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</li> <li id="toc-Other_names_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_names_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Other names and symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_names_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Earliest history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Legend of the founding of Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy_and_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy_and_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Monarchy and republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy_and_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_and_contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Late modern and contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_and_contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origin groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fountains_and_aqueducts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fountains_and_aqueducts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Fountains and aqueducts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fountains_and_aqueducts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Statues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obelisks_and_columns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obelisks_and_columns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Obelisks and columns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obelisks_and_columns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Bridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catacombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catacombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.5 Catacombs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catacombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Entertainment and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rome</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 263 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-263" aria-hidden="true" > 263 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D_(%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D)" title="Ромэ (Къалэ) – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ромэ (Къалэ)" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Ромэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ромэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9B" title="ሮማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Հռոմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%B3ma" title="Rróma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Rróma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="রোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1" title="Lô-má – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Рым – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Рым – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རོ་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རོ་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADm" title="Řím – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řím" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhufain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ρώμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρώμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5mma" title="Råmma – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Råmma" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Рим ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Рим ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romo" title="Romo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erroma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85" title="رم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m" title="Róm – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Róm" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B3imh" title="An Róimh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Róimh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Raue" title="Yn Raue – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Raue" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%B2imh" title="An Ròimh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ròimh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="羅馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2" title="Lò-mâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lò-mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88" title="로마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum" title="Rum – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rum" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma" title="Loma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Loma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Հռոմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%89%E1%92%A5" title="ᕉᒥ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕉᒥ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERoma" title="ERoma – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ERoma" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m" title="Róm – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Róm" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90" title="רומא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room" title="Room – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Room" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೋಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzim" title="Rzim – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rzim" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B2m_(Itali)" title="Wòm (Itali) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Wòm (Itali)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2m" title="Ròm – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ròm" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%A1" title="ໂຣມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຣມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roum" title="Roum – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romma" title="Romma – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Romma" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeme" title="Roeme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roeme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riimu" title="Riimu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Riimu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/romas" title="romas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="romas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3ma" title="Róma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Róma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B4ma" title="Rôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="റോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dma" title="Rōma – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rōma" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რომი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="روما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85" title="رم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2%CC%A4-m%C4%81" title="Lò̤-mā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lò̤-mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ром" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ရောမမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောမမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(stad)" title="Rome (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rome (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="रोम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E" title="ローマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romma" title="Romma – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Romma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_(St%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Room (Stääd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Room (Stääd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaa" title="Romaa – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Romaa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE" title="ରୋମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରୋମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੋਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruom" title="Ruom – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ruom" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុងរ៉ូម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzym" title="Rzym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ρώμη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρώμη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-ma" title="Lo-ma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Lo-ma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रोम-नगरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रोम-नगरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱨᱳᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱳᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roum" title="Roum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Roum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_(St%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Room (Stääd) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Room (Stääd)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA)" title="රෝමය (නගරය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෝමය (නගරය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADm" title="Rím – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rím" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8A" title="Римъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Римъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzim" title="Rzim – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzim" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڕۆما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உரோம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma" title="Ruma – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ruma" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="రోమ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోమ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="โรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Рум – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рум" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="روم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85" title="رىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim" title="Rim – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rim" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma" title="Rooma – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Rooma" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="羅馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(stee)" title="Rome (stee) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Rome (stee)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom" title="Rom – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Rom" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רוים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רוים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Rómù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="羅馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Rome" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruoma" title="Ruoma – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ruoma" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma" title="Roma – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Roma" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵕⵓⵎⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵕⵓⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rome" 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(disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city and comune in Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Rome</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Roma (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Roma Capitale</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Engelsburg_und_Engelsbr%C3%BCcke_abends_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/132px-Engelsburg_und_Engelsbr%C3%BCcke_abends_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Engelsburg_und_Engelsbr%C3%BCcke_abends_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg/176px-Engelsburg_und_Engelsbr%C3%BCcke_abends_%28Zuschnitt%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="3025" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/129px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/194px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg/258px-Pantheon_Rom_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4109" data-file-height="3034" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Rotonda" title="Piazza della Rotonda">Piazza della Rotonda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/145px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/218px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg/290px-Piazza_Venezia_-_Il_Vittoriano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="1967" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/100px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/150px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Rome.svg/200px-Flag_of_Rome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rome" title="Flag of Rome">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma-Stemma-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roma-Stemma-2.svg/70px-Roma-Stemma-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roma-Stemma-2.svg/105px-Roma-Stemma-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roma-Stemma-2.svg/140px-Roma-Stemma-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="495" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: various theories <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(See <a href="#Etymology">Etymology</a>).</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Urbs Aeterna (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) The Eternal City <a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi" title="Caput Mundi">Caput Mundi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) The Capital of the world Throne of St. Peter</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_comune_of_Rome_(metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome,_region_Lazio,_Italy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (Città Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The white spot in the centre is Vatican City."><img alt="The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (Città Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The white spot in the centre is Vatican City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg/250px-Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg/375px-Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg/500px-Map_of_comune_of_Rome_%28metropolitan_city_of_Capital_Rome%2C_region_Lazio%2C_Italy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9449" data-file-height="7180" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The territory of the comune (Roma Capitale, in red) inside the Metropolitan City of Rome (Città Metropolitana di Roma, in yellow). The white spot in the centre is <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="41.92" data-lon="12.48" data-overlays="["_1624592378cad96422bc1480ce423e1c660d9c13"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/41.92/12.48/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41.92,12.48,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rome&revid=1258779257&groups=_1624592378cad96422bc1480ce423e1c660d9c13" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,41.92,12.48,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Rome&revid=1258779257&groups=_1624592378cad96422bc1480ce423e1c660d9c13 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rome is located in Italy"><img alt="Rome is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.455%;left:49.086%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rome</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Italy</div>Show map of Italy</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rome is located in Europe"><img alt="Rome is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.071%;left:40.648%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Rome</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rome&params=41_54_N_12_29_E_region:IT-62_type:city">41°54′N 12°29′E / 41.900°N 12.483°E / 41.900; 12.483</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Rome Capital</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 753 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">legendary</a>)<a href="#cite_note-britannica-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Strong Mayor–Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Rome" title="Mayor of Rome">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gualtieri" title="Roberto Gualtieri">Roberto Gualtieri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Rome" title="City Council of Rome">Capitoline Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,285 km2 (496.3 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 m (69 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (31 December 2019)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">8th</a> in Europe <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">1st</a> in Italy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,236/km2 (5,790/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Comune<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,860,009<a href="#cite_note-Population-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan City</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,342,212<a href="#cite_note-PR-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: romano(i) (masculine), romana(e) (feminine) English: Roman(s)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">€153.507 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">CAP code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">00100; 00118 to 00199</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">06</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.roma.it">comune.roma.it</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_district_of_Rome" title="Historic district of Rome">Historic Centre of Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See#Outside_Vatican_City_but_inside_Rome" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">San Paolo Fuori le Mura</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91">91</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1980 (4th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">1,431 ha (3,540 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Rome (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Roma, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈroːma]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e1\/It-Roma.ogg\/It-Roma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Roma.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/It-Roma.ogg/It-Roma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:It-Roma.ogg" title="File:It-Roma.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. It is also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">region</a>, the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City of Rome Capital</a>, and a special <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> (municipality) named Comune di Roma Capitale. With 2,860,009 residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Population-3">[2]</a> Rome is the country's most populated comune and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits">third most populous city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome, with a population of 4,355,725 residents, is the most populous <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">metropolitan city</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-PR-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Rome metropolitan area">Its metropolitan area</a> is the third-most populous within Italy.<a href="#cite_note-citypop-6">[5]</a> Rome is located in the central-western portion of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>, within Lazio (<a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>), along the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Valley" title="Tiber Valley">Tiber Valley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (the smallest country in the world and headquarters of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> under the governance of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> is an independent country inside the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city. Rome is often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">City of Seven Hills</a> due to its geographic location, and also as the "Eternal City". Rome is generally considered to be the cradle of Western <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>, and the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">Rome's history</a> spans 28 centuries. While <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> dates the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a> at around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it a major human settlement for over three millennia and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously occupied cities</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Heiken,_G._2005-11">[10]</a> The city's early population originated from a mix of <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>. Eventually, the city successively became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and is regarded by many as the first-ever Imperial city and <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> It was first called The Eternal City (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Urbs Aeterna; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: La Città Eterna) by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Rome is also called <a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi#Rome" title="Caput Mundi">Caput Mundi</a> (Capital of the World). After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Empire in the west</a>, which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Rome slowly fell under the political control of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>, and in the 8th century, it became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, which lasted until 1870. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, almost all popes since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> (1447–1455) pursued a coherent architectural and urban programme over four hundred years, aimed at making the city the artistic and cultural centre of the world.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> In this way, Rome first became one of the major centres of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and then became the birthplace of both the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>. Famous artists, painters, sculptors, and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871, Rome became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which, in 1946, became the Italian Republic. In 2019, Rome was the 14th most visited city in the world, with 8.6 million tourists, the third most visited city in the European Union, and the most popular tourist destination in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Its historic centre is listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-18">[17]</a> The host city for the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>, Rome is also the seat of several specialised agencies of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP), the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=UN_System_Network_on_Rural_Development_and_Food_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security (page does not exist)">UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security</a>. The city also hosts the European Union (EU) Delegation to the United Nations (UN) and the Secretariat of the Parliamentary Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> (UfM) as well as the headquarters of several Italian multinational companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Enel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_TIM" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo TIM">TIM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo S.p.A.">Leonardo</a>, and banks such as <a href="/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_del_Lavoro" title="Banca Nazionale del Lavoro">BNL</a>. Numerous companies are based within Rome's <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR</a> business district, such as the luxury fashion house <a href="/wiki/Fendi" title="Fendi">Fendi</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a>. The presence of renowned international brands in the city has made Rome an important centre of fashion and design, and the <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà Studios</a> have been the set of many <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>–winning movies.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbol">Name and symbol</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> According to the Ancient Romans' <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding myth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-livy1797-21">[20]</a> the name Roma came from the city's founder and first <a href="/wiki/Rex_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rex (king)">king</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-2">[1]</a> However, it is possible that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> As early as the 4th century, there have been alternative theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. Several hypotheses have been advanced focusing on its linguistic roots which however remain uncertain:<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <ul><li>From Rumon or Rumen, archaic name of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, which in turn is supposedly related to the Greek verb ῥέω (rhéō) 'to flow, stream' and the Latin verb ruō 'to hurry, rush';<a href="#cite_note-24">[b]</a></li> <li>From the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> word 𐌓𐌖𐌌𐌀 (ruma), whose root is *rum- "teat", with possible reference either to the <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">totem wolf that adopted and suckled</a> the cognately named twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, or to the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hills</a>;</li> <li>From the Greek word ῥώμη (rhṓmē), which means strength.<a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_names_and_symbols">Other names and symbols</h3></div> Rome has also been called in ancient times simply "Urbs" (central city),<a href="#cite_note-Vergari_Marco_Luberti_Pica_Del_Monte_2020_pp._6–17-26">[23]</a> from urbs roma, or identified with its ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">initialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>, the symbol of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">constituted republican government</a>. Furthermore, Rome has been called Urbs Aeterna (The Eternal City), Caput Mundi (The <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of the world">Capital of the world</a>), Throne of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a> and Roma Capitale. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History of Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Rome">Timeline of Rome</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_history">Earliest history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_(mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine,_Rome)_(5917668745).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/220px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/330px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg/440px-Maquette_de_la_Rome_archa%C3%AFque_%28mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation_romaine%2C_Rome%29_%285917668745%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Model of archaic Rome. The image faces northeast, with the Capitoline hill on left and the Palatine on right. The city would not have looked like this prior to the seventh century BC.</figcaption></figure> While there have been discoveries of archaeological evidence of human occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago, the dense layer of much younger debris obscures <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-Heiken,_G._2005-11">[10]</a> Evidence of stone tools, pottery, and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence. Several excavations support the view that Rome grew from <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> settlements on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> built above the area of the future <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>. Between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, each hill between the sea and the Capitoline Hill was topped by a village (on the Capitoline, a village is attested since the end of the 14th century BC).<a href="#cite_note-coa9-27">[24]</a> However, none of them yet had an urban quality.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-27">[24]</a> Nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city developed gradually through the aggregation ("<a href="/wiki/Synoecism" title="Synoecism">synoecism</a>") of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-27">[24]</a> This aggregation was facilitated by the increase of agricultural productivity above the <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">subsistence level</a>, which also allowed the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">tertiary activities</a>. These, in turn, boosted the development of trade with the Greek colonies of southern Italy (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>).<a href="#cite_note-coa9-27">[24]</a> These developments, which according to archaeological evidence took place during the mid-eighth century BC, can be considered as the "birth" of the city.<a href="#cite_note-coa9-27">[24]</a> Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome was founded deliberately in the middle of the eighth century BC, as the legend of Romulus suggests, remains a fringe hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-foundation-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legend_of_the_founding_of_Rome">Legend of the founding of Rome</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Kapitolinische_W%C3%B6lfin_Museum_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5736" data-file-height="3935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a>, a sculpture of the <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">mythical she-wolf</a> suckling the infant twins <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional stories handed down by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">ancient Romans</a> themselves explain the earliest <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">history of their city</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>. The most familiar of these myths, and perhaps the most famous of all <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman myths</a>, is the story of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, the twins who were suckled by a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livy1797-21">[20]</a> They decided to build a city, but after an argument, <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> killed his brother and the city took his name. According to the Roman <a href="/wiki/Annalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Annalist">annalists</a>, this happened on 21 April 753 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473-29">[26]</a> This legend had to be reconciled with a dual tradition, set earlier in time, that had the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan refugee</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> escape to Italy and found the line of Romans through his son <a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Iulus</a>, the namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livy2005-30">[27]</a> This was accomplished by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> in the first century BC. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions an older story, that the city was an <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadian</a> colony founded by <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a>. Strabo also writes that <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Coelius_Antipater" title="Lucius Coelius Antipater">Lucius Coelius Antipater</a> believed that Rome was founded by Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy_and_republic">Monarchy and republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg/220px-Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg/330px-Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg/440px-Foro_Boario_Portuno_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a>, god of grain storage, keys, livestock and ports,<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> built in 120–80 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg/220px-Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg/330px-Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg/440px-Foro_Romano_visto_dai_Musei_Capitolini_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13800" data-file-height="7160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a> contains the ruins of the buildings that represented the political, legal, religious and economic centre of ancient Rome, constituting the "nerve centre" of all Roman civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> After the foundation by Romulus according to a legend,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473-29">[26]</a> Rome was ruled for a period of 244 years by a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical system</a>, initially with sovereigns of <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabine</a> origin, later by <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscan</a> kings. The tradition handed down seven kings: <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarquinius_Priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquinius Priscus">Tarquinius Priscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196473-29">[26]</a> In 509 BC, the Romans expelled the last king from their city and established an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> led by two annually-elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a>. Rome then began a period characterised by internal struggles between <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> (aristocrats) and <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a> (small landowners), and by constant warfare against the populations of central Italy: Etruscans, Latins, <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196477-35">[32]</a> After becoming master of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, Rome led several wars (against the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a>-<a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> and the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, allied with <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>) whose result was the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, from the central area up to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196479-36">[33]</a> The 3rd and 4th century BC saw the establishment of Roman hegemony over the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> through the three <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> (264–146 BC) fought against <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> and the three <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Macedonian Wars</a> (212–168 BC) against <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196481–83-37">[34]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> were established at this time: <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196481–85-38">[35]</a> From the beginning of the 2nd century BC, power was contested between two groups of aristocrats: the <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">optimates</a>, representing the conservative part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">populares</a>, which relied on the help of the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> (urban lower class) to gain power. In the same period, the bankruptcy of the small farmers and the establishment of large slave estates caused large-scale migration to the city. The continuous warfare led to the establishment of a professional army, which turned out to be more loyal to its generals than to the republic. Because of this, in the late 2nd and early 1st century BC there were several conflicts both abroad and internally: after the failed attempt of social reform of the populares <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196489-39">[36]</a> and the war against <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196489-39">[36]</a> there was <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">a civil war</a> from which the general <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> emerged victorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196489-39">[36]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">major slave revolt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> followed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491-40">[37]</a> and then the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">first Triumvirate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491-40">[37]</a> The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> made Caesar immensely powerful and popular, which led to a <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">civil war</a> against the Senate and Pompey. After his victory, Caesar established himself as <a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">dictator for life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196491-40">[37]</a> His assassination in 44 BC led to a <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">second Triumvirate</a> among <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> (Caesar's grandnephew and heir), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>, and to a <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">final civil war</a> between Octavian and Antony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196493-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire">Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg/220px-Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg/330px-Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg/440px-Palatine_Hill_from_across_the_Circus_Maximus_April_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The Ancient-Imperial-Roman palaces of the Palatine, a series of palaces located in the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, express power and wealth of emperors from Augustus until the 4th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trajan%27s_Market,_Rome,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Trajan%27s_Market%2C_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4612" data-file-height="3062" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> belong to a series of monumental fora (public squares) constructed in Rome by the emperors. Also seen in the image is <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_(5840455090).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9tail_de_la_maquette_de_Rome_%C3%A0_l%C3%A9poque_de_Constantin_%285840455090%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Model of Imperial Rome at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museo della civiltà romana in Rome</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius" title="Temple of Claudius">Temple of Claudius</a> is situated to the south (left) of the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 27 BC, Octavian was named <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">diarchy</a> between the princeps and the senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196493-41">[38]</a> Over time, the new monarch came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> (hence <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a>), meaning "commander".<a href="#cite_note-SimonHornblower-42">[39]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, two thirds of the city was ruined after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of Christians</a> commenced.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Rome's empire reached its greatest expansion in the second century under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. Rome was known as the <a href="/wiki/Caput_Mundi" title="Caput Mundi">caput Mundi</a>, i.e. the capital of the known world, an expression which had already been used in the Republican period. During its first two centuries, the empire was ruled by emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196497-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a> (who built an eponymous amphitheatre known as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196497-46">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonine_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonine dynasty">Antonine</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196499-47">[44]</a> This time was also characterised by the spread of the Christian religion, preached by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in the first half of the first century (under <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>) and popularised by his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> through the empire and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964107-48">[45]</a> The Antonine age is considered the zenith of the Empire, whose territory ranged from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196499-47">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG/220px-Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG/330px-Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG/440px-Colosseum_at_night_-_wide_angle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> at night</figcaption></figure> After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> in AD 235, the Empire entered into a 50-year period known as the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, during which numerous generals fought for power and the central authority in Rome weakened dramatically. Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian" title="Plague of Cyprian">Plague of Cyprian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250–270) afflicted the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Instability caused economic deterioration, and there was a rapid rise in inflation as the government debased the currency in order to meet expenses. The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> along the Rhine and north of the Balkans made serious uncoordinated incursions that were more like giant raiding parties rather than attempts to settle. The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Persian Empire</a> invaded from the east several times during the 230s to 260s but were eventually defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964101-50">[47]</a> The civil wars ended in 285 with the final victory of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, who undertook the restoration of the State. He ended the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> and introduced a new authoritarian model known as the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a>, derived from his title of dominus ("lord"). His most marked feature was the unprecedented intervention of the State down to the city level: whereas the State had submitted a tax demand to a city and allowed it to allocate the charges, from his reign the State did this down to the village level. In a vain attempt to control inflation, he imposed <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> which did not last. Diocletian divided the empire in 286, ruling over the eastern half from <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, while his co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> ruled the western half from <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (when not on the move).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964101-50">[47]</a> The empire was further divided in 293, when Diocletian named two <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>, one for each <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> (emperor). Diocletian tried to turn into a system of non-dynastic succession, similar to the Antonine dynasty. Upon abdication in 305, both caesars succeeded and they, in turn, appointed two colleagues for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964101-50">[47]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">series of civil wars</a> between rival claimants to power resulted in the unification of the empire under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> in 324. Hereditary succession was restored, but the east–west division was maintained. Constantine undertook a major reform of the bureaucracy, not by changing the structure but by rationalising the competencies of the several ministries. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> of 313, actually a fragment of a letter from his co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> to the governors of the eastern provinces, granted freedom of worship to everyone, including Christians, and ordered the restoration of confiscated church properties upon petition to the newly created vicars of dioceses. He funded the building of several churches and allowed clergy to act as arbitrators in civil suits (a measure that did not outlast him but which was restored in part much later). In 330, he transformed <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> into <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which became his new capital. However, it was not officially anything more than an imperial residence like <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a> until given a city prefect in 359 by <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964103-51">[48]</a> Constantine, following Diocletian's reforms. regionalised the administration, which fundamentally changed the way it was governed by creating regional dioceses. The existence of regional fiscal units from 286 served as the model for this unprecedented innovation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> The emperor quickened the process of removing military command from governors. Henceforth, civilian administration and military command would be separate. He gave governors more fiscal duties and placed them in charge of the army logistical support system as an attempt to control it by removing the support system from its control. Christianity in the form of the Nicene Creed became the official religion of the empire in 380, via the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> issued in the name of three emperors – Gratian, Valentinian II, and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> – with Theodosius clearly the driving force behind it. He was the last emperor of a unified empire: after his death in 395, his young children, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, inherited the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">eastern</a> empires respectively. The seat of government in the Western Roman Empire was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in 408, but from 450 the emperors mostly resided in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg/170px-Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg/255px-Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg/340px-Sack_of_Rome_by_the_Visigoths_on_24_August_410_by_JN_Sylvestre_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sacking Rome in 410</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-No%C3%ABl_Sylvestre" title="Joseph-Noël Sylvestre">Joseph-Noël Sylvestre</a> (1890), the first time in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy</figcaption></figure> Rome, which had lost its central role in the administration of the empire, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">was sacked in 410</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964115-54">[51]</a> but very little physical damage was done, most of which was repaired. What could not be so easily replaced were portable items such as artwork in precious metals and items for domestic use (loot). The popes embellished the city with large basilicas, such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> (with the collaboration of the emperors). The population of the city had fallen from 800,000 to 450–500,000 by the time the city was sacked in 455 by <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964117-55">[52]</a> The weak emperors of the fifth century could not stop the decay, leading to the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Augustus">Romulus Augustus</a>, who resided on Ravenna, on 4 September 476. This marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and, for many historians, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964103-51">[48]</a> The decline of the city's population was caused by the loss of grain shipments from North Africa, from 440 onward, and the unwillingness of the senatorial class to maintain donations to support a population that was too large for the resources available. Even so, strenuous efforts were made to maintain the monumental centre, the palatine, and the largest baths, which continued to function until the Gothic siege of 537. The large baths of Constantine on the Quirinale were even repaired in 443, and the extent of the damage exaggerated and dramatised.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> However, the city gave an appearance overall of shabbiness and decay because of the large abandoned areas due to population decline. The population declined to 500,000 by 452 and 100,000 by 500 AD (perhaps larger, though no certain figure can be known). After the Gothic siege of 537, the population dropped to 30,000 but had risen to 90,000 by the papacy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> The population decline coincided with the general collapse of urban life in the West in the fifth and sixth centuries, with few exceptions. Subsidized state grain distributions to the poorer members of society continued right through the sixth century and probably prevented the population from falling further.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> The figure of 450,000–500,000 is based on the amount of pork, 3,629,000 lbs. distributed to poorer Romans during five winter months at the rate of five Roman lbs per person per month, enough for 145,000 persons or 1/4 or 1/3 of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Grain distribution to 80,000 ticket holders at the same time suggests 400,000 (Augustus set the number at 200,000 or one-fifth of the population). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/220px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/330px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/440px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sacking Rome in 455</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Briullov" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Briullov">Karl Briullov</a> (1830s)</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in AD 476, Rome was first under the control of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and then became part of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> before returning to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East Roman</a> control after the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>, which devastated the city <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)" title="Sack of Rome (546)">in 546</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)" title="Siege of Rome (549–550)">550</a>. Its population declined from more than a million in AD 210 to 500,000 in AD 273<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> to 35,000 after the Gothic War (535–554),<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins, vegetation, vineyards and market gardens.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> It is generally thought the population of the city until AD 300 was 1 million (estimates range from 2 million to 750,000) declining to 750–800,000 in AD 400, then 450–500,000 in AD 450 and down to 80–100,000 in AD 500 (though it may have been twice this).<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> The Bishop of Rome, called the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, was important since the early days of Christianity because of the martyrdom of both the apostles <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a> there. The Bishops of Rome were also seen (and still are seen by Catholics) as the successors of Peter, who is considered the first Bishop of Rome. The city thus became of increasing importance as the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_invasion_of_Italy#Invasion_and_conquest_of_the_Italian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard invasion of Italy">Lombard invasion of Italy</a> (569–572), the city remained nominally Byzantine, but in reality, the popes pursued a policy of equilibrium between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> In 729, the Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Liutprand,_King_of_the_Lombards" title="Liutprand, King of the Lombards">Liutprand</a> donated the north Latium town of <a href="/wiki/Sutri" title="Sutri">Sutri</a> to the Church, starting its temporal power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> In 756, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>, after having defeated the Lombards, gave the Pope temporal jurisdiction over the Roman Duchy and the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, thus creating the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> Since this period, three powers tried to rule the city: the pope, the nobility (together with the chiefs of militias, the judges, the Senate and the populace), and the Frankish king, as king of the Lombards, patricius, and Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> These three parties (theocratic, republican, and imperial) were a characteristic of Roman life during the entire Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> On Christmas night of 800, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> was crowned in Rome as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>: on that occasion, the city hosted for the first time the two powers whose struggle for control was to be a constant of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">[61]</a> This event marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_(Francis_1st_of_France)_by_Pope_Leo_III_(Leo_X)_Vatican_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/220px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/330px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg/440px-Detail_coronation_Charles_the_Great_%28Francis_1st_of_France%29_by_Pope_Leo_III_%28Leo_X%29_Vatican_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Detail from an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino">Raphael</a>, portraying the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">Old Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, on 25 December 800</figcaption></figure> In 846, Muslim Arabs <a href="/wiki/Arab_raid_against_Rome" title="Arab raid against Rome">unsuccessfully stormed the city's walls</a>, but managed to loot <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter</a>'s and St. Paul's basilica, both outside the city wall.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> After the decay of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian power</a>, Rome fell prey to feudal chaos: several noble families fought against the pope, the emperor, and each other. These were the times of <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(senatrix)" title="Theodora (senatrix)">Theodora</a> and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Marozia" title="Marozia">Marozia</a>, concubines and mothers of several popes, and of <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Younger" title="Crescentius the Younger">Crescentius</a>, a powerful feudal lord, who fought against the Emperors <a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520-66">[63]</a> The scandals of this period forced the papacy to reform itself: the election of the pope was reserved to the cardinals, and reform of the clergy was attempted. The driving force behind this renewal was the monk <a href="/wiki/Ildebrando_da_Soana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ildebrando da Soana">Ildebrando da Soana</a>, who once elected pope under the name of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a> became involved into the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520-66">[63]</a> Subsequently, Rome <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">was sacked and burned</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> who had entered the city in support of the Pope, then besieged in <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520-66">[63]</a> During this period, the city was autonomously ruled by a senatore or patrizio. In the 12th century, this administration, like other European cities, evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a>, a new form of social organisation controlled by the new wealthy classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520-66">[63]</a> Pope <a href="/wiki/Lucius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius II">Lucius II</a> fought against the Roman commune, and the struggle was continued by his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugenius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eugenius III">Pope Eugenius III</a>: by this stage, the commune, allied with the aristocracy, was supported by <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_da_Brescia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnaldo da Brescia">Arnaldo da Brescia</a>, a monk who was a religious and social reformer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> After the pope's death, Arnaldo was taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Adrianus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianus IV">Adrianus IV</a>, which marked the end of the commune's autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, whose reign marked the apogee of the papacy, the commune liquidated the senate, and replaced it with a Senatore, who was subject to the pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> In this period, the papacy played a role of secular importance in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, often acting as arbitrators between Christian <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> and exercising additional political powers.<a href="#cite_note-Faus-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Papal_Arbitration-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> In 1266, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</a>, who was heading south to fight the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> on behalf of the pope, was appointed Senator. Charles founded the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza</a>, the university of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> In that period the pope died, and the cardinals, summoned in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, could not agree on his successor. This angered the people of the city, who then unroofed the building where they met and imprisoned them until they had nominated the new pope; this marked the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Conclave">conclave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> In this period the city was also shattered by continuous fights between the aristocratic families: <a href="/wiki/Annibaldi_family" title="Annibaldi family">Annibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caetani" title="Caetani">Caetani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orsini_family" title="Orsini family">Orsini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conti_di_Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Conti di Segni">Conti</a>, nested in their fortresses built above ancient Roman edifices, fought each other to control the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg/220px-Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg/330px-Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg/440px-Giorgio_Vasar_retour_id%C3%A9alis%C3%A9_de_Gr%C3%A9goire_XI_%C3%A0_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a> returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>, born Caetani, was the last pope to fight for the church's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal domain (page does not exist)">universal domain</a>; he proclaimed a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna family</a> and, in 1300, called for the first <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee (Christianity)">Jubilee of Christianity</a>, which brought millions of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrims</a> to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> However, his hopes were crushed by the French king <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a>, who took him prisoner and held him hostage for three days at <a href="/wiki/Anagni" title="Anagni">Anagni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">[64]</a> The Pope was able to return to Rome, but died a month later, it was said of shock and grief. Afterwards, a new pope faithful to the French was elected, and the papacy was <a href="/wiki/Avignon_papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon papacy">briefly relocated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (1309–1377).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> During this period Rome was neglected, until a plebeian man, <a href="/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a>, came to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> An idealist and a lover of ancient Rome, Cola dreamed about a rebirth of the Roman Empire: after assuming power with the title of <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribuno</a>, his reforms were rejected by the populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> Forced to flee, Cola returned as part of the entourage of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornoz" title="Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz">Albornoz</a>, who was charged with restoring the Church's power in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> Back in power for a short time, Cola was soon lynched by the populace, and Albornoz took possession of the city. In 1377, Rome became the seat of the papacy again under <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> The return of the pope to Rome in that year unleashed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1377–1418), and for the next forty years, the city was affected by the divisions which rocked the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Roman Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/220px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/330px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg/440px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_123_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Almost 500 years old, this map of Rome by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cartaro" title="Mario Cartaro">Mario Cartaro</a> (from 1575) shows the city's primary monuments.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Castel_et_pont_Sant%27Angelo_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, or Hadrian's Mausoleum, is a Roman monument built in 134 AD, radically altered in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and crowned with 16th and 17th-century statues.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata,_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/220px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/330px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg/440px-Fontana_della_Barcaccia_restaurata%2C_guardando_verso_Piazza_Mignanelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Fontana della Barcaccia</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> in 1629</figcaption></figure> In 1418, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> settled the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, and a Roman pope, <a href="/wiki/Martin_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin V">Martin V</a>, was elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> This brought to Rome a century of internal peace, which marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> The ruling popes until the first half of the 16th century, from <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a>, humanist and literate, from <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>, a warrior pope, to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>, immoral and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotist</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a>, soldier and patron, to <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>, who gave his name to this period ("the century of Leo X"), all devoted their energy to the greatness and the beauty of the Eternal City and to the patronage of the arts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> During those years, the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> moved to Rome from Florence. Majestic works, as the new <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Ponte Sisto</a> (the first bridge to be built across the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> since antiquity, although on Roman foundations) were created. To accomplish that, the Popes engaged the best artists of the time, including <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli" title="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a>. The period was also infamous for papal corruption, with many Popes fathering children, and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a>. The corruption of the Popes and the huge expenses for their building projects led, in part, to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> and, in turn, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Under extravagant and rich popes, Rome was transformed into a centre of art, poetry, music, literature, education and culture. Rome became able to compete with other major European cities of the time in terms of wealth, grandeur, the arts, learning and architecture. The Renaissance period changed the face of Rome dramatically, with works like the <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> by Michelangelo and the frescoes of the <a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a>. Rome reached the highest point of splendour under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> (1503–1513) and his successors <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici family</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingelbach,_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg/220px-Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg/330px-Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg/440px-Lingelbach%2C_Johannes_-_Carneval_in_Rom_-_c._1650-1651.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> in Rome, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lingelbach" title="Johannes Lingelbach">Johannes Lingelbach</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Piazza_Navona,_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/220px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/330px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg/440px-View_of_the_Piazza_Navona%2C_Rome_LACMA_49.17.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>A View of the Piazza Navona, Rome, by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Frans_van_Lint" title="Hendrik Frans van Lint">Hendrik Frans van Lint</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1730</figcaption></figure> In this twenty-year period, Rome became one of the greatest centres of art in the world. The old St. Peter's Basilica built by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> (which by then was in a dilapidated state) was demolished and a new one begun. The city hosted artists like <a href="/wiki/Ridolfo_Ghirlandaio" title="Ridolfo Ghirlandaio">Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Perugino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Bramante</a>, who built the temple of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Montorio" title="San Pietro in Montorio">San Pietro in Montorio</a> and planned a great project to renovate the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Vatican</a>. Raphael, who in Rome became one of the most famous painters of Italy, created frescoes in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael's Rooms</a>, plus many other famous paintings. Michelangelo started the decoration of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and executed the famous statue of the <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> for the tomb of Julius II. Its economy was rich, with the presence of several Tuscan bankers, including <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Chigi" title="Agostino Chigi">Agostino Chigi</a>, who was a friend of Raphael and a patron of arts. Before his early death, Raphael also promoted for the first time the preservation of the ancient ruins. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a> caused the first plunder of the city in more than five hundred years since <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">the previous sack</a>; in 1527, the <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknechts</a> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked the city</a>, bringing an abrupt end to the golden age of the Renaissance in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> in 1545, the Church began the Counter-Reformation in response to the Reformation, a large-scale questioning of the Church's authority on spiritual matters and governmental affairs. This loss of confidence led to major shifts of power away from the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> Under the popes from <a href="/wiki/Pius_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IV">Pius IV</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a>, Rome became the centre of a reformed Catholicism and saw the building of new monuments which celebrated the papacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-73">[70]</a> The popes and cardinals of the 17th and early 18th centuries continued the movement by having the city's landscape enriched with baroque buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-73">[70]</a> This was another nepotistic age; the new aristocratic families (<a href="/wiki/Barberini_family" title="Barberini family">Barberini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamphili_family" title="Pamphili family">Pamphili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chigi_family" title="Chigi family">Chigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rospigliosi_family" title="Rospigliosi family">Rospigliosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altieri_family" title="Altieri family">Altieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odescalchi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Odescalchi family">Odescalchi</a>) were protected by their respective popes, who built huge baroque buildings for their relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-73">[70]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, new ideas reached the Eternal City, where the papacy supported archaeological studies and improved the people's welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> But not everything went well for the Church during the Counter-Reformation. There were setbacks in the attempts to assert the Church's power, a notable example being in 1773 when Pope Clement XIV was forced by secular powers to have the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Jesuit order suppressed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary">Late modern and contemporary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/220px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/330px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg/440px-Breccia_di_Porta_Pia_Ademollo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> troops breaching the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> at <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> (1870), the final event of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ademollo" title="Carlo Ademollo">Carlo Ademollo</a>.</figcaption></figure> The rule of the Popes was interrupted by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (18th century)">Roman Republic</a> (1798–1800), which was established under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> were restored in June 1800, but during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s reign Rome was <a href="/wiki/Rome_(department)" title="Rome (department)">annexed as a Département</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: first as Département du Tibre (1808–1810) and then as Département Rome (1810–1814). After the fall of Napoleon, the Papal States were reconstituted by a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814. In 1849, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">a second Roman Republic</a> was proclaimed during a year of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_in_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions in 1848">revolutions in 1848</a>. Two of the most influential figures of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, fought for the short-lived republic. Rome then became the focus of hopes of Italian reunification after the rest of Italy was united as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1861 with the temporary capital in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. That year Rome was declared the capital of Italy even though it was still under the Pope's control. During the 1860s, the last vestiges of the Papal States were under French protection thanks to the foreign policy of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. French troops were stationed in the region under Papal control. In 1870 the French troops were withdrawn due to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. Italian troops were able to <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">capture Rome</a> entering the city through a breach near <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">prisoner in the Vatican</a>. In 1871 the capital of Italy was moved from Florence to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> In 1870 the population of the city was 212,000, all of whom lived with the area circumscribed by the ancient city, and in 1920, the population was 660,000. A significant portion lived outside the walls in the north and across the Tiber in the Vatican area. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/220px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/330px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif/440px-Bombardamento_di_Roma.gif 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of Rome by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> planes, 1943</figcaption></figure> Soon after World War I in late 1922 Rome witnessed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, who led a <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">march on the city</a>. He did away with democracy by 1926, eventually declaring a new <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Italy_(fascist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Italy (fascist)">Italian Empire</a> and allying Italy with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938. Mussolini demolished fairly large parts of the city centre in order to build wide avenues and squares which were supposed to celebrate the fascist regime and the resurgence and glorification of classical Rome.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The interwar period saw a rapid growth in the city's population which surpassed one million inhabitants soon after 1930. During World War II, due to the art treasuries and the presence of the Vatican, Rome largely escaped the tragic destiny of other European cities. However, on 19 July 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Quartiere_San_Lorenzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartiere San Lorenzo">San Lorenzo district</a> was <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">subject to Allied bombing raids</a>, resulting in about 3,000 fatalities and 11,000 injuries, of whom another 1,500 died.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Mussolini <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">was arrested on 25 July 1943</a>. On the date of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Italian Armistice</a> 8 September 1943 the city was occupied by the Germans. Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. Rome was liberated on 4 June 1944. Rome developed greatly after the war as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>" of post-war reconstruction and modernisation in the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, the years of la dolce vita ("the sweet life"), Rome became a fashionable city, with popular classic films such as <a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben Hur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Holiday" title="Roman Holiday">Roman Holiday</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Dolce_Vita" class="mw-redirect" title="La Dolce Vita">La Dolce Vita</a> filmed in the city's iconic <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà Studios</a>. The rising trend in population growth continued until the mid-1980s when the comune had more than 2.8 million residents. After this, the population declined slowly as people began to move to nearby suburbs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome,_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg/220px-Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg/330px-Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg/440px-Rome%2C_Italy_ESA24383157.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Rome</figcaption></figure> Rome is in the <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">central Italy</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Tevere) river. The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a>, the only natural ford of the river in this area. The Rome of the Kings was built on seven hills: the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal Hill</a>. Modern Rome is also crossed by another river, the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, which flows into the Tiber north of the historic centre. Although the city centre is about 24 km (15 mi) inland from the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, the city territory extends to the shore, where the south-western district of <a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Ostia</a> is located. The altitude of the central part of Rome ranges from 13 m (43 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>) to 139 m (456 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (the peak of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Mario" title="Monte Mario">Monte Mario</a>).<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The Comune of Rome covers an overall area of about 1,285 km2 (496 sq mi), including many green areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">List of parks and gardens in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg/220px-Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg/330px-Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg/440px-Rome-VillaBorghese-TempleEsculape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aesculapius_(Villa_Borghese)" title="Temple of Aesculapius (Villa Borghese)">Temple of Aesculapius</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></figcaption></figure> Public parks and nature reserves cover a large area in Rome, and the city has one of the largest areas of green space among European capitals.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The most notable part of this green space is represented by the large number of villas and landscaped gardens created by the Italian aristocracy. While most of the parks surrounding the villas were destroyed during the building boom of the late 19th century, some of them remain. The most notable of these are the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a>. Villa Doria Pamphili is west of the Gianicolo hill, comprising some 1.8 km2 (0.7 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">sq mi</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Villa_Sciarra_(Rome)" title="Villa Sciarra (Rome)">Villa Sciarra</a> is on the hill, with playgrounds for children and shaded walking areas. In the nearby area of Trastevere, the <a href="/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_di_Roma_%22La_Sapienza%22" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza"">Orto Botanico</a> (Botanical Garden) is a cool and shady green space. The old Roman hippodrome (Circus Maximus) is another large green space: it has few trees but is overlooked by the Palatine and the Rose Garden ('roseto comunale'). Nearby is the lush <a href="/wiki/Villa_Celimontana" title="Villa Celimontana">Villa Celimontana</a>, close to the gardens surrounding the Baths of Caracalla. The Villa Borghese garden is the best known large green space in Rome, with famous art galleries among its shaded walks. Overlooking <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a> and the Spanish Steps are the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Pincio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincio">Pincio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>. There is also a notable pine wood at <a href="/wiki/Castelfusano" title="Castelfusano">Castelfusano</a>, near Ostia. Rome also has a number of regional parks of much more recent origin, including the <a href="/wiki/Pineto_Regional_Park" title="Pineto Regional Park">Pineto Regional Park</a> and the Appian Way Regional Park. There are also nature reserves at Marcigliana and at Tenuta di Castelporziano. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rome" title="Climate of Rome">Climate of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg/220px-Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg/330px-Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg/440px-Doria_Pamphili_6376.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></figcaption></figure> Rome has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: Csa),<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters. Its average annual temperature is above 21 °C (70 °F) during the day and 9 °C (48 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the average temperature is 12.6 °C (54.7 °F) during the day and 2.1 °C (35.8 °F) at night. In the warmest month, August, the average temperature is 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) during the day and 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with a daily mean temperature of approximately 8 °C (46 °F). Temperatures during these months generally vary between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F) during the day and between 3 and 5 °C (37 and 41 °F) at night, with colder or warmer spells occurring frequently. Snowfall is rare but not unheard of, with light snow or flurries occurring on some winters, generally without accumulation, and major snowfalls on a very rare occurrence (the most recent ones were in 2018, 2012 and 1986).<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> The average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> is 75%, varying from 72% in July to 77% in November. Sea temperatures vary from a low of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in February to a high of 25.0 °C (77.0 °F) in August.<a href="#cite_note-seatemperature.org2-83">[80]</a> The highest temperature ever recorded in Rome was 42.9 °C (109.2 °F) on 18 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Rome_Ciampino_Airport" title="Rome Ciampino Airport">Rome Ciampino Airport</a>, elevation: 129 m or 423 ft, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1944–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3 (102.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7 (103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3 (72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (67.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.9 (19.6) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2 (22.6) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11.0 (12.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6 (2.58) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 (2.47) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.6 (2.31) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.6 (2.70) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.9 (2.24) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (1.19) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8 (0.78) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (1.19) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.9 (2.56) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1 (3.47) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.2 (4.26) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98.3 (3.87) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">752.0 (29.61) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.40 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.48 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.85 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.42 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.54 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.38 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.16 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.20 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.00 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.32 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.84 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.44 </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.03 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.0 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.3 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 (47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9 (62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9 (55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 (48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.1 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.1 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276.5 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">298.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F720; color:#000000;" class="notheme">337.6 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">320.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.9 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.3 </td> <td style="background: #C2C216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,723.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-85">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Temperature extreme in Toscana<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">'People of Rome' redirects here. For the ancient Roman political concept, see <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a>. For the 2003 film, see <a href="/wiki/People_of_Rome_(film)" title="People of Rome (film)">People of Rome (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_(comune)_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/220px-Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/440px-Rome_%28comune%29_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Rome (comune) <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">age-sex pyramid</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">194,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">212,432</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">273,952</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">422,411</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">518,917</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">660,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">930,926</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,150,589</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,651,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+43.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,188,160</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,781,993</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,840,259</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,775,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,663,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,617,175</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,770,226</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a>, 2022</td></tr></tbody></table> By 550 BC, Rome was the second largest city in Italy after only Taras (modern <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Salento_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Salento Peninsula">Salento Peninsula</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It had an area of about 285 ha (700 acres) and an estimated population of 35,000. Other sources suggest the population was just under 100,000 from 600 to 500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> When the Republic was founded in 509 BC the census recorded a population of 130,000.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The republic included the city itself and the immediate surroundings. Other sources suggest a population of 150,000 in 500 BC. It surpassed 300,000 by 150 BC.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> The size of the city at the time of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> is a matter of speculation, with estimates based on grain distribution, grain imports, aqueduct capacity, city limits, population density, census reports, and assumptions about the number of unreported women, children and slaves providing a very wide range. Glenn Storey estimates 450,000 people, Whitney Oates estimates 1.2 million, Neville Morely provides a rough estimate of 800,000 and excludes earlier suggestions of 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Estimates of the city's population towards and after the end of the Roman empire also vary. A.H.M. Jones estimated the population at 650,000 in the mid-fifth century. The damage caused by the sackings may have been overestimated. The population had already started to decline from the late fourth century onward, although around the middle of the fifth century it seems that Rome continued to be the most populous city of the two parts of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> According to Krautheimer it was still close to 800,000 in 400 AD; had declined to 500,000 by 452, and dwindled to perhaps 100,000 in 500 AD. After the Gothic Wars, 535–552, the population may have dwindled temporarily to 30,000. During the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (590–604), it may have reached 90,000, augmented by refugees.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Lancon estimates 500,000 based on the number of 'incisi' enrolled as eligible to receive bread, oil and wine rations; the number fell to 120,000 in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_of_419&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reform of 419 (page does not exist)">reform of 419</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Neil Christie, citing free rations for the poorest, estimated 500,000 in the mid-fifth century and still a quarter of a million at the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Novel 36 of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a> records 3.629 million pounds of pork to be distributed to the needy at 5 lbs. per month for the five winter months, sufficient for 145,000 recipients. This has been used to suggest a population of just under 500,000. Supplies of grain remained steady until the seizure of the remaining provinces of North Africa in 439 by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, and may have continued to some degree afterwards for a while. The city's population declined to less than 50,000 people in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> from 700 AD onward. It continued to stagnate or shrink until the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> annexed Rome in 1870, the city had a population of about 225,000. Less than half the city within the walls was built up in 1881 when the population recorded was 275,000. This increased to 600,000 by the eve of World War I. The <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> regime of Mussolini tried to block an excessive demographic rise of the city but failed to prevent it from reaching one million people by the early 1930s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Population growth continued after the Second World War, helped by a post-war economic boom. A construction boom also created many suburbs during the 1950s and 1960s. In mid-2010, there were 2,754,440 residents in the city proper, while some 4.2 million people lived in the greater Rome area (which can be approximately identified with its administrative metropolitan city, with a population density of about 800 inhabitants/km2 stretching over more than 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)). Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.00% of the population compared to pensioners who number 20.76%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of a Roman resident is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Rome grew by 6.54%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56%.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The current[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] birth rate of Rome is 9.10 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-World_Urban_Areas-105">[102]</a> Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in the <a href="/wiki/Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Rome metropolitan area">Rome metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_groups">Origin groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg/220px-Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg/330px-Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg/440px-Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_din_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Esquilino (rione of Rome)">Esquilino</a> <a href="/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome" title="Rioni of Rome">rione</a></figcaption></figure> According to the 2011 statistics conducted by ISTAT,<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> approximately 9.5% of the population consists of non-Italians. About half of the immigrant population consists of those of various other European origins (chiefly Romanian, Polish, Ukrainian, and Albanian) numbering a combined total of 131,118 or 4.7% of the population. The remaining 4.8% are those with non-European origins, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> (26,933), Bangladeshis (12,154), and Chinese (10,283). The <a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Esquilino (rione of Rome)">Esquilino</a> <a href="/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome" title="Rioni of Rome">rione</a>, off <a href="/wiki/Termini_Station_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Termini Station (Rome)">Termini Railway Station</a>, has evolved into a largely immigrant neighbourhood. It is perceived as Rome's Chinatown. Immigrants from more than a hundred different countries reside there. A commercial district, Esquilino contains restaurants featuring many kinds of international cuisine. There are wholesale clothes shops. Of the 1,300 or so commercial premises operating in the district 800 are Chinese-owned; around 300 are run by immigrants from other countries around the world; 200 are owned by Italians.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Summary table <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country of citizenship, January 1, 2023 </th> <th>Population<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>All countries of the world </td> <td>511,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td>European Union (28 countries) </td> <td>193,427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other European non-EU-28 countries </td> <td>61,566 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Africa </td> <td>31,237 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Africa </td> <td>20,489 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Africa </td> <td>8,568 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central and South Africa </td> <td>2,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Asia </td> <td>9,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Asia </td> <td>65,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central and South Asia </td> <td>74,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern America </td> <td>2,903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central and South America </td> <td>41,279 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceania </td> <td>303 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stateless </td> <td>151 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roman_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman dialect">Roman dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nove-bone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nove-bone.jpg/220px-Nove-bone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nove-bone.jpg/330px-Nove-bone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nove-bone.jpg/440px-Nove-bone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco dialect</a> at a subway station in Rome</figcaption></figure> Rome's historic contribution to language in a worldwide sense is extensive. Through the process of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>, the peoples of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Gallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a> developed languages which derive directly from Latin and were adopted in large areas of the world, all through cultural influence, colonisation and migration. Moreover, also modern English, because of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a>, borrowed a large percentage of its vocabulary from the Latin language. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Roman or Latin alphabet</a> is the most widely used writing system in the world used by the greatest number of languages.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The medieval <a href="/wiki/Roman_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman dialect">Roman dialect</a> belonged to the southern family of Italian dialects, and was thus much closer to the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan language</a> than to the Florentine.<a href="#cite_note-sie-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> A typical example of Romanesco of that period is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronica_dell%27Anonimo_Romano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronica dell'Anonimo Romano (page does not exist)">Vita di Cola di Rienzo</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronica_dell%27Anonimo_Romano" class="extiw" title="it:Cronica dell'Anonimo Romano">it</a>] ("Life of <a href="/wiki/Cola_di_Rienzo" title="Cola di Rienzo">Cola di Rienzo</a>"), written by an anonymous Roman during the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-sie-115">[112]</a> Starting with the 16th century, the Roman dialect underwent a stronger and stronger influence from the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan dialect</a> (from which modern Italian derives) starting with the reigns of the two <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a> popes (<a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>) and with the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome in 1527</a>, two events which provoked a large immigration from <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-dia-118">[115]</a> Therefore, current Romanesco has grammar and roots that are rather different from other dialects in Central Italy.<a href="#cite_note-dia-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rome" title="Religion in Rome">Religion in Rome</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rome" title="History of the Jews in Rome">History of the Jews in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/220px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/330px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg/440px-San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8874" data-file-height="6651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, Rome's Cathedral, built in 324, and partly rebuilt between 1660 and 1734</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG/220px-Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG/330px-Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG/440px-Santa_Maria_Maggiore_Front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Pilgrim_Churches_of_Rome" title="Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome">Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> is the city's largest <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian church">Catholic Marian church</a>.</figcaption></figure> Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, and the city has been an important centre of religion and <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman religion with the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex maximus</a> and later the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and the pope. Before the arrival of the Christians in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religio Romana</a> (literally, the "Roman Religion") was the major religion of the city in classical antiquity. The first gods held sacred by the Romans were <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, the Most High, and <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the god of war, and father of Rome's twin founders, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, according to tradition. Other deities such as <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> were honoured. Rome was also the base of several mystery cults, such as <a href="/wiki/Mithraic_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic Mysteries">Mithraism</a>. Later, after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">St Paul</a> were martyred in the city, and the first Christians began to arrive, Rome became Christian, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> was constructed in 313 AD. Despite some interruptions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon papacy</a>), Rome has for centuries been the home of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Bishop of Rome</a>, otherwise known as the Pope. Despite the fact that Rome is home to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and St. Peter's Basilica, Rome's cathedral is the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, in the south-east of the city centre. There are around 900 churches in Rome in total. Aside from the cathedral itself, some others of note include the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Clemente" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Clemente">Basilica di San Clemente</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_alle_Quattro_Fontane" title="San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane">San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Gesu">Church of the Gesù</a>. There are also the ancient <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a> underneath the city. Numerous highly important religious educational institutions are also in Rome, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Pontifical Lateran University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute" title="Pontifical Biblical Institute">Pontifical Biblical Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a>. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, Rome is also the centre of an important <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> which was once based in <a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghetto" title="Roman Ghetto">Roman Ghetto</a>. There lies also the major synagogue in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">Tempio Maggiore</a>. The territory of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> is part of the Mons Vaticanus (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a>), and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields, where <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Rione" class="mw-redirect" title="Rione">rione</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a> until 1929. Being separated from the city on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the area was a suburb that was protected by being included within the walls of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a>, later expanded by the current fortification walls of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> of 1929 that created the Vatican state was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. Rome has been a major <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> site since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. People from all over the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a> visit Vatican City, within the city of Rome, the seat of the papacy. The city became a major <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> site during the Middle Ages. Apart from brief periods as an independent city during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Rome kept its status as Papal capital and holy city for centuries, even when the Papacy <a href="/wiki/Avignon_papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon papacy">briefly relocated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (1309–1377). Catholics believe that the Vatican is the last resting place of St. Peter. Pilgrimages to Rome can involve visits to many sites, both within Vatican City and in Italian territory. A popular stopping point is the <a href="/wiki/Scala_sancta" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala sancta">Pilate's stairs</a>: these are, according to the Christian tradition, the steps that led up to the <a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">praetorium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> stood on during his <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> on his way to trial.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> In addition, Rome hosts multiple <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> temples, a <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> temple [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman modern pagan</a> temples <a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> held by the Associazione Tradizionale Pietas which every year takes part in the religious festivities of the <a href="/wiki/Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a>. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_(St._Peter%27s_Basilica).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's Square in Vatican City"><img alt="Panorama of St. Peter's Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg/1000px-Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg/1500px-Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg/2000px-Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_%28St._Peter%27s_Basilica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17844" data-file-height="3706" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_%C5%9Bw._Piotra_(St._Peter%27s_Basilica).jpg" title="File:Plac św. Piotra (St. Peter's Basilica).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Rome" title="Mayor of Rome">Mayor of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Council_of_Rome" title="City Council of Rome">City Council of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rome" title="Elections in Rome">Elections in Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_subdivisions_of_Rome" title="Administrative subdivisions of Rome">Administrative subdivisions of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/220px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/330px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg/440px-Musei_Capitolini_20150812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Campidoglio" title="Piazza del Campidoglio">Palazzo Senatorio</a>, seat of the municipality of Rome. It has been a <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a> since 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Falconi-123">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/220px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/330px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg/440px-Quirinale_palazzo_e_obelisco_con_dioscuri_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6965" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Quirinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo del Quirinale">Palazzo del Quirinale</a>, current seat of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a></figcaption></figure> Rome constitutes a comune <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">speciale</a>, named "Roma Capitale",<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> and is the largest both in terms of land area and population among the 8,101 comuni of Italy. It is governed by a mayor and a city council. The seat of the comune is the Palazzo Senatorio on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>, the historic seat of the city government. The local administration in Rome is commonly referred to as "Campidoglio", the Italian name of the hill. Palazzo Senatorio, seat of the municipality of Rome, has been a <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a> since AD 1144, making it the oldest town hall in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Falconi-123">[120]</a> Since 1972, the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi (sing. municipio) (until 2001 named circoscrizioni).<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> They were created for administrative reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is governed by a president and a council of twenty-five members who are elected by its residents every five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city. The municipi were originally 20, then 19,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and in 2013, their number was reduced to 15.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Rome is also divided into differing types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 <a href="/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome" title="Rioni of Rome">rioni</a>, all of which are located within the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> except <a href="/wiki/Prati" title="Prati">Prati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">Borgo</a>. These originate from the <a href="/wiki/14_regions_of_Augustan_Rome" title="14 regions of Augustan Rome">14 regions of Augustan Rome</a>, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the <a href="/wiki/14_regions_of_Medieval_Rome" title="14 regions of Medieval Rome">medieval rioni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, under Pope <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a>, they again reached fourteen, and their boundaries were finally defined under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in 1743. Rome is the principal town of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan City of Rome">Metropolitan City of Rome</a>, operative since 1 January 2015. The Metropolitan City replaced the old <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rome" title="Province of Rome">provincia di Roma</a>, which included the city's metropolitan area and extends further north until <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a>. The Metropolitan City of Rome is the largest by area in Italy. At 5,352 km2 (2,066 sq mi), its dimensions are comparable to the region of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>. Moreover, the city is also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Rome is the national capital of Italy and is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Italian Government</a>. The official residences of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of the Italian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italian Prime Minister</a>, the seats of both houses of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Italy">Italian Parliament</a> and that of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Court of Italy">Italian Constitutional Court</a> are located in the historic centre. The state ministries are spread out around the city; these include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is located in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a> near the Olympic stadium. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/220px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/330px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg/440px-Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_HQ_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> headquarters in Rome, Circo Massimo</figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Global_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Global cities">global cities</a>, Rome is unique in having two sovereign entities located entirely within its city limits, the Holy See, represented by the Vatican City State, and the territorially smaller <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>. The Vatican is an enclave of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> and a sovereign possession of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, which is the Diocese of Rome and the supreme government of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. For this reason, Rome has sometimes been described as the capital of two states.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Rome is the seat of the so-called "Polo Romano" made up by three main international agencies of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO), the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD).<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Rome has traditionally been involved in the process of European political integration. The <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties of the EU">Treaties of the EU</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Farnesina" title="Palazzo della Farnesina">Palazzo della Farnesina</a>. In 1957 the city hosted the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>), and also played host to the official signing of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> in July 2004. Rome is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Olympic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="European Olympic Committee">European Olympic Committee</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Defense_College" title="NATO Defense College">NATO Defense College</a>. The city is the place where the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> were formulated. The city hosts also other important international entities such as the <a href="/wiki/IDLO" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLO">IDLO</a> (International Development Law Organisation), the <a href="/wiki/ICCROM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCROM">ICCROM</a> (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the <a href="/wiki/UNIDROIT" title="UNIDROIT">UNIDROIT</a> (International Institute for the Unification of Private Law). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div> Since 9 April 1956, Rome is exclusively and reciprocally <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> only with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, 1956</li></ul> <dl><dd>Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; solo Roma è degna di Parigi. (in Italian)</dd> <dd>Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris. (in French)</dd> <dd>"Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paris1-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paris2-137">[134]</a></dd></dl> Rome's other partner cities are:<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Achacachi" title="Achacachi">Achacachi</a>, Bolivia<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, Algeria<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, Brazil<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, Syria<a href="#cite_note-Rome_declares_Kobane_'sister_city'-141">[138]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland<a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-142">[139]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain<a href="#cite_note-hermanadas-143">[140]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-New_York_sisters-145">[142]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, Bulgaria<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-Seoul_twinnings2-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seoul_twinnings-147">[144]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania<a href="#cite_note-International_relations-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, Belgium<a href="#cite_note-partner_cities-138">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia<a href="#cite_note-Tunis-151">[148]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rome" title="Economy of Rome">Economy of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Eni_(Rome)_in_2021.05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Eni_%28Rome%29_in_2021.05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Eni" title="Palazzo Eni">Palazzo Eni</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Business district">business district</a>, is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, considered one of the world's oil and gas "<a href="/wiki/Supermajors" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajors">supermajors</a>".<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg/220px-Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg/330px-Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg/440px-Roma_-_HQ_Enel_esterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4449" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Enel</a>'s headquarters in Rome, the second largest <a href="/wiki/Power_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Power company">power company</a> in the world by revenue after the <a href="/wiki/State_Grid_Corporation_of_China" title="State Grid Corporation of China">State Grid Corporation of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg/220px-Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg/330px-Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg/440px-Sede_BNL_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orizzonte_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orizzonte Europa">Orizzonte Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_del_Lavoro" title="Banca Nazionale del Lavoro">BNL</a> headquarters in Rome</figcaption></figure> As the capital of Italy, Rome hosts all the principal institutions of the nation, including the Presidency of the Republic, the government (and its single Ministeri), the Parliament, the main judicial Courts, and the diplomatic representatives of all the countries for the states of Italy and Vatican City. Many international institutions are located in Rome, notably cultural and scientific ones, such as the American Institute, the British School, the French Academy, the Scandinavian Institutes, and the German Archaeological Institute. There are also specialised agencies of the United Nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO). Rome also hosts major international and worldwide political and cultural organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> (IFAD), <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP), the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Defence_College" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Defence College">NATO Defence College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_the_Study_of_the_Preservation_and_Restoration_of_Cultural_Property" title="International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property">International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property</a> (ICCROM). According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_city#GaWC_study" title="Global city">GaWC study of world cities</a>, Rome is a "Beta +" city.<a href="#cite_note-GAWC-156">[153]</a> The city was ranked in 2014 as 32nd in the Global Cities Index, the highest in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-atkearney.at-157">[154]</a> With a 2005 GDP of €94.376 billion (US$121.5 billion),<a href="#cite_note-rapporto2006-158">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] the city produces 6.7% of the national GDP (more than any other single city in Italy), and its unemployment rate, lowered from 11.1% to 6.5% between 2001 and 2005, is now one of the lowest rates of all the European Union capital cities.<a href="#cite_note-rapporto2006-158">[155]</a> Rome's economy grows at around 4.4% annually and continues to grow at a higher rate in comparison to any other city in the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-rapporto2006-158">[155]</a> This means that were Rome a country, it would be the world's 52nd richest country by GDP, near to the size to that of Egypt. Rome also had a 2003 GDP per capita of €29,153 (US$37,412), which was second in Italy (after Milan), and is more than 134.1% of the EU average GDP per capita.<a href="#cite_note-observatoribarcelona.org-159">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Rome, on the whole, has the highest total earnings in Italy, reaching €47,076,890,463 in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-ilsole24ore.com-160">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] yet, in terms of average workers' incomes, the city places itself 9th in Italy, with €24,509.<a href="#cite_note-ilsole24ore.com-160">[157]</a> On a global level, Rome's workers receive the 30th highest wages in 2009, coming three places higher than in 2008, in which the city ranked 33rd.<a href="#cite_note-citymayors_a-161">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The Rome area had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">GDP amounting to $167.8 billion</a>, and $38,765 per capita.<a href="#cite_note-Brookings-162">[159]</a> Although the economy of Rome is characterised by the absence of heavy industry, and it is largely dominated by <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, high-technology companies (IT, aerospace, defence, telecommunications), research, construction and commercial activities (especially banking), and the huge development of tourism are very dynamic and extremely important to its economy. Rome's international airport, <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a>, is the largest in Italy, and the city hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Italian companies, as well as the headquarters of three of the world's 100 largest companies: <a href="/wiki/Enel" title="Enel">Enel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes-163">[160]</a> Universities, national radio and television and the movie industry in Rome are also important parts of the economy: Rome is also the hub of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian film industry</a>, thanks to the Cinecittà studios, working since the 1930s. The city is also a centre for banking and insurance as well as electronics, energy, transport, and aerospace industries. Numerous international companies and agencies headquarters, government ministries, conference centres, sports venues, and museums are located in Rome's principal business districts: the <a href="/wiki/Esposizione_Universale_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Esposizione Universale Roma">Esposizione Universale Roma</a> (EUR); the Torrino (further south from the EUR); the Magliana; the Parco de' Medici-Laurentina and the so-called Tiburtina-valley along the ancient <a href="/wiki/Via_Tiburtina" title="Via Tiburtina">Via Tiburtina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rome" title="Tourism in Rome">Tourism in Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Rome" title="List of tourist attractions in Rome">List of tourist attractions in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spanish_Steps,_Rome_(47509253002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg/220px-The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg/330px-The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg/440px-The_Spanish_Steps%2C_Rome_%2847509253002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6004" data-file-height="3954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Fontana della Barcaccia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti" title="Trinità dei Monti">Trinità dei Monti</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empty_Piazza_Navona_(85148359).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg/220px-Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg/330px-Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg/440px-Empty_Piazza_Navona_%2885148359%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/220px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/330px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg/440px-Vatican_Museums_Spiral_Staircase_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4336" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited art museums">second most visited art museum</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks). Among the most significant resources are the many museums – <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">the Vatican Museums</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a> and others dedicated to modern and contemporary art – <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a>, churches, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, historical buildings, the <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> and ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a>. Rome is the third most visited city in the EU, after London and Paris, and receives an average of 7–10 million tourists a year, which sometimes doubles on holy years. The Colosseum (4 million tourists) and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> (4.2 million tourists) are the 39th and 37th (respectively) most visited places in the world, according to a recent study.<a href="#cite_note-itvnews.tv-165">[162]</a> Rome is a major archaeological hub, and one of the world's main centres of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological research</a>. There are numerous cultural and research institutes located in the city, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> and The Swedish Institute at Rome.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> Rome contains numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">ancient sites</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum Romanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>, to name but a few. The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, arguably one of Rome's most iconic archaeological sites, is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Wonders_of_the_World" title="Wonders of the World">wonder of the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brewers-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-miller-170">[167]</a> Rome contains a vast collection of art, sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, and paintings, from all different periods. Rome first became a major artistic centre during ancient Rome, with forms of important <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of ancient Rome">architecture</a>, painting, sculpture and <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> work. <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal-work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coin_die" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin die">coin die</a> and gem engraving, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory carvings</a>, figurine glass, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">pottery</a>, and book illustrations are considered to be 'minor' forms of Roman artwork.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Rome later became a major centre of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> art, since the popes spent vast sums of money for the constructions of grandiose <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza">piazzas</a> and public buildings in general. Rome became one of Europe's major centres of Renaissance artwork, second only to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and able to compare to other major cities and cultural centres, such as Paris and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The city was affected greatly by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque" title="Italian Baroque">baroque</a>, and Rome became the home of numerous artists and architects, such as <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Carracci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Borromini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Cortona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the city was one of the centres of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> when wealthy, young English and other European aristocrats visited the city to learn about <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">ancient Roman culture</a>, art, philosophy, and architecture. Rome hosted a great number of neoclassical and rococo artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Pannini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Paolo Pannini">Pannini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bellotto" title="Bernardo Bellotto">Bernardo Bellotto</a>. Today, the city is a major artistic centre, with numerous art institutes<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> and museums. Rome has a growing stock of contemporary and modern art and architecture. The National Gallery of Modern Art has works by Balla, Morandi, Pirandello, Carrà, De Chirico, De Pisis, Guttuso, Fontana, Burri, Mastroianni, Turcato, Kandisky, and Cézanne on permanent exhibition. 2010 saw the opening of Rome's newest arts foundation, a contemporary art and architecture gallery designed by acclaimed Iraqi architect Zaha Hadid. Known as <a href="/wiki/MAXXI_%E2%80%93_National_Museum_of_the_21st_Century_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts">MAXXI – National Museum of the 21st Century Arts</a> it restores a dilapidated area with striking modern architecture. Maxxi<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> features a campus dedicated to culture, experimental research laboratories, international exchange and study and research. It is one of Rome's most ambitious modern architecture projects alongside <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a>'s Auditorium Parco della Musica<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Fuksas" title="Massimiliano Fuksas">Massimiliano Fuksas</a>' Rome Convention Center, Centro Congressi Italia EUR, in the EUR district, due to open in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The convention centre features a huge translucent container inside which is suspended a steel and teflon structure resembling a cloud and which contains meeting rooms and an auditorium with two piazzas open to the neighbourhood on either side. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma12_flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roma12_flickr.jpg/220px-Roma12_flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roma12_flickr.jpg/330px-Roma12_flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Roma12_flickr.jpg/440px-Roma12_flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a>. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities,<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> and with 122,000 students, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_by_enrollment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest universities by enrollment">largest university in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a></figcaption></figure> Rome is a nationwide and major international centre for higher education, containing numerous academies, colleges and universities. It boasts a large variety of academies and colleges, and has always been a major worldwide intellectual and educational centre, especially during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, along with Florence.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> According to the City Brands Index, Rome is considered the world's second most historically, educationally and culturally interesting and beautiful city.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Rome has many universities and colleges. Its first university, <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">La Sapienza</a> (founded in 1303), is one of the largest in the world, with more than 140,000 students attending; in 2005 it ranked as Europe's 33rd best university<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> and in 2013 the Sapienza University of Rome ranked as the 62nd in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> and has been ranked among Europe's 50 and the world's 150 best colleges.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> In order to decrease the overcrowding of La Sapienza, two new public universities were founded during the last decades: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_Tor_Vergata" title="University of Rome Tor Vergata">Tor Vergata</a> in 1982, and <a href="/wiki/Roma_Tre_University" title="Roma Tre University">Roma Tre</a> in 1992. Rome hosts also the <a href="/wiki/LUISS_School_of_Government" title="LUISS School of Government">LUISS School of Government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Italy's most important graduate university in the areas of international affairs and European studies as well as <a href="/wiki/LUISS_Business_School" title="LUISS Business School">LUISS Business School</a>, Italy's most important business school. Rome <a href="/wiki/Istituto_superiore_per_le_industrie_artistiche_(ISIA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto superiore per le industrie artistiche (ISIA)">ISIA</a> was founded in 1973 by <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Carlo_Argan" title="Giulio Carlo Argan">Giulio Carlo Argan</a> and is Italy's oldest institution in the field of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg/220px-Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg/330px-Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg/440px-Biblioteca_Casanatense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Casanatense" title="Biblioteca Casanatense">Biblioteca Casanatense</a></figcaption></figure> Rome contains many <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">pontifical universities</a> and other institutes, including the <a href="/wiki/British_School_at_Rome" title="British School at Rome">British School at Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French School in Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University" title="Pontifical Gregorian University">Pontifical Gregorian University</a> (the oldest <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> university in the world, founded in 1551), <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Europeo_di_Design" title="Istituto Europeo di Design">Istituto Europeo di Design</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici_School" title="Lorenzo de' Medici School">Scuola Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, the Link <a href="/wiki/Link_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Campus">Campus of Malta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Campus_Bio-Medico" title="Università Campus Bio-Medico">Università Campus Bio-Medico</a>. Rome is also the location of two American Universities; <a href="/wiki/The_American_University_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="The American University of Rome">The American University of Rome</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot_University" title="John Cabot University">John Cabot University</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(Italy)" title="St. John's University (Italy)">St. John's University</a> branch campus, <a href="/wiki/John_Felice_Rome_Center" title="John Felice Rome Center">John Felice Rome Center</a>, a campus of <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a> and Temple University Rome, a campus of <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Roman Colleges</a> are several <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> for students from foreign countries studying for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priesthood">priesthood</a> at the Pontifical Universities.<a href="#cite_note-NAC-188">[185]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Venerable_English_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable English College">Venerable English College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_College_(Rome)" title="Scots College (Rome)">Scots College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Croatian_College_of_St._Jerome" title="Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome">Pontifical Croatian College of St. Jerome</a>. Rome's major libraries include: the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Angelica" title="Biblioteca Angelica">Biblioteca Angelica</a>, opened in 1604, making it Italy's first public library; the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Vallicelliana" title="Biblioteca Vallicelliana">Biblioteca Vallicelliana</a>, established in 1565; the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Casanatense" title="Biblioteca Casanatense">Biblioteca Casanatense</a>, opened in 1701; the <a href="/wiki/National_Central_Library_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Central Library (Rome)">National Central Library</a>, one of the two national libraries in Italy, which contains 4,126,002 volumes; The Biblioteca del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, specialised in diplomacy, foreign affairs and modern history; the Biblioteca dell'Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana; the Biblioteca Don Bosco, one of the largest and most modern of all Salesian libraries; the Biblioteca e Museo teatrale del Burcardo, a museum-library specialised in history of drama and theatre; the Biblioteca della <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Geografica_Italiana" title="Società Geografica Italiana">Società Geografica Italiana</a>, which is based in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mattei" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Mattei">Villa Celimontana</a> and is the most important geographical library in Italy, and one of Europe's most important;<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, one of the oldest and most important libraries in the world, which was formally established in 1475, though in fact much older and has 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a>, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 <a href="/wiki/Incunabulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabulum">incunabula</a>. There are also many specialist libraries attached to various foreign cultural institutes in Rome, among them that of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Hertziana_%E2%80%93_Max_Planck_Institute_of_Art_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History">Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute of Art History</a>, a German library, often noted for excellence in the arts and sciences.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture in Rome">Culture in Rome</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rome" title="Architecture of Rome">Architecture of Rome</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_Rome&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rome" title="Architecture of Rome">architecture of Rome</a> over the centuries has greatly developed from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italian_modern_and_contemporary_architecture" title="Italian modern and contemporary architecture">Italian modern and contemporary architecture</a>. Rome was once the world's main epicentres of <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a>, developing new forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries was also widely used in Roman <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and later the city became one of the main centres of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture_of_Rome_r1-191">[188]</a> Rome's cityscape is also widely <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist</a> in style.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_(EUR,_Rome)_(5904657870).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/330px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg/440px-Palazzo_della_civilt%C3%A0_del_lavoro_%28EUR%2C_Rome%29_%285904657870%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Civilt%C3%A0_Italiana" title="Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana">Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR district</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fountains_and_aqueducts">Fountains and aqueducts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fountains_in_Rome" title="List of fountains in Rome">List of fountains in Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueducts_in_the_city_of_Rome" title="List of aqueducts in the city of Rome">List of aqueducts in the city of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trevi_Fountain,_Rome,_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg/220px-Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg/330px-Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg/440px-Trevi_Fountain%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_2_-_May_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a> began during the time of Ancient Rome and was completed in 1762 by a design of <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Salvi" title="Nicola Salvi">Nicola Salvi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rome is a city known for its numerous fountains, built-in all different styles, from Classical and Medieval, to Baroque and Neoclassical. The city has had <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a> for more than two thousand years, and they have provided drinking water and decorated the <a href="/wiki/Piazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza">piazzas</a> of Rome. During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, in 98 AD, according to <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Julius Frontinus">Sextus Julius Frontinus</a>, the Roman consul who was named <a href="/wiki/Curator_Aquarum" title="Curator Aquarum">curator aquarum</a> or guardian of the water of the city, Rome had nine <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> which fed 39 monumental fountains and 591 public basins, not counting the water supplied to the Imperial household, baths, and owners of private villas. Each of the major fountains was connected to two different aqueducts, in case one was shut down for service.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> During the 17th and 18th century, the Roman popes reconstructed other degraded Roman aqueducts and built new display fountains to mark their termini, launching the golden age of the Roman fountain. The fountains of Rome, like the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, were expressions of the new style of Baroque art. In these fountains, sculpture became the principal element, and the water was used simply to animate and decorate the sculptures. They, like baroque gardens, were "a visual representation of confidence and power".<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statues">Statues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Talking_statues_of_Rome" title="Talking statues of Rome">Talking statues of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_(27903447766).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg/220px-Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg/330px-Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg/440px-Vierstr%C3%B6mebrunnen-Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi_%2827903447766%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Fontana dei Fiumi by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, 1648</figcaption></figure> Rome is well known for its statues but, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Talking_statues_of_Rome" title="Talking statues of Rome">talking statues of Rome</a>. These are usually ancient statues which have become popular soapboxes for political and social discussion, and places for people to (often satirically) voice their opinions. There are two main talking statues: the <a href="/wiki/Pasquino" title="Pasquino">Pasquino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a>, yet there are four other noted ones: <a href="/wiki/Il_Babuino" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Babuino">il Babuino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madama_Lucrezia" title="Madama Lucrezia">Madama Lucrezia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">il Facchino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbot_Luigi" title="Abbot Luigi">Abbot Luigi</a>. Most of these statues are ancient Roman or classical, and most of them also depict mythical gods, ancient people or legendary figures; il Pasquino represents <a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a>, Abbot Luigi is an unknown Roman magistrate, il Babuino is supposed to be <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a> represents <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, Madama Lucrezia is a bust of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">il Facchino</a> is the only non-Roman statue, created in 1580, and not representing anyone in particular. They are often, due to their status, covered with placards or <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> expressing political ideas and points of view. Other statues in the city, which are not related to the talking statues, include those of the Ponte Sant'Angelo, or several monuments scattered across the city, such as that to <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> in the Campo de'Fiori. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obelisks_and_columns">Obelisks and columns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">List of obelisks in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg/220px-Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg/330px-Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg/440px-Piazza_del_Popolo_Obelisco_Flaminio_a_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminio Obelisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></figcaption></figure> The city hosts eight <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, together with a number of more modern obelisks; there was also formerly (until 2005) an <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite Empire">ancient Ethiopian</a> obelisk in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> The city contains some of obelisks in <a href="/wiki/Piazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza">piazzas</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">St Peter's Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Monte_Citorio" title="Piazza di Monte Citorio">Piazza Montecitorio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a>, and others in <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> parks and gardens, such as in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Mattei" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Mattei">Villa Celimontana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pincian_Hill" title="Pincian Hill">Pincian Hill</a>. Moreover, the centre of Rome hosts also <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajan's column">Trajan</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Antonine Column</a>, two ancient Roman columns with spiral relief. The Column of Marcus Aurelius is located in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a> and it was built around 180 AD by <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> in memory of his parents. The <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fora" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Fora">Imperial Fora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bridges">Bridges</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Rome" title="List of bridges in Rome">List of bridges in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg/220px-Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg/330px-Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg/440px-Bridge_Vittorio_Emanuele_II_at_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5716" data-file-height="3848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II">Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II</a> at sunset</figcaption></figure> The city of Rome contains numerous famous bridges which cross the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. The only bridge to remain unaltered until today from the classical age is <a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Ponte dei Quattro Capi</a>, which connects the <a href="/wiki/Isola_Tiberina" class="mw-redirect" title="Isola Tiberina">Isola Tiberina</a> with the left bank. The other surviving – albeit modified – ancient Roman bridges crossing the Tiber are <a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Ponte Cestio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a>. Considering <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Nomentano" title="Ponte Nomentano">Ponte Nomentano</a>, also built during ancient Rome, which crosses the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Aniene</a>, currently there are five ancient Roman bridges still remaining in the city.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Other noteworthy bridges are <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Ponte Sisto</a>, the first bridge built in the Renaissance above Roman foundations; <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Rotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponte Rotto">Ponte Rotto</a>, actually the only remaining arch of the ancient Pons Aemilius, collapsed during the flood of 1598 and demolished at the end of the 19th century; and <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II">Ponte Vittorio Emanuele II</a>, a modern bridge connecting Corso Vittorio Emanuele and Borgo. Most of the city's public bridges were built in Classical or Renaissance style, but also in Baroque, Neoclassical and Modern styles. According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, the finest ancient bridge remaining in Rome is the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a>, which was completed in 135 AD, and was decorated with ten statues of the angels, designed by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a> in 1688.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catacombs">Catacombs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXItomb2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/220px-PiusXItomb2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/330px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/PiusXItomb2.jpg/440px-PiusXItomb2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Caves</a> are the location of many papal burials.</figcaption></figure> Rome has an extensive amount of ancient catacombs, or underground burial places under or near the city, of which there are at least forty, some discovered only in recent decades. Though most famous for Christian burials, they include <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">pagan</a> and Jewish burials, either in separate catacombs or mixed together. The first large-scale catacombs were excavated from the 2nd century onwards. Originally they were carved through <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, a soft <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a>, outside the boundaries of the city, because <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> forbade burial places within city limits. Currently, maintenance of the catacombs is in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a> which has invested in the <a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians of Don Bosco</a> the supervision of the Catacombs of St. Callixtus on the outskirts of Rome. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_in_Rome" title="Music in Rome">Music in Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Events_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Events in Rome">Events in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG/220px-Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG/330px-Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG/440px-Teatro_dell%27Opera_a_Roma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a> at the Piazza Beniamino Gigli</figcaption></figure> Rome is an important centre for music, and it has an intense musical scene, including several prestigious music conservatories and theatres. It hosts the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia">Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia</a> (founded in 1585), for which new concert halls have been built in the new <a href="/wiki/Parco_della_Musica" title="Parco della Musica">Parco della Musica</a>, one of the largest musical venues in the world. Rome also has an opera house, the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma" title="Teatro dell'Opera di Roma">Teatro dell'Opera di Roma</a>, as well as several minor musical institutions. The city also played host to the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1991">Eurovision Song Contest</a> in 1991 and the <a href="/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Europe Music Awards 2004">MTV Europe Music Awards</a> in 2004. Rome has also had a major impact on music history. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman School</a> was a group of composers of predominantly church music, which were active in the city during the 16th and 17th centuries, therefore spanning the late <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> eras. The term also refers to the music they produced. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">papal chapel</a>, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School</a> of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, whose name has been associated for four hundred years with smooth, clear, <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> perfection. However, there were other composers working in Rome, and in a variety of styles and forms. Between 1960 and 1970 Rome was considered to be as a "new Hollywood" because of the many actors and directors who worked there; Via Vittorio Veneto had transformed into a glamour place where you could meet famous people.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/220px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/330px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg/440px-Fontana.della.barcaccia.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2130" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Via_Condotti" title="Via Condotti">Via Condotti</a></figcaption></figure> Rome is also widely recognised as a world <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capital</a>. Although not as important as Milan, Rome is the fourth most important centre for fashion in the world, according to the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a> after <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and beating <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Major luxury fashion houses and jewellery chains, such as <a href="/wiki/Valentino_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino SpA">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fendi" title="Fendi">Fendi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti" title="Laura Biagiotti">Laura Biagiotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brioni_(brand)" title="Brioni (brand)">Brioni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Renato_Balestra" title="Renato Balestra">Renato Balestra</a>, are headquartered or were founded in the city. Also, other major labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a> have luxury boutiques in Rome, primarily along its prestigious and upscale <a href="/wiki/Via_Condotti" title="Via Condotti">Via dei Condotti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg/220px-Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg/330px-Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg/440px-Espaguetis_carbonara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Spaghetti <a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">alla carbonara</a>, a typical Roman dish</figcaption></figure> Rome's cuisine has evolved through centuries and periods of social, cultural, and political changes. Rome became a major gastronomical centre during the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman cuisine</a> was highly influenced by Ancient Greek culture, and after, the empire's enormous expansion exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Later, during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Rome became well known as a centre of high-cuisine, since some of the best chefs of the time worked for the popes. An example of this was <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Scappi" title="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a>, who was a chef working for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a>; he acquired fame in 1570 when his cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare was published. In the book he lists approximately 1,000 recipes of the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> and describes cooking techniques and tools, giving the first known picture of a <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">fork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg/220px-Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg/330px-Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg/440px-Abbacchio_Pasquale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbacchio" title="Abbacchio">Abbacchio</a> alla romana</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Testaccio" title="Testaccio">Testaccio</a>, Rome's trade and slaughterhouse area, was often known as the "belly" or "slaughterhouse" of Rome, and was inhabited by butchers, or vaccinari.<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness_Travel_2006_pg._312_-_313-203">[200]</a> The most common or ancient Roman cuisine included the "fifth quarter".<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness_Travel_2006_pg._312_-_313-203">[200]</a> The old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Coda_alla_vaccinara" title="Coda alla vaccinara">coda alla vaccinara</a> (oxtail cooked in the way of butchers)<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness_Travel_2006_pg._312_-_313-203">[200]</a> is still one of the city's most popular meals and is part of most of Rome's restaurants' menus. Lamb is also a very popular part of Roman cuisine, and is often roasted with spices and herbs.<a href="#cite_note-Eyewitness_Travel_2006_pg._312_-_313-203">[200]</a> In the modern age, the city developed its own peculiar cuisine, based on products of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna" title="Roman Campagna">Campagna</a>, as lamb and vegetables (<a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">globe artichokes</a> are common).<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> In parallel, Roman Jews – present in the city since the 1st century BC – developed their own cuisine, the cucina giudaico-romanesca. Examples of Roman dishes include <a href="/wiki/Saltimbocca" title="Saltimbocca">saltimbocca</a> alla romana – a veal cutlet, Roman-style, topped with raw ham and sage and simmered with white wine and butter; <a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_romana" title="Carciofi alla romana">carciofi alla romana</a> – artichokes Roman-style, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; <a href="/wiki/Carciofi_alla_giudia" title="Carciofi alla giudia">carciofi alla giudia</a> – artichokes fried in olive oil, typical of Roman Jewish cooking, outer leaves removed, stuffed with mint, garlic, breadcrumbs and braised; <a href="/wiki/Carbonara" title="Carbonara">spaghetti alla carbonara</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">spaghetti</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecorino" title="Pecorino">pecorino</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Gnocchi_alla_romana" title="Gnocchi alla romana">gnocchi di semolino alla romana</a> – <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> dumpling, Roman-style.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_Rome" title="List of films set in Rome">List of films set in Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">List of films set in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/220px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/330px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg/440px-Ingressostorico_cinecitta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà studios</a>, the largest film studio in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a><a href="#cite_note-cinecittà-206">[203]</a></figcaption></figure> Rome hosts the <a href="/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà Studios</a>,<a href="#cite_note-romefile1-207">[204]</a> the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian cinema</a>, where many of today's biggest box office hits are filmed. The 99-acre (40 ha) studio complex is 9.0 km (5.6 mi) from the centre of Rome and is part of one of the biggest production communities in the world, second only to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles, California">Hollywood</a>, with well over 5,000 professionals – from period costume makers to visual effects specialists. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Founded in 1937 by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, the studios were bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> during the Second World War. In the 1950s, Cinecittà was the filming location for several large American film productions, and subsequently became the studio most closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>. Today, Cinecittà is the only studio in the world with pre-production, production, and full post-production facilities on one lot, allowing directors and producers to walk in with their script and "walkout" with a completed film.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-L%27Olimpico_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/AS_Roma" title="AS Roma">AS Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Lazio" title="SS Lazio">SS Lazio</a>, is one of the largest sports stadiums in Europe, with a capacity of over 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in Rome, as in the rest of the country. The city hosted the final games of the <a href="/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1934 FIFA World Cup">1934</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a>. The latter took place in the <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico" title="Stadio Olimpico">Stadio Olimpico</a>, which is also the shared home stadium for local <a href="/wiki/Serie_A" title="Serie A">Serie A</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/SS_Lazio" title="SS Lazio">SS Lazio</a>, founded in 1900, and <a href="/wiki/AS_Roma" title="AS Roma">AS Roma</a>, founded in 1927, whose rivalry in the <a href="/wiki/Derby_della_Capitale" title="Derby della Capitale">Derby della Capitale</a> has become a staple of Roman sports culture.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Footballers who play for these teams and are also born in the city tend to become especially popular, as has been the case with players such as <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Totti" title="Francesco Totti">Francesco Totti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniele_De_Rossi" title="Daniele De Rossi">Daniele De Rossi</a> (both for AS Roma), and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Nesta" title="Alessandro Nesta">Alessandro Nesta</a> (for SS Lazio). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/220px-Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/330px-Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg/440px-Stadio_dei_Marmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadio_dei_Marmi" title="Stadio dei Marmi">Stadio dei Marmi</a></figcaption></figure> Rome hosted the <a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Summer Olympics</a>, with great success, using many ancient sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Thermae of Caracalla</a> as venues. For the Olympic Games many new facilities were built, notably the new large Olympic Stadium (which was then enlarged and renewed to host several matches and the final of the <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Stadio_Flaminio" title="Stadio Flaminio">Stadio Flaminio</a>, the Villaggio Olimpico (Olympic Village, created to host the athletes and redeveloped after the games as a residential district), ecc. Rome made a <a href="/wiki/Rome_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Rome bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics">bid</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> but it was withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-olympic.org-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bladesplace.id.au-211">[208]</a> Further, Rome hosted the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1991" title="EuroBasket 1991">EuroBasket 1991</a> and is home to the internationally recognised basketball team <a href="/wiki/Virtus_Roma" title="Virtus Roma">Virtus Roma</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is gaining wider acceptance. Until 2011 the Stadio Flaminio was the home stadium for the <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy national rugby union team</a>, which has been playing in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations Championship</a> since 2000. The team now plays home games at the Stadio Olimpico because the Stadio Flaminio needs works of renovation in order to improve both its capacity and safety. Rome is home to local rugby union teams such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Roma_Olimpic" title="Rugby Roma Olimpic">Rugby Roma</a> (winner of five Italian championships), <a href="/wiki/Unione_Rugby_Capitolina" title="Unione Rugby Capitolina">Unione Rugby Capitolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/S.S._Lazio_Rugby_1927" title="S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927">S.S. Lazio Rugby 1927</a> (rugby union branch of the multisport club S.S. Lazio). Every May, Rome hosts the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Open_(tennis)" title="Italian Open (tennis)">Italian Open</a>, an <a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000_tournaments" title="ATP Masters 1000 tournaments">ATP Masters 1000</a> tennis tournament, on the clay courts of the <a href="/wiki/Foro_Italico" title="Foro Italico">Foro Italico</a>. Cycling was popular in the post-World War II period, although its popularity has faded. Rome has hosted the final portion of the <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> three times, in 1911, 1950, and 2009. Other local sports teams include volleyball (<a href="/wiki/M._Roma_Volley" title="M. Roma Volley">M. Roma Volley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">waterpolo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Rome" title="Transport in Rome">Transport in Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg/330px-Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg/440px-Aeroporto_di_Roma-Fiumicino_in_2021.03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport">Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/220px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/330px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG/440px-Giorcescivitavecchia3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Civitavecchia" title="Port of Civitavecchia">Port of Civitavecchia</a></figcaption></figure> Rome is at the centre of the radial network of roads that roughly follow the lines of the ancient Roman roads which began at the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> and connected Rome with its empire. Today Rome is circled, at a distance of about 10 km (6 mi) from the Capitol, by the ring-road (the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Raccordo_Anulare" title="Grande Raccordo Anulare">Grande Raccordo Anulare</a> or GRA). Due to its location in the centre of the Italian peninsula, Rome is the principal <a href="/wiki/Railway_node" title="Railway node">railway node</a> for central Italy. Rome's main railway station, <a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station" title="Roma Termini railway station">Termini</a>, is one of the largest railway stations in Europe and the most heavily used in Italy, with around 400 thousand travellers passing through every day. The second-largest station in the city, <a href="/wiki/Roma_Tiburtina_railway_station" title="Roma Tiburtina railway station">Roma Tiburtina</a>, has been redeveloped as a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">high-speed rail</a> terminus.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> As well as frequent high-speed day trains to all major Italian cities, Rome is linked nightly by 'boat train' sleeper services to Sicily, and internationally by overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna. Rome is served by three airports. The intercontinental <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci%E2%80%93Fiumicino_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport">Leonardo da Vinci International Airport</a>, Italy's chief airport is located in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a>, south-west of Rome. The older <a href="/wiki/Ciampino%E2%80%93G._B._Pastine_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport">Rome Ciampino Airport</a> is a joint civilian and military airport. It is commonly referred to as "Ciampino Airport", as it is located beside <a href="/wiki/Ciampino" title="Ciampino">Ciampino</a>, south-east of Rome. A third airport, the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Urbe_Airport" title="Rome Urbe Airport">Rome Urbe Airport</a>, is a small, low-traffic airport located about 6 km (4 mi) north of the city centre, which handles most helicopter and private flights. The main airport system of the city (composed of Fiumicino and Ciampino), with 32.8 million passengers transported in 2022, is the second busiest airport system in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Although the city has its own quarter on the Mediterranean Sea (<a href="/wiki/Ostia_(Rome)" title="Ostia (Rome)">Lido di Ostia</a>), this has only a marina and a small channel-harbour for fishing boats. The main harbour which serves Rome is <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Civitavecchia" title="Port of Civitavecchia">Port of Civitavecchia</a>, located about 62 km (39 mi) northwest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> The city suffers from traffic problems largely due to this radial street pattern, making it difficult for Romans to move easily from the vicinity of one of the radial roads to another without going into the historic centre or using the ring-road. These problems are not helped by the limited size of Rome's metro system when compared to other cities of similar size. Rome has only 21 taxis for every 10,000 inhabitants, far below other major European cities.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Chronic congestion caused by cars during the 1970s and 1980s led to restrictions being placed on vehicle access to the inner city-centre during daylight hours. Areas, where these restrictions apply, are known as Limited Traffic Zones (Zona a Traffico Limitato (ZTL)). More recently, heavy night-time traffic in <a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testaccio" title="Testaccio">Testaccio</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_(Rome)" title="San Lorenzo (Rome)">San Lorenzo</a> has led to the creation of night-time ZTLs in those districts. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png/220px-Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png/330px-Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png/440px-Roma_Metropolitana_e_Ferrovia_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1498" /></a><figcaption>Roma Metrorail and Underground map, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/220px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/330px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg/440px-Inaugurazione_metro_B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conca_d%27Oro_(Rome_Metro)" title="Conca d'Oro (Rome Metro)">Conca d'Oro</a> metro station</figcaption></figure> A three-line metro system called the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Metro" title="Rome Metro">Metropolitana</a> operates in Rome. Construction on the first branch started in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> The line had been planned to quickly connect the <a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station" title="Roma Termini railway station">main railway station</a> with the newly planned E42 area in the southern suburbs, where 1942 the <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_expositions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world expositions">World Fair</a> was supposed to be held. The event never took place because of war, but the area was later partly redesigned and renamed <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">Esposizione Universale Roma</a> in the 1950s to serve as a modern business district. The line was finally opened in 1955, and it is now the south part of the B Line. The A line opened in 1980 from Ottaviano to Anagnina stations, later extended in stages (1999–2000) to Battistini. In the 1990s, an extension of the B line was opened from Termini to Rebibbia. The A and B lines intersect at Roma Termini station. A new branch of the B line (B1) opened on 13 June 2012 after an estimated building cost of €500 million. B1 connects to line B at Piazza Bologna and has four stations over a distance of 3.9 km (2 mi). A third line, the C line, is under construction with an estimated cost of €3 billion and will have 30 stations over a distance of 25.5 km (16 mi). It will partly replace the existing <a href="/wiki/Roma_Termini_railway_station" title="Roma Termini railway station">Termini</a>-Pantano rail line. It will feature full automated, driverless trains.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> The first section with 15 stations connecting Pantano with the quarter of Centocelle in the eastern part of the city, opened on 9 November 2014.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The end of the work was scheduled in 2015, but archaeological findings often delay underground construction work. A fourth line, D line, is also planned. It will have 22 stations over a distance of 20 km (12 mi). The first section was projected to open in 2015 and the final sections before 2035, but due to the city's financial crisis, the project has been put on hold. Above-ground public transport in Rome is made up of a bus, tram and urban train network (FR lines). The bus network has in excess of 350 bus lines and over eight thousand bus stops, whereas the more-limited tram system has 39 km (24 mi) of track and 192 stops.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-juts2009-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Rome" title="Outline of Rome">Outline of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism in Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Also the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This hypothesis originates from the Roman Grammarian <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>. However, the Greek verb descends from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/srew-">*srew-</a> (compare Ancient Greek ῥεῦμα (rheûma) 'a stream, flow, current', the Thracian river name Στρυμών (Strumṓn) and Proto-Germanic *strauma- 'stream'; if it was related, however, the Latin river name would be expected to begin with **Frum-, like Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frigeo" class="extiw" title="wikt:frigeo">frīgeō</a> 'to freeze' from the root *sreyHg-) and the Latin verb from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%83rew-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃rew-">*h₃rew-</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> This hypothesis originates from <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509038/Romulus-and-Remus">"Romulus and Remus"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965191-7"><bdi>978-0-19-965191-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868077503">868077503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Greece%2C+and+Rome+%3A+Civilizations+of+the+Ancient+Mediterranean&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868077503&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965191-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196497-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196497_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196497_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196499-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196499_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann196499_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964107-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinderHilgemann1964107_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964">Kinder & Hilgemann 1964</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuebner2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_R._Huebner" title="Sabine R. 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Rinne and Spiro Kostof, 2016 pp. 160–179 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Rome, Profile of a City: 321–1308, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Krautheimer" title="Richard Krautheimer">Richard Krautheimer</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Rome, Urban History, pp. 184–185 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Novel 36, 2, Emperor Valeninian III </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130090938/http://www.mandatory.com/2013/01/24/the-16-greatest-cities-in-human-history/9">"travel, history, civilizations, greatest cities, largest cities, Rome"</a>. Mandatory. 24 January 2013. 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PUQ. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7605-2209-1"><bdi>978-2-7605-2209-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513083650/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+World+History%3A+An+Economic+and+Geographical+Perspective&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=PUQ&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1&rft.aulast=Tellier&rft.aufirst=Luc-Normand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXuCjDbxC1YC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Norman John Greville Pounds. An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330. p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Rome in Late Antiquity, Bernard Lancon, 2001, pp. 14, pp. 115–119 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92976-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92976-8">0-415-92976-8</a>; Rome Profile of a City, Richard Krautheimer, 2000, pp. 4, 65 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04961-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04961-0">0-691-04961-0</a>; Ancient Rome, The Archaeology of the Eternal City, Editors <a href="/wiki/Jon_Coulston" title="Jon Coulston">Jon Coulston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Dodge" title="Hazel Dodge">Hazel Dodge</a>, pp. 142–165 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947816-55-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947816-55-1">978-0-947816-55-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192519_64-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205030647/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm">"Italian Peninsula, 500–1000 A.D."</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. 5 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/eust/ht06eust.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Italian+Peninsula%2C+500%E2%80%931000+A.D.&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F06%2Feust%2Fht06eust.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192520_66-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192521_67-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Faus-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Faus_68-0">^</a> Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras – Pág.: 64–65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49–55. Edições Loyola. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4">85-15-01750-4</a>. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro" – pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa" – pág.: 65). </li> <li id="cite_note-Papal_Arbitration-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Papal_Arbitration_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett,_Bede1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jarrett, Bede (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Papal_Arbitration">"Papal Arbitration" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papal+Arbitration&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Such as regulating the <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192522_71-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgarten1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baumgarten, P.M. (1 February 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm">"Basilica of St. Peter"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133607/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13369b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basilica+of+St.+Peter&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1912-02-01&rft.aulast=Baumgarten&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13369b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertarelli192523_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertarelli1925">Bertarelli 1925</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ott, M. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm">"Pope Pius IX"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308223209/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12134b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Pius+IX&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12134b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCederna1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cederna, Antonio (1979). Mussolini urbanista (in Italian). Bari: Laterza. pp. passim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+urbanista&rft.place=Bari&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Cederna&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaily2015" class="citation news cs1">Baily, Virginia (25 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/25/liberation-of-rome-italian-imagination">"How the Nazi occupation of Rome has gripped Italy's cultural imagination"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazi+occupation+of+Rome+has+gripped+Italy%27s+cultural+imagination&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft.aulast=Baily&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Fjul%2F25%2Fliberation-of-rome-italian-imagination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavaglioli1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ravaglioli, Armando (1997). Roma anno 2750 ab Urbe condita (in Italian). Rome: Tascabili Economici Newton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8183-670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8183-670-3"><bdi>978-88-8183-670-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+anno+2750+ab+Urbe+condita&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Tascabili+Economici+Newton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-88-8183-670-3&rft.aulast=Ravaglioli&rft.aufirst=Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204030918/http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52">"Green Areas"</a>. RomaPerKyoto.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romaperkyoto.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=52">the original</a> on 4 February 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Areas&rft.pub=RomaPerKyoto.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romaperkyoto.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D35%26Itemid%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/">"World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/">the original</a> on 6 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Map+of+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%88%92Geiger+Climate+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727130551/http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx">"Storia della neve a Roma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteo-net.it/articoli/storiconeve.aspx">the original</a> on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+della+neve+a+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo-net.it%2Farticoli%2Fstoriconeve.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/">"Snow startles Rome on Europe's coldest day of the winter"</a>. The Mercury News. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328215424/https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/26/europe-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Snow+startles+Rome+on+Europe%27s+coldest+day+of+the+winter&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F26%2Feurope-snow-rome-coldest-winter-top-wire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml">"Roma, tutte le nevicate storiche in città dal '56 ad oggi"</a>. Corriere della sera. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094826/https://roma.corriere.it/cronaca/cards/roma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi/grande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corriere+della+sera&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+tutte+le+nevicate+storiche+in+citt%C3%A0+dal+%2756+ad+oggi&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froma.corriere.it%2Fcronaca%2Fcards%2Froma-tutte-nevicate-storiche-citta-56-ad-oggi%2Fgrande-nevicata-56-piazza-san-pietro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seatemperature.org2-83"><a href="#cite_ref-seatemperature.org2_83-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm">Monthly Tor San Lorenzo water temperature chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713181229/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/italy/tor-san-lorenzo-december.htm">Archived</a> 13 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, seatemperature.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2023" class="citation news cs1">Livingston, Ian (17 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/07/17/europe-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate/&ved=2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg">"Southern Europe soars to record temperatures as heat wave peaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Southern+Europe+soars+to+record+temperatures+as+heat+wave+peaks&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fweather%2F2023%2F07%2F17%2Feurope-heatwave-italy-spain-record-climate%2F%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjB2IzB-KyAAxWSFlkFHVZvCZcQFnoECAwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3H2fe2kXpuftb6XNNcXZqg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-85"><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035310/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv">"Monte Cimone Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Italy/CSV/RomaCiampino_16239.csv">the original</a> on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monte+Cimone+Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FItaly%2FCSV%2FRomaCiampino_16239.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230831035322/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/">"Roma Ciampino"</a> (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/roma-ciampino/">the original</a> on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+Ciampino&rft.pub=Temperature+estreme+in+Toscana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Fitalia%2Fstazioni-wmo%2Froma-ciampino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Cornell (1995) 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_S._Aldrete2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory S. Aldrete (30 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78">Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8405-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8405-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-8405-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130043744/https://books.google.com/books?id=vL2ntMk7j-4C&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Floods+of+the+Tiber+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8405-4&rft.au=Gregory+S.+Aldrete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvL2ntMk7j-4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lorne H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257">"Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.-400 B.C."</a> The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295257">10.2307/295257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9475">0002-9475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257">295257</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Roman+Population%2C+Territory%2C+Tribe%2C+City%2C+and+Army+Size+from+the+Republic%27s+Founding+to+the+Veientane+War%2C+509+B.C.-400+B.C.&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0002-9475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295257&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lorne+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.M.G._Harris2001" class="citation book cs1">P.M.G. Harris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168">The History of Human Populations: Forms of growth and decline</a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97131-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97131-1"><bdi>978-0-275-97131-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHtvowE9bt8C&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Populations%3A+Forms+of+growth+and+decline&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97131-1&rft.au=P.M.G.+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHtvowE9bt8C%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreros2007" class="citation journal cs1">Herreros, Francisco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1458998">"Size and Virtue"</a>. European Journal of Political Theory. 6 (4): 463–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1474885107080651">10.1177/1474885107080651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-8851">1474-8851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139011">145139011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904013536/http://www.academia.edu/1458998/Size_and_Virtue">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Size+and+Virtue&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=463-482&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-8851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1474885107080651&rft.aulast=Herreros&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1458998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Lorne H. (1 January 1990). "Roman Population, Territory, Tribe, City, and Army Size from the Republic's Founding to the Veientane War, 509 B.C.–400 B.C.". The American Journal of Philology. 111 (1): 5–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295257">10.2307/295257</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/295257">295257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Roman+Population%2C+Territory%2C+Tribe%2C+City%2C+and+Army+Size+from+the+Republic%27s+Founding+to+the+Veientane+War%2C+509+B.C.%E2%80%93400+B.C.&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F295257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F295257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Lorne+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich,_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Rich, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf">"Chapter 1: Warfare and the Army in Early Rome"</a> (PDF). In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.). A Companion to the Roman Army. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2153-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-2153-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113433/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/14/14443392/1444339214.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Warfare+and+the+Army+in+Early+Rome&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Roman+Army&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2153-8&rft.au=Rich%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.johnwiley.com.au%2Fproduct_data%2Fexcerpt%2F14%2F14443392%2F1444339214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Bairoch1991" class="citation book cs1">Paul Bairoch (18 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81">Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03466-9"><bdi>978-0-226-03466-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101113738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. 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Wadsworth. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-57168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-57168-9"><bdi>978-0-534-57168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.pages=149&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-534-57168-9&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldhistoryto1500duik%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey1997" class="citation journal cs1">Storey, Glenn R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859">"The population of ancient Rome"</a>. Antiquity. 71 (274). Cambridge University Press: 966–978. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859">10.1017/s0003598x00085859</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+population+of+ancient+Rome&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=274&rft.pages=966-978&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00085859&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Glenn+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0003598x00085859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1934" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, Whitney J. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome*.html">"The Population of Rome"</a>. Classical Philology. 29 (2). University of Chicago Press: 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F361701">10.1086/361701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-837X">0009-837X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154126945">154126945</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529132834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/CP/29/2/Population_of_Rome%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. 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Ltd, London 1966 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Richard Krautheimer, Rome, Profile of a City, 312–1308, 2000 p. 65 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04961-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04961-0">0-691-04961-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity, 2001 p. 14 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92976-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92976-8">0-415-92976-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Neil Christie, From Constantine to Charlemagne, An Archaeology of Italy 300–800 A.D. 2006 p. 61, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85928-421-6">978-1-85928-421-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> P. 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Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roma+diventa+Capitale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fpcr%3FcontentId%3DNEW151061%26jp_pagecode%3Dnewsview.wp%26ahew%3DcontentId%3Ajp_pagecode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/was/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_21L?menuPage=/Area_di_navigazione/Sezioni_del_portale/Dipartimenti_e_altri_uffici/Dipartimento_XV/www-9-romastatistica-9-it/Territorio/&flagSub=">"Territorio"</a> (in Italian). Comune di Roma. Retrieved 5 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorio&rft.pub=Comune+di+Roma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fwas%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2F_s.7_0_A%2F7_0_21L%3FmenuPage%3D%2FArea_di_navigazione%2FSezioni_del_portale%2FDipartimenti_e_altri_uffici%2FDipartimento_XV%2Fwww-9-romastatistica-9-it%2FTerritorio%2F%26flagSub%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> In 1992 after a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> the XIX Circoscrizione became the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml#">"Roma, sì all'accorpamento dei municipi: il Consiglio li riduce da 19 a 15"</a>. Il Messaggero. 11 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064219/http://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/campidoglio/roma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione/notizie/257651.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Messaggero&rft.atitle=Roma%2C+s%C3%AC+all%27accorpamento+dei+municipi%3A+il+Consiglio+li+riduce+da+19+a+15&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmessaggero.it%2Froma%2Fcampidoglio%2Froma_municipi_accorpamento_consiglio_s_riduzione%2Fnotizie%2F257651.shtml%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519060423/http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html">"The "Rioni" of Rome"</a>. Romeartlover.it. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romeartlover.it/Rioni.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Rioni%22+of+Rome&rft.pub=Romeartlover.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romeartlover.it%2FRioni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Artour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx">Rome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112717/https://ar-tour.com/guides/in-sea-there-are-crocodiles/rome.aspx">Archived</a> 28 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 25th, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053829/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495">"Discorsi del Presidente Ciampi"</a>. Presidenza della Repubblica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Ciampi/dinamico/discorso.asp?id=21495">the original</a> on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discorsi+del+Presidente+Ciampi&rft.pub=Presidenza+della+Repubblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fqrnw%2Fstatico%2Fex-presidenti%2FCiampi%2Fdinamico%2Fdiscorso.asp%3Fid%3D21495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html">"Le istituzioni salutano Benedetto XVI"</a>. La Repubblica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302053332/http://www.repubblica.it/2005/d/sezioni/esteri/nuovopapa/reazitalia/reazitalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Le+istituzioni+salutano+Benedetto+XVI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2F2005%2Fd%2Fsezioni%2Festeri%2Fnuovopapa%2Freazitalia%2Freazitalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143221/http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf">"parlamento.it"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/file/repository/affariinternazionali/osservatorio/approfondimenti/PI0093.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=parlamento.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fapplication%2Fxmanager%2Fprojects%2Fparlamento%2Ffile%2Frepository%2Faffariinternazionali%2Fosservatorio%2Fapprofondimenti%2FPI0093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">"Gemellaggio Roma – Parigi – (1955)"</a> (PDF). Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali (in French). Paris: Commune Roma. 30 January 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Relazioni+Internazionali+Bilaterali&rft.atitle=Gemellaggio+Roma+%E2%80%93+Parigi+%E2%80%93+%281955%29&rft.date=1956-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fpcr%2Fit%2Frelaz_int_sadi.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">"Dichiarazione congiunta Roma – Parigi – (2014)"</a> (PDF). Roma – Relazioni Internazionali Bilaterali (in French). Rome: Commune Roma. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709150804/http://www.comune.roma.it/pcr/it/relaz_int_sadi.page">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roma+%E2%80%93+Relazioni+Internazionali+Bilaterali&rft.atitle=Dichiarazione+congiunta+Roma+%E2%80%93+Parigi+%E2%80%93+%282014%29&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%2Fpcr%2Fit%2Frelaz_int_sadi.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905235843/http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">"Twinning with Rome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8139&document_type_id=5&document_id=29903&portlet_id=18784">the original</a> on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+with+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Fenglish%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D8139%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D29903%26portlet_id%3D18784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris1-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris1_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011162140/http://paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération"</a>. Mairie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Les+pactes+d%27amiti%C3%A9+et+de+coop%C3%A9ration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fportail%2Faccueil%2FPortal.lut%3Fpage_id%3D6587%26document_type_id%3D5%26document_id%3D16468%26portlet_id%3D14974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris2-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Paris2_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070806151309/http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">"International relations: special partners"</a>. Mairie de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp">the original</a> on 6 August 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Paris&rft.atitle=International+relations%3A+special+partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris.fr%2Fen%2Fcity_government%2Finternational%2Fspecial_partners.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-partner_cities-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-partner_cities_138-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html">"Comune di Roma"</a>. Commune of Rome. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202155047/https://www.comune-italia.it/comune-roma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comune+di+Roma&rft.pub=Commune+of+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune-italia.it%2Fcomune-roma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Beijing Municipal Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818133858/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Beijing+Municipal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebeijing.gov.cn%2FSister_Cities%2FSister_City%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141833/http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974">"Le jumelage avec Rome"</a> (in French). Municipalité de Paris. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16467&portlet_id=14974">the original</a> on 16 December 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kurdishquestion.com/oldarticle.php?aid=rome-declares-kobane-sister-city">the original</a> on 21 December 2016. 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Il Messaggero (in Italian). 9 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111014416/http://ilmessaggero.it/ROMA/CRONACA/metro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle/notizie/1002186.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Messaggero&rft.atitle=Metro+C%2C+apre+la+Pantano-Centocelle%3A+folla+di+romani+all%27inaugurazione&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilmessaggero.it%2FROMA%2FCRONACA%2Fmetro_c_atac_sindaco_apertura_pantano_centocelle%2Fnotizie%2F1002186.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106212503/http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA">"ATAC"</a>. atac.roma.it (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atac.roma.it/index.asp?p=2&i=616&o=3&m=1&a=7&ci=45&tpg=2&lingua=ITA">the original</a> on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atac.roma.it&rft.atitle=ATAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atac.roma.it%2Findex.asp%3Fp%3D2%26i%3D616%26o%3D3%26m%3D1%26a%3D7%26ci%3D45%26tpg%3D2%26lingua%3DITA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-juts2009-220"><a href="#cite_ref-juts2009_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2009" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Mary (2009). Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009–2010. Coulsdon: <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2903-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-2903-6"><bdi>978-0-7106-2903-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316826596">316826596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Urban+Transport+Systems+2009%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Coulsdon&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316826596&rft.isbn=978-0-7106-2903-6&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertarelli1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertarelli, Luigi Vittorio (1925). Guida d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. IV. Milano: CTI. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/552570307">552570307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+d%27Italia&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=CTI&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F552570307&rft.aulast=Bertarelli&rft.aufirst=Luigi+Vittorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrilliant2006" class="citation book cs1">Brilliant, Richard (2006). Roman Art. An American's View. Rome: Di Renzo Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8323-085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8323-085-1"><bdi>978-88-8323-085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Art.+An+American%27s+View&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Di+Renzo+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-8323-085-1&rft.aulast=Brilliant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoarelli1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coarelli, Filippo (1984). Guida archeologica di Roma (in Italian). Milano: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+archeologica+di+Roma&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Coarelli&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_MuroMonniTridico2011" class="citation journal cs1">De Muro, Pasquale; Monni, Salvatore; Tridico, Pasquale (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x">"Knowledge-Based Economy and Social Exclusion: Shadow and Light in the Roman Socio-Economic Model"</a>. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 35 (6): 1212–1238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x">10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00993.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-1317">0309-1317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Urban+and+Regional+Research&rft.atitle=Knowledge-Based+Economy+and+Social+Exclusion%3A+Shadow+and+Light+in+the+Roman+Socio-Economic+Model&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1212-1238&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x&rft.issn=0309-1317&rft.aulast=De+Muro&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft.au=Monni%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Tridico%2C+Pasquale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1468-2427.2010.00993.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rome – Eyewitness Travel. DK. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-1090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-1090-1"><bdi>978-1-4053-1090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+%E2%80%93+Eyewitness+Travel&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-1090-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Robert (2011). Rome. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinderHilgemann1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kinder, Hermann; Hilgemann, Werner (1964). Dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German). Vol. 1. Dtv. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/887765673">887765673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dtv-Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte&rft.pub=Dtv&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F887765673&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Hilgemann%2C+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucentini2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lucentini, Mario (2002). La Grande Guida di Roma (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-053-7"><bdi>978-88-8289-053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Guida+di+Roma&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-8289-053-7&rft.aulast=Lucentini&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendina2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rendina, Mario (2007). Roma ieri, oggi, domani (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+ieri%2C+oggi%2C+domani&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rendina&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoto1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spoto, Salvatore (1999). Roma Esoterica (in Italian). Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-265-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-265-4"><bdi>978-88-8289-265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roma+Esoterica&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-8289-265-4&rft.aulast=Spoto&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARome" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rome at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rome">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Roma" class="extiw" title="c:Roma">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Rome" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Rome">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rome" class="extiw" title="q:Rome">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Rome">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rome">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rome" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rome">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Rome" class="extiw" title="voy:Rome">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220" class="extiw" title="d:Q220">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.roma.it/">Comune of Rome</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turismoroma.it/?lang=en">APT (official Tourist Office) of the City of Rome</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/">Rome Museums – official site</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601075643/http://en.museiincomuneroma.it/">Archived</a> 1 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in English).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.museicapitolini.org/">Capitoline Museums</a> (in English)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/41485">Rome</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Roma" class="extiw" title="commons:Roma">Roma</a> at Wikimedia Commons <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by — </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Landmarks of Rome Rome </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and villae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the sette bassi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a> and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a> and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Enclave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipi_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipi_of_Rome" title="Template:Municipi of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipi_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Municipi of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipi_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipi of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipi_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_subdivision_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative subdivision of Rome">Municipi</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the municipi of Rome"><img alt="Map of the municipi of Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg/40px-Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg/60px-Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg/80px-Roma_municipi_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1373" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_I" title="Municipio I">Municipio I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome" title="Rioni of Rome">List of Rioni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_II" title="Municipio II">Municipio II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_III" title="Municipio III">Municipio III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_IV" title="Municipio IV">Municipio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_V" title="Municipio V">Municipio V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_VI" title="Municipio VI">Municipio VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_VII" title="Municipio VII">Municipio VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_VIII" title="Municipio VIII">Municipio VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_IX" title="Municipio IX">Municipio IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_X" title="Municipio X">Municipio X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_XI" title="Municipio XI">Municipio XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_XII" title="Municipio XII">Municipio XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_XIII" title="Municipio XIII">Municipio XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_XIV" title="Municipio XIV">Municipio XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipio_XV" title="Municipio XV">Municipio XV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rioni_of_Rome" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rioni_of_Rome" title="Template:Rioni of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rioni_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Rioni of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rioni_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rioni of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rioni_of_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rioni_of_Rome" title="Rioni of Rome">Rioni of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monti_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Monti (rione of Rome)">I - Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Trevi (rione of Rome)">II - Trevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonna_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Colonna (rione of Rome)">III - Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Marzio" title="Campo Marzio">IV - Campo Marzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Ponte (rione of Rome)">V - Ponte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parione" title="Parione">VI - Parione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regola" title="Regola">VII - Regola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Sant'Eustachio (rione of Rome)">VIII - Sant'Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigna_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Pigna (rione of Rome)">IX - Pigna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campitelli" title="Campitelli">X - Campitelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Sant'Angelo (rione of Rome)">XI - Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripa_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Ripa (rione of Rome)">XII - Ripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">XIII - Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Borgo (rione of Rome)">XIV - Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquilino_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Esquilino (rione of Rome)">XV - Esquilino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Ludovisi (rione of Rome)">XVI - Ludovisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallustiano" title="Sallustiano">XVII - Sallustiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Pretorio" title="Castro Pretorio">XVIII - Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celio_(rione_of_Rome)" title="Celio (rione of Rome)">XIX - Celio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaccio" title="Testaccio">XX - Testaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba_(rione_of_Rome)" title="San Saba (rione of Rome)">XXI - San Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prati" title="Prati">XXII - Prati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rioni_of_Rome" title="Category:Rioni of Rome">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Template:Metropolitan City of Rome Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Template talk:Metropolitan City of Rome Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan City of Rome Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City of Rome Capital</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affile" title="Affile">Affile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agosta,_Lazio" title="Agosta, Lazio">Agosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albano Laziale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allumiere" title="Allumiere">Allumiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillara_Sabazia" title="Anguillara Sabazia">Anguillara Sabazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoli_Corrado" title="Anticoli Corrado">Anticoli Corrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcinazzo_Romano" title="Arcinazzo Romano">Arcinazzo Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariccia" title="Ariccia">Ariccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsoli" title="Arsoli">Arsoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artena" title="Artena">Artena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellegra" title="Bellegra">Bellegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracciano" title="Bracciano">Bracciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camerata_Nuova" title="Camerata Nuova">Camerata Nuova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campagnano_di_Roma" title="Campagnano di Roma">Campagnano di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canale_Monterano" title="Canale Monterano">Canale Monterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterano" title="Canterano">Canterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capena" title="Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capranica_Prenestina" title="Capranica Prenestina">Capranica Prenestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpineto_Romano" title="Carpineto Romano">Carpineto Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casape" title="Casape">Casape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Madama" title="Castel Madama">Castel Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_San_Pietro_Romano" title="Castel San Pietro Romano">Castel San Pietro Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelnuovo_di_Porto" title="Castelnuovo di Porto">Castelnuovo di Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave,_Lazio" title="Cave, Lazio">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerreto_Laziale" title="Cerreto Laziale">Cerreto Laziale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervara_di_Roma" title="Cervara di Roma">Cervara di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciampino" title="Ciampino">Ciampino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciciliano" title="Ciciliano">Ciciliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineto_Romano" title="Cineto Romano">Cineto Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitella_San_Paolo" title="Civitella San Paolo">Civitella San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleferro" title="Colleferro">Colleferro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonna,_Lazio" title="Colonna, Lazio">Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiano_Romano" title="Fiano Romano">Fiano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filacciano" title="Filacciano">Filacciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiumicino" title="Fiumicino">Fiumicino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonte_Nuova" title="Fonte Nuova">Fonte Nuova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formello" title="Formello">Formello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicano_nel_Lazio" title="Gallicano nel Lazio">Gallicano nel Lazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavignano" title="Gavignano">Gavignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genazzano" title="Genazzano">Genazzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genzano_di_Roma" title="Genzano di Roma">Genzano di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerano" title="Gerano">Gerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorga,_Lazio" title="Gorga, Lazio">Gorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidonia_Montecelio" title="Guidonia Montecelio">Guidonia Montecelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenne,_Lazio" title="Jenne, Lazio">Jenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labico" title="Labico">Labico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladispoli" title="Ladispoli">Ladispoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanuvio" title="Lanuvio">Lanuvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lariano" title="Lariano">Lariano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licenza" title="Licenza">Licenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magliano_Romano" title="Magliano Romano">Magliano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela,_Lazio" title="Mandela, Lazio">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manziana" title="Manziana">Manziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marano_Equo" title="Marano Equo">Marano Equo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellina_(municipality)" title="Marcellina (municipality)">Marcellina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marino,_Lazio" title="Marino, Lazio">Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzano_Romano" title="Mazzano Romano">Mazzano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentana" title="Mentana">Mentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Compatri" title="Monte Compatri">Monte Compatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Porzio_Catone" title="Monte Porzio Catone">Monte Porzio Catone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monteflavio" title="Monteflavio">Monteflavio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montelanico" title="Montelanico">Montelanico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montelibretti" title="Montelibretti">Montelibretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterotondo" title="Monterotondo">Monterotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montorio_Romano" title="Montorio Romano">Montorio Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moricone" title="Moricone">Moricone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morlupo" title="Morlupo">Morlupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazzano" title="Nazzano">Nazzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi" title="Nemi">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerola" title="Nerola">Nerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettuno" title="Nettuno">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olevano_Romano" title="Olevano Romano">Olevano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palombara_Sabina" title="Palombara Sabina">Palombara Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percile" title="Percile">Percile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisoniano" title="Pisoniano">Pisoniano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poli,_Lazio" title="Poli, Lazio">Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomezia" title="Pomezia">Pomezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzano_Romano" title="Ponzano Romano">Ponzano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riano,_Lazio" title="Riano, Lazio">Riano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rignano_Flaminio" title="Rignano Flaminio">Rignano Flaminio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riofreddo" title="Riofreddo">Riofreddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Canterano" title="Rocca Canterano">Rocca Canterano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Priora" title="Rocca Priora">Rocca Priora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_Santo_Stefano" title="Rocca Santo Stefano">Rocca Santo Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Cave" title="Rocca di Cave">Rocca di Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocca_di_Papa" title="Rocca di Papa">Rocca di Papa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roccagiovine" title="Roccagiovine">Roccagiovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roiate" title="Roiate">Roiate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviano" title="Roviano">Roviano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrofano" title="Sacrofano">Sacrofano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuci" title="Sambuci">Sambuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Cesareo" title="San Cesareo">San Cesareo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gregorio_da_Sassola" title="San Gregorio da Sassola">San Gregorio da Sassola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Polo_dei_Cavalieri" title="San Polo dei Cavalieri">San Polo dei Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vito_Romano" title="San Vito Romano">San Vito Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Angelo_Romano" title="Sant'Angelo Romano">Sant'Angelo Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Oreste" title="Sant'Oreste">Sant'Oreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Marinella" title="Santa Marinella">Santa Marinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saracinesco" title="Saracinesco">Saracinesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni" title="Segni">Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoli,_Lazio" title="Tivoli, Lazio">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfa" title="Tolfa">Tolfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrita_Tiberina" title="Torrita Tiberina">Torrita Tiberina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevignano_Romano" title="Trevignano Romano">Trevignano Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallepietra" title="Vallepietra">Vallepietra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallinfreda" title="Vallinfreda">Vallinfreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmontone" title="Valmontone">Valmontone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri" title="Velletri">Velletri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicovaro" title="Vicovaro">Vicovaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro_Romano" title="Vivaro Romano">Vivaro Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagarolo" title="Zagarolo">Zagarolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/45px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/68px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/90px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens"><img alt="Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/45px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/68px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/90px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/45px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/68px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/90px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava"><img alt="Bratislava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest"><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/45px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/68px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/90px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/45px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/68px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/90px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen"><img alt="Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="264" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/45px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/68px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/90px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img alt="Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/45px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/68px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/90px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon"><img alt="Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/45px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/68px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/90px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana"><img alt="Ljubljana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City"><img alt="Luxembourg City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/45px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/68px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/90px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid"><img alt="Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/45px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/68px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/90px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="926" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/45px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/68px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/90px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga"><img alt="Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/45px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/68px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/90px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/45px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/68px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/90px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/45px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/68px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/90px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn"><img alt="Tallinn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="357" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta"><img alt="Valletta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/45px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/68px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/90px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius"><img alt="Vilnius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="561" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw"><img alt="Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/45px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/68px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/90px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb"><img alt="Zagreb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_capitals_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Italy" title="Template:Regional capitals of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_capitals_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Regional capitals of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_capitals_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional capitals of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_capitals_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regional</a> capitals of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:20%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/L%27Aquila" title="L'Aquila">L'Aquila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a> <a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:20%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:20%;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:20%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Campobasso" title="Campobasso">Campobasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:20%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol" title="Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol">Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</a> <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916</a>: None[c1]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940</a>: None[c2]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics">1944</a>: None[c2]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Athens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Tokyo[c3]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>[c1] Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; [c2] Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; [c3] Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Italy_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Italy" title="Template:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Italy_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities in Italy</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina,_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template talk:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Athletics Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1983 World Championships in Athletics">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1987 World Championships in Athletics">1987</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1991 World Championships in Athletics">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1993 World Championships in Athletics">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1995 World Championships in Athletics">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1997 World Championships in Athletics">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1999 World Championships in Athletics">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2003 World Championships in Athletics">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2005 World Championships in Athletics">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2007 World Championships in Athletics">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2009 World Championships in Athletics">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2013 World Championships in Athletics">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2017 World Championships in Athletics">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2019 World Athletics Championships">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2022 World Athletics Championships">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2023 World Athletics Championships">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2025 World Athletics Championships">2025</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2027 World Athletics Championships">2027</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crespi_d%27Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy">Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont:_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="/wiki/Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li>Le Colline del <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="/wiki/Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena#Main_sights" title="Modena">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua%27s_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rome</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento,_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_di_Noto" title="Val di Noto">Val di Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longobards_in_Italy,_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia,_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries:_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a>5 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li>2 with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li>3 with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li>4 with 17 other countries</li> <li>5 with <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/251380480">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6280157416838916710001">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/445149106006268490419">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243431474">4</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204500/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfPdVkJT8KqM83krFMyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006605">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044604">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome&oldid=1258779257">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rome&oldid=1258779257</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_the_Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Category:Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Rome 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