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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جوهر الصقلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوهر الصقلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="আল-কায়েদ জাওহার ইবনে আব্দাল্লাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-কায়েদ জাওহার ইবনে আব্দাল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEevher_ibn_Abdulah_%22Sicilijanac%22" title="Dževher ibn Abdulah "Sicilijanac" – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dževher ibn Abdulah "Sicilijanac"" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A0whar_as-Siqil%C2%B7l%C3%AD" title="Jàwhar as-Siqil·lí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jàwhar as-Siqil·lí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschauhar_as-Siqill%C4%AB" title="Dschauhar as-Siqillī – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschauhar as-Siqillī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81_%CE%B1%CF%81-%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%AF" title="Τζαουχάρ αρ-Ρουμί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαουχάρ αρ-Ρουμί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauhar_al-Siqil%C3%AD" title="Chauhar al-Siqilí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chauhar al-Siqilí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جوهر صقلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوهر صقلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawhar_al-Siqilli" title="Jawhar al-Siqilli – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jawhar al-Siqilli" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djawhar_ben_Abd_Allah" title="Djawhar ben Abd Allah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Djawhar ben Abd Allah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawhar_al-Siqilli" title="Jawhar al-Siqilli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jawhar al-Siqilli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawhar_al-Siqilli" title="Jawhar al-Siqilli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jawhar al-Siqilli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%89" title="جوهر الصقلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوهر الصقلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB" title="ジャウハル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャウハル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCawhar_as-Sikilli" title="Dżawhar as-Sikilli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżawhar as-Sikilli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jauar_Assiquili" title="Jauar Assiquili – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jauar Assiquili" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Джаухар ас-Сакали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джаухар ас-Сакали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawhar_al-Siqilli" title="Jawhar al-Siqilli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jawhar al-Siqilli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Џавхар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џавхар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEevher_ibn_Abdulah_Sicilijanac" title="Dževher ibn Abdulah Sicilijanac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dževher ibn Abdulah Sicilijanac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جوہر صقلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جوہر صقلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%94" title="昭海尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="昭海尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q559554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fatimid military officer (died 992)</div> <p><b>Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جوهر بن عبد الله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jawhar ibn ʿAbd Allāh</i></span>, better known as <b>Jawhar al Siqilli</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sicily_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicily-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>al-Qaid al-Siqilli</b>, "The Sicilian General",<sup id="cite_ref-Sicily_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sicily-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>al-Saqlabi</b>, "The <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slav</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empire</a> and died 28 April 992) was a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> general who led the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">conquest of Egypt</a>, for the 4th Fatimid Imam-Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a>. He served as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of Egypt until al-Mu'izz's arrival in 973, consolidating Fatimid control over the country and laying the foundations for the city of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Cairo</a>. After that, he retired from public life until his death. </p><p>He is variously known with the <i><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">nisba</a></i>s <b>al-Siqilli</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصقلي</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ṣiqillī</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'The <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilian</a>'), <b>al-Saqlabi</b> (Arabic: الصقلبي, lit. The <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slav</a>), <b>al-Rumi</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الرومي</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Rūmī</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rūm">Roman</a>'); and with the titles <b>al-Katib</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكَاتِب</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kātib</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the <a href="/wiki/Katib" title="Katib">Secretary</a>') and <b>al-Qa'id</b> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">القائد</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Qāʾid</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">General</a>').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The birth date of Jawhar is not known, but as he died in 992, and the peak of his career was between 950 and 975, he cannot have been born earlier than the 900s. He was a Sicilian born in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empire</a>. </p><p>Jawhar's father, Abdallah, was a slave, and Jawhar is first mentioned as a slave-soldier (<i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghulām</a></i>) and possibly a secretary, to the third <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid caliph">Fatimid caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 946–953</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 958, al-Mansur's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 953–975</span>) chose Jawhar to lead a campaign to restore Fatimid control over the central and western parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this campaign, Jawhar first gave proof of his exceptional military talents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first led the Fatimid armies to victory over the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> tribe that had allied with the Fatimids' rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, defeating and killing their leader, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%27la_ibn_Muhammad_al-Yafrani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya'la ibn Muhammad al-Yafrani (page does not exist)">Ya'la ibn Muhammad al-Yafrani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then turned southeast towards <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a>, capturing and killing its ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Wasul" title="Muhammad ibn Wasul">Muhammad ibn al-Fath ibn Maymun ibn Midrar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494–495_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494–495-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until a year later, in October 960, that he moved north towards <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>, taking the city by storm on 13 November and capturing its Umayyad governor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Judhami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Judhami (page does not exist)">Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Judhami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this victory, all of the Maghreb, apart from <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, came under Fatimid control, or recognized Fatimid suzerainty. As token of his victory, Jawhar is said to have sent jars filled with live fish from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the Caliph in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is reported that Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah would spend hours discussing tactics and strategy with Al-Qaid Jawhar in his tent before the campaign of North Africa began, and when they finally parted, Al-Mu'izz granted Al-Qaid Jawhar with very high honors requiring all soldiers disembark their horse as a sign of respect for the commander-in-chief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the Western borders had been secured, Jawhar led the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Fatimid invasion of Ikhshidid Egypt</a> (969). He approached Egypt from the direction of Alexandria and marched towards the capital, <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>. His army encountered little resistance and the country was secured by a treaty with the Ikhshidid vizier <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muslim" title="Abu Ja'far Muslim">Abu Ja'far Muslim</a>. Some divisions of the Ikhshidid army mutinied in protest and took up positions on Roda Island in the Nile, to defend the river crossing and prevent the Fatimid army from gaining access to Fustat. Jawhar stormed the island with his Kutama troops and cleared away the enemy soldiers before proceeding to peacefully enter Fustat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201777–80_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201777–80-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Jawhar pacified Egypt the Fatimid army began its invasion of Ikhshidid Syria (970) under the Kutama general <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Falah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'far ibn Falah">Ja'far ibn Falah</a>. After initial successes this army was destroyed near Damascus in August 971 by a coalition of Ikhshidid soldiers and Arab tribesmen led by the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> of Bahrain. Egypt was left defenceless and was <a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">invaded</a> by the coalition in September. Jawhar had few troops at hand so he mobilised the entire population of Fustat to build a defensive line consisting of a wall and a ditch at a bottleneck north of the city. As the coalition army stalled in the Nile Delta Jawhar managed to finish his preparations in time. The invaders' attempt to take Fustat was foiled by the defences and Jawhar routed them in battle outside the city with his raw troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201791–83_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201791–83-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_campaign">Last campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Last campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jawhar played at least a formal role in the designation of al-Mu'izz's younger son, Nizar, as <a href="/wiki/Wali_al-ahd" class="mw-redirect" title="Wali al-ahd">designated heir</a> a few days before the caliph's death in December 975: Jawhar and the court physician accompanied Nizar out of the room in which al-Mu'izz lay dying and placed him on a throne, thus signifying his designation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003117_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aziz">al-Aziz</a>, was confronted with the problem of Syria, where a series of Fatimid attempts to expand into the region failed due to the opposition of the local urban militias (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahdath" title="Ahdath">ahdath</a></i></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Uqayl" title="Banu Uqayl">Banu Uqayl</a> Bedouin, the intervention of the Turkic commander <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a>, who ousted the Fatimids from Damascus and became its ruler, and the Qarmatians, who allied with Alptakin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003104–108,_147–148_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003104–108,_147–148-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997342–346_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997342–346-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of 976, the Qarmatians occupied Palestine, while the Fatimids only held isolated coastal cities, under threat from the Qarmatians and Alptakin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003147–148_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003147–148-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to this situation, and on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a>, in May al-Aziz entrusted Jawhar with leading an army of 20,000 men—the largest Fatimid force hitherto sent to Syria—to confront the Qarmatians and Alptakin. The Qarmatians quickly retreated before the Fatimid advance, leaving only a small part of their number to join Alptakin at <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997348_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997348-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, Jawhar sent a letter to Alptakin promising pardon, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">robe of honour</a> and money—effectively an offer to enter the Fatimid service, which the Turk refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997348_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997348-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Alptakin too was forced to withdraw to Damascus before the numerically stronger Fatimid army. Jawhar's army arrived before Damascus in July 976, erected a fortified camp, and began a siege that lasted for several months, punctuated by skirmishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Alptakin had gathered the entire harvest of the region into the city, the Fatimid army suffered from hunger with the onset of winter. When news of a Qarmatian army under al-Hasan al-A'sam approaching the city, Jawhar decided to lift the siege and withdrew from Damascus in December/January, as the Fatimids were now outnumbered by their opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jawhar retreated south, first to Tiberias and then towards Ramla,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> closely followed by his enemies, who were now joined by the numerous <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Tayy">Banu Tayy</a> tribes—the medieval chroniclers speak of 50,000 Bedouin—under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahid</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jawhar lost many men to the freezing cold and snow,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after a defeat in a bloody battle on the <a href="/wiki/Yarkon_River" title="Yarkon River">Yarkon River</a>, found himself besieged at Ramla. There the Fatimid army was further debilitated by lack of supplies and even water. Jawhar was forced to abandon Ramla for the coastal fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a>. The Qarmatians entered Ramla on 12 March 977, and soon, joined by the forces of Alptakin, placed Ascalon under siege as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blockade lasted for fifteen months, during which time Jawhar lost the bulk of his army to starvation. At long last, Jawhar was obliged to enter into negotiations with the more receptive Alptakin—the Qarmatians vehemently opposed any deal and proposed to maintain the siege until their enemies died of hunger—and was allowed to leave in March/April 978 after a humiliating capitulation: the surviving Fatimid troops marched out of Ascalon passing under Alptakin's sword, which had been slung at the city gate. Jawhar agreed to abandon all Fatimid claims to rule lands north of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, while Alptakin retained rule of the rest of Syria; whether he accepted a Fatimid suzerainty, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Yahya_of_Antioch" title="Yahya of Antioch">Yahya of Antioch</a>, or not, he was <i>de facto</i> independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997349-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capitulation at Ascalon put an end to Jawhar's military career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 28 April 992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is presumed to be buried in Cairo, Egypt, but his resting place is unknown as of yet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_Lebanon#The_Fatimids" title="10th century in Lebanon">10th century in Lebanon § The Fatimids</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sicily-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030155116/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2019/05/30/founder-of-cairo-symbol-of-brotherhood-with-sicily_89e4dabe-e2f8-450f-b331-e83b03f55a0f.html"><i>Jawhar al-Siqilli</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/italy/2019/05/30/founder-of-cairo-symbol-of-brotherhood-with-sicily_89e4dabe-e2f8-450f-b331-e83b03f55a0f.html">the original</a> on 2022-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawhar+al-Siqilli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansamed.info%2Fansamed%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnations%2Fitaly%2F2019%2F05%2F30%2Ffounder-of-cairo-symbol-of-brotherhood-with-sicily_89e4dabe-e2f8-450f-b331-e83b03f55a0f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/djawhar-al-sikilli-SIM_2034?s.num=386&s.rows=20&s.start=370">"Djawhar al-Ṣiḳillī"</a>. <i>Ancyclopaedia of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. 24 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Djawhar+al-%E1%B9%A2i%E1%B8%B3ill%C4%AB&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fdjawhar-al-sikilli-SIM_2034%3Fs.num%3D386%26s.rows%3D20%26s.start%3D370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonés1965">Monés 1965</a>, p. 494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494–495-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965494–495_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonés1965">Monés 1965</a>, pp. 494–495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonés1965495_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonés1965">Monés 1965</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201777–80-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201777–80_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 77–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett201791–83-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett201791–83_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 91–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003117-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003117_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003104–108,_147–148-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003104–108,_147–148_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 104–108, 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997342–346-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997342–346_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 342–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003147–148-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003147–148_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003148_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997348-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997348_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997348_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997349-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997349_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 349.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawhar_(general)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <i>The Fatimid Empire</i>. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2151-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2151-5"><bdi>978-1-4744-2151-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+Edinburgh+History+of+the+Islamic+Empires&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-2151-5&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. Translated by Ethel Broido. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59984-9"><bdi>0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj2bhVntO3EC"><i>Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074</i></a> [<i>The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1"><bdi>3-406-48654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kalifen+von+Kairo%3A+Die+Fatimiden+in+%C3%84gypten%2C+973%E2%80%931074&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-48654-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj2bhVntO3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonés1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Monés, Hussain (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034">"D̲j̲awhar al-Ṣiḳillī"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">494–</span>495. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%CC%B2j%CC%B2awhar+al-%E1%B9%A2i%E1%B8%B3ill%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E495&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034&rft.aulast=Mon%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawhar+%28general%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fatimid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Imam-Caliphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Dynasty</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Foundation and rise (909–973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah#Establishment_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ziyadat_Allah_ibn_Qurhub" title="Ahmad ibn Ziyadat Allah ibn Qurhub">1st Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">1st invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">2nd invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi#Governorship_of_Sicily" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">2nd Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li>Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> (943–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_campaigns_in_the_western_Maghreb_(958%E2%80%93960)" title="Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960)">Conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Apogee and crisis (973–1073)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Expansion into Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd</a> Qarmatian invasions</li> <li>Struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li> <li>Uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Mufarrij_ibn_Daghfal_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah">Muffarij b. Daghfal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Uqhuwana" title="Battle of al-Uqhuwana">Bedouin alliance uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">Loss of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Recovery and downfall (1073–1171)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a></li> <li>Regime of <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> and accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">End of the Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy against Saladin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Viziers</a><br />and regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar_al-Kalbi" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Hafiz" title="Hasan ibn al-Hafiz">Hasan ibn al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Vassal dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifs of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Lodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Multan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate">Officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Fatimid Caliphate">governors</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate">generals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi">Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakjur" title="Bakjur">Bakjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_coinage" title="Fatimid coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Branches and offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Missionaries</a><br />and theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tammam_(Isma%27ili_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tammam (Isma'ili missionary) (page does not exist)">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_(Ismaili_missionary_to_Gujarat)" title="Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)">Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Anti-Fatimid<br />movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhu_Muhsin" title="Akhu Muhsin">Akhu Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skifa_Kahla" title="Skifa Kahla">Skifa Kahla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid Great Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_mihrab_from_the_Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Portable mihrab from the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Portable mihrab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Literature and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Iyadi" title="Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata376" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata376" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559554#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96988206">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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