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id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arab-Norman_culture_in_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab-Norman_culture_in_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Arab-Norman culture in Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-Norman_culture_in_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Influence_on_Gothic_Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Influence_on_Gothic_Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Islamic Influence on Gothic Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Influence_on_Gothic_Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pointed_arch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointed_arch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Pointed arch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointed_arch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Templar_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Templar_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Templar churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Templar_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_elements_in_Renaissance_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_elements_in_Renaissance_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islamic elements in Renaissance art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_elements_in_Renaissance_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic elements in Renaissance art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_elements_in_Renaissance_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudo-Kufic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudo-Kufic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pseudo-Kufic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudo-Kufic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Eastern_Carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Eastern Carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Eastern_Carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Islamic costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ornament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence in North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_in_North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence in North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>21st Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes_and_item_notices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes_and_item_notices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes and item notices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes_and_item_notices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influ%C3%A8ncies_isl%C3%A0miques_en_l%27art_cristi%C3%A0" title="Influències islàmiques en l'art cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Influències islàmiques en l'art cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencias_isl%C3%A1micas_en_el_arte_occidental" title="Influencias islámicas en el arte occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Influencias islámicas en el arte occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="تاثیرهای اسلامی بر هنر غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاثیرهای اسلامی بر هنر غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influences_de_l%27Islam_sur_l%27art_occidental" title="Influences de l'Islam sur l'art occidental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Influences de l'Islam sur l'art occidental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenze_islamiche_nell%27arte_occidentale" title="Influenze islamiche nell'arte occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenze islamiche nell'arte occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengaruh_Islam_terhadap_seni_lukis_Barat" title="Pengaruh Islam terhadap seni lukis Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengaruh Islam terhadap seni lukis Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_vpliv_na_zahodno_umetnost" title="Islamski vpliv na zahodno umetnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islamski vpliv na zahodno umetnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/220px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/330px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/440px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Islamicate pointed arches and Byzantine mosaics complement each other within the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Palatine Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moissac.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moissac.2.jpg/220px-Moissac.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moissac.2.jpg/330px-Moissac.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moissac.2.jpg/440px-Moissac.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Romanesque portal at <a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a>—see text. Detail of the tympanum <a href="/wiki/File:Abadia_de_Saint-Pierre_de_Moissac_-_Portalada_Sud_de_Moissac.JPG" title="File:Abadia de Saint-Pierre de Moissac - Portalada Sud de Moissac.JPG">here</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Islamic influences on Western art</b> refers to the stylistic and formal influence of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, defined as the artistic production of the territories ruled by Muslims from the 7th century onward, on European <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>. Western European Christians interacted with Muslims in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and formed a relationship based on shared ideas and artistic methods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic art includes a wide variety of media including calligraphy, illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork, and glass, and because the Islamic world encompassed people of diverse religious backgrounds, artists and craftsmen were not always Muslim, and came from a wide variety of different backgrounds. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass production</a>, for example, remained a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> speciality throughout the period. Christian art in Islamic lands, such as that produced in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic Egypt</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenian communities in Iran</a>, continued to develop under Islamic rulers. </p><p>Islamic decorative arts were highly valued imports to Europe throughout the Middle Ages. In the early period, textiles were especially important, due to the labor-intensive nature of their production. These textiles originating in the Islamic world were frequently used for church vestments, shrouds, hangings and clothing for the elite. Islamic pottery of everyday quality was still preferred to European wares.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early centuries of Islam, the most important points of contact between the Latin West and the Islamic world from an artistic point of view were Southern Italy, Sicily, and the Iberian peninsula, which both held significant Muslim populations. Later the <a href="/wiki/Italian_maritime_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian maritime republic">Italian maritime republics</a> were important in trading artworks. In the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Islamic art seems to have had relatively little influence even on the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader art">Crusader art</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader kingdom">Crusader kingdoms</a>, though it may have stimulated the desire for Islamic imports among Crusaders returning to Europe. Islamic architecture, however, appeared to influence the designs of Templar churches within the Middle East and other cathedrals within Europe upon the return of Crusaders in the 12th and 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous techniques from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> formed the basis of art in the <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Sicily">Norman Sicily</a>, much of which used Muslim artists and craftsmen working in the style of their own tradition. Techniques included inlays in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, often used for architectural decoration, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory carving</a> to create sculptures or containers, and bronze <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iberia the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic art and architecture</a> of the Christian population living under Muslim rule remained very Christian in most ways, but showed Islamic influences in other respects; much what was described as this is now called <a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación art and architecture</a>. During the late centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> Christian craftsmen started using Islamic artistic elements in their buildings, as a result the <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a> style was developed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/300px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/450px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg/600px-Late_Medieval_Trade_Routes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the main trade routes of late medieval Europe</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></div> <p>Islamic art was widely imported and admired by European elites during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an early formative stage from 600-900 and the development of regional styles from 900 onwards. Early Islamic art used mosaic artists and sculptors trained in the Byzantine and Coptic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of wall-paintings, Islamic art used painted <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a>, from as early as 862-3 (at the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Uqba">Great Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), which also spread to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> contains "three elements in exactly equal proportions — the Roman, the Lombard, and Arab. It is the central building of the world. ... the history of Gothic architecture is the history of the refinement and spiritualization of Northern work under its influence".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""إمام البيعة المسيحية بابا" "بسم الله والابن والروح القدس الله الوحيد من أمناء وتعمد يكون سليمة""" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg/220px-Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg/330px-Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg/440px-Alfonso_VIII_maraved%C3%AD_701240.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII of Castile</a> in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dinar" title="Almoravid dinar">Almoravid dinar</a>, 1191. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> text makes Christian professions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the Middle Ages, Islamic rulers controlled at various points parts of Southern Italy, the island of Sicily, and most of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, all of which retained large Christian populations. The Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusaders</a> also held territory in regions of the Islamic world, and ruled over some Muslim populations. <a href="/wiki/Crusader_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader art">Crusader art</a> is mainly a hybrid of Catholic and Byzantine styles, showing little Islamic influence; however, the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic art">Mozarabic art</a> of Christians in <a href="/wiki/Al_Andaluz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Andaluz">Al Andalus</a> seems to show considerable influence from Islamic art. Islamic influence can also be traced in Romanesque and Gothic art in northern European art. For example, in the Romanesque portal at <a href="/wiki/Moissac" title="Moissac">Moissac</a> in southern France, the scalloped edges to the doorway and the circular decorations on the <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> above, have parallels in Iberian Islamic art. The depiction of Christ in Majesty surrounded by musicians, which was to become a common feature of Western heavenly scenes, may derive from courtly images of Islamic rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a>, ornament, and the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> generally were more important than in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moresque">Hispano-Moresque</a> pottery wares of Spain were first produced in Al-Andalus, but Muslim potters then seem to have emigrated to the area of Christian <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>. Here they produced work that was exported to Christian elites across Europe;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other types of Islamic luxury goods, notably silk textiles and carpets, came from the generally wealthier<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eastern Islamic world itself (the Islamic conduits to Europe west of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> were, however, not wealthier),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many passing through Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for the most part luxury products of the court culture such as silks, ivory, precious stones and jewels were imported to Europe only in an unfinished form and manufactured into the end product labelled as "eastern" by local medieval artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were free from depictions of religious scenes and normally decorated with <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament (architecture)">ornament</a>, which made them easy to accept in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed by the late Middle Ages there was a fashion for <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">pseudo-Kufic</a> imitations of Arabic script used decoratively in Western art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decorative_arts">Decorative arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Decorative arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispanomoresque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hispanomoresque.JPG/220px-Hispanomoresque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hispanomoresque.JPG/330px-Hispanomoresque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hispanomoresque.JPG/440px-Hispanomoresque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moresque">Hispano-Moresque</a> dish, approx 32cm diameter, with Christian monogram "<a href="/wiki/Christogram" title="Christogram">IHS</a>", decorated in cobalt blue and gold lustre, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, c.1430-1500</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the end of the Middle Ages, many European produced goods could not match the quality of objects originating from areas in the Islamic world or the Byzantine Empire. Because of this, a wide variety of portable objects from various <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> were imported from the Islamic world into Europe during the Middle Ages, mostly through Italy, and above all Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Venetians visited cities like Damascus, Cairo, and Aleppo throughout the Middle Ages. When they would visit these Muslim centers, they would bring back new ideas for art and architecture. The city of Venice was built with a Christian population in mind, but implemented many classic Islamic elements, and the merchant-city reputation of Venice helped solidify the blend of Islamic and Christian cultures at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many areas European-made goods could not match the quality of Islamic or Byzantine work until near the end of the Middle Ages. Luxury textiles were widely used for clothing and hangings and also, fortunately for art history, also often as shrouds for the burials of important figures, which is how most surviving examples were preserved. In this area <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine silk</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sassanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian">Sassanian</a> textiles, and Islamic silk by both, so that is hard to say which culture's textiles had the greatest influence on the Cloth of St Gereon, a large <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> which is the earliest and most important European imitation of Eastern work. European, especially Italian, cloth gradually caught up with the quality of Eastern imports, and adopted many elements of their designs. </p><p>Byzantine pottery was not produced in high-quality types, as the Byzantine elite used silver instead. Islam has many <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadithic</a> injunctions against eating off precious metal, and so developed many varieties of fine pottery for the elite, often influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a> wares which had the highest status among the Islamic elites themselves — the Islamic only produced porcelain in the modern period. Much Islamic pottery was imported into Europe, dishes (<a href="/wiki/Bacini" title="Bacini">bacini</a>) even in Islamic <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> in the 13th century, in <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>, where much of the production was already exported to Christian countries. Many of the potters migrated to the area of <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a>, long reconquered by the Christians, and production here outstripped that of Al-Andalus. Styles of decoration gradually became more influenced by Europe, and by the 15th century the Italians were also producing lustrewares, sometimes using Islamic shapes like the <a href="/wiki/Albarello" title="Albarello">albarello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metalwork forms like the zoomorphic jugs called <a href="/wiki/Aquamanile" title="Aquamanile">aquamanile</a> and the bronze <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> were also introduced from the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudéjar_art_in_Spain"><span id="Mud.C3.A9jar_art_in_Spain"></span>Mudéjar art in Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mudéjar art in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></div> <p>Mudéjar art is a style influenced by Islamic art that developed from the 12th century until the 16th century in the Iberia's Christian kingdoms. It is the consequence of the <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">convivencia</i></span></i> between the Muslim, Christian and Jewish populations in medieval Spain. The elaborate decoration typical of Mudéjar style fed into the development of the later <a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> style in Spanish architecture, combining with late Gothic and Early Renaissance elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pseudo-Kufic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/220px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/330px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/440px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>Master Alpais' <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a>, circa 1200 with rim engraved with Arabic script, <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 1215-30. Louvre Museum MRR 98</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script was often imitated in the West during the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, to produce what is known as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">pseudo-Kufic</a>: <i>"Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous cases of pseudo-Kufic are known in European religious art from around the 10th to the 15th century. Pseudo-Kufic would be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a> or frames. Many are visible in the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.51-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples are known of the incorporation of Kufic script such as a 13th French Master Alpais' <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab-Norman_culture_in_Sicily">Arab-Norman culture in Sicily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arab-Norman culture in Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab-Norman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Norman culture">Arab-Norman culture</a></div> <p>An example of this blended art style can be seen in the Mantle of Roger II. Designed in Norman Sicily, it went on to be the coronation garb for the Holy Roman Empire. The mantle depicts  lions overcoming camels, symbolic imagery to allude to the Norman conquering of Arab territory. This symbol also draws from Islamic cultures' usage of the lion as a symbol of victory at the time, though it flips the context, as it is being used to depict the Norman victory over the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription on the mantle is also written in Arabic, referencing the culture and language of the lands they overthrew. </p><p>The Normans of Sicily were located at a crossroads between European Christian cultures, and the Islamic worlds of Spain, North Africa, Western Asia. Though they were a Christian culture, the lands they ruled over had been previously occupied by Arab Islamic rule until the Normans overtook it in 1060,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their art style reflects this previous Arab leadership and existence at a middle ground in the Medieval world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Cappella_Palatina" title="Cappella Palatina">Cappella Palatina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, incorporated Islamic elements, probably usually created by local Muslim craftsmen working in their own traditions. The ceiling at the Cappella, with its wooden vault arches and gilded figurines, has close parallels with Islamic buildings in <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, and reflect the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactite</a>) technique of emphasizing three-dimensional elements<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_arch" title="Diaphragm arch">diaphragm arch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> in origin, was widely used in Islamic architecture, and may have spread from Spain to France.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_Influence_on_Gothic_Architecture">Islamic Influence on Gothic Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islamic Influence on Gothic Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_(1878)_-_TIMEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/220px-The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/330px-The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg/440px-The_Liwan_or_Sanctuary_of_the_Mosque_of_Ibn-Tuloon_%281878%29_-_TIMEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The Liwan or Sanctuary of the Mosque of Ibn-Tuloon (1878)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Western scholars of the 18–19th century, who generally preferred <a href="/wiki/Classical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical art">Classical art</a> characterized <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> as "disorder[ed]”, causing several to draw similarities between Gothic and Islamic architecture. The theory that the Gothic architectural style was influenced by Islamic architecture was made widely known by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a> in his Parentalia (1750). Wren argued that the pointed arch and ribbed-vaulting characteristics of the Gothic style were borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a>, typically Arab Muslims, therefore Gothic art should be called the “Saracen style” of architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(geologist)" title="William Hamilton (geologist)">William Hamilton</a> commented on the <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> monuments in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>: "The more I saw of this peculiar style, the more I became convinced that the Gothic was derived from it, with a certain mixture of Byzantine (...) the origin of this Gotho-Saracenic style may be traced to the manners and habits of the Saracens"<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8th century <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> Caliphate within the Iberian peninsula was credited with introducing many elements adopted into Gothic architecture within Spain, and Christian Crusaders returning home to Europe in the 12th and 13th century carried Islamic architectural influences with them into France and later England.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several attributes of Gothic architecture have been biasedly attributed to being borrowed from Islamic styles. The 18th-century English historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warton" title="Thomas Warton">Thomas Warton</a> summarized: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The marks which constitute the character of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracenical</a> architecture, are, its numerous and prominent <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a>, its lofty <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacles</a>, its large and ramified windows, its ornamental niches or <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopy (building)">canopies</a>, its sculptured saints, the delicate lace-work of its fretted roofs, and the profusion of ornaments lavished indiscriminately over the whole building: but its peculiar distinguishing characteristics are, the small cluttered pillars and pointed arches, formed by the segments of two interfering circles"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warton" title="Thomas Warton">Thomas Warton</a> <i>Essays on Gothic architecture</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>When Sir. Christopher Wren constructed <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St. Paul’s Cathedral</a> in London, he admitted the use of “Saracen vaulting,” referring to the ribbed-vaulting typical of Islamic mosques, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Great Mosque of Cordoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wren’s attribution of the Gothic’s style’s pointed arch to Islamic architecture was affirmed by 21st century scholar Diana Darke, who in Stealing from the Saracens: How Islamic Architecture Shaped Europe explains that the pointed arch first  appeared in the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in Jerusalem, which was built by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the trefoil arch, which was adopted by Gothic architects to symbolize the Holy Trinity, first appeared within Umayyad shrines and palaces before it was seen in European architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darke’s argument that Western Gothic art was borrowed directly from Islamic art has been criticized for ignoring <a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">cross-cultural influences</a> in Islamic art itself, which make it difficult to determine which architectural elements were created by whom in a strictly linear evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pointed_arch">Pointed arch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pointed arch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monreale-bjs-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monreale-bjs-17.jpg/220px-Monreale-bjs-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monreale-bjs-17.jpg/330px-Monreale-bjs-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monreale-bjs-17.jpg/440px-Monreale-bjs-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Romanesque exterior of <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, showing the influence of Islamic architecture</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arch</a> originated in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanian</a> empires, where it mostly appears in early churches in Syria. The Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a> has curved elliptical arches rising to a pointed <a href="/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)">keystone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_61-63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The priority of the Byzantines in its use is also evidenced by slightly pointed examples in <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Apollinare_in_Classe" title="Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe">Sant'Apollinare in Classe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Irene" title="Hagia Irene">Hagia Irene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_61-63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointed arch was subsequently adopted and widely used by Muslim architects, becoming the characteristic arch of Islamic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren_61-63-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bony, it has spread from Islamic lands, possibly through <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, then under Islamic rule, and from there to <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, before the end of the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bony_17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bony_17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardner_p.342_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardner_p.342-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointed arch reduced architectural thrust by about 20% and therefore had practical advantages over the semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> arch for the building of large structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Bony_17_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bony_17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pointed arch as a defining characteristic of Gothic architecture appears to have been introduced from the Islamic, in some areas, but to have evolved as a structural solution in late <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, both in England at <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/French_Romanesque_architecture" title="French Romanesque architecture">Burgundian Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Bony,_12_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bony,_12-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Templar_churches">Templar churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Templar churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Templars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/220px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/330px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Seal_of_Templars.jpg/440px-Seal_of_Templars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Knights Templar featuring a domed building, whether from a dome from Al-Aqsa, the Dome of the Rock or the aedicula of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1119, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> received as headquarters part of the <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> in Jerusalem, considered by the crusaders the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a>, from which the order took its common name. Around a decade later, the royal palace moved their headquarters to near the Temple of David, and the Knights Templar took over all of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.  Subsequently, the Templar order built secular and religious structures within the mosque’s area, like multiple cloisters, shrines, and a church.  It's likely that the Templars used the Dome of the Rock, also known as al-Haram al-Sharif, as a standard to reach in terms of architectural beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical <a href="/wiki/Round_church" title="Round church">round churches</a> built by the knights across Western Europe, such as the London <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a>, may have been influenced by the shape of Al-Aqsa or the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> (known to Muslims as al-Haram al-Sharif), though it's possible they are also referencing the nearby rotunda in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Al-Aqsa and the Holy Sepulchre likely draw influence from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> mausolea such as the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>, round churches of early Christianity such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and Byzantine interpretations such as <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_elements_in_Renaissance_art">Islamic elements in Renaissance art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islamic elements in Renaissance art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/220px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/330px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/440px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a> script in the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, detail of <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> (1423) by <a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>. The script is further divided by <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a> like those on <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudo-Kufic_2">Pseudo-Kufic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pseudo-Kufic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Pseudo-Kufic is a decorative motif that resembles Kufic script and occurs in many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance paintings</a>. The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic in early Renaissance works is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13th–14th-century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>"In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> heroes like David"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mack states another hypothesis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Eastern_Carpets">Middle Eastern Carpets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Middle Eastern Carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi,_madonna_di_piazza,_1475-86_ca._(pistoia,_duomo)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg/220px-Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg/330px-Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg/440px-Andrea_del_verrocchio_e_lorenzo_di_credi%2C_madonna_di_piazza%2C_1475-86_ca._%28pistoia%2C_duomo%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Verrocchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrocchio">Verrocchio</a>'s <i>Madonna with Saint John the Baptist and Donatus</i> 1475-1483 with small-pattern Holbein Islamic carpet at her feet</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle-Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-Eastern">Middle-Eastern</a> origin, either from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>, were used as important decorative features in <a href="/wiki/Paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a> from the 13th century onwards, and especially in religious painting, starting from the Medieval period and continuing into the Renaissance period.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.73-93_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.73-93-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such carpets were often integrated into Christian imagery as symbols of luxury and status of Middle-Eastern origin, and together with <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a> script offer an interesting example of the integration of Eastern elements into European painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.73-93_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.73-93-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_rugs" title="Transylvanian rugs">Anatolian rugs were used in Transylvania</a> as decoration in Evangelical churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_costumes">Islamic costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islamic costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg/220px-Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg/330px-Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg/440px-Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>15th-century <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> depicted in <i>The Arrest of St. Mark from the Synagogue</i>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti" title="Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti">Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti</a>, 1499</figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic individuals and costumes often provided the contextual backdrop to describe an evangelical scene. This was particularly visible in a set of Venetian paintings in which contemporary <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> personages are employed anachronistically in paintings describing <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a> situations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.161_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example in point is the 15th century <i><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti_001.jpg" title="File:Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti 001.jpg">The Arrest of St. Mark from the Synagogue</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Mansueti" title="Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti">Giovanni di Niccolò Mansueti</a> which accurately describes contemporary (15th century) Alexandrian Mamluks arresting <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark">Saint Mark</a> in an historic scene of the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.161_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another case is <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_Bellini_001.jpg" title="File:Gentile Bellini 001.jpg">Saint Mark Preaching in Alexandria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornament">Ornament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ornament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Western style of <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament (architecture)">ornament</a> based on the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a> developed, beginning in late 15th century <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>; it has been called either <a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">moresque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(European_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (European art)">western arabesque</a> (a term with a complicated history). It has been used in a great variety of the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> but has been especially long-lived in book design and <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, where small motifs in this style have continued to be used by conservative book designers up to the present day. It is seen in gold tooling on covers, borders for illustrations, and printer's ornaments for decorating empty spaces on the page. In this field the technique of gold tooling had also arrived in the 15th century from the Islamic world, and indeed much of the leather itself was imported from there.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Like other Renaissance ornament styles it was disseminated by <a href="/wiki/Ornament_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornament print">ornament prints</a> which were bought as patterns by craftsmen in a variety of trades. Peter Furhring, a leading specialist in the history of ornament, says that: </p><blockquote><p>The ornament known as moresque in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (but now more commonly called arabesque) is characterized by bifurcated scrolls composed of branches forming interlaced foliage patterns. These basic motifs gave rise to numerous variants, for example, where the branches, generally of a linear character, were turned into straps or bands. ... It is characteristic of the moresque, which is essentially a surface ornament, that it is impossible to locate the pattern's beginning or end. ... Originating in the Middle East, they were introduced to continental Europe via Italy and Spain ... Italian examples of this ornament, which was often used for bookbindings and embroidery, are known from as early as the late fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Elaborate book bindings with Islamic designs can be seen in religious paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/File:San_Zeno_Altarpiece.jpg" title="File:San Zeno Altarpiece.jpg">Saint John the Baptist and Zeno</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Verona" title="Zeno of Verona">Zeno</a> hold exquisite books with covers displaying Mamluk-style center-pieces, of a type also used in contemporary Italian book-binding.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_North_America">Influence in North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moorish architecture appeared in the Americas as early as the arrival of the Spanish led by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492. Many of the settlers from Spain were craftsmen and builders that converted to Christianity from Islam, bringing "domes, eight-pointed stars, quatrefoil elements, ironwork, courtyard fountains, balconies, towers, and colorful tiles" as noted by historian Phil Pasquini.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest building in the United States of America that was influenced by Islamic architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Alamo</a>. One of five missions in the area, it was supposed to include a dome and tower as per Moorish design, but was left in ruins after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">battle of the Alamo</a> in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_Century">21st Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 21st Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the attacks of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>, Islamic art and architecture has seen a decline in popularity in the United States. There are a few popular Islamic influenced tourist attractions in the United States, such as the Morocco pavilion in Disney's <a href="/wiki/Epcot" title="Epcot">Epcot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irvine_Spectrum_Center" title="Irvine Spectrum Center">Irvine Spectrum Center</a> in Irvine, California, and the Islamic-themed city of <a href="/wiki/Opa-locka,_Florida" title="Opa-locka, Florida">Opa-Locka, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influence_on_medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic influence on medieval Europe">Islamic influence on medieval Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes_and_item_notices">Explanatory notes and item notices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes and item notices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuriel_Barbier" class="citation web cs1">Muriel Barbier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615183547/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en">"Master Alpais' ciborium – Master G. ALPAIS – Decorative Arts"</a>. <i>Louvre museum website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en">the original</a> on 2011-06-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louvre+museum+website&rft.atitle=Master+Alpais%27+ciborium+%E2%80%93+Master+G.+ALPAIS+%E2%80%93+Decorative+Arts&rft.au=Muriel+Barbier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fllv%2Foeuvres%2Fdetail_notice.jsp%3FCONTENT%253C%253Ecnt_id%3D10134198673226036%26CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%253C%253Ecnt_id%3D10134198673226036%26FOLDER%253C%253Efolder_id%3D9852723696500778%26bmLocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebers, Georg. "Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque." Volume 1. Cassell & Company, Limited: New York, 1878. p 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Hamilton (1842) <i>Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researchesinasi00hamigoog/page/n226">p.206</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Warton (1802), <i>Essays on Gothic architecture</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FCoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA119">p.14</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeschelRyad2019" class="citation book cs1">Heschel, Susannah; Ryad, Umar (2019). <i>The Muslim Reception of European Orientalism</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-23203-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-23203-7"><bdi>978-1-138-23203-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Reception+of+European+Orientalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-23203-7&rft.aulast=Heschel&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft.au=Ryad%2C+Umar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 3–8, and throughout</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarke,_Diana2020" class="citation book cs1">Darke, Diana (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1197079954"><i>Stealing from the Saracens how Islamic architecture shaped Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-305-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-305-0"><bdi>978-1-78738-305-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1197079954">1197079954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealing+from+the+Saracens+how+Islamic+architecture+shaped+Europe&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1197079954&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-305-0&rft.au=Darke%2C+Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1197079954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAubé2006">Aubé 2006</a>, pp. 164–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, 324; Mack, Chapter 1, and passim throughout; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/sumay/hd_sumay.htm">The Art of the Umayyad Period in Spain (711–1031), Metropolitan Museum of Art timeline</a> Retrieved April 1, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHonourFleming1982">Honour & Fleming 1982</a>, pp. 256–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHonourFleming1982">Honour & Fleming 1982</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/sov/1.html">chapter 1, paras 25 and 29</a>; discussed pp. 49–56 here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzI3Pf0TSn4C&dq=Ruskin+Orientalism&pg=PA59">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=70642">"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 70. SPAIN, Castile. Alfonso VIII. 1158-1214. AV Maravedi Alfonsi-Dobla (3.86 g, 4h). Toledo (Tulaitula) mint. Dated Safar era 1229 (1191 AD)"</a>. <i>www.cngcoins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+Feature+Auction+CNG+70.+SPAIN%2C+Castile.+Alfonso+VIII.+1158-1214.+AV+Maravedi+Alfonsi-Dobla+%283.86+g%2C+4h%29.+Toledo+%28Tulaitula%29+mint.+Dated+Safar+era+1229+%281191+AD%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D70642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/coin">"Coin - Portugal"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Coin+-+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith1964">Beckwith 1964</a>, pp. 206–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Dalu & Michell, George, (eds); <i>The Arts of Islam</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">Arts Council of Great Britain</a>, 9, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7287-0081-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7287-0081-6">0-7287-0081-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caiger-Smith, chapters 6 & 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (writer)">Hugh Thomas</a>, <i>An Unfinished History of the World</i>, 224-226, 2nd edn. 1981, Pan Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-26458-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-26458-3">0-330-26458-3</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>, <i>Civilization & Capitalism, 15-18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life</i>, William Collins & Sons, London 1981, p. 440: "If medieval Islam towered over the Old Continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific for centuries on end, it was because no state (Byzantium apart) could compete with its gold and silver money ..."; and Vol 3: <i>The Perspective of the World</i>, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216133-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-216133-8">0-00-216133-8</a>, p. 106: "For them [the Italian maritime republics], success meant making contact with the rich regions of the Mediterranean - and obtaining gold currencies, the dinars of Egypt or Syria, ... In other words, Italy was still only a poor peripheral region ..." [period before the Crusades]. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm">Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2008 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216033959/http://www.ggdc.net/MADDISON/oriindex.htm">Archived</a> 2019-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> show Iran and Iraq as having the world's highest per capita GDP in the year 1000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rather than along religious lines, the divide was between east and west, with the rich countries all lying east of the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison, Angus</a> (2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1">978-0-19-922721-1</a>, p. 382, table A.7. and Maddison, Angus (2007): "Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History", Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922721-1">978-0-19-922721-1</a>, p. 185, table 4.2 give 425 <a href="/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary–Khamis dollar">1990 International Dollars</a> for Christian Western Europe, 430 for Islamic North Africa, 450 for Islamic Spain and 425 for Islamic Portugal, while only Islamic Egypt and the Christian Byzantine Empire had significantly higher GDP per capita than Western Europe (550 and 680–770 respectively) (<a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Branko Milanovic">Milanovic, Branko</a> (2006): "An Estimate of Average Income and Inequality in Byzantium around Year 1000", <i>Review of Income and Wealth</i>, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 449–470 (468))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The subject of Mack's book; the Introduction gives an overview</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffman, Eva R. (2007): <i>Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century</i>, pp.324f., in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.): <i>Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5">978-1-4051-2071-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The subject of Mack's book; see Chapter 1 especially.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2000" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Deborah (2000). <i>Venice and the East</i>. Connecticut: Yale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08504-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08504-4"><bdi>0-300-08504-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice+and+the+East&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08504-4&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caiger-Smith, Chapters 6 and 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesMichell1976">Jones & Michell 1976</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack,_p.51-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLa_NieceMcLeodRohrs2010">La Niece, McLeod & Rohrs 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.2007" class="citation book cs1">R., Hoffman, Eva (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/886982374"><i>Pathways of portability : Islamic and christian interchange from the tenth to the twelfth century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886982374">886982374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathways+of+portability+%3A+Islamic+and+christian+interchange+from+the+tenth+to+the+twelfth+century.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886982374&rft.aulast=R.&rft.aufirst=Hoffman%2C+Eva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F886982374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinhenzBarker2004">Kleinhenz & Barker 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spKxJeHJgTAC&pg=PA835">835</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBony1985">Bony 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC&pg=PA306">306</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonia.1986" class="citation book cs1">Tonia., Raquejo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1026541162"><i>The "arab cathedrals" : moorish architecture as seen by British travellers</i></a>. Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026541162">1026541162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22arab+cathedrals%22+%3A+moorish+architecture+as+seen+by+British+travellers&rft.pub=Burlington+Magazine+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026541162&rft.aulast=Tonia.&rft.aufirst=Raquejo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1026541162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchiffer1999">Schiffer 1999</a>, p. 141 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhcYwZIGd94C&pg=PA141">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren_61-63-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warren_61-63_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1991" class="citation cs2">Warren, John (1991), "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture", <i>Muqarnas</i>, vol. 8, pp. 59–65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Creswell%27s+Use+of+the+Theory+of+Dating+by+the+Acuteness+of+the+Pointed+Arches+in+Early+Muslim+Architecture&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=59-65&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bony_17-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bony_17_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bony_17_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBony1985">Bony 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC&pg=PA17">17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardner_p.342-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardner_p.342_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleiner2008">Kleiner 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJrN8rDirxkC&pg=PT342">342</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bony,_12-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bony,_12_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBony1985">Bony 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC&pg=PA12">12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Lucy-Anne (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.2000.132.2.131">"Crusader Sculpture and the So-Called 'Templar Workshop': A Reassessment of Two Carved Panels from the Dome of the Rock in the Haram Al-Sharif Museum in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>132</b> (2): 131–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.2000.132.2.131">10.1179/peq.2000.132.2.131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328">0031-0328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161235781">161235781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Crusader+Sculpture+and+the+So-Called+%27Templar+Workshop%27%3A+A+Reassessment+of+Two+Carved+Panels+from+the+Dome+of+the+Rock+in+the+Haram+Al-Sharif+Museum+in+Jerusalem&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-156&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161235781%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-0328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.2000.132.2.131&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lucy-Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.2000.132.2.131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_and_Enchantment_of_Place&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="God and Enchantment of Place (page does not exist)">God and Enchantment of Place</a>: Reclaiming Human Experience</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(theologian)" title="David Brown (theologian)">David Brown</a>, Oxford University Press, 2004, page 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 52, 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsiIvJ16AU0C&dq=Pseudo-Kufic&pg=PA84">Freider. p.84</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack,_p.73-93-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.73-93_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.73-93_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 73–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ionescu,_Transylvanian_rugs_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIonescu2005" class="citation book cs1">Ionescu, Stefano (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transylvanianrugs.com/pdf/01.pdf"><i>Antique Ottoman Rugs in Transylvania</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Rome: Verduci Editore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antique+Ottoman+Rugs+in+Transylvania&rft.place=Rome&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Verduci+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ionescu&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transylvanianrugs.com%2Fpdf%2F01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack,_p.161-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.161_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.161_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 164–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarthan1961">Harthan 1961</a>, pp. 10–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuhring1994">Fuhring 1994</a>, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 125–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2001">Mack 2001</a>, pp. 127–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasquini2012" class="citation book cs1">Pasquini, Phil (2012). <i>Domes, Arches, and Minarets: a history of Islamic-inspired buildings in America</i>. Flypaper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9670016-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9670016-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9670016-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domes%2C+Arches%2C+and+Minarets%3A+a+history+of+Islamic-inspired+buildings+in+America&rft.pub=Flypaper&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9670016-1-6&rft.aulast=Pasquini&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubé2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Aub%C3%A9" title="Pierre Aubé">Aubé, Pierre</a> (2006). <i>Les empires normands d'Orient</i> (in French). Editions Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-262-02297-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-262-02297-6"><bdi>2-262-02297-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+empires+normands+d%27Orient&rft.pub=Editions+Perrin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-262-02297-6&rft.aulast=Aub%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith1964" class="citation cs2">Beckwith, John (1964), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlymedievalart00beck_0"><i>Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque</i></a></span>, Thames & Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20019-X"><bdi>0-500-20019-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Art%3A+Carolingian%2C+Ottonian%2C+Romanesque&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-500-20019-X&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlymedievalart00beck_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBony1985" class="citation book cs1">Bony, Jean (1985). <i>French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i>. California studies in the history of art. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05586-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05586-5"><bdi>978-0-520-05586-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Gothic+Architecture+of+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.series=California+studies+in+the+history+of+art&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05586-5&rft.aulast=Bony&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuhring1994" class="citation book cs1">Fuhring, Peter (1994). "Renaissance Ornament Prints; The French Contribution". In Jacobson, Karen (ed.). <i>The French Renaissance in prints from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France</i>. (often wrongly cat. as George Baselitz). Grunwald Center, UCLA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9628162-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9628162-2-1"><bdi>0-9628162-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance+Ornament+Prints%3B+The+French+Contribution&rft.btitle=The+French+Renaissance+in+prints+from+the+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale+de+France&rft.pub=Grunwald+Center%2C+UCLA&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9628162-2-1&rft.aulast=Fuhring&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a> (2006). <i>Islamic visual culture, 1100 - 1800</i>. Constructing the study of Islamic art. Vol. 2. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-922-2"><bdi>978-0-86078-922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+visual+culture%2C+1100+-+1800&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.series=Constructing+the+study+of+Islamic+art&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-922-2&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarthan1961" class="citation book cs1">Harthan, John P. (1961). <i>Bookbinding</i> (2nd rev. ed.). <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> (for the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220550025">220550025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookbinding&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=HMSO+%28for+the+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum%29&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220550025&rft.aulast=Harthan&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hoffman, Eva R. (2007): <i>Pathways of Portability: Islamic and Christian Interchange from the Tenth to the Twelfth Century</i>, in: Hoffman, Eva R. (ed.): <i>Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Mediterranean World</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2071-5">978-1-4051-2071-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonourFleming1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Honour, Hugh</a>; Fleming, John (1982), "Honour", <i>A World History of Art</i>, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Honour&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Honour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Fleming%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMichell1976" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Dalu; Michell, George, eds. (1976). <i>The Arts of Islam</i>. Arts Council of Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7287-0081-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7287-0081-6"><bdi>0-7287-0081-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Islam&rft.pub=Arts+Council+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-7287-0081-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S. (2008). <i>Gardner's art through the ages: the western perspective</i> (13, revised ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57355-5"><bdi>978-0-495-57355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+art+through+the+ages%3A+the+western+perspective&rft.edition=13%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57355-5&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinhenzBarker2004" class="citation book cs1">Kleinhenz, Christopher; Barker, John W (2004). <i>Medieval Italy : an encyclopedia, Volume 2</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93931-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93931-7"><bdi>978-0-415-93931-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy+%3A+an+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93931-7&rft.aulast=Kleinhenz&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Barker%2C+John+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_NieceMcLeodRohrs2010" class="citation book cs1">La Niece, Susan; McLeod, Bet; Rohrs, Stefan (2010). <i>The Heritage of "Maitre Alpais": An International and Interdisciplinary Examination of Medieval Limoges Enamel and Associated Objects</i>. British Museum Research Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-182-4"><bdi>978-0-86159-182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+%22Maitre+Alpais%22%3A+An+International+and+Interdisciplinary+Examination+of+Medieval+Limoges+Enamel+and+Associated+Objects&rft.pub=British+Museum+Research+Publication&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-86159-182-4&rft.aulast=La+Niece&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Bet&rft.au=Rohrs%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack2001" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Rosamond E. (2001). <i>Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300-1600</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22131-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22131-1"><bdi>0-520-22131-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bazaar+to+Piazza%3A+Islamic+Trade+and+Italian+Art%2C+1300-1600&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-22131-1&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Rosamond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schiffer, Reinhold (1999). <i>Oriental panorama: British travellers in 19th century Turkey</i>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0407-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0407-8"><bdi>978-90-420-0407-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+panorama%3A+British+travellers+in+19th+century+Turkey&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0407-8&rft.aulast=Schiffer&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiger-Smith1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Caiger-Smith" title="Alan Caiger-Smith">Caiger-Smith, Alan</a> (1985). <i>Lustre Pottery: Technique, Tradition and Innovation in Islam and the Western World</i>. Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-13507-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-13507-2"><bdi>0-571-13507-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lustre+Pottery%3A+Technique%2C+Tradition+and+Innovation+in+Islam+and+the+Western+World&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-571-13507-2&rft.aulast=Caiger-Smith&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (2005). <i>A history of Western architecture</i> (4 ed.). Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85669-459-9"><bdi>978-1-85669-459-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Western+architecture&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85669-459-9&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+influences+on+Western+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_art" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_art" title="Template talk:Islamic art"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_art" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic art"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_art" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Architecture" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_architecture" title="Chinese Islamic architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_architecture" title="Hausa architecture">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Muslim architecture">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bahmani_and_Deccan_Sultanates" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates">Bahmani and Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Indonesian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Malaysia" title="Islamic architecture">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudano-Sahelian_architecture" title="Sudano-Sahelian architecture">Sudano-Sahelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_architecture" title="Swahili architecture">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_mosque" title="Tatar mosque">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen#Islamic_period" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_architectural_elements" title="Category:Islamic architectural elements">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%A1rabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocárabe">Mocárabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">Sitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Decoration</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Tiling_(186943375).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/110px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/165px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg/220px-Islamic_Tiling_%28186943375%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_art#Early_Islamic_period" title="Persian art">Early</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Turkish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Decorative_arts" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gul_(design)" title="Gul (design)">Gul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilim_motifs" title="Kilim motifs">Motifs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritware" title="Fritware">Fritware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware" title="Hispano-Moresque ware">Hispano-Moresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Iznik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic lustreware">Lustreware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina%27i_ware" title="Mina'i ware">Mina'i ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_pottery" title="Persian pottery">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_influences_on_Islamic_pottery" title="Chinese influences on Islamic pottery">Chinese influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textiles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soumak" title="Soumak">Soumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Woodwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">Minbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass#Islamic" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_lamp" title="Mosque lamp">Mosque lamp</a></li> <li>Stained glass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts of<br />the book</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Miniatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indo-Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Decoration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">tiles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> Calligraphy</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">The garden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman gardens">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Islamic_art" title="List of museums of Islamic art">Museums,<br />collections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Berlin" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Cairo" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Doha" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Islamic_Art,_Ghazni" title="Museum of Islamic Art, Ghazni">Ghazni</a></li> <li>Istanbul (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Museum" title="Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum">Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Calligraphy Art</a>)</li> <li>Jerusalem (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Arts_Museum_Malaysia" title="Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>London (<a href="/wiki/British_Museum#Islamic_art" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum#Islamic_art" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">V&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art#Islamic_art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>Marrakech (<a href="/wiki/Marrakech_Museum" title="Marrakech Museum">Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Garden" title="Majorelle Garden">Majorelle Garden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Australia" title="Islamic Museum of Australia">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Paris (<a href="/wiki/Arab_World_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World Institute">Arab World Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre#Islamic_art" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Civilisations_Museum" title="Asian Civilisations Museum">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Toronto (Aga Khan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum_of_Tripoli" title="Islamic Museum of Tripoli">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Sultans" title="Empire of the Sultans">Empire of the Sultans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth:_Art_from_Islamic_Lands" title="Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands">Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj:_Journey_to_the_Heart_of_Islam" title="Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam">Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles,<br />influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Art:_Mirror_of_the_Invisible_World" title="Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World">Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">Aniconism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Influences on Western art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moresque" title="Moresque">Moresque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_architecture" title="Mathematics and architecture">Mathematics and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilfragen" title="Stilfragen">Stilfragen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Scroll" title="Topkapı Scroll">Topkapı Scroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_studies" title="Template talk:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Influences on Western art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">elementary school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&oldid=1246294967">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_influences_on_Western_art&oldid=1246294967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_art" title="Category:Religious art">Religious art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_and_Islam" 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