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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran,_Central_Asia,_and_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran,_Central_Asia,_and_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran,_Central_Asia,_and_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb_and_al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb_and_al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Maghreb and al-Andalus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb_and_al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Minaret</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meunara" title="Meunara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Meunara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A6%D8%B0%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مئذنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مئذنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete" title="Minarete – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Minarete" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Минара – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Минара" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minar%C9%99" title="Minarə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minarə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="میناره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میناره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মিনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Манара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Мінарэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінарэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Мінарэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінарэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Минаре – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минаре" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munara" title="Munara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Munara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minared" title="Minared – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Minared" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meindwr" title="Meindwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meindwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarett" title="Minarett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minarett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarett" title="Minarett – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minarett" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Μιναρές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιναρές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alminar" title="Alminar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alminar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareto" title="Minareto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minareto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete" title="Minarete – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minarete" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مناره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مناره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete" title="Minarete – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minarete" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98%EB%A0%88%ED%8A%B8" title="미나레트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미나레트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasumiya" title="Hasumiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hasumiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5" title="Մինարե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինարե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मीनार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मीनार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareto" title="Minareto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Minareto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Дзылат (арæзтад) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзылат (арæзтад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareto" title="Minareto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minareto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%98" title="מינרט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינרט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მინარეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინარეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minare" title="Minare – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Minare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Минарет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минарет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minare" title="Minare – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Minare" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaretum" title="Minaretum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minaretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarets" title="Minarets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minarets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarett" title="Minarett – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Minarett" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaretas" title="Minaretas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minaretas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Минаре – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минаре" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മിനാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მინარეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინარეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_masjid" title="Menara masjid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menara masjid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ミナレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミナレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Момсар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Момсар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minora" title="Minora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Minora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="منار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarete" title="Minarete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minarete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Минарет – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Минарет" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Минарет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минарет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareja" title="Minareja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minareja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaretu" title="Minaretu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Minaretu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95" title="منارە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="منارە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Минарет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минарет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munara" title="Munara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Munara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minareetti" title="Minareetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minareetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minaret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மினார் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மினார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Манара – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మీనార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మీనార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="หออะษาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หออะษาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Манора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Манора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minare" title="Minare – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minare" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мінарет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінарет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مینار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1p_gi%C3%A1o_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Tháp giáo đường Hồi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tháp giáo đường Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_houcrece" title="Tour houcrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tour houcrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural feature of mosques</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minaret_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minaret (disambiguation)">Minaret (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey,_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg/220px-Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg/330px-Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg/440px-Minaret_of_Qayt_Bey%2C_Umayyad_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2215" /></a><figcaption>Minaret at the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></figcaption></figure> A minaret (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɪnəˈrɛt, ˈmɪnəˌrɛt/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: منارة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: manāra, or Arabic: مِئْذَنة, romanized: miʾḏana; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: minare; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: گل‌دسته, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: goldaste) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a> typically built into or adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>. Minarets are generally used to project the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">call to prayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a>) from a <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a>, but they also served as landmarks and symbols of Islam's presence.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> They can have a variety of forms, from thick, squat towers to soaring, pencil-thin spires.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Two Arabic words are used to denote the minaret tower: manāra and manār. The English word "minaret" originates from the former, via the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> version (minare).<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-:17-6">[6]</a>: 132  The Arabic word manāra (plural: manārāt) originally meant a "lamp stand", a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">menorah</a>. It is assumed to be a derivation of an older <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> form, manwara. The other word, manār (plural: manā'ir or manāyir), means "a place of light". Both words derive from the Arabic root n-w-r, which has a meaning related to "light".<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 46  Both words also had other meanings attested during the early Islamic period: manār could also mean a "sign" or "mark" (to show one where to go) and both manār and manāra could mean "<a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 46–47  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/170px-The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/255px-The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/340px-The_Muezzin%27s_Call_to_Prayer_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin's</a> call to prayer from the balcony of a minaret, 1878. Usually only one muezzin chants the azan from the balcony, back straight and not leaning on the railing.</figcaption></figure> The formal function of a minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a> can issue the call to prayer, or <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> The call to prayer is issued five times each day: dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> In most modern mosques, the adhān is called from the <a href="/wiki/Musallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Musallah">musallah</a> (prayer hall) via <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">speaker</a> system on the minaret.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> Additionally, minarets historically served a visual <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolic</a> purpose.<a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a> In the early 9th century, the first minarets were placed opposite the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> wall.<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Oftentimes, this placement was not beneficial in reaching the community for the call to prayer.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> They served as a reminder that the region was Islamic and helped to distinguish mosques from the surrounding architecture.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> They also acted as symbols of the political and religious authority of the Muslim rulers who built them.<a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_design">Construction and design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction and design">edit</a>]</div> The region's socio-cultural context has influenced the shape, size, and form of minarets.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Different regions and periods developed different styles of minarets. Typically, the tower's shaft has a cylindrical, cuboid (square), or octagonal shape.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Stairs or ramps inside the tower climb to the top in a counterclockwise fashion. Some minarets have two or three narrow staircases fitted inside one another in order to allow multiple individuals to safely descend and ascend simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> At the top of the stairs, a balcony encircles the upper sections of the tower and from here the muezzin may give the call to prayer.<a href="#cite_note-:3-14">[13]</a> Some minaret traditions featured multiple balconies along the tower's shaft.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> The summit often finishes in a <a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">lantern</a>-like structure and/or a small dome, conical roof, or curving stone cap, which is in turn topped by a decorative metal <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Different architectural traditions also placed minarets at different positions relative to the mosque. The number of minarets by mosques was also not fixed: originally only one minaret accompanied a mosque, but some later traditions constructed more, especially for larger or more prestigious mosques.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Minarets are built out of any material that is readily available, and often changes from region to region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> In the construction of the tall and slender Ottoman minarets, molten iron was poured into pre-cut cavities inside the stones, which then solidified and helped to bind the stones together. This made the structures more resistant to earthquakes and powerful winds.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[12]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Elements of typical minaret design</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the stairway of a minaret in Mostar"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg/150px-Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg/225px-Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg/300px-Inside_the_minaret_of_a_mosque_in_Mostar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the stairway of a minaret in <a href="/wiki/Mostar" title="Mostar">Mostar</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the Giralda minaret in Seville, which has ascending ramps instead of stairs"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg/112px-Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg/169px-Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg/225px-Giralda_IMG_7500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> minaret in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, which has ascending ramps instead of stairs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Details_of_Qutab_Minar,_Delhi,_India_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ornate balcony at the Qutb Minar in Delhi"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg/150px-Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg/225px-Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg/300px-Details_of_Qutab_Minar%2C_Delhi%2C_India_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2972" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ornate balcony at the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a lantern structure at the top of a minaret at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg/110px-Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg/164px-Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg/219px-Top_of_a_minaret_at_Badshahi_Masjid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a lantern structure at the top of a minaret at the <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_009_(6333859377).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a metal finial in Istanbul"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg/100px-Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg/150px-Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg/200px-Istanbul_009_%286333859377%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1620" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a metal <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan,_Tunisia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg/220px-Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg/330px-Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg/440px-Minaret_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan%2C_Tunisia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, one of the oldest surviving minarets in the world</figcaption></figure> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> lacked minarets, and the call to prayer was often performed from smaller tower structures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Creswell_1-18">[17]</a> The early Muslim community of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> gave the call to prayer from the doorway or roof of the house of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, which doubled as a place for prayer, and this continued to be the practice in mosques during the period of the four <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun Caliphs</a> (632–661).<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 23, 28 <a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> The origin of the minaret is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Many 19th-century and early 20th-century scholars traced the origin of minarets to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> period (661–750) and believed that they imitated the church <a href="/wiki/Steeple" title="Steeple">steeples</a> found in Syria in those times.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 8  Others suggested that these towers were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> shrines in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 8  Some scholars, such as A. J. Butler and Hermann Thiersch, agreed that the Syrian minarets were derived from church towers but also argued that the minarets of Egypt were inspired by the form of the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Pharos Lighthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (which survived up until medieval times).<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 8–10  <a href="/wiki/K._A._C._Creswell" title="K. A. C. Creswell">K. A. C. Creswell</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> and important early-20th-century scholar of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, contributed a major study on the question in 1926<a href="#cite_note-Creswell_2-21">[20]</a> which then became the standard scholarly theory on the origin of minarets for roughly fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 11 Creswell attributed the origin of minaret towers to the influence of Syrian church towers and regarded the spiral or helicoidal minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> period as deriving from local ziggurat precedents, but rejected the possible influence of the Pharos Lighthouse. He also established that the earliest mosques had no minarets and he suggested that the first purpose-built minarets were built for the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> in 673.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 12  In 1989 <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Bloom" title="Jonathan M. Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> published a new study which argued that the first true minaret towers did not appear until the 9th century, under Abbasid rule, and that their initial purpose was not related to the call to prayer.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> References on Islamic architecture since the late 20th century often agree with Bloom's view that the mosques of the Umayyad Caliphate did not have minarets in the form of towers.<a href="#cite_note-:162-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> Instead of towers, some Umayyad mosques were built with platforms or shelters above their roofs that were accessed by a staircase and from which the muezzins could issue the call to prayer. These structures were referred to as a mi'dhana ("place of the adhān") or as a ṣawma῾a ("monk's cell",<a href="#cite_note-25">[b]</a> due to its small size).<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-6">[6]</a>: 132–137  An example of these platforms is documented during the reconstruction of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in 673 by <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a>'s local governor, <a href="/wiki/Maslama_ibn_Mukhallad_al-Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari">Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari</a>, who was given orders by the caliph to add one to each of the mosque's four corners, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a> which had a ṣawma῾a above each of the Roman-era towers at its four corners.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:052-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:242-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 12  Historical sources also mention such features in mosques in other parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. In another example, under the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Umayyad Emirate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, emir <a href="/wiki/Hisham_I_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Hisham I of Córdoba">Hisham I</a> ordered the addition of a ṣawma'a to the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a> in 793.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[27]</a>: 21  A possible exception to the absence of tower minarets is documented in Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">al-Walid</a>'s renovation of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a> in Medina in the early 8th century, during which he built a tower, referred to as a manāra, at each of the mosque's four corners. However, it is not clear what function these towers served. They do not appear to have been used for the call to prayer and may have been intended instead as visual symbols of the mosque's status.<a href="#cite_note-:15-30">[28]</a>: 21 <a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 49–50  Historical sources also reference an earlier manāra, built of stone, being added to the mosque of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in 665 by the Umayyad provincial governor,<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> but it is not entirely clear if it was a tower or what form it had, though it must have had a monumental appearance.<a href="#cite_note-:17-6">[6]</a>: 129, 134  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malwiya_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Malwiya_03.jpg/220px-Malwiya_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Malwiya_03.jpg/330px-Malwiya_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Malwiya_03.jpg/440px-Malwiya_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra" title="Great Mosque of Samarra">Great Mosque of Samarra</a> has a distinctive spiral minaret (848–852)</figcaption></figure>The first known minarets built as towers appeared under Abbasid rule.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> Four towers were added to the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Great Mosque of Mecca</a> during its Abbasid reconstruction in the late 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> In the 9th century single minaret towers were built in or near the middle of the wall opposite the qibla wall of mosques.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 72–79  These towers were built across the empire in a height to width ratio of around 3:1.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 79  One of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_minarets" title="List of oldest minarets">oldest minarets</a> still standing is that of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, built in 836 and well-preserved today.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 73–75 <a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-31">[29]</a> Other minarets that date from the same period, but less precisely dated, include the minaret of the Friday Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Siraf" title="Bandar Siraf">Siraf</a>, now the oldest minaret in Iran, and the minaret opposite the qibla wall at the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a> (known as the "Minaret of the Bride"), now the oldest minaret in the region of Syria (though its upper section was probably rebuilt multiple times).<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a>, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in present-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra" title="Great Mosque of Samarra">Great Mosque of Samarra</a> was built in the years 848–852 and featured a massive <a href="/wiki/Helicoid" title="Helicoid">helicoidal</a> minaret behind its northern wall. Its design was repeated in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dulaf_Mosque" title="Abu Dulaf Mosque">Abu Dulaf Mosque</a> (861).<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 76  The earlier theory which proposed that these helicoidal minarets were inspired by ancient Mesopotamian ziggurats has been challenged and rejected by some later scholars including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ettinghausen" title="Richard Ettinghausen">Richard Ettinghausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Oleg Grabar</a>, and Jonathan Bloom.<a href="#cite_note-:15-30">[28]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-:05222-32">[30]</a> Bloom also argues that the early Abbasid minarets were not built to host the call to prayer, but were instead adopted as symbols of Islam that were suited to important <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosques</a>. Their association with the muezzin and the call to prayer only developed later.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 64, 107–108  As the first minaret towers were built by the Abbasids and had a symbolic value associated with them, some of the Islamic regimes opposed to the Abbasids, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>, generally refrained from building them during these early centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:162-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a> The earliest evidence of minarets being used for hosting the call to prayer dates to the 10th century and it was only towards the 11th century that minaret towers became a near-universal feature of mosques.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: xvii, 64  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional styles">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Huaisheng_Mosque" title="Huaisheng Mosque">Huaishengsi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> is the Tower of Light, also known as the Guangta minaret (1350). The mosque and the minaret merge aspects of Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese architecture</a>. Its circular shaft and the double staircase arrangement inside it resembles the minarets of Iranian and Central Asian architecture, such as the Minaret of Jam.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo,_moschea_di_al-maridani,_minareto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG/220px-Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG/330px-Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG/440px-Cairo%2C_moschea_di_al-maridani%2C_minareto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amir_al-Maridani" title="Mosque of Amir al-Maridani">al-Maridani Mosque</a> (1340), the earliest example of a style repeated in later <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a> minarets</figcaption></figure> The style of minarets has varied throughout the history of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The minaret of the 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Ibn Tulun Mosque</a> imitated the spiral minarets of contemporary Abbasid Samarra, though the current tower was reconstructed later in 1296.<a href="#cite_note-:9-34">[32]</a>: 9  Under the Fatimids (10th-12th centuries), new mosques generally lacked minarets.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> One unusual exception is the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Mosque of al-Hakim</a>, built between 990 and 1010, which has two minarets at its corners. The two towers have slightly different shapes: both have square bases but one has a cylindrical shaft above this and the other an octagonal shaft. This multi-tier design was only found in the minarets of the great mosques at Mecca and Medina at that time, suggesting a possible link to those designs. Shortly after their construction, the lower sections of the minarets were encased in massive square bastions, for reasons that are not clearly known, and the tops were rebuilt in 1303 by a <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> sultan.<a href="#cite_note-:9-34">[32]</a>: 17–18 <a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-37">[35]</a>: 243  Under the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a> (late 12th to mid-13th centuries), the details of minarets borrowed from Fatimid designs. Most distinctively, the summits of minarets had a lantern structure topped by a pointed ribbed dome, whose appearance was compared to a mabkhara, or incense burner.<a href="#cite_note-:03-37">[35]</a>: 30  This design continued under the early <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri Mamluks</a> (13th to early 14th century), but soon began to evolve into the shapes distinctive to <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a>. They became very ornate and usually consisted of three tiers separated by balconies, with each tier having a different design than the others. This configuration was particularly characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[36]</a>: 77–80 <a href="#cite_note-:03-37">[35]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-:6-39">[37]</a> The minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amir_al-Maridani" title="Mosque of Amir al-Maridani">al-Maridani Mosque</a> (circa 1340) is the first one to have an entirely octagonal shaft and the first one to end with a narrow lantern structure consisting of eight slender columns topped by a bulbous stone <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a>. This style later became the basic standard form of Cairene minarets, while the makhbara-style summit disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-:03-37">[35]</a>: 114 <a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[38]</a>: 17 <a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[36]</a>: 77–80  Later minarets in the <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Burji Mamluk</a> period (late 14th to early 16th centuries) typically had an octagonal shaft for the first tier, a round shaft on the second, and a lantern structure with finial on the third level.<a href="#cite_note-:03-37">[35]</a>: 31 <a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[38]</a>: 26  The stone-carved decoration of the minaret also became very extensive and varied from minaret to minaret. Minarets with completely square or rectangular shafts reappeared at the very end of the Mamluk period during the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghuri" title="Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri">al-Ghuri</a> (r. 1501–1516). During al-Ghuri's reign, the lantern summits were also doubled – as with the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Qani-Bay" title="Mosque of Qani-Bay">Mosque of Qanibay Qara</a> or al-Ghuri's minaret at the al-Azhar Mosque – or even quadrupled – as with the original minaret of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Al-Ghuri_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Al-Ghuri Complex">al-Ghuri's madrasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:422-40">[38]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-:10-38">[36]</a>: 77–80  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran,_Central_Asia,_and_South_Asia">Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iran, Central Asia, and South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg/220px-Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg/330px-Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg/440px-Po-i-Kalyan_mosque_with_Kalyan_minaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Minaret" title="Kalyan Minaret">Kalyan Minaret</a> (left) in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> (1127)</figcaption></figure> Starting with the Seljuk period (11th and 12th centuries), minarets in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> had cylindrical shafts with square or octagonal bases that taper towards their summit. These minarets became the most common style in the eastern Islamic world (in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> During the Seljuk period minarets were tall and highly decorated with geometric and calligraphic design. They were built prolifically, even at smaller mosques or mosque complexes.<a href="#cite_note-:12-41">[39]</a>: 333 <a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Minaret" title="Kalyan Minaret">Kalyan Minaret</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> remains the most well known of the Seljuk minarets for its use of brick patterned decoration. The tallest minaret of this era, the <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a>, in a remote area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, was built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1175 by the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a> and features elaborate brick decoration and inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-41">[39]</a>: 333  The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the most monumental minaret in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, was built in 1199 and was designed on the same model as the Minaret of Jam.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG/220px-South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG/330px-South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG/440px-South-eastern_Minaret_-_Taj_Mahal_-_Agra_2014-05-14_3802.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>One of the minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (1643)</figcaption></figure>In later periods, however, minarets in this region became generally less monumental in comparison with the mosques for which they were built.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> The tradition of building pairs of minarets probably began in the 12th century, but it became especially prominent under the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanids</a> (13th-14th centuries), who built twin minarets flanking important <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwans</a> such as the mosque's entrance.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, which heavily patronized art and architecture, led to what is now called the "international Timurid" style which spread from Central Asia during and after the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-:11-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[41]</a>: 69  It is categorized by the use of multiple minarets. Examples of this style include the monuments of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, such as the minarets on the roof of the south gate in <a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_tomb" title="Akbar's tomb">Akbar's Tomb at Sikandra</a> (1613), the minarets on the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Tomb of Jahangir</a> (1628-1638), and the four minarets surrounding the mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-42">[40]</a> Elsewhere in India, some cities and towns along the coast have small mosques with simple staircase minarets.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iraq">edit</a>]</div> The oldest minarets in Iraq date from the Abbasid period. The Great Mosque of Samarra (848–852) is accompanied by one of the earliest preserved minarets, a 50-metre-high (160 ft) cylindrical brick tower with a spiral staircase wrapped around it, standing outside the walls of the mosque. It is the tallest of the early minarets of the Abbasid period and remains the most massive historic minaret in the world, involving over 6000 cubic meters of brick masonry.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 76  The Abu Dulaf Mosque, built near Samarra and finished in 861, has a smaller minaret of similar shape.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 76 <a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a> In the later <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> period (11th to 13th centuries), after the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> period, minarets were typically cylindrical brick towers whose square or polygonal bases were integrated into the structure of the mosque itself. Their main cylindrical shafts were tapered and culminated in <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> cornices supporting a balcony, above which is another small cylindrical turret topped by a dome. Two examples of this style are the Mosque of al-Khaffafin and the Mosque of Qumriyya.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a>: 312  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb_and_al-Andalus">Maghreb and al-Andalus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maghreb and al-Andalus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/220px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/330px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg/440px-Koutoubia_minaret_DSCF8275.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>Minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> (second half of 12th century)</figcaption></figure> Minarets in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (region encompassing present-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>) and historical <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>) traditionally have a square shaft and are arranged in two tiers: the main shaft, which makes up most of its height, and a much smaller secondary tower above this which is in turn topped by a <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> of copper or brass spheres.<a href="#cite_note-:02-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[27]</a> Some minarets in the Maghreb have octagonal shafts, though this is more characteristic of certain regions or periods; e.g. the minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Chefchaouen" title="Grand Mosque of Chefchaouen">Great Mosque of Chefchaouen</a>, the Great Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Ouazzane" title="Ouazzane">Ouazzane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Tangier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Tangier)">Kasbah Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Asilah" title="Great Mosque of Asilah">Great Mosque of Asilah</a> in Morocco or the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman-era</a> minarets of Tunisia such as the <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Dey_Mosque" title="Youssef Dey Mosque">Youssef Dey Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hammouda_Pacha_Mosque" title="Hammouda Pacha Mosque">Hammouda Pacha Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[46]</a> Inside the main shaft a staircase, and in other cases a ramp, ascends to the top of the minaret.<a href="#cite_note-:02-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[27]</a> The minaret at the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>, built in 836 under <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid</a> rule, is the oldest minaret in North Africa and one of the oldest minarets in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a> It has the shape of a massive tower with a square base, three levels of decreasing widths, and a total height of 31.5 meters.<a href="#cite_note-:7-31">[29]</a> The first two levels are from the original 9th-century construction but the third level was reconstructed at a later period.<a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 75  Another important minaret for the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">architectural history of the region</a> is the minaret built by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd ar-Rahman III</a> for the Great Mosque of Cordoba in 951–952, which became the model for later minarets in the Maghreb and al-Andalus.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[27]</a>: 61–63 <a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 137  <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bloom">Jonathan Bloom</a> has suggested that Abd ar-Rahman III's construction of the minaret – along with his sponsoring of other minarets around the same time in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> – was partly intended as a visual symbol of his self-declared authority as <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> and may have also been aimed at defying the rival Fatimid Caliphs to the east who did not endorse the construction of minarets at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Bloom_1-11">[10]</a>: 106–109  Other important historic minarets in the region are the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a>-era minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Kutubiyya_Mosque" title="Kutubiyya Mosque">Kutubiyya Mosque</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah_Mosque_(Marrakesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasbah Mosque (Marrakesh)">Kasbah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Tower" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Giralda" title="Giralda">Giralda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, all from the 12th and early 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:8-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selimiye_Mosque_(15051985908)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Selimiye_Mosque_%2815051985908%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="4990" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (1574), which features the four tallest Ottoman minarets</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">The Seljuks of Rum</a>, a successor state of the Seljuk Empire, built paired portal minarets from brick that had Iranian origins.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> In general, mosques in Anatolia had only one minaret and received decorative emphasis while most of the mosque remained plain.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> Seljuk minarets were built of stone or brick, usually resting on a stone base, and typically had a cylindrical or polygonal shaft that is less slender than later Ottoman minarets. They were sometimes embellished with decorative brickwork or glazed ceramic decoration up the level of their balconies.<a href="#cite_note-:14-50">[48]</a>: 372  <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman architecture</a> followed earlier Seljuk models and continued the Iranian tradition of cylindrical tapering minaret forms with a square base.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a> Classical Ottoman minarets are described as "pencil-shaped" due to their slenderness and sharply-pointed summits, often topped with a crescent moon symbol. The presence of more than one minaret, and of larger minarets, was reserved for mosques commissioned by the Ottoman sultans themselves. Taller minarets often also had multiple balconies (known as şerefe in Turkish) along their shafts instead of one.<a href="#cite_note-:0522-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_%C5%9Eerefeli_Mosque" title="Üç Şerefeli Mosque">Üç Şerefeli Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, finished in 1447, was the first sultanic mosque to have multiple minarets with multiple balconies. Of its four minarets, the northwestern minaret was the tallest Ottoman minaret up to that time, rising to 67 metres.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a>: 99–100  Its height was only surpassed by the minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Selimiye_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Selimiye Mosque, Edirne">Selimiye Mosque</a> in Edirne (1574), which are 70.89 meters tall and are the tallest minarets in Ottoman architecture.<a href="#cite_note-:5-43">[41]</a>: 226 <a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> Later Ottoman minarets also became plainer and more uniform in design. The trend of multiple minarets culminated in the six minarets of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Blue Mosque, Istanbul">Sultan Ahmed Mosque</a> (also known as the Blue Mosque) in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_minarets" title="List of oldest minarets">List of oldest minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_minarets" title="List of tallest minarets">List of tallest minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_minaret_referendum" title="2009 Swiss minaret referendum">2009 Swiss minaret referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_mosques" title="List of tallest mosques">List of tallest mosques</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The qibla is the direction of prayer for Muslims, and "qibla wall" of a mosque refers to the wall towards which Muslims face when praying. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> More specifically, referring to a small room or cell, with a pointed or tapering form, where a Christian monk would seclude himself.<a href="#cite_note-:17-6">[6]</a>: 133 <a href="#cite_note-:0-5">[5]</a>: 30  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/minaret">"minaret"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=minaret&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fminaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/minaret-architecture">"Miranet Function, Design & Importance"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 2022-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Miranet+Function%2C+Design+%26+Importance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fminaret-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_3-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Minaret". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195309911" title="Special:BookSources/9780195309911"><bdi>9780195309911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minaret&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=530-533&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195309911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Minaret/">"Miranet"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Miranet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMinaret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-30">ae</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2013). The minaret. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748637256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748637256"><bdi>978-0748637256</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856037134">856037134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+minaret&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F856037134&rft.isbn=978-0748637256&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrand1994" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). Islamic Architecture: Form, function, and meaning. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231101332" title="Special:BookSources/9780231101332"><bdi>9780231101332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture%3A+Form%2C+function%2C+and+meaning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780231101332&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque">"Mosque | place of worship"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mosque+%7C+place+of+worship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fmosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. pp. 187–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613663" title="Special:BookSources/9781134613663"><bdi>9781134613663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+architecture&rft.pages=187-190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134613663&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisbin" class="citation web cs1">Weisbin, Kendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-islam/beginners-guide-islamic-art/a/introduction-to-mosque-architecture">"Introduction to mosque architecture"</a>. Khan Academy. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+mosque+architecture&rft.aulast=Weisbin&rft.aufirst=Kendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fart-islam%2Fbeginners-guide-islamic-art%2Fa%2Fintroduction-to-mosque-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom_1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_1_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1989" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan (1989). Minaret Symbol of Islam. University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0197280137" title="Special:BookSources/0197280137"><bdi>0197280137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minaret+Symbol+of+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0197280137&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Minaret/">"Miranet"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Miranet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FMinaret%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamm2013" class="citation web cs1">Gamm, Niki (March 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/how-to-build-a-minaret-42595">"How to build a minaret"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=How+to+build+a+minaret&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.aulast=Gamm&rft.aufirst=Niki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fhow-to-build-a-minaret-42595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoğangün,_Ademİskender_Tuluk,_ÖLivaoğlu,_RamazanAcar,_Ramazan.2002" class="citation web cs1">Doğangün, Adem; İskender Tuluk, Ö; Livaoğlu, Ramazan; Acar, Ramazan. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229039007">"Traditional Turkish minarets on the basis of architectural and engineering concepts"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Traditional+Turkish+minarets+on+the+basis+of+architectural+and+engineering+concepts&rft.date=2002-05&rft.au=Do%C4%9Fang%C3%BCn%2C+Adem&rft.au=%C4%B0skender+Tuluk%2C+%C3%96&rft.au=Livao%C4%9Flu%2C+Ramazan&rft.au=Acar%2C+Ramazan.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229039007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal_SafranGhanamanAbu_Awward2019" class="citation book cs1">al Safran, Mansour; Ghanaman, Shehdeh; Abu Awward, Bassam (2019). Architectural and Structural Behavior Domes in Islamic Architecture. American Research Institute for Policy Development. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+and+Structural+Behavior+Domes+in+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=American+Research+Institute+for+Policy+Development&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=al+Safran&rft.aufirst=Mansour&rft.au=Ghanaman%2C+Shehdeh&rft.au=Abu+Awward%2C+Bassam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/minaret-architecture">"Minaret | architecture"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Minaret+%7C+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fminaret-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hawley" title="Donald Hawley">Donald Hawley</a>, Oman, pg. 201. Jubilee edition. <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stacey_International" title="Stacey International">Stacey International</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905743636" title="Special:BookSources/0905743636">0905743636</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creswell_1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Creswell_1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._C._Creswell" title="K. A. C. Creswell">Creswell, K. A. C.</a> (March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt-I". <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs">The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</a>. 48 (276): 134–140. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/862832">862832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Minaret%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Egypt-I&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=276&rft.pages=134-140&rft.date=1926-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F862832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetton2013" class="citation book cs1">Netton, Ian Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&dq=minaret+definition&pg=PA418">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Routledge. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17960-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-17960-1"><bdi>978-1-135-17960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-17960-1&rft.aulast=Netton&rft.aufirst=Ian+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYtmAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dminaret%2Bdefinition%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1991" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AhI5pP6BM2wC&dq=origin+of+minaret&pg=PA56">"Creswell and the Origins of the Minaret"</a>. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.). Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 55–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09372-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creswell+and+the+Origins+of+the+Minaret&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%3A+An+Annual+on+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09372-0&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhI5pP6BM2wC%26dq%3Dorigin%2Bof%2Bminaret%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creswell_2-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Creswell_2_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._C._Creswell" title="K. A. C. Creswell">Creswell, K. A. C.</a> (March 1926). "The Evolution of the Minaret, with Special Reference to Egypt". <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs">The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs</a>. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Minaret%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Egypt&rft.volume=48&rft.date=1926-03&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:162-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:162_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:162_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture. Routledge. pp. 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134613663" title="Special:BookSources/9781134613663"><bdi>9781134613663</bdi></a>. <q>Although the mosques of Damascus, Fustat and Medina had towers during the Umayyad period it is now generally agreed that the minaret was introduced during the Abbasid period (i.e. after 750 CE). Six mosques dated to the early ninth century all have a single tower or minaret attached to the wall opposite the mihrab. The purpose of the minaret in these mosques was to demonstrate the power of Abbasid religious authority. Those opposed to Abbasid power would not adopt this symbol of conformity, thus Fatimid mosques did not have towers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+architecture&rft.pages=187-188&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134613663&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchand2012" class="citation book cs1">Marchand, Trevor Hugh James (2012) [2001]. Minaret building and apprenticeship in Yemen. Routledge. pp. 22, 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minaret+building+and+apprenticeship+in+Yemen&rft.pages=22%2C+37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Marchand&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Hugh+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmuth2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmuth, Maximilian (2018). "Mosque-building on the Ottoman-Venetian Frontier, circa 1550–1650: The Phenomenon of Square-Tower Minarets Revisited". Muqarnas. 35: 175–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22118993_03501P008">10.1163/22118993_03501P008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134439335">134439335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Mosque-building+on+the+Ottoman-Venetian+Frontier%2C+circa+1550%E2%80%931650%3A+The+Phenomenon+of+Square-Tower+Minarets+Revisited&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=175-192&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22118993_03501P008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134439335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hartmuth&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0522_26-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillenbrandBurton-PageFreeman-Greenville1960–2007" class="citation book cs1">Hillenbrand, Robert; Burton-Page, J.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P. (1960–2007). "Manār, Manāra". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Man%C4%81r%2C+Man%C4%81ra&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Hillenbrand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Burton-Page%2C+J.&rft.au=Freeman-Greenville%2C+G.S.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-27"><a href="#cite_ref-:052_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel1991" class="citation book cs1">Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (1991). "Maslama b. Muk̲h̲allad". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill. p. 740. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maslama+b.+Muk%CC%B2h%CC%B2allad&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=740&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:242-28"><a href="#cite_ref-:242_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Damascus". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300218701" title="Special:BookSources/9780300218701"><bdi>9780300218701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300218701&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIRHbDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIslamic%2BPalace%2BArchitecture%2Bin%2Bthe%2BWestern%2BMediterranean%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinghausenGrabarJenkins-Madina2001" class="citation book cs1">Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1">Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250</a> (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088670" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088670"><bdi>9780300088670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+650%E2%80%931250&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300088670&rft.aulast=Ettinghausen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Jenkins-Madina%2C+Marilyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl1uWZAzN_VcC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1287&lang=en">"Minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan"</a>. Qantara - Mediterranean Heritage. Retrieved 2022-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qantara+-+Mediterranean+Heritage&rft.atitle=Minaret+of+the+Great+Mosque+of+Kairouan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1287%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05222-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:05222_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2019" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (2019). "Minaret". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161658" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161658"><bdi>9789004161658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minaret&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Three&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004161658&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloodNecipoğlu2017" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Islamic Architecture and Ornament in China"</a>. A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 622–625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Architecture+and+Ornament+in+China&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=622-625&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Kane2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Kane, Bernard (2016). The Mosques of Egypt. 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Wiley Blackwell. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fragmentation+and+the+Rival+Caliphates+of+Cordoba%2C+Cairo%2C+and+Baghdad+%28900%E2%80%931050%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1984" class="citation journal cs1">King, James Roy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847278">"THE RESTORATION OF THE AL-ḤĀKIM MOSQUE IN CAIRO"</a>. Islamic Studies. 23 (4): 325–335. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-8072">0578-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847278">20847278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+RESTORATION+OF+THE+AL-%E1%B8%A4%C4%80KIM+MOSQUE+IN+CAIRO&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=325-335&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0578-8072&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=James+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20847278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_37-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Caroline (2018). 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(April 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_4903">"Manār, Manāra"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.atitle=Man%C4%81r%2C+Man%C4%81ra&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sadan%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2F%2A-SIM_4903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:422-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:422_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:422_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrens-Abouseif1989" class="citation book cs1">Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C&pg=PP1">Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction</a>. Leiden, the Netherlands: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004096264" title="Special:BookSources/9789004096264"><bdi>9789004096264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Architecture+in+Cairo%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Leiden%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789004096264&rft.aulast=Behrens-Abouseif&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINsmT6zjAl8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneKorn2017" class="citation book cs1">Crane, Howard; Korn, Lorenz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Turko-Persian Empires between Anatolia and India"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turko-Persian+Empires+between+Anatolia+and+India&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Korn%2C+Lorenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolombekKoch2017" class="citation book cs1">Golombek, Lisa; Koch, Ebba (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"The Mughals, Uzbeks, and the Timurid Legacy"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 2. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 811–845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mughals%2C+Uzbeks%2C+and+the+Timurid+Legacy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=811-845&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft.aulast=Golombek&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Koch%2C+Ebba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom1995" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC&pg=PP3">The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300064650" title="Special:BookSources/9780300064650"><bdi>9780300064650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islam+1250-1800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780300064650&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mhIgewDtNkC%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambourn2017" class="citation book cs1">Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"Islam beyond Empires: Mosques and Islamic Landscapes in India and the Indian Ocean"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 765–766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+beyond+Empires%3A+Mosques+and+Islamic+Landscapes+in+India+and+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=765-766&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft.aulast=Lambourn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbaa2017" class="citation book cs1">Tabbaa, Yasser (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YgpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">"The Resurgence of the Baghdad Caliphate"</a>. In Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoğlu, Gülru (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Vol. 1. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 307–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119068662" title="Special:BookSources/9781119068662"><bdi>9781119068662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Resurgence+of+the+Baghdad+Caliphate&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=307-326&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781119068662&rft.aulast=Tabbaa&rft.aufirst=Yasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YgpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais1954" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27architecture+musulmane+d%27Occident&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arts+et+m%C3%A9tiers+graphiques&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%A7ais&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-47"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouriBenaboudBoujibar_El-KhatibLakhdar2010" class="citation book cs1">Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTbdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art</a> (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3902782311" title="Special:BookSources/978-3902782311"><bdi>978-3902782311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andalusian+Morocco%3A+A+Discovery+in+Living+Art&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Affaires+Culturelles+du+Royaume+du+Maroc+%26+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3902782311&rft.aulast=Touri&rft.aufirst=Abdelaziz&rft.au=Benaboud%2C+Mhammad&rft.au=Boujibar+El-Khatib%2C+Na%C3%AFma&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Kamal&rft.au=Mezzine%2C+Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTbdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinousBakloutiBen_TanfousBouteraa2002" class="citation book cs1">Binous, Jamila; Baklouti, Naceur; Ben Tanfous, Aziza; Bouteraa, Kadri; Rammah, Mourad; Zouari, Ali (2002). Ifriqiya: Thirteen Centuries of Art and Architecture in Tunisia (2nd ed.). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783902782199" title="Special:BookSources/9783902782199"><bdi>9783902782199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ifriqiya%3A+Thirteen+Centuries+of+Art+and+Architecture+in+Tunisia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Museum+With+No+Frontiers%2C+MWNF&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9783902782199&rft.aulast=Binous&rft.aufirst=Jamila&rft.au=Baklouti%2C+Naceur&rft.au=Ben+Tanfous%2C+Aziza&rft.au=Bouteraa%2C+Kadri&rft.au=Rammah%2C+Mourad&rft.au=Zouari%2C+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-49"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwert1992" class="citation book cs1">Ewert, Christian (1992). "The Architectural Heritage of Islamic Spain in North Africa". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain">Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 85–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870996371" title="Special:BookSources/0870996371"><bdi>0870996371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Architectural+Heritage+of+Islamic+Spain+in+North+Africa&rft.btitle=Al-Andalus%3A+The+Art+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85-96&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0870996371&rft.aulast=Ewert&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FAl_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-50"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattsteinDelius2011" class="citation book cs1">Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783848003808" title="Special:BookSources/9783848003808"><bdi>9783848003808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=h.f.ullmann&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783848003808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1971" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). A History of Ottoman Architecture. New York: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500274290" title="Special:BookSources/0500274290"><bdi>0500274290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ottoman+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0500274290&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisler2019" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Philip (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUnSDwAAQBAJ&dq=tallest+ottoman+minaret&pg=PA126">"Challenging the Hagia Sophia: The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne as Ottoman Empire Branding"</a>. In Krawietz, Birgit; Riedler, Florian (eds.). The Heritage of Edirne in Ottoman and Turkish Times: Continuities, Disruptions and Reconnections. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-063908-7"><bdi>978-3-11-063908-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Challenging+the+Hagia+Sophia%3A+The+Selimiye+Mosque+in+Edirne+as+Ottoman+Empire+Branding&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Edirne+in+Ottoman+and+Turkish+Times%3A+Continuities%2C+Disruptions+and+Reconnections&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-063908-7&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUnSDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtallest%2Bottoman%2Bminaret%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Jonathan M. Bloom (1989), Minaret, symbol of Islam, Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-728013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-728013-3">978-0-19-728013-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minaret&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083459/http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=647">"The Minaret, Symbol of a Civilization"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Minaret">"Minaret" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minaret&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinaret" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_architecture" title="Template talk:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates" title="Architecture of the Deccan sultanates">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture" title="Aghlabid architecture">Aghlabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_architecture" title="Almoravid architecture">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_architecture" title="Almohad architecture">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafsid_architecture" title="Hafsid architecture">Hafsid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture" title="Zayyanid architecture">Zayyanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 1.0em"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/200px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/300px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/400px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a> (four-arch structure)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharging_arch" title="Discharging arch">Discharging arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambrequin_arch" title="Lambrequin arch">Lambrequin arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee#Ogee_arch" title="Ogee">Ogee arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive#architecture" title="Ogive">Pointed arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">Squinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Vaulting" title="Islamic architecture">Vaulting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roofs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Arabic dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">Onion dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes" title="History of Persian domes">Persian dome</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asian_domes" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asian domes">South Asian dome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dome" title="Semi-dome">Semi-dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajug" title="Tajug">Tajug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhajja" title="Chhajja">Chhajja</a> (eaves)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaza" title="Anaza">Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedug" title="Bedug">Bedug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikka" title="Dikka">Dikka</a> (or müezzin mahfili)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussainiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussainiya">Hussainiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers_in_mosques" title="Loudspeakers in mosques">Loudspeakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">Maqsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Zarih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(For overview, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a> (multicoloured ashlar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashani" title="Qashani">Qashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebka" title="Sebka">Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsa" title="Shamsa">Shamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a> (entrance hall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirador_(architecture)" title="Mirador (architecture)">Mirador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosh_(architecture)" title="Hosh (architecture)">Hosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a_(room)" title="Qa'a (room)">Qa’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenana" title="Zenana">Zenana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatri" title="Chhatri">Chhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fina_(architecture)" title="Fina (architecture)">Fina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouar" title="Mechouar">Mechouar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil_(fountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil (fountain)">Sebil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passive cooling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a> (fountain type)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharokha" title="Jharokha">Jharokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq (arcade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a> (courtyard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(fountain)" title="Salsabil (fountain)">Salsabil (fountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Haram_Piazza_Shading_Umbrellas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Haram Piazza Shading Umbrellas">Shading Umbrellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">Congregational mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Muwaqqit" title="Dar al-Muwaqqit">Dar al-Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab (or maktab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">takyeh</a> in modern Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(building)" title="Baradari (building)">Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Dar al-Shifa (Bimaristan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghorfa" title="Ghorfa">Ghorfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasht-Bihisht_(Architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasht-Bihisht (Architecture)">Hasht-Bihisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahal_(palace)" title="Mahal (palace)">Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsar" title="Amsar">Amsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchNet" title="ArchNet">ArchNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_with_No_Frontiers" title="Museum with No Frontiers">Museum with No Frontiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art#Architecture" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Arabic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Berber_architecture" title="Category:Berber architecture">Berber architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Iran" title="Category:Architecture in Iran">Iranian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architecture" title="Category:Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moorish_architecture" title="Category:Moorish architecture">Moorish architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">Mughal architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Architecture in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Category:Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_Yemen" title="Category:Architecture in Yemen">Yemeni architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a> • <a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/16px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/24px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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