CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Predestination - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e6d2fdc-4db2-43a6-985e-10a69283db2e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Predestination","wgTitle":"Predestination","wgCurRevisionId":1258042674,"wgRevisionId":1258042674,"wgArticleId":23705,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2021","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022", "Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","CS1: long volume value","Christian philosophy","Christian soteriology","Christian terminology","Destiny","Determinism","Religious philosophical concepts"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Predestination","wgRelevantArticleId":23705,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain" :false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193203","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/1200px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1887"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/800px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1258"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/640px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1007"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Predestination - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Predestination rootpage-Predestination skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Predestination" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Predestination" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Predestination" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Predestination" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Christian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Christian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Christian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Christian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>New Testament period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patristic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patristic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Patristic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patristic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Nicene_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Nicene_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Pre-Nicene period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Nicene_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Nicene_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Nicene_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Post-Nicene period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Nicene_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_Christian_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_Christian_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views of Christian branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_of_Christian_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views of Christian branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_of_Christian_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Lutheranism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Calvinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arminianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arminianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Arminianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arminianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of predestination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_predestination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of predestination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditional_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conditional election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Double predestination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Corporate election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Middle knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Predestination</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="قدر (إلهيات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قدر (إلهيات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D2%A1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тәҡдир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәҡдир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прадвызначэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадвызначэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaci%C3%B3" title="Predestinació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Predestinació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinace" title="Predestinace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Predestinace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6destination" title="Prædestination – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prædestination" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4destination" title="Prädestination – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prädestination" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinatsioon" title="Predestinatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Predestinatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Απόλυτος προορισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόλυτος προορισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaci%C3%B3n" title="Predestinación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Predestinación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C5%ADdestinismo" title="Antaŭdestinismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antaŭdestinismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinazio" title="Predestinazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Predestinazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="قضا و قدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قضا و قدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9destination" title="Prédestination – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prédestination" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaasje" title="Predestinaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Predestinaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9amhord%C3%BA" title="Réamhordú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réamhordú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%A0%95" title="예정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Նախասահմանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախասահմանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predodre%C4%91enje" title="Predodređenje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predodređenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinasi" title="Predestinasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Predestinasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrirhugun" title="Fyrirhugun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrirhugun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinazione" title="Predestinazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Predestinazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרדסטינציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדסטינציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinasi" title="Predestinasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Predestinasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Жазмыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазмыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Жазмыш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жазмыш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praedestinatio" title="Praedestinatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praedestinatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iepriek%C5%A1nolemt%C4%ABba" title="Iepriekšnolemtība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iepriekšnolemtība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinacija" title="Predestinacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Predestinacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinassi%C3%B9" title="Predestinassiù – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Predestinassiù" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predesztin%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Predesztináció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Predesztináció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinasi%C3%B4na" title="Predestinasiôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Predestinasiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പൂർവ്വ നിർദ്ദിഷ്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂർവ്വ നിർദ്ദിഷ്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takdir" title="Takdir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Takdir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinatie" title="Predestinatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Predestinatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%88%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%AC" title="予定説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="予定説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinasjon" title="Predestinasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Predestinasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinasjon" title="Predestinasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Predestinasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestynacja" title="Predestynacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Predestynacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Predestinação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Predestinação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinare" title="Predestinare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Predestinare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Предопределение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предопределение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Predestination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestin%C3%A1cia" title="Predestinácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predestinácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinacija" title="Predestinacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predestinacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Предодређење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предодређење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predodre%C4%91enje" title="Predodređenje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predodređenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinaatio" title="Predestinaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Predestinaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predestinationsl%C3%A4ran" title="Predestinationsläran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Predestinationsläran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predetestinaryanismo" title="Predetestinaryanismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Predetestinaryanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="เทวลิขิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวลิขิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukadderat" title="Mukadderat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mukadderat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Напередвизначення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напередвизначення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="预定论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="预定论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193203#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Predestination" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Predestination"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Predestination"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Predestination" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Predestination" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&oldid=1258042674" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Predestination&id=1258042674&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPredestination"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPredestination"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Predestination&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193203" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Doctrine in Christian theology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian doctrine. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Predestination_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Predestination (disambiguation)">Predestination (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa,_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa_el_Viejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de la Abadía el Viejo">Juan de la Abadía el Viejo</a>: <i>Saint Michael Weighing Souls</i></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Predestination</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explanations of predestination often seek to address the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">paradox of free will</a>, whereby God's <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a> seems incompatible with human <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>. In this usage, predestination can be regarded as a form of religious <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>; and usually <a href="/wiki/Predeterminism" title="Predeterminism">predeterminism</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">theological determinism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Christian_period">Pre-Christian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Christian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have argued that the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> contains a deterministic worldview that is combined with dualism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">book of Jubilees</a> seems to harmonize or mix together a doctrine of free will and determinism.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ben_Sira" title="Ben Sira">Ben Sira</a> affirms free will, where God allows a choice of bad or good before the human and thus they can choose which one to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_period">New Testament period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some disagreement among scholars regarding the views on predestination of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">first-century AD Judaism</a>, out of which Christianity came.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> wrote during the first century that the three main Jewish sects differed on this question. He argued that the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> argued that God's providence orders all human events, but the Pharisees still maintained that people are able to choose between right and wrong. He wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> did not have a doctrine of providence. </p><p>Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> argues that Josephus's portrayal of these groups is incorrect, and that the Jewish debates referenced by Josephus should be seen as having to do with God's work to liberate Israel rather than philosophical questions about predestination. Wright asserts that Essenes were content to wait for God to liberate Israel while Pharisees believed Jews needed to act in cooperation with God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201115_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201115-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_M._G._Barclay" title="John M. G. Barclay">John Barclay</a> responded that Josephus's description was an over-simplification and there were likely to be complex differences between these groups which may have been similar to those described by Josephus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201116_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201116-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Watson_(theologian)" title="Francis Watson (theologian)">Francis Watson</a> has also argued on the basis of <a href="/wiki/4_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Ezra">4 Ezra</a>, a document dated to the first century AD, that Jewish beliefs in predestination are primarily concerned with God's choice to save some individual Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However some in the Qumran community possibly believed in predestination, for example <a href="/wiki/1QS" class="mw-redirect" title="1QS">1QS</a> states that "God has caused (his chosen ones) to inherit the lot of the Holy Ones".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Romans">Romans</a> 8–11 presents a statement on predestination. In <a href="/wiki/Romans_8" title="Romans 8">Romans 8</a>:28–30, Paul writes,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We know that in everything God works for good with those who love him, who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the first-born among many brethren. And those whom he predestined he also called; and those whom he called he also justified; and those whom he justified he also glorified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201125_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201125-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Biblical scholars have interpreted this passage in several ways. Many say this only has to do with service, and is not about salvation. The Catholic biblical commentator Brendan Byrne wrote that the predestination mentioned in this passage should be interpreted as applied to the Christian community corporately rather than individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201129_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201129-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Catholic commentator, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a>, wrote that this passage teaches that God has predestined the <a href="/wiki/Universal_salvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal salvation">salvation of all humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201131_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201131-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moo" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Moo">Douglas Moo</a>, a Protestant biblical interpreter, reads the passage as teaching that God has predestined a certain set of people to salvation, and predestined the remainder of humanity to <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">reprobation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">damnation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201132_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201132-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Wright's interpretation is that in this passage Paul teaches that God will save those whom he has chosen, but Wright also emphasizes that Paul does not intend to suggest that God has eliminated human free will or responsibility. Instead, Wright asserts, Paul is saying that God's will works through that of humans to accomplish salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201133_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201133-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_period">Patristic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patristic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Nicene_period">Pre-Nicene period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-Nicene period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, writing in the third century, taught that God's providence extends to every individual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed God's predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of every individual's merits, whether in their current life or a <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence" title="Pre-existence">previous life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201139–40_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201139–40-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gill and Gregg Alisson argued that Clement of Rome held to a predestinarian view of salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some verses in the <a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a>, which was made by an Essene convert into Christianity, might possibly suggest a predestinarian worldview, where God chooses who are saved and go into heaven, although there is controversy about what it teaches.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeConick_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeConick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Odes of Solomon talks about God "imprinting a seal on the face of the elect before they existed".<sup id="cite_ref-DeConick_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeConick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a> saw themselves as children of the light, but the ones who were not part of the elect community were sons of darkness. The Thomasines thus had a belief in a type of election or predestination, they saw themselves as elect because they were born from the light.<sup id="cite_ref-DeConick_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeConick-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> believed in a form of predestination, in his view humans are born into one of three natures, depending on which elements prevail in the person. In the views of Valentinus, a person born with a bad nature can never be saved because they are too inclined into evil, some people have a nature which is a mixture of good and evil, thus they can choose salvation, and others have a good nature, who will be saved, because they will be inclined into good.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> also attacked the doctrine of predestination set out by Valentinus, arguing that it is unfair. For Irenaeus, humans were free to choose salvation or not.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> attacked predestinarian views held by some Greek philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Nicene_period">Post-Nicene period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-Nicene period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a></div> <p>Later in the fourth and fifth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354–430) also taught that God orders all things while preserving human freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201144_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201144-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 396, Augustine believed that predestination was based on God's foreknowledge of whether individuals would believe, that God's grace was "a reward for human assent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in response to <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a>, Augustine said that the sin of <a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">pride</a> consists in assuming that "we are the ones who choose God or that God chooses us (in his foreknowledge) because of something worthy in us", and argued that it is God's grace that causes the individual act of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars are divided over whether Augustine's teaching implies <a href="/wiki/Double_predestination" class="mw-redirect" title="Double predestination">double predestination</a>, or the belief that God chooses some people for damnation as well as some for salvation. Catholic scholars tend to deny that he held such a view while some Protestants and secular scholars affirm that Augustine did believe in double predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Augustine's position raised objections. <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Eclanum" title="Julian of Eclanum">Julian of Eclanum</a> expressed the view that Augustine was bringing <a href="/wiki/Manichean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean">Manichean</a> thoughts into the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993232_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993232-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a>, this was a disturbing innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993233_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993233-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new tension eventually became obvious with the confrontation between Augustine and <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> culminating in condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> (as interpreted by Augustine) at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431. Pelagius denied Augustine's view of predestination in order to affirm that salvation is achieved by an act of free will. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arles_(475)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Arles (475)">Council of Arles</a> in the late fifth century condemned the position "that some have been condemned to death, others have been predestined to life", though this may seem to follow from Augustine's teaching. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Orange">Second Council of Orange</a> in 529 also condemned the position that "some have been truly predestined to evil by divine power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201137_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201137-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> emphasized the freedom of the human will in his doctrine of predestination, and argued that acts arising from peoples' wills are not part of God's providence at all. Damascene teaches that people's good actions are done in cooperation with God, but are not caused by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201160_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201160-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prosper_of_Aquitaine" title="Prosper of Aquitaine">Prosper of Aquitaine</a> (390 – c. 455 AD) defended Augustine's view of predestination against semi-Pelagians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marius_Mercator" title="Marius Mercator">Marius Mercator</a>, who was a pupil of Augustine, wrote five books against Pelagianism and one book about predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a> rejected the view that God gives free choice to believe and instead believed in predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a> believed that despite predestination being a work that God does, God only decides to predestinate based on how human beings will respond.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Augustine himself stated thus:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>And thus Christ's Church has never failed to hold the faith of this predestination, which is now being defended with new solicitude against these modern heretics – Augustine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_of_Orbais" title="Gottschalk of Orbais">Gottschalk of Orbais</a>, a ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> monk, argued that God predestines some people to hell as well as predestining some to heaven, a view known as double predestination. He was condemned by several synods, but his views remained popular. Irish theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a> wrote a refutation of Gottschalk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201170_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201170-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eriugena abandoned Augustine's teaching on predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201169_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201169-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that God's predestination should be equated with his foreknowledge of people's choices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201174_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> taught that God predestines certain people to the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a> based solely on his own goodness rather than that of creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201180_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201180-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquinas also believed that people are free in their choices, fully cause their own sin, and are solely responsible for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201178_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201178-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aquinas, there are several ways in which God wills actions. He directly wills the good, indirectly wills evil consequences of good things, and only permits evil. Aquinas held that in permitting evil, God does not will it to be done or not to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201178–79_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201178–79-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the thirteenth century, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> taught that God does not cause human choices and equated predestination with divine foreknowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201188_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201188-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Ockham taught that God predestines based on people's foreseen works, he maintained that God's will was not constrained to do this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201189_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201189-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval theologians who believed in predestination include: <a href="/wiki/Ratramnus" title="Ratramnus">Ratramnus</a> (died 868),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a> (1300–1349),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Rimini" title="Gregory of Rimini">Gregory of Rimini</a> (1300–1358),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a> (1320s–1384),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey2024_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey2024-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ruchrat_von_Wesel" title="Johann Ruchrat von Wesel">Johann Ruchrat von Wesel</a> (died 1481),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_75_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_75-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> (1452–1498)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_76_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_76-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johannes von Staupitz</a> (1460–1524).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201542–43_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201542–43-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> denied the free will of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> rejected the idea that God permits rather than actively decrees the damnation of sinners, as well as other evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011102_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011102-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin did not believe God to be guilty of sin, but rather he considered God inflicting sin upon his creations to be an unfathomable mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011104_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011104-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he maintained God's predestination applies to damnation as well as salvation, he taught that the damnation of the damned is caused by their sin, but that the salvation of the saved is solely caused by God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011105–106_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011105–106-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, also held double predestinarian views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames199830Trueman199469_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames199830Trueman199469-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_Christian_branches">Views of Christian branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Views of Christian branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> view was summarized by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Theophan_the_Recluse" title="Theophan the Recluse">Theophan the Recluse</a> in response to the question, "What is the relationship between the Divine provision and our free will?" </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Answer: The fact that the Kingdom of God is "taken by force" presupposes personal effort. When the Apostle Paul says, "it is not of him that willeth," this means that one's efforts do not produce what is sought. It is necessary to combine them: to strive <i>and</i> to expect all things from grace. It is not one's own efforts that will lead to the goal, because without grace, efforts produce little; nor does grace without effort bring what is sought, because grace acts in us and for us <i>through</i> our efforts. Both combine in a person to bring progress and carry him to the goal. (God's) foreknowledge is unfathomable. It is enough for us with our whole heart to believe that it never opposes God's grace and truth, and that it does not infringe man's freedom. Usually this resolves as follows: God foresees how a man will freely act and makes dispositions accordingly. Divine determination depends on the life of a man, and not his life upon the determination.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Catholicism" title="Predestination in Catholicism">Predestination in Catholicism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg/330px-The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg/440px-The_Last_Judgement_-_Stefan_Lochner_-_Wallraf-Richartz_Museum_-_Cologne_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lochner" title="Stefan Lochner">Stefan Lochner</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement_(Lochner)" title="Last Judgement (Lochner)">Last Judgement</a></i>, c. 1435. <a href="/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallraf-Richartz Museum">Wallraf-Richartz Museum</a>, Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman Catholicism teaches the doctrine of predestination. The <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> says, "To God, all moments of time are present in their immediacy. When therefore He establishes His eternal plan of 'predestination', He includes in it each person's free response to his grace."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in the Roman Catholic conception of predestination, free will is not denied. However, Roman Catholic theology has discouraged beliefs that it is possible for anyone to know or predict anything about the operation and outcomes of predestination, and therefore it normally plays a very small role in Roman Catholic thinking. </p><p>The heretical seventeenth and eighteenth centuries sect within Roman Catholicism known as <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a> preached the doctrine of double predestination, although Jansenism claimed that even members of the saved elect could lose their salvation by doing sinful, un-repented deeds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, as implied in Ezekiel 18:21–28 in the Old Testament of the Bible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the Roman Catholic Church, God does not will anyone to mortally sin and so to deserve punishment in hell.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The universality of salvation means that it is granted not only to those who explicitly believe in Christ and have entered the Church. Since salvation is offered to all, it must be made concretely available to all. But it is clear that today, as in the past, many people do not have an opportunity to come to know or accept the gospel revelation or to enter the Church. (...) For such people salvation in Christ is accessible by virtue of a grace which, while having a mysterious relationship to the Church, does not make them formally part of the Church but enlightens them in a way which is accommodated to their spiritual and material situation. This grace comes from Christ; it is the result of his Sacrifice and is communicated by the Holy Spirit. It enables each person to attain salvation through his or her free cooperation.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> laid the foundation for much of the later Roman Catholic teaching on predestination. His teachings on grace and free will were largely adopted by the Second Council of Orange (529), whose decrees were directed against the Semipelagians. Augustine wrote, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[God] promised not from the power of our will but from His own predestination. For He promised what He Himself would do, not what men would do. Because, although men do those good things which pertain to God's worship, He Himself makes them to do what He has commanded; it is not they that cause Him to do what He has promised. Otherwise the fulfilment of God's promises would not be in the power of God, but in that of men"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Augustine also teaches that people have free will. For example, in "On Grace and Free Will", (see especially chapters II–IV) Augustine states that "He [God] has revealed to us, through His Holy Scriptures, that there is in man a free choice of will," and that "God's precepts themselves would be of no use to a man unless he had free choice of will, so that by performing them he might obtain the promised rewards." (chap. II) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' views concerning predestination are largely in agreement with Augustine and can be summarized by many of his writings in his <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiæ">Summa Theologiæ</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God does reprobate some. For it was said above (A[1]) that predestination is a part of providence. To providence, however, it belongs to permit certain defects in those things which are subject to providence, as was said above (Q[22], A[2]). Thus, as men are ordained to eternal life through the providence of God, it likewise is part of that providence to permit some to fall away from that end; this is called reprobation. Thus, as predestination is a part of providence, in regard to those ordained to eternal salvation, so reprobation is a part of providence in regard to those who turn aside from that end. Hence reprobation implies not only foreknowledge, but also something more, as does providence, as was said above (Q[22], A[1]). Therefore, as predestination includes the will to confer grace and glory; so also reprobation includes the will to permit a person to fall into sin, and to impose the punishment of damnation on account of that sin."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison">Comparison</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table summarizes the classical views of three different Protestant beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" style="width: ; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #333333; font-family: Arial; margin: 0 10px 0 10px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #CEDFF2"> <th>Topic </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Election</b> </td> <td>Unconditional <a href="#In_Lutheranism">election to salvation</a> only </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional election</a> to salvation only, with reprobation (passing over)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a> in view of foreseen faith or unbelief </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> historically hold to unconditional election to salvation. However, some do not believe that there are certain people that are predestined to salvation, but salvation is predestined for those who seek God.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutherans believe Christians should be assured that they are among the predestined.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they disagree with those who make predestination the source of salvation rather than Christ's suffering, death, and resurrection. Unlike some <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a>, Lutherans do not believe in a predestination to damnation.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Lutherans teach eternal damnation is a result of the unbeliever's rejection of the forgiveness of sins and unbelief.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s attitude towards predestination is set out in his <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i>, published in 1525. This publication by Luther was in response to the published treatise by <a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a> in 1524 known as <i><a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">On Free Will</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calvinism">Calvinism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Calvinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination in Calvinism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a> of 1561 affirmed that God "delivers and preserves" from perdition "all whom he, in his eternal and unchangeable council, of mere goodness hath elected in Christ Jesus our Lord, without respect to their works" (Article XVI). Calvinists believe that God picked those whom he will save and bring with him to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> before the world was created. They also believe that those people God does not save will go to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. John Calvin thought people who were saved could never lose their salvation and the "<a href="/wiki/Election_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election (Christianity)">elect</a>" (those God saved) would know they were saved because of their actions. </p><p>In this common, loose sense of the term, to affirm or to deny predestination has particular reference to the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>. In the Calvinist interpretation of the Bible, this doctrine normally has only pastoral value related to the assurance of salvation and the absolution of salvation by grace alone. However, the philosophical implications of the doctrine of election and predestination are sometimes discussed beyond these systematic bounds. Under the topic of the doctrine of God (theology proper), the predestinating decision of God cannot be contingent upon anything outside of himself, because all other things are dependent upon him for existence and meaning. Under the topic of the doctrines of salvation (soteriology), the predestinating decision of God is made from God's knowledge of his own will (Romans 9:15), and is therefore not contingent upon human decisions (rather, free human decisions are outworkings of the decision of God, which sets the total reality within which those decisions are made in exhaustive detail: that is, nothing left to chance). Calvinists do not pretend to understand how this works; but they are insistent that the Scriptures teach both the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Sovereignty of God in Christianity">sovereign control</a> of God and the responsibility and freedom of human decisions. </p><p>Calvinist groups use the term <a href="/wiki/Hyper-Calvinism" title="Hyper-Calvinism">Hyper-Calvinism</a> to describe Calvinistic systems that assert without qualification that God's intention to destroy some is equal to his intention to save others. Some forms of Hyper-Calvinism have racial implications, as when Dutch Calvinist theologian <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a> argued that Jews, because of their refusal to worship Jesus Christ, were members of the non-elect, as also argued by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> himself, based on I John 2:22–23 in The New Testament of the Bible. Some Dutch settlers in South Africa argued that black people were sons of Ham, whom Noah had <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">cursed to be slaves</a>, according to Genesis 9:18–19, or drew analogies between them and the Canaanites, suggesting a "chosen people" ideology similar to that espoused by proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jewish nation</a>. This justified racial hierarchy on earth, as well as racial segregation of congregations, but did not exclude blacks from being part of the elect. Other Calvinists vigorously objected to these arguments (see <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a>). </p><p>Expressed sympathetically, the <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> doctrine is that God has mercy or withholds it, with particular consciousness of who are to be the recipients of mercy in Christ. Therefore, the particular persons are chosen, out of the total number of human beings, who will be rescued from enslavement to sin and the fear of death, and from punishment due to sin, to dwell forever in his presence. Those who are being saved are assured through the gifts of faith, the sacraments, and communion with God through prayer and increase of good works, that their reconciliation with him through Christ is settled by the sovereign determination of God's will. God also has particular consciousness of those who are passed over by his selection, who are without excuse for their rebellion against him, and will be judged for their sins. </p><p>Calvinists typically divide on the issue of predestination into <a href="/wiki/Infralapsarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Infralapsarians">infralapsarians</a> (sometimes called 'sublapsarians') and <a href="/wiki/Supralapsarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarian">supralapsarians</a>. Infralapsarians interpret the biblical election of God to highlight his love (1 John 4:8; Ephesians 1:4b–5a) and chose his elect considering the situation after the Fall, while supralapsarians interpret biblical election to highlight God's sovereignty (Romans 9:16) and that the Fall was ordained by God's decree of election. In infralapsarianism, election is God's response to the Fall, while in supralapsarianism the Fall is part of God's plan for election. In spite of the division, many Calvinist theologians would consider the debate surrounding the infra- and supralapsarian positions one in which scant Scriptural evidence can be mustered in either direction, and that, at any rate, has little effect on the overall doctrine. </p><p>Some Calvinists decline to describe the eternal decree of God in terms of a sequence of events or thoughts, and many caution against the simplifications involved in describing any action of God in speculative terms. Most make distinctions between the positive manner in which God chooses some to be recipients of grace, and the manner in which grace is consciously withheld so that some are destined for everlasting punishments. </p><p>Debate concerning predestination according to the common usage concerns the destiny of the damned: whether God is just if that destiny is settled prior to the existence of any actual volition of the individual, and whether the individual is in any meaningful sense responsible for his destiny if it is settled by the eternal action of God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arminianism">Arminianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arminianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> formulated <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> and disagreed with Calvin in particular on <a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">election</a> and predestination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012190_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012190-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arminianism is defined by God's limited mode of <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">providence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2018_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2018-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mode of providence affirms the compatibility between human <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_foreknowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine foreknowledge">divine foreknowledge</a>, but its incompatibility with <a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">theological determinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._14_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._14-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus predestination in Arminianism is based on divine foreknowledge, unlike in Calvinism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._26_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._26-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore a predestination by foreknowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2018&#x200c;_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2018&#x200c;-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this perspective, comes the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">conditional election</a> on the one who wills to have faith in God for salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that God does not predetermine, but instead infallibly knows who will believe and perseveringly be saved. Although God knows from the beginning of the world who will go where, the choice is still with the individual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) rejects the doctrine of predestination, but does believe in <a href="/wiki/Foreordination" title="Foreordination">foreordination</a>. Foreordination, an important <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">doctrine</a> of the LDS Church,<sup id="cite_ref-GT:_Foreordination_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT:_Foreordination-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McConkie_May_1974_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McConkie_May_1974-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> teaches that during the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)#Pre-mortal_existence" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">pre-mortal existence</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> selected ("foreordained") particular people to fulfill certain missions ("callings") during their mortal lives. For example, <a href="/wiki/Prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets">prophets</a> were foreordained to be the Lord's servants (see Jeremiah 1:5), all who receive the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">priesthood</a> were foreordained to that calling, and Jesus was foreordained to enact the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>. However, all such persons foreordained retain their agency in mortality to fulfill that foreordination or not. </p><p>The LDS Church teaches the doctrine of moral <a href="/wiki/Agency_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (LDS Church)">agency</a>, the ability to choose and act for oneself, and decide whether to accept Christ's atonement.<sup id="cite_ref-lds2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lds2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_predestination">Types of predestination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Types of predestination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_election">Conditional election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conditional election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a> is the belief that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> chooses for eternal <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> those whom he foresees will have <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>. This belief emphasizes the importance of a person's <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. The counter-view is known as <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>, and is the belief that God chooses whomever he will, based solely on his purposes and apart from an individual's free will. It has long been an issue in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a>. An alternative viewpoint is <a href="/wiki/Corporate_election" title="Corporate election">Corporate election</a>, which distinguishes God's election and predestination for corporate entities such as the community "in Christ," and individuals who can benefit from that community's election and predestination so long as they continue belonging to that community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism">Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism">Infralapsarianism</a> (also called sublapsarianism) holds that predestination logically coincides with the preordination of Man's fall into sin. That is, God predestined sinful men for salvation. Therefore, according to this view, God is the <a href="/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation" title="Proximate and ultimate causation">ultimate cause</a>, but not the proximate source or "author" of sin. Infralapsarians often emphasize a difference between God's decree (which is inviolable and inscrutable), and his revealed will (against which man is disobedient). Proponents also typically emphasize the grace and mercy of God toward all men, although teaching also that only some are predestined for salvation. </p><p>In common English parlance, the doctrine of predestination often has particular reference to the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>. The version of predestination espoused by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, after whom Calvinism is named, is sometimes referred to as "double predestination" because in it God predestines some people for salvation (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>) and some for condemnation (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">Reprobation</a>) which results by allowing the individual's own sins to condemn them. Calvin himself defines predestination as "the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. Not all are created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestined to life or to death."<sup id="cite_ref-Calvin_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvin-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the spectrum of beliefs concerning predestination, Calvinism is the strongest form among Christians. It teaches that God's predestining decision is based on the knowledge of his own will rather than foreknowledge, concerning every particular person and event; and, God continually acts with entire freedom, in order to bring about his will in completeness, but in such a way that the freedom of the creature is not violated, "but rather, established".<sup id="cite_ref-WCF3_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCF3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calvinists who hold the infralapsarian view of predestination usually prefer that term to "sublapsarianism," perhaps with the intent of blocking the inference that they believe predestination is on the basis of foreknowledge (<i>sublapsarian</i> meaning, assuming the fall into sin).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different terminology has the benefit of distinguishing the Calvinist double predestination version of infralapsarianism from Lutheranism's view that predestination is a mystery, which forbids the unprofitable intrusion of prying minds since God only reveals partial knowledge to the human race.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supralapsarianism_and_infralapsarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralapsarianism and infralapsarianism">Supralapsarianism</a> is the doctrine that God's decree of predestination for salvation and reprobation logically precedes his preordination of the human race's fall into sin. That is, God decided to save, and to damn; he then determined the means by which that would be made possible. It is a matter of controversy whether or not Calvin himself held this view, but most scholars link him with the infralapsarian position. It is known, however, that Calvin's successor in Geneva, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, held to the supralapsarian view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_predestination">Double predestination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Double predestination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism#Double_predestination" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination in Calvinism § Double predestination</a></div> <p>Double predestination, or the double decree, is the doctrine that God actively <a href="/wiki/Reprobates" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprobates">reprobates</a>, or decrees damnation of some, as well as salvation for those whom he has elected. During the Protestant Reformation John Calvin held this double predestinarian view:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames199830_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames199830-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrueman199469_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman199469-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created on equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation; and, accordingly, as each has been created for one or other of these ends, we say that he has been predestinated to life or to death."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453.21.7_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453.21.7-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gottschalk of Orbais taught double predestination explicitly in the ninth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201170_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201170-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Rimini" title="Gregory of Rimini">Gregory of Rimini</a> in the fourteenth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998147_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998147-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some trace this doctrine to statements made by Augustine in the early fifth century that on their own also seem to teach double predestination, but in the context of his other writings it is not clear whether he held this view. In "The City of God," Augustine describes all of humanity as being predestinated for salvation (i.e., the city of God) or damnation (i.e., the earthly city of man); but Augustine also held that all human beings were born "reprobate" but "need not necessarily remain" in that state of reprobation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_election">Corporate election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Corporate election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporate election is a non-traditional Arminian view of election.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Corporate_election" title="Corporate election">corporate election</a>, God does not choose which individuals he will save prior to creation, but rather God chooses the church as a whole. Or put differently, God chooses what type of individuals he will save. Another way the New Testament puts this is to say that God chose the church in Christ (Eph. 1:4). In other words, God chose from all eternity to save all those who would be found in Christ, by faith in God. This choosing is not primarily about salvation from eternal destruction either but is about God's chosen agency in the world. Thus individuals have full freedom in terms of whether they become members of the church or not.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporate election is thus consistent with the open view's position on God's omniscience, which states that God's foreknowledge does not determine the outcomes of individual free will.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_knowledge">Middle knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Middle knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle knowledge">Middle knowledge</a> is a concept that was developed by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a>, and exists under a doctrine called <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>. It attempts to deal with the topic of predestination by reconciling God's sovereign providence with the notion of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_free_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian free will">libertarian free will</a>. The concept of Middle Knowledge holds that God has a knowledge of true pre-volitional <a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">counterfactuals</a> for all free creatures. That is, what any individual creature with a free will (e.g. a human) would do under any given circumstance. God's knowledge of counterfactuals is reasoned to occur logically prior to his divine creative decree (that is, prior to creation), and after his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Logical_truth" title="Logical truth">necessary truths</a>. Thus, Middle Knowledge holds that before the world was created, God knew what every existing creature capable of libertarian freedom (e.g. every individual human) would freely choose to do in all possible circumstances. It then holds that based on this information, God elected from a number of these <a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">possible worlds</a>, the world most consistent with his ultimate will, which is the actual world that we live in. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li>if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance B, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Y over option Z.</li> <li>if Free Creature A was to be placed in Circumstance C, God via his Middle Knowledge would know that Free Creature A will freely choose option Z over option Y.</li></ul> <p>Based on this Middle Knowledge, God has the ability to actualise the world in which A is placed in a circumstance that he freely chooses to do what is consistent with Gods ultimate will. If God determined that the world most suited to his purposes is a world in which A would freely choose Y instead of Z, God can actualise a world in which Free Creature A finds himself in Circumstance B. </p><p>In this way, Middle Knowledge is thought of by its proponents to be consistent with any theological doctrines that assert God as having divine providence and man having a libertarian freedom (e.g. Calvinism, Catholicism, Lutheranism), and to offer a potential solution to the concerns that God's providence somehow nullifies man from having true liberty in his choices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/18px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/27px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/37px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_Predestination" title="Biochemical Predestination">Biochemical Predestination</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_universe" title="Clockwork universe">Clockwork universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_security" title="Eternal security">Eternal security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_(film)" title="Predestination (film)"><i>Predestination</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination in Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providentialism" title="Providentialism">Providentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/predestination">"Predestination"</a>. <i>The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy</i> (Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2011</span> – via Dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Predestination&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+New+Dictionary+of+Cultural+Literacy&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fpredestination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Malan, J. C. (1983). "Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament". <i>Neotestamentica</i>. <b>17</b>: 84–96. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-8356">0254-8356</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43047851">43047851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neotestamentica&rft.atitle=Enochic+%28apocalyptic%29+and+Christian+perspectives+on+relationships%3A+A+tentative+comparison+of+striking+aspects+and+underlying+lines+of+thinking+revealed+in+1+Enoch+and+the+New+Testament&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=84-96&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43047851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0254-8356&rft.aulast=Malan&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigal" class="citation book cs1">Sigal, Philip. <i>The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Contemporary+Judaism%2C+Part+I+and+II%3A+The+Foundations+of+Judaism+from+Biblical+Origins+to+the+Sixth+Century+A.D.&rft.aulast=Sigal&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhDHiesbergerMazzaCSJ2014" class="citation book cs1">PhD, Mary A. Ehle; Hiesberger, Jean Marie; Mazza, Biagio; CSJ, Mary M. McGlone; OSB, Abbot Gregory J. Polan; Simeone, Denise; Turner, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eht9G-MGuAQC&dq=Sirach+free+will&pg=PA46"><i>Foundations for Preaching and Teaching®: Scripture Backgrounds for 2014</i></a>. Liturgy Training Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61671-079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61671-079-8"><bdi>978-1-61671-079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+for+Preaching+and+Teaching%C2%AE%3A+Scripture+Backgrounds+for+2014&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61671-079-8&rft.aulast=PhD&rft.aufirst=Mary+A.+Ehle&rft.au=Hiesberger%2C+Jean+Marie&rft.au=Mazza%2C+Biagio&rft.au=CSJ%2C+Mary+M.+McGlone&rft.au=OSB%2C+Abbot+Gregory+J.+Polan&rft.au=Simeone%2C+Denise&rft.au=Turner%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deht9G-MGuAQC%26dq%3DSirach%2Bfree%2Bwill%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201115-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201115_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201116-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201116_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201117_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeConick2015" class="citation book cs1">DeConick, April (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-p5DwAAQBAJ&dq=predestination+Odes+of+Solomon&pg=PA88"><i>Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31300-2"><bdi>978-90-04-31300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seek+to+See+Him%3A+Ascent+and+Vision+Mysticism+in+the+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31300-2&rft.aulast=DeConick&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-p5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpredestination%2BOdes%2Bof%2BSolomon%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201125-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201125_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201129-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201129_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201131-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201131_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201132-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201132_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201133-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201133_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201138-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201138_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201139–40-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201139–40_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrell2009" class="citation book cs1">Murrell, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pq1JAwAAQBAJ&dq=predestination+Clement+of+Rome&pg=PT32"><i>Predestined to Believe: Common Objections to the Reformed Faith Answered, Second Edition</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-175-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-175-8"><bdi>978-1-62189-175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predestined+to+Believe%3A+Common+Objections+to+the+Reformed+Faith+Answered%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-175-8&rft.aulast=Murrell&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpq1JAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpredestination%2BClement%2Bof%2BRome%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2011" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Gregg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH8oAfw-bHMC&dq=predestination+Clement+of+Rome&pg=PT832"><i>Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-41041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-41041-6"><bdi>978-0-310-41041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-41041-6&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZH8oAfw-bHMC%26dq%3Dpredestination%2BClement%2Bof%2BRome%26pg%3DPT832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsonO'BrienSeifrid2001" class="citation book cs1">Carson, D. A.; O'Brien, Peter Thomas; Seifrid, Mark A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UFAJ4zmxF8C&dq=predestination+odes+of+solomon&pg=PA54"><i>Justification and Variegated Nomism</i></a>. Isd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146994-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-146994-7"><bdi>978-3-16-146994-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justification+and+Variegated+Nomism&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-16-146994-7&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Peter+Thomas&rft.au=Seifrid%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3UFAJ4zmxF8C%26dq%3Dpredestination%2Bodes%2Bof%2Bsolomon%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenzer" class="citation web cs1">Denzer, Pam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4440268">"Odes of Solomon: Early Hymns of the Jewish Christian Mystical Tradition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odes+of+Solomon%3A+Early+Hymns+of+the+Jewish+Christian+Mystical+Tradition&rft.aulast=Denzer&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4440268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeConick-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeConick_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeConick_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeConick_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeConick2015" class="citation book cs1">DeConick, April (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-p5DwAAQBAJ&dq=predestination+odes+of+solomon&pg=PA88"><i>Seek to See Him: Ascent and Vision Mysticism in the Gospel of Thomas</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31300-2"><bdi>978-90-04-31300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seek+to+See+Him%3A+Ascent+and+Vision+Mysticism+in+the+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31300-2&rft.aulast=DeConick&rft.aufirst=April&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-p5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpredestination%2Bodes%2Bof%2Bsolomon%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramanolis2021" class="citation book cs1">Karamanolis, George (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91cmEAAAQBAJ&dq=predestination+Valentinus&pg=PT153"><i>The Philosophy of Early Christianity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62823-8"><bdi>978-0-429-62823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-429-62823-8&rft.aulast=Karamanolis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91cmEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpredestination%2BValentinus%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfT_DwAAQBAJ&dq=Free+will+irenaeus&pg=PA220"><i>Fate, Providence and Free Will: Philosophy and Religion in Dialogue in the Early Imperial Age</i></a>. Brill. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43638-1"><bdi>978-90-04-43638-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fate%2C+Providence+and+Free+Will%3A+Philosophy+and+Religion+in+Dialogue+in+the+Early+Imperial+Age&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43638-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfT_DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFree%2Bwill%2Birenaeus%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnell2017" class="citation book cs1">Knell, Matthew (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNLYDwAAQBAJ&dq=free+will+justin+martyr&pg=PT37"><i>Sin, Grace and Free Will: A Historical Survey of Christian Thought (Volume 1): The Apostolic Fathers to Augustine</i></a>. ISD LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90567-8"><bdi>978-0-227-90567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sin%2C+Grace+and+Free+Will%3A+A+Historical+Survey+of+Christian+Thought+%28Volume+1%29%3A+The+Apostolic+Fathers+to+Augustine&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90567-8&rft.aulast=Knell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNLYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfree%2Bwill%2Bjustin%2Bmartyr%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201144-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201144_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201148–49_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201147–48_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998102-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998102_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993232-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993232_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993233-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1993233_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1993">Chadwick 1993</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201137-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201137_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201160-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201160_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Prosper-of-Aquitaine">"Saint Prosper of Aquitaine | Christian polemicist"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Saint+Prosper+of+Aquitaine+%7C+Christian+polemicist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Prosper-of-Aquitaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Marius%20Mercator,%20a%20writer">"Henry Wace: Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Henry+Wace%3A+Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography+and+Literature+to+the+End+of+the+Sixth+Century+A.D.%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Principal+Sects+and+Heresies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fwace%2Fbiodict.html%3Fterm%3DMarius%2520Mercator%2C%2520a%2520writer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumerlock2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gumerlock, Francis X. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/eq/2009-3_195.pdf">"Predestination in the century before Gottschalk (Part 1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Evangelical Quarterly: An International Review of Bible and Theology</i>. <b>81</b> (3): 195–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F27725472-08103001">10.1163/27725472-08103001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Quarterly%3A+An+International+Review+of+Bible+and+Theology&rft.atitle=Predestination+in+the+century+before+Gottschalk+%28Part+1%29&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-209&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F27725472-08103001&rft.aulast=Gumerlock&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Feq%2F2009-3_195.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/battle-grace-alone">"The Battle for Grace Alone by R.C. Sproul"</a>. <i>Ligonier Ministries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ligonier+Ministries&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Grace+Alone+by+R.C.+Sproul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligonier.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fbattle-grace-alone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105.xxi.iii.lxvii.html">"Philip Schaff: NPNF1-05. St. Augustine: Anti-Pelagian Writings"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org – Christian Classics Ethereal Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+NPNF1-05.+St.+Augustine%3A+Anti-Pelagian+Writings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf105.xxi.iii.lxvii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201170-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201170_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201170_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201169-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201169_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201174-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201174_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201180-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201180_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201178-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201178_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201178–79-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201178–79_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 78–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201188-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201188_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering201189-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering201189_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03">EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-03</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-03 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201537_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdePrater2015">dePrater 2015</a>, pp. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08">EncyclopaediaE & 2024-04-08</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024-04-08 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey2024-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStacey2024_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStacey2024">Stacey 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_75-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_75_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaff1997">Schaff 1997</a>, § 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_76-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaff1997§_76_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaff1997">Schaff 1997</a>, § 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdePrater201542–43-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdePrater201542–43_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdePrater2015">dePrater 2015</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/library/cathar-two-principles.htm">"Cathar Texts: The Book of the Two Principles"</a>. <i>gnosis.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnosis.org&rft.atitle=Cathar+Texts%3A+The+Book+of+the+Two+Principles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Flibrary%2Fcathar-two-principles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011102-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011102_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011104-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011104_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevering2011105–106-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevering2011105–106_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevering2011">Levering 2011</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames199830Trueman199469-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames199830Trueman199469_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFTrueman1994">Trueman 1994</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Theophan the Recluse, <i>An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture</i>, as quoted in Johanna Manley's <i>The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians</i>, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 600</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, section 1037; Katholieke Encyclopaedie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensie.nl/katholieke-encyclopaedie/praedestinatie">praedestinatie</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Missio" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemptoris Missio">Redemptoris Missio</a></i>, chapter 1, section 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo" class="citation web cs1">Augustine of Hippo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf105.xxi.ii.xix.html">"In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ"</a>. <i>Anti Pelagian Writings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti+Pelagian+Writings&rft.atitle=In+What+Respects+Predestination+and+Grace+Differ.&rft.au=Augustine+of+Hippo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf105.xxi.ii.xix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation web cs1">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.FP_Q23_A3.html">"Whether God Reprobates any Man"</a>. <i>Summa Theologica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.atitle=Whether+God+Reprobates+any+Man&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Faquinas%2Fsumma.FP_Q23_A3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table drawn, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W. <i>God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine</i>. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonMichael_D._Williams2004" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Robert A.; Michael D. Williams (2004). <i>Why I am not an Arminian</i>. Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-3248-3"><bdi>0-8308-3248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+I+am+not+an+Arminian&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Intervarsity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8308-3248-3&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Michael+D.+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts%2013:48;&version=9;">Acts 13:48</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Eph.%201:4-11;&version=47;">Eph. 1:4–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210532/http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mueller, J.T., <i>Christian Dogmatics</i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 585–589, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 1. The Definition of the Term", and Engelder, T.E.W., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a></i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 124–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Thessalonians%202:13;&version=50;">2 Thess. 2:13</a>, Mueller, J.T., <i>Christian Dogmatics</i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 589–593, section "The Doctrine of Eternal Election: 2. How Believers are to Consider Their Election, and Engelder, T.E.W., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 127–128, Part XXXI. "The Election of Grace", paragraph 180.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Tim.%202:4;&version=31;">1 Tim. 2:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2%20Pet.%203:9;&version=31;">2 Pet. 3:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Epitome of the Formula of Concord, Article 11, Election</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210532/http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-ep.html#XI.%20Election.">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and Engelder's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a>, Part XXXI. The Election of Grace, pp. 124–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hosea%2013:9;&version=9;">Hos. 13:9</a>, Mueller, J.T., <i>Christian Dogmatics</i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 637, section "The Doctrine of the Last Things (Eschatology), part 7. "Eternal Damnation", and Engelder, T.E.W., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1">Popular Symbolics</a></i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. pp. 135–136, Part XXXIX. "Eternal Death", paragraph 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012190-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanglinMcCall2012190_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012">Stanglin & McCall 2012</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2018-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2018_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2018">Olson 2018</a>. "What is Arminianism? A) Belief that God limits himself to give human beings free will to go against his perfect will so that God did not design or ordain sin and evil (or their consequences such as innocent suffering); B) Belief that, although sinners cannot achieve salvation on their own, without 'prevenient grace' (enabling grace), God makes salvation possible for all through Jesus Christ and offers free salvation to all through the gospel. 'A' is called 'limited providence,' 'B' is called 'predestination by foreknowledge.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._14-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._14_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley1940">Wiley 1940</a>, Chap. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._26-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley1940Chap._26_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley1940">Wiley 1940</a>, Chap. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2018&#x200c;-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2018&#x200c;_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2018">Olson 2018</a>, ‌.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter A. Elwell, <i>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</i>, Baker Academic, 2001, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GT:_Foreordination-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GT:_Foreordination_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/foreordination?lang=eng">"Gospel Topics: Foreordination"</a>. <i>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</i>. LDS Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter+Day+Saints&rft.atitle=Gospel+Topics%3A+Foreordination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fforeordination%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McConkie_May_1974-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McConkie_May_1974_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkie1974" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_R._McConkie" title="Bruce R. McConkie">McConkie, Bruce R.</a> (May 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182038/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1974/05/god-foreordains-his-prophets-and-his-people?lang=eng">"God Foreordains His Prophets and His People"</a>. <i>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</i>. LDS Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1974/05/god-foreordains-his-prophets-and-his-people?lang=eng">the original</a> on 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter+Day+Saints&rft.atitle=God+Foreordains+His+Prophets+and+His+People&rft.date=1974-05&rft.aulast=McConkie&rft.aufirst=Bruce+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1974%2F05%2Fgod-foreordains-his-prophets-and-his-people%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lds2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lds2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/agency-and-accountability?lang=eng">"Agency"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agency&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fagency-and-accountability%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvin-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calvin_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829234225/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.iii.xxii.html">"Calvin, John. <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i>, (Henry Beveridge, trans.), III.21.5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes.iv.iii.xxii.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calvin%2C+John.+Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion%2C+%28Henry+Beveridge%2C+trans.%29%2C+III.21.5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fcalvin%2Finstitutes.iv.iii.xxii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCF3-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCF3_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith#CHAPTER_III._Of_God's_Eternal_Decree." class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of faith, Ch 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Here, sub- is opposed to super- or supra- in a sense related to volition and/or necessity. Cf., for relapse of same origin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://freedictionary.org/index.php?Query=relapse&database=%2A&strategy=exact">http://freedictionary.org/index.php?Query=relapse&database=%2A&strategy=exact</a> : L. relapsus, p. p. of relabi to slip back, to relapse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601152021/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/comparison-and-evaluation-theology-luther-calvin">"A Comparison and Evaluation of the Theology of Luther with That of Calvin"</a>. 19 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/comparison-and-evaluation-theology-luther-calvin">the original</a> on 1 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comparison+and+Evaluation+of+the+Theology+of+Luther+with+That+of+Calvin&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinginstitute.stanford.edu%2Fking-papers%2Fdocuments%2Fcomparison-and-evaluation-theology-luther-calvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames199830-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames199830_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrueman199469-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrueman199469_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrueman1994">Trueman 1994</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvin18453.21.7-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvin18453.21.7_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvin1845">Calvin 1845</a>, 3.21.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1998147-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1998147_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1998">James 1998</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, The City of God (New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, 1950), pp. 478–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Abasciano2013" class="citation web cs1">Brian Abasciano (25 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evangelicalarminians.org/the-facts-of-salvation-a-summary-of-arminian-theologythe-biblical-doctrines-of-grace/">"The FACTS of Salvation: A Summary of Arminian Theology/the Biblical Doctrines of Grace"</a>. Society of Evangelical Arminians<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FACTS+of+Salvation%3A+A+Summary+of+Arminian+Theology%2Fthe+Biblical+Doctrines+of+Grace&rft.pub=Society+of+Evangelical+Arminians&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft.au=Brian+Abasciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalarminians.org%2Fthe-facts-of-salvation-a-summary-of-arminian-theologythe-biblical-doctrines-of-grace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvin1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Calvin, John (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/institutesofreli02calvuoft"><i>Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge</i></a>. Vol. 2, books 2, 3. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beveridge_(1799-1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Beveridge (1799-1863)">Henry Beveridge</a>. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutes+of+the+Christian+Religion%3B+a+New+Translation+by+Henry+Beveridge&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Calvin+Translation+Society&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Calvin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finstitutesofreli02calvuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1993" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Henry (1993). <i>The Early Church</i>. London: Penguin books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Church&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdePrater2015" class="citation book cs1">dePrater, William A. (2015). <i>God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation</i>. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-0454-5"><bdi>978-1-4982-0454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Hovered+Over+the+Waters%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Protestant+Reformation&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-0454-5&rft.aulast=dePrater&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024" class="citation book cs1">EncyclopaediaE (8 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregory-of-Rimini">"Gregory Of Rimini"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory+Of+Rimini&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft.au=EncyclopaediaE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGregory-of-Rimini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024" class="citation book cs1">EncyclopaediaE (3 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus">"Ratramnus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ratramnus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-04-03&rft.au=EncyclopaediaE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRatramnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1998" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. III (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113343/https://www.questia.com/library/1833170/peter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian"><i>Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1833170/peter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Martyr+Vermigli+and+Predestination%3A+The+Augustinian+Inheritance+of+an+Italian+Reformer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F1833170%2Fpeter-martyr-vermigli-and-predestination-the-augustinian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevering2011" class="citation book cs1">Levering, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLBS6Dl1OYgC"><i>Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960452-4"><bdi>978-0-19-960452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predestination%3A+Biblical+and+Theological+Paths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960452-4&rft.aulast=Levering&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLBS6Dl1OYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Trueman" title="Carl Trueman">Trueman, Carl R.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075844/https://www.questia.com/read/74343291/luther-s-legacy-salvation-and-english-reformers"><i>Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/74343291/luther-s-legacy-salvation-and-english-reformers">the original</a> on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Legacy%3A+Salvation+and+English+Reformers%2C+1525%E2%80%931556&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F74343291%2Fluther-s-legacy-salvation-and-english-reformers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2018" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/rogereolson/2018/11/calvinism-and-arminianism-compared-by-roger-e-olson/">"Calvinism and Arminianism Compared"</a>. <i>Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings</i>. Patheos<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roger+E.+Olson%3A+My+evangelical%2C+Arminian+theological+musings&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+Arminianism+Compared&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Frogereolson%2F2018%2F11%2Fcalvinism-and-arminianism-compared-by-roger-e-olson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1997" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/"><i>History of the Christian Church</i></a>. Vol. 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oak+Harbor%2C+WA&rft.pub=Logos+Research+Systems&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey2024" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, John (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wycliffe">"John Wycliffe"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Wycliffe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Wycliffe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (2012). <i>Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley1940" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, H. Orton (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/other-theologians/henry-orton-wiley/christian-theology-by-h-orton-wiley/"><i>Christian theology</i></a> (3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+theology&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Beacon+Hill+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=H.+Orton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fother-theologians%2Fhenry-orton-wiley%2Fchristian-theology-by-h-orton-wiley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409463863" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409463863">978-1409463863</a>. Book review at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1588">Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History</a></li> <li>Akin, James. <i>The Salvation Controversy</i>. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. <i>Vid</i>. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1888992182" title="Special:BookSources/1888992182">1888992182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald</a>. <i>Predestination</i>. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. <i>N.B</i>.: Trans. of the author's <i>La Prédestination des saints et la grâce</i>; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895556340" title="Special:BookSources/0895556340">0895556340</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Jae-Eun (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4206800">"John Knox's Doctrine of Predestination and Its Practical Application for His Ecclesiology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Puritan_Reformed_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan Reformed Journal">Puritan Reformed Journal</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 65–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Puritan+Reformed+Journal&rft.atitle=John+Knox%27s+Doctrine+of+Predestination+and+Its+Practical+Application+for+His+Ecclesiology&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=65-90&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Jae-Eun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4206800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APredestination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>_______. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26408571/_John_Plaifere_d.1632_on_Conditional_Predestination_A_Well-mixed_Version_of_scientia_media_and_Resistible_Grace._Reformation_and_Renaissance_Review_18.2_2016_155-173/">John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace</a>." <i>Reformation & Renaissance Review</i>, 18.2 (2016): 155–173.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predestination&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628012642/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-03">"Determinism in Theology: Predestination"</a> by Robert M. Kindon in <i>The Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frtillman.net/reasonJesuscame.htm">"The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christians.eu/predestination/">Predestination</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050818050503/http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Sections&op=viewarticle&artid=12">Understanding Predestination in Islam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044012/http://www.ahya.org/amm/modules.php?name=Lectures&d_op=viewdownload&cid=16">Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=predestin">Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/boettner/predest.html"><i>The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination</i></a> (1932) by <a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Loraine Boettner</a> (conservative Calvinist perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/reprints/Biblical-Doctrine-of-Predestina.pdf"><i>The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003220125/http://www.apologeticspress.org/rr/reprints/Biblical-Doctrine-of-Predestina.pdf">Archived</a> 3 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12378a.htm">"Predestination"</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070212073444/http://www.wlsessays.net/subjects/E/esubind.htm%23Election">Academic articles on predestination and election</a> (Lutheran perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823054915/http://geneva.rutgers.edu/src/christianity/predest.html">Predestination and Free Will</a> Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/ec_salvation.aspx?print=ok">On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation</a> Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christian_salvation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_soteriology" title="Template:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_soteriology" title="Template talk:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_soteriology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian soteriology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_salvation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Christian salvation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Redemption in Christianity">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">Regeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Christianity" title="Repentance in Christianity">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template talk:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Early <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> controversies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="hlist"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> <i>Date</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <i>Controversy</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <span class="nowrap"><i>Resolution</i> <sup>a)</sup></span></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;text-align:left;"> <i>Issues / people / publications involved</i></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1527–56</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">Antinomian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>V</li><li>VI</li></ul></div></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Poach" title="Andreas Poach">Andreas Poach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Otto (page does not exist)">Anton Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1533–53</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Descent into Hell</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> IX</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aepinus" title="Johannes Aepinus">Johannes Aepinus</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1548–55</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> X</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1549–66</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy" title="Osiandrian controversy">Osiandrian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> III</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Funck" title="Johann Funck">Johann Funck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro" title="Francesco Stancaro">Francesco Stancaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1551–62</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Majoristic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Major" title="Georg Major">Georg Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Menius" title="Justus Menius">Justus Menius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1555–60</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Synergistic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> II</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Flacian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> I</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Musaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Musaeus (page does not exist)">Simon Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinist</a><br />and Saligerian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VII</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hardenberg" title="Albert Hardenberg">Albert Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_M%C3%B6rlin" title="Maximilian Mörlin">Maximilian Mörlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Saliger" title="Johannes Saliger">Johannes Saliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1561–63</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Predestination</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> XI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Marbach" title="Johann Marbach">Johann Marbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1640-86</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>a)</sup> Articles identified (I–XII) according to the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_travel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_travel" title="Template:Time travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_travel" title="Template talk:Time travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_travel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">Chronology protection conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">Closed timelike curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novikov_self-consistency_principle" title="Novikov self-consistency principle">Novikov self-consistency principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy#Causal_loop" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Fictional" title="List of timelines">Timelines in fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">in science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_loop" title="Time loop">Time loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">in film</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Temporal paradoxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox#Grandfather_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Grandfather paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">Causal loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions" title="Time travel in fiction">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> that<br /> can contain <a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">closed timelike curves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misner_space" title="Misner space">Misner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_cylinder" title="Tipler cylinder">Tipler cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">Traversable wormholes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193203#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4175516-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Predestination"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106244">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prédestination"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119765511">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Prédestination"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119765511">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="predestinace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph166056&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533805405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predestination&oldid=1258042674">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predestination&oldid=1258042674</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_philosophy" title="Category:Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_soteriology" title="Category:Christian soteriology">Christian soteriology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destiny" title="Category:Destiny">Destiny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Determinism" title="Category:Determinism">Determinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Religious philosophical concepts">Religious philosophical concepts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2021">Use dmy dates from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from April 2022">Articles with self-published sources from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 21:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predestination&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gzd6v","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.011","walltime":"1.229","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8417,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":167045,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12470,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":244803,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1053.176 1 -total"," 25.45% 268.014 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.72% 165.532 47 Template:Sfn"," 11.00% 115.883 23 Template:Cite_book"," 10.06% 105.957 1 Template:Christianity"," 7.80% 82.151 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 6.85% 72.189 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.84% 61.544 4 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.61% 59.067 5 Template:Fix"," 5.60% 58.966 15 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.613","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8817250,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllison2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAquinas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugustine_of_Hippo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Abasciano2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvin1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarsonO\u0026#039;BrienSeifrid2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeConick2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDenzer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopaediaE2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGumerlock2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramanolis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevering2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalan1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConkie1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonMichael_D._Williams2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhDHiesbergerMazzaCSJ2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSigal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStacey2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrueman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdePrater2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Christian Soteriology\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Early Lutheran Controversies\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 47,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sps\"] = 1,\n [\"Time travel\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Zwnj\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-k5cx6","timestamp":"20241124053203","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Predestination","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Predestination","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193203","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193203","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T05:36:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T21:20:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/Juan_de_la_Abad%C3%ADa%2C_%27The_Elder%27_-_Saint_Michael_Weighing_Souls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","headline":"theological doctrine"}</script> </body> </html>