2016</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer201153-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmer201153_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarmer2011">Farmer 2011</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalviS._Severino_Boezio-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalviS._Severino_Boezio_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvi">Calvi</a>, S. Severino Boezio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartyrologium_Romanum2004586-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartyrologium_Romanum2004586_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartyrologium_Romanum2004">Martyrologium Romanum 2004</a>, p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1999-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1999_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis194457-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis194457_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1944">Lewis 1944</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAquinasFrederick2005" class="citation cs2">Aquinas, Thomas; Frederick, Christian Bauerschmidt (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qkhWI3o3IsC&pg=PA14"><i>Holy Teaching: Introducing the Summa Theologiae of St. Thomas Aquinas</i></a>, Brazos Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58743-035-0"><bdi>978-1-58743-035-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Teaching%3A+Introducing+the+Summa+Theologiae+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pub=Brazos+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58743-035-0&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Christian+Bauerschmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qkhWI3o3IsC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1940" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Helen (1940). <i>Boethius: Some Aspects of His Times and Work</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107415768" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107415768"><bdi>978-1107415768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius%3A+Some+Aspects+of+His+Times+and+Work&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1107415768&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius1969" class="citation book cs1">Boethius (1969). <i>De Consolatione Philosophiae</i>. Translated by Watts, V.E. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140442083" title="Special:BookSources/9780140442083"><bdi>9780140442083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Consolatione+Philosophiae&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780140442083&rft.au=Boethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius2007" class="citation cs2">Boethius (2007) [1897], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427131932/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/boethius/"><i>The Consolation of Philosophy of Boethius</i></a>, translated by James, H.R., The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>: eBooks @ Adelaide, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/boethius/">the original</a> on 2007-04-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consolation+of+Philosophy+of+Boethius&rft.place=The+University+of+Adelaide&rft.pub=eBooks+%40+Adelaide&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Boethius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fboethius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius1867b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (1867b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwS0VRBsJLgC&pg=PA177">"De institutione musica libri quinque"</a>. In Gottfried Friedlein (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VwS0VRBsJLgC"><i>Anicii Manlii Torquati Severini Boetii De institutione arithmetica libri duo: De institutione musica libri quinque. Accedit geometria quae fertur Boetii</i></a> (in Latin). B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429700719" title="Special:BookSources/9781429700719"><bdi>9781429700719</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+institutione+musica+libri+quinque&rft.btitle=Anicii+Manlii+Torquati+Severini+Boetii+De+institutione+arithmetica+libri+duo%3A+De+institutione+musica+libri+quinque.+Accedit+geometria+quae+fertur+Boetii&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.pub=B.G.+Teubner%2C+Leipzig&rft.date=1867&rft.isbn=9781429700719&rft.aulast=Boethius&rft.aufirst=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVwS0VRBsJLgC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius1999" class="citation cs2">Boethius (1999), <i>Consolation of Philosophy</i>, translated by Watts, Victor (Rev ed.), <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolation+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Rev&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Boethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius2000" class="citation book cs1">Boethius (2000). <i>The Consolation of Philosophy</i>. Translated by P. G. Walsh. Oxford and New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283883-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283883-0"><bdi>0-19-283883-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consolation+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-283883-0&rft.au=Boethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius2001" class="citation book cs1">Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (2001). <i>Consolation of Philosophy</i>. Translated by Joel Relihan. Norton: <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolation+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Norton&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Boethius&rft.aufirst=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius2004" class="citation book cs1">Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (2004). <i>The Theological Tractates and The Consolation of Philosophy</i>. Translated by H. F. Steward; E. K. Rand. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological+Tractates+and+The+Consolation+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Boethius&rft.aufirst=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius1989" class="citation cs2">Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (1989), Palisca, Claude V. 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Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598453068" title="Special:BookSources/9780598453068"><bdi>9780598453068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodoric+the+Goth&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=9780598453068&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1885" class="citation cs2">Hodgkin, Thomas (1885), <i>Italy and Her Invaders</i>, vol. 3, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781344623001" title="Special:BookSources/9781344623001"><bdi>9781344623001</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Her+Invaders&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9781344623001&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1896" class="citation book cs1">Hodgkin, Thomas (1896). <i>Italy and Her Invaders</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781296969004" title="Special:BookSources/9781296969004"><bdi>9781296969004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+Her+Invaders&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.isbn=9781296969004&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaylorPhilips2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaylor, Noel; Philips, Philip (2012). <i>A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004183544" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004183544"><bdi>978-9004183544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Boethius+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004183544&rft.aulast=Kaylor&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Philips%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1944" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C.S. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20140509"><i>The Screwtape Letters</i></a>. Woking: Unwin Brothers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Screwtape+Letters&rft.place=Woking&rft.pub=Unwin+Brothers&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20140509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David, ed. (1978). <i>Science in the Middle Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226482330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226482330"><bdi>978-0226482330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0226482330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcellinus1972" class="citation book cs1">Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhSDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Ammianus Marcellinus: The history : Books XX-XXVI</i></a>. Vol. 3. Translated by J. C. Rolfe. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99348-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99348-8"><bdi>978-0-674-99348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ammianus+Marcellinus%3A+The+history+%3A+Books+XX-XXVI&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99348-8&rft.aulast=Marcellinus&rft.aufirst=Ammianus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhSDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2003" class="citation cs2">Marenbon, John (2003), <i>Boethius</i>, Great Medieval Thinkers, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195134070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195134070"><bdi>978-0195134070</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186379876">186379876</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Great+Medieval+Thinkers&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186379876&rft.isbn=978-0195134070&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Matthews_(historian)" title="John Matthews (historian)">Matthews, John</a> (1981). "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius". <i>Boethius: His Life, Thought and Influence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631111412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631111412"><bdi>978-0631111412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus+Boethius&rft.btitle=Boethius%3A+His+Life%2C+Thought+and+Influence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0631111412&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartyrologium_Romanum2004" class="citation book cs1"><i>Martyrologium Romanum</i> (2nd ed.). Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2004. p. 586. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8820972103" title="Special:BookSources/978-8820972103"><bdi>978-8820972103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrologium+Romanum&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=586&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8820972103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorhead2009" class="citation cs2">Moorhead (2009), "Boethius' life and the world of late antique philosophy", in Marenbon, John (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Boethius</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boethius%27+life+and+the+world+of+late+antique+philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Boethius&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Moorhead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul1872" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul, Oscar (1872), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_315t8JnyiosC"><i>Boetius und die griechische Harmonik</i></a> (in German), Leipzig: F.E.C. Leuckart</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boetius+und+die+griechische+Harmonik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=F.E.C.+Leuckart&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_315t8JnyiosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1979" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Jeffrey (1 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752</i></a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-0098-9"><bdi>978-0-7100-0098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+the+Papacy+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%2C+476-752&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-0098-9&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsE9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Richard E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EaIUxubxBoC&pg=PA62"><i>Aristotle's Children</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-35097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-35097-4"><bdi>978-0-547-35097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Children&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-547-35097-4&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EaIUxubxBoC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin2018" class="citation cs2">Rubin, Jonathan (2018), "John of Antioch and the Perceptions of Language and Translation in Thirteenth-Century Acre", in John France (ed.), <i>Acre and Its Falls: Studies in the History of a Crusader City</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+of+Antioch+and+the+Perceptions+of+Language+and+Translation+in+Thirteenth-Century+Acre&rft.btitle=Acre+and+Its+Falls%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+a+Crusader+City&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithWace1877" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William; Wace, Henry, eds. (1877). <i>Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines</i>. Vol. 1. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1295053339" title="Special:BookSources/978-1295053339"><bdi>978-1295053339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography%2C+Literature%2C+Sects+and+Doctrines&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1877&rft.isbn=978-1295053339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, A.D. (2014). <i>Anselm's Other Argument</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674725041" title="Special:BookSources/9780674725041"><bdi>9780674725041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm%27s+Other+Argument&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780674725041&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeer2011" class="citation cs2">Speer, Andreas (2011), "The Division of Metaphysical Discourses: Boethius, Thomas Aquinas, and Meister Eckhart", in Emery, Kent; Friedman, Russell; Speer, Andreas (eds.), <i>Philosophy and Theology in the Long Middle Ages: A Tribute to Stephen F. Brown</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>116, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16942-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16942-5"><bdi>978-90-04-16942-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Division+of+Metaphysical+Discourses%3A+Boethius%2C+Thomas+Aquinas%2C+and+Meister+Eckhart&rft.btitle=Philosophy+and+Theology+in+the+Long+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Tribute+to+Stephen+F.+Brown&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16942-5&rft.aulast=Speer&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStump1978" class="citation book cs1">Stump, Eleonore (1978). <i>Boethius's De topicis differentiis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801489334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801489334"><bdi>978-0801489334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius%27s+De+topicis+differentiis&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0801489334&rft.aulast=Stump&rft.aufirst=Eleonore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStump1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleonore_Stump" title="Eleonore Stump">Stump, Eleonore</a> (1988). <i>Boethius's In Ciceronis Topica</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801420177" title="Special:BookSources/9780801420177"><bdi>9780801420177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius%27s+In+Ciceronis+Topica&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780801420177&rft.aulast=Stump&rft.aufirst=Eleonore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Watkins, Basil (2016). <i>The Book of Saints</i>. St. Augustine's Abbey of Ramsgate, England (8th ed.). London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567664150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567664150"><bdi>978-0567664150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908373623">908373623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Saints&rft.place=London&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908373623&rft.isbn=978-0567664150&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Journal articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeddie1930" class="citation cs2">Beddie, James Stuart (1930), "The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries", <i>Speculum</i>, <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>20, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846353">10.2307/2846353</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846353">2846353</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163314872">163314872</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Classics+in+the+Mediaeval+Libraries&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163314872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2846353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2846353&rft.aulast=Beddie&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1988" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, Scott (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/agph.1988.70.3.245/pdf">"Boethius's Claim that all Substances are Good"</a>. <i>Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie</i>. <b>70</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fagph.1988.70.3.245">10.1515/agph.1988.70.3.245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144565831">144565831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+der+Philosophie&rft.atitle=Boethius%27s+Claim+that+all+Substances+are+Good&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fagph.1988.70.3.245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144565831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fagph.1988.70.3.245%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasi1979" class="citation cs2">Masi, Michael (1979), "The Liberal Arts and Gerardus Ruffus' Commentary on the Boethian De Arithmetica", <i>The Sixteenth Century Journal</i>, <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>41, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539405">10.2307/2539405</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539405">2539405</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Liberal+Arts+and+Gerardus+Ruffus%27+Commentary+on+the+Boethian+De+Arithmetica&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Masi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1968" class="citation cs2">Schrader, Dorothy V (1968), "De Arithmetica, Book I, of Boethius", <i>Mathematics Teacher</i>, <b>61</b>: <span class="nowrap">615–</span>28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5951%2FMT.61.6.0615">10.5951/MT.61.6.0615</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Teacher&rft.atitle=De+Arithmetica%2C+Book+I%2C+of+Boethius&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5951%2FMT.61.6.0615&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Weblinks</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XVI2008" class="citation cs2">Pope Benedict XVI (12 March 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20080312_en.html"><i>Boethius and Cassiodorus</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228052658/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20080312_en.html">archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius+and+Cassiodorus&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Faudiences%2F2008%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_aud_20080312_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvi" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/cult-martyrum/martiri/009.html#ottobre"><i>Martirologio</i></a> (in Italian), translated by Calvi, Stefano, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207030103/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/cult-martyrum/martiri/009.html#ottobre">archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martirologio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_academies%2Fcult-martyrum%2Fmartiri%2F009.html%23ottobre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarroll-Clark1994" class="citation cs2">Carroll-Clark, Susan (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themiddleages.net/wheel_of_fortune.html">"The Wheel of Fortune"</a>, <i>The Middle Ages.net</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+Ages.net&rft.atitle=The+Wheel+of+Fortune&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Carroll-Clark&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themiddleages.net%2Fwheel_of_fortune.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2016" class="citation cs2">Marenbon, John (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/">"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius"</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus+Boethius&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fboethius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Karl (1999-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140202/https://www.newstatesman.com/node/148778">"An American tragedy. A lifetime of rejection broke John Kennedy Toole. But his aged mother believed in his talent, found a publisher for his novel and rescued his memory from oblivion"</a>. <i>www.newstatesman.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/node/148778">the original</a> on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newstatesman.com&rft.atitle=An+American+tragedy.+A+lifetime+of+rejection+broke+John+Kennedy+Toole.+But+his+aged+mother+believed+in+his+talent%2C+found+a+publisher+for+his+novel+and+rescued+his+memory+from+oblivion&rft.date=1999-03-05&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fnode%2F148778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2000" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (May 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Boethius.html">"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius"</a>, <i>MacTutor History of Mathematicas archive</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematicas+archive&rft.atitle=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus+Boethius&rft.date=2000-05&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBoethius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOLL" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/people/boethius?q=boethius#;">"Boethius"</a>, <i>The Online Library of Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft.atitle=Boethius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Fpeople%2Fboethius%3Fq%3Dboethius%23%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpade2016" class="citation cs2">Spade, Paul Vincent (15 March 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/#Boethius">"Medieval Philosophy"</a>, <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Medieval+Philosophy&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Spade&rft.aufirst=Paul+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmedieval-philosophy%2F%23Boethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt_John's" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxengland.org.uk/s6centy.htm"><i>Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome</i></a>, St John's Orthodox Church, Colchester</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Saints+of+the+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Rome&rft.pub=St+John%27s+Orthodox+Church%2C+Colchester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxengland.org.uk%2Fs6centy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, W. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02610b.htm">"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span> – via New Advent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus+Boethius&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02610b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttwaterCatherine_Rachel_John1995" class="citation cs2">Attwater, Donald; Catherine Rachel John (1995), <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>, London: Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051312-7"><bdi>978-0-14-051312-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34361179">34361179</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34361179&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051312-7&rft.aulast=Attwater&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Catherine+Rachel+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBairdWalter_Kaufmann2008" class="citation cs2">Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008), <i>From Plato to Derrida</i>, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-158591-1"><bdi>978-0-13-158591-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plato+to+Derrida&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-13-158591-1&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Forrest+E.&rft.au=Walter+Kaufmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoethius1973" class="citation book cs1">Boethius (1973) [1918]. <i>The Theological Tractates and The Consolation of Philosophy</i>. Translated by Stewart, H.F.; Rand, E.K.; Tester, S.J. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theological+Tractates+and+The+Consolation+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Boethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1981), <i>Boethius, the Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology, and Philosophy</i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826549-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826549-8"><bdi>978-0-19-826549-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8533668">8533668</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius%2C+the+Consolations+of+Music%2C+Logic%2C+Theology%2C+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8533668&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826549-8&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColish2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Colish" title="Marcia Colish">Colish, Marcia L.</a> (2002), <i>Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400</i>, New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07852-7"><bdi>978-0-300-07852-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185694056">185694056</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Foundations+of+the+Western+Intellectual+Tradition%2C+400%E2%80%931400&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185694056&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07852-7&rft.aulast=Colish&rft.aufirst=Marcia+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagee1989" class="citation cs2">Magee, John (1989), <i>Boethius on Signification and Mind</i>, Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09096-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09096-5"><bdi>978-90-04-09096-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius+on+Signification+and+Mind&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09096-5&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Marenbon" title="John Marenbon">Marenbon, John</a> (2009), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Boethius</i>, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87266-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87266-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87266-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Boethius&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87266-9&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapahagi2010" class="citation book cs1">Papahagi, Adrian (2010). <i>Boethiana medievalia : a collection of studies on the early medieval fortune of Boethius' consolation of philosophy</i>. Bucharest: Zeta Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1997-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1997-79-7"><bdi>978-973-1997-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethiana+medievalia+%3A+a+collection+of+studies+on+the+early+medieval+fortune+of+Boethius%27+consolation+of+philosophy&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Zeta+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-973-1997-79-7&rft.aulast=Papahagi&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuto2011" class="citation cs2">Suto, Taki (2011), <i>Boethius on Mind, Grammar and Logic. A Study of Boethius' Commentaries on Peri Hermeneias</i>, Cambridge: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21418-7"><bdi>978-90-04-21418-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boethius+on+Mind%2C+Grammar+and+Logic.+A+Study+of+Boethius%27+Commentaries+on+Peri+Hermeneias&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21418-7&rft.aulast=Suto&rft.aufirst=Taki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestfall2008" class="citation cs2">Westfall, Joseph (2008), "Boethius: Kierkegaard and <i>The Consolation</i>", in Stewart, Jon (ed.), <i>Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>222, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6391-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-6391-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boethius%3A+Kierkegaard+and+The+Consolation&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+the+Patristic+and+Medieval+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6391-1&rft.aulast=Westfall&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Boethius</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Boethius&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Boethius">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Boethius&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Boethius</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Boethius&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Boethius">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Boethius&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/boethius">Works by Boethius in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4992">Works by Boethius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Boethius%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Boethius%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Boethius%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Boethius%22%29%20OR%20%28%22480-524%22%20AND%20Boethius%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Boethius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4104">Works by Boethius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>{en} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvspade.com/Logic/docs/BoethiusDeTrin.pdf"><i>De Trinitate</i> (On the Holy Trinity)</a> – Boethius, Erik Kenyon (trans.)</li> <li>{en} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/boethius/tracts.toc.html"><i>Theological Tractates</i></a>; Christian Classics Ethereal Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020905034243/http://laurentius.lub.lu.se/volumes/Mh_1/">A 10th-century manuscript of <i>Institutio Arithmetica</i> is available online from Lund University, Sweden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=cdl274&seq=3">The Geoffrey Freudlin 1885 edition of the Arithmetica, from the Cornell Library Historical Mathematics Monographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/02LateAncient/Boethius/">Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113103207/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/02LateAncient/Boethius/">Archived</a> 2020-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329193807/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/publications/surveys-and-texts/codices-boethiani/">Codices Boethiani: A Conspectus of Manuscripts of the Work of Boethius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Boethius&redirect=true">Works by Boethius at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_1083_030.html">MS 1083/30 Regiment of princes; Consolation of philosophy at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_484_015.html">MS 484/15 Commentum super libro Porphyrii Isagoge; De decim predicamentis at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.pt/31907">De Disciplina scholarium, Lyon, 1499</a>, at the National Library of Portugal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Boethius'_life_and_works"><span id="On_Boethius.27_life_and_works"></span>On Boethius' life and works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On Boethius' life and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420181214/http://saints.sqpn.com/saints0g.htm">Blessed Severinus Boethius</a> at Patron Saints Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood, Stephen.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803040230/https://etd.library.emory.edu/view/record/pid/emory:7r5f2"><i>The Meters of Boethius: Rhythmic Therapy in the Consolation of Philosophy.</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackwood2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Blackwood" title="Stephen J. Blackwood">Blackwood, Stephen</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-consolation-of-boethius-as-poetic-liturgy-9780198718314;jsessionid=F14EC59F0332F5B936CF7F76BF2F96B4?cc=us&lang=en&"><i>The </i>Consolation<i> of Boethius as Poetic Liturgy</i></a>. Oxford Early Christian Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871831-4"><bdi>978-0-19-871831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Consolation+of+Boethius+as+Poetic+Liturgy&rft.series=Oxford+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871831-4&rft.aulast=Blackwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-consolation-of-boethius-as-poetic-liturgy-9780198718314%3Bjsessionid%3DF14EC59F0332F5B936CF7F76BF2F96B4%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Boethius.html">"Boethius"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boethius&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FBoethius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Phillips, Philip Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boethius.blogspot.com/p/bibliography.html">Boethius: A Selected Bibliography for Students</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070416104741/http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/AuthorBioPage.php?recordID=0054">Boethius</a> at <i>The Online Library of Liberty</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228052658/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20080312_en.html">On Boethius and Cassiodorus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Boethius'_logic_and_philosophy"><span id="On_Boethius.27_logic_and_philosophy"></span>On Boethius' logic and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boethius&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: On Boethius' logic and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Correia, Manuel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/boethius">"Boethius"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boethius&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fboethius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarenbon" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Marenbon, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/">"Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anicius+Manlius+Severinus+Boethius&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Marenbon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fboethius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoethius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontology.co/biblio/boethius-editions.htm">The Philosophical Works of Boethius. Editions and Translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyoflogic.com/biblio/boethius-logic-biblio.htm">Boethius' Logic and Metaphysics. An Annotated Bibliography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Inportunus" title="Inportunus">Flavius Inportunus</a><br /> (alone)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </b><br />510 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arcadius_Placidus_Magnus_Felix" title="Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix">Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix</a>,<br /> Flavius Secundinus</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristonymus_of_Athens" title="Aristonymus of Athens">Aristonymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriscus_of_Scepsis" title="Coriscus of Scepsis">Coriscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Scepsis" title="Erastus of Scepsis">Erastus of Scepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Amphipolis" title="Demetrius of Amphipolis">Demetrius of Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euaeon_of_Lampsacus" title="Euaeon of Lampsacus">Euaeon of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_of_Aenus" title="Heraclides of Aenus">Heraclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Python_of_Aenus" title="Python of Aenus">Python of Aenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestiaeus_of_Perinthus" title="Hestiaeus of Perinthus">Hestiaeus of Perinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lastheneia_of_Mantinea" title="Lastheneia of Mantinea">Lastheneia of Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolaus_of_Cyzicus" title="Timolaus of Cyzicus">Timolaus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiothea_of_Phlius" title="Axiothea of Phlius">Axiothea of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Pyrrha" title="Menedemus of Pyrrha">Menedemus of Pyrrha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_(scholarch)" title="Polemon (scholarch)">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Athens" title="Crates of Athens">Crates of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Skeptics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocles_of_Cnidus" title="Diocles of Cnidus">Diocles of Cnidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacydes_of_Cyrene" title="Lacydes of Cyrene">Lacydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecles" title="Telecles">Telecles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evander_(philosopher)" title="Evander (philosopher)">Evander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesinus_of_Pergamon" title="Hegesinus of Pergamon">Hegesinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagnon_of_Tarsus" title="Hagnon of Tarsus">Hagnon of Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitomachus_(philosopher)" title="Clitomachus (philosopher)">Clitomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmadas" title="Charmadas">Charmadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeschines_of_Neapolis" title="Aeschines of Neapolis">Aeschines of Neapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_of_Alexandria" title="Dio of Alexandria">Dio of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albinus_(philosopher)" title="Albinus (philosopher)">Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peloplaton" title="Alexander Peloplaton">Alexander Peloplaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_(philosopher)" title="Atticus (philosopher)">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Longinus_(philosopher)" title="Cassius Longinus (philosopher)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen_the_Pagan" title="Origen the Pagan">Origen the Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcidius" title="Calcidius">Calcidius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelius" title="Amelius">Amelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Tyre" title="Porphyry of Tyre">Porphyry of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater_of_Apamea" title="Sopater of Apamea">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Cappadocia" title="Eustathius of Cappadocia">Eustathius of Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipatra" title="Sosipatra">Sosipatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesius" title="Aedesius">Aedesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexippus_(philosopher)" title="Dexippus (philosopher)">Dexippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthius" title="Chrysanthius">Chrysanthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Asine" title="Theodorus of Asine">Theodorus of Asine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Ephesus" title="Maximus of Ephesus">Maximus of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Myndus" title="Eusebius of Myndus">Eusebius of Myndus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_of_Epirus" title="Priscus of Epirus">Priscus of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_(philosopher)" title="Antoninus (philosopher)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius_Victorinus" title="Gaius Marius Victorinus">Gaius Marius Victorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boethius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Academy7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepigenia" title="Asclepigenia">Asclepigenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_of_Alexandria" title="Hierocles of Alexandria">Hierocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermias_(philosopher)" title="Hermias (philosopher)">Hermias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedesia" title="Aedesia">Aedesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Neapolis" title="Marinus of Neapolis">Marinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Alexandria" title="Isidore of Alexandria">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiodotus_of_Alexandria" title="Asclepiodotus of Alexandria">Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegias" title="Hegias">Hegias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenodotus_(philosopher)" title="Zenodotus (philosopher)">Zenodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapius_of_Athens" title="Agapius of Athens">Agapius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian_of_Lydia" title="Priscian of Lydia">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philoponus" title="John Philoponus">John Philoponus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_the_Invincible" title="David the Invincible">David the Invincible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Freiberg" title="Theodoric of Freiberg">Theodoric of Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Moosburg" title="Berthold of Moosburg">Berthold of Moosburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florentine_Academy50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Florentine Academy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Landino" title="Cristoforo Landino">Cristoforo Landino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth" title="Ralph Cudworth">Ralph Cudworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bernard Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Losev" title="Aleksei Losev">Aleksei Losev</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kaplan_(philosopher)" title="David Kaplan (philosopher)">David Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Edward N. Zalta</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion485" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27_trilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis' trilemma">Trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Aquinas's_argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Duns_Scotus's_metaphysical_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Metaphysical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Existential choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Baruch_Spinoza" title="Ontological argument">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_God" title="Mathematics and God">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley#Theology" title="George Berkeley">Mystical idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" title="Seddiqin argument">Seddiqin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinongian_argument" title="Meinongian argument">Meinongian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Mulla Sadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil" title="Religious responses to the problem of evil">Responses to the problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_witnesses'_testimony" title="Existence of God">Testimony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_historical_events" title="Existence of God">Historical events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_the_authority_of_historical_personages" title="Existence of God">Historical personages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122834442">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100218964">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100218986">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1240166293190400710004">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30553425">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1138168230318653080004">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5391170250853611550000">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1808666/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjM7VRjMvd3xxDwjHtRGBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11851282X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029805">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118857741">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118857741">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00434105">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Boethius, Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severinus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV082200">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35019855">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000321&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX859481">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/15141">Portugal</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/807341">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068554923">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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