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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad_arrives_in_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad_arrives_in_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad arrives in Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad_arrives_in_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-al-Darazi_arrives_in_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#al-Darazi_arrives_in_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 al-Darazi arrives in Cairo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-al-Darazi_arrives_in_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-al-Darazi_issues_the_unitarian_call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#al-Darazi_issues_the_unitarian_call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 al-Darazi issues the unitarian call </div> </a> <ul id="toc-al-Darazi_issues_the_unitarian_call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-al-Darazi_is_executed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#al-Darazi_is_executed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 al-Darazi is executed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-al-Darazi_is_executed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disappearance_of_Al-Hakim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearance_of_Al-Hakim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Disappearance of Al-Hakim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearance_of_Al-Hakim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closing_of_the_unitarian_call" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closing_of_the_unitarian_call"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Closing of the unitarian call </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closing_of_the_unitarian_call-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 During the Crusades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ma'an_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma'an_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ma'an dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma'an_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shihab_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shihab_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Shihab Dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shihab_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qaysites_and_the_Yemenites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qaysites_and_the_Yemenites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Qaysites and the Yemenites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qaysites_and_the_Yemenites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_conflict_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_conflict_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Civil conflict of 1860 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_conflict_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_in_Hauran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_in_Hauran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Rebellion in Hauran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_in_Hauran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Modern history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 In Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 In Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 In the diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reincarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reincarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Reincarnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reincarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pact_of_Time_Custodian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pact_of_Time_Custodian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pact of Time Custodian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pact_of_Time_Custodian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Sanctuaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esotericism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esotericism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Esotericism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esotericism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Druze_precepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Druze_precepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Seven Druze precepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Druze_precepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taqiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taqiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Taqiyya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taqiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theophany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theophany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Theophany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theophany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophethood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophethood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Prophethood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophethood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 Other beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Religious symbol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_houses_and_holy_places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_houses_and_holy_places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prayer houses and holy places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_houses_and_holy_places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiates_and_"ignorant"_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiates_and_"ignorant"_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Initiates and "ignorant" members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiates_and_"ignorant"_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Cultural identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_and_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_and_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Druze and other religions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Druze_and_other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Druze and other religions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Druze_and_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Relationship with Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Relationship with Christians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Relationship with Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ethnic origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Arabian hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_as_a_mixture_of_Western_Asian_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_as_a_mixture_of_Western_Asian_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Druze as a mixture of Western Asian tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_as_a_mixture_of_Western_Asian_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iturean_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iturean_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Iturean hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iturean_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Druze</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" > 90 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droese" title="Droese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Droese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusen" title="Drusen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Drusen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موحدون دروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موحدون دروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusos" title="Drusos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Drusos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusos" title="Drusos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Drusos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzlar" title="Druzlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Druzlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دروزلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دروزلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="দ্রুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্রুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Друзы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Друзы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Друзи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Друзи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusos" title="Drusos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drusos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BAzov%C3%A9" title="Drúzové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drúzové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drwsiaid" title="Drwsiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Drwsiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusere" title="Drusere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Drusere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusen" title="Drusen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drusen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druusid" title="Druusid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Druusid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Δρούζοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρούζοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_druso" title="Pueblo druso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo druso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzoj" title="Druzoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Druzoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzo" title="Druzo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Druzo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="دروز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzes" title="Druzes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Druzes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusos" title="Drusos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Drusos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%A6%88" title="드루즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="드루즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Druze" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դրուզներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրուզներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="द्रूस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्रूस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzi" title="Druzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Druze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusi" title="Drusi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Drusi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דרוזים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרוזים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Druzi" title="Wong Druzi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Druzi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="დრუზები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დრუზები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Друздар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Друздар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadruzi" title="Wadruzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wadruzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzi" title="Druzi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Druzi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzi" title="Druzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Druzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%ABzai" title="Drūzai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Drūzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BAzok" title="Drúzok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drúzok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Друзи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друзи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droza" title="Droza – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Droza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ദുറൂസികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുറൂസികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BCi%C5%BCmu" title="Drużiżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Drużiżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="დრუზეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დრუზეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2)" title="موحدين (دروز) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موحدين (دروز)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دروزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دروزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duruzi" title="Duruzi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Duruzi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="ဒရူစ်လူမျိုးစု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒရူစ်လူမျိုးစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzen" title="Druzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Druzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E6%B4%BE" title="ドゥルーズ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥルーズ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusere" title="Drusere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drusere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusarar" title="Drusarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drusarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druses" title="Druses – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Druses" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darziylar" title="Darziylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Darziylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਡਰੂਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਰੂਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="دروز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دروز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzowie" title="Druzowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druzowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusos" title="Drusos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Drusos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzi" title="Druzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Druzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurusi_runa" title="Thurusi runa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thurusi runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Друзы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Друзы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Друза – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Друза" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Druze" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druz%C3%ABt" title="Druzët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Druzët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusi" title="Drusi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Drusi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze" title="Druze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Druze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B0%DA%BE%D8%A8" title="دروز مذھب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دروز مذھب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BAzovia" title="Drúzovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drúzovia" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnoreligious group of the Levant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Druse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Druse (disambiguation)">Druse</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Druze Al-Muwaḥḥidūn مُوَحِّدونَ دُرُوز</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/120px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/180px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/240px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Druze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/120px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/180px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/240px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Druze_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze star">Druze star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze flag">Druze flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">≈800,000<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdruze0000bettpage55_55]-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>–2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a><a href="#cite_note-The_World's_Greatest_Religious_Lead-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<a href="#cite_note-freedom-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></th><td class="infobox-data">143,000<a href="#cite_note-CBS13-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<a href="#cite_note-Aamama-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto14-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto14-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<a href="#cite_note-auto11-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,268<a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2021-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Druzism</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (Rasa'il al-hikma)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>)<a href="#cite_note-norman-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259-18">[18]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Druze (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdruːz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">DROOZ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دَرْزِيّ, darzī or دُرْزِيّ durzī, <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> دُرُوز, durūz), who <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">call themselves</a> al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. '<a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">the monotheists</a>' or 'the unitarians'),<a href="#cite_note-wendy-20">[20]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_group" class="mw-disambig" title="Religious group">religious group</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v486-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_B._Quigley-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison1-24">[24]</a> from <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> who adhere to the Druze faith, an <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretic</a> religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, and the eternity of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams_Media-26">[26]</a> Although the Druze faith developed from <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, Druze do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_McLaurin_1979_114-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Druze_in_Syria-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-J._Stewart_2008_33-29">[29]</a> They maintain <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a> as integral parts of their identity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-20-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259-18">[18]</a> with Arabic being their primary language.<a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-32">[32]</a> Most Druze religious practices are kept secret,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and conversion to their religion is not permitted for outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007188–189-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith marriages</a> are rare and strongly discouraged. They differentiate between spiritual individuals, known as "uqqāl", who hold the faith's secrets, and secular ones, known as "juhhāl", who focus on worldly matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix-35">[35]</a> Druze believe that, after completing the cycle of rebirth through successive reincarnations, the soul reunites with the <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Cosmic Mind</a> (al-ʻaql al-kullī).<a href="#cite_note-Druze-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> is the foundational and central text of the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-Izzeddin1993-37">[37]</a> The Druze faith originated in <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a> (a branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>),<a href="#cite_note-farhad-38">[38]</a> and has been influenced by a diverse range of traditions, including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quilliam-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Platonism in Islamic philosophy">Neoplatonism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quilliam-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hitti1928-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sālibī2005-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conder2018-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2003_296-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-kamlesh-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This has led to the development of a distinct and secretive theology, characterized by an esoteric interpretation of scripture that emphasizes the importance of the mind and truthfulness.<a href="#cite_note-wendy-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-kamlesh-47">[47]</a> Druze beliefs include the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_95]-48">[48]</a> The Druze hold <a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a> in high regard, believing him to be the same person as the biblical <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> They regard <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Isma'ili Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a> as prophets.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Additionally, Druze tradition honors figures such as <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan201594-51">[51]</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> (whom they <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">identify</a> with <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd201577-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, and others as "mentors" and "prophets".<a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2009-53">[53]</a> The Druze faith is one of the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups#World_Religion_Database" title="Major religious groups">major religious groups</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, with between 800,000 and a million adherents. They are primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, with smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. They make up 5.5% of Lebanon's population, 3% of Syria and 1.6% of Israel. The oldest and most densely-populated Druze communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and in the south of Syria around <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a> (literally the "Mountain of the Druze").<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Druze community played a critically important role in shaping the history of the Levant, where it continues to play a significant political role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017125-55">[55]</a> As a religious minority, they have often faced <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">persecution</a> from various Muslim regimes, including contemporary <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Several theories about the origins of the Druze have been proposed, with the Arabian hypothesis being the most widely accepted among historians, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319–20-59">[59]</a> This hypothesis significantly influences the Druze's self-perception, cultural identity, and both oral and written traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> It suggests that the Druze are descended from twelve <a href="/wiki/Arab_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab tribes">Arab tribes</a> that migrated to <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> before and during the early Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> This perspective is accepted by the entire Druze communities in <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, as well as by most <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze in Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">[67]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">a series</a> on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druze</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawhid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhid">Ahl at-Tawhid</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine Call</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Druze pillars</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Important figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu'ayb">Shu'ayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darazi" title="Al-Darazi">Al-Darazi</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Tanukhi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (Rasa'il al-Hikma)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Druze">Mount Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy days</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyara_(Druze)" title="Ziyara (Druze)">Ziyara</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhidin" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhidin">Jaysh al-Muwahhidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Druze communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religious_symbol">Religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze" title="Template:Druze"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze" title="Template talk:Druze"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The name Druze is derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> darzi, "seamster") who was an early <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preacher</a>. Although the Druze consider ad-Darazī a <a href="/wiki/Heretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic">heretic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a> the name has been used to identify them, possibly by their historical opponents as a way to attach their community with ad-Darazi's poor reputation. Before becoming public, the movement was secretive and held closed meetings in what was known as Sessions of Wisdom. During this stage a dispute occurred between ad-Darazi and <a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza bin Ali">Hamza bin Ali</a> mainly concerning ad-Darazi's <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghuluww</a> ("exaggeration"), which refers to the belief that God was <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnated</a> in human beings to ad-Darazi naming himself "The Sword of the Faith", which led Hamza to write an epistle refuting the need for the sword to spread the faith and several epistles refuting the beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulat</a>. In 1016 ad-Darazi and his followers openly proclaimed their beliefs and called people to join them, causing riots in Cairo against the Unitarian movement including Hamza bin Ali and his followers. This led to the suspension of the movement for one year and the expulsion of ad-Darazi and his supporters.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgson_1962_5–20-70">[69]</a> Although the Druze religious books describe ad-Darazi as the "insolent one" and as the "calf" who is narrow-minded and hasty, the name "Druze" is still used for identification and for historical reasons. In 1018, ad-Darazi was assassinated for his teachings; some sources claim that he was executed by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-samy-71">[70]</a> Some authorities see in the name "Druze" a descriptive epithet, derived from Arabic dārisah ("she who studies").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911605-72">[71]</a> Others have speculated that the word comes from the Persian word Darazo (درز "bliss") or from <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a> Hussayn ad-Darazī, who was one of the early converts to the faith.<a href="#cite_note-najjar-73">[72]</a> In the early stages of the movement, the word "Druze" is rarely mentioned by historians, and in Druze religious texts only the word Muwaḥḥidūn ("Unitarian") appears. The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the eleventh century Christian scholar <a href="/wiki/Yahya_of_Antioch" title="Yahya of Antioch">Yahya of Antioch</a>, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī, rather than the followers of Hamza ibn 'Alī.<a href="#cite_note-najjar-73">[72]</a> As for Western sources, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, the Jewish traveler who passed through Lebanon in or around 1165, was one of the first European writers to refer to the Druze by name. The word Dogziyin ("Druzes") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error. Be that as it may, he described the Druze as "mountain dwellers, monotheists, who believe in 'soul eternity' and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> He also stated that "they loved the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002283-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2></div> The number of Druze people worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The primary countries with Druze populations are Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-Druzes-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-druze_golan-78">[77]</a> According to the Institute of Druze Studies, as of 1998, approximately 40–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30–40% in Lebanon, 6–7% in Israel, and 1–2% in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-Druzes-77">[76]</a> About 2% of the Druze are scattered across other Middle Eastern countries, and there were approximately 20,000 Druze in the United States at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Druzes-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]-79">[78]</a> Scholar Colbert C. Held from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska,_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska, Lincoln">University of Nebraska, Lincoln</a> estimates that the global Druze population is around 1 million. He notes that about 45% to 50% live in Syria, 35% to 40% live in Lebanon, and less than 10% live in Israel. Recently, there has been a growing Druze diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Outside the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, significant Druze communities exist in Australia, Canada, Europe, Latin America (mainly Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-Aamama-10">[10]</a> Colombia and Brazil[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Druze#Brazil?_Please_offer_a_source." title="Talk:Druze">discuss</a>]), the United States, and West Africa. They are Arabs who speak <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> and follow a social pattern very similar to those of the other peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (eastern Mediterranean).<a href="#cite_note-Halabi_55-81">[80]</a> In 2021 the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East are in Venezuela, with approximately 60,000, and in the United States, with around 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-82">[81]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported about 30,000 Druze in the United States, with the largest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Druzism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/225px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/338px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG/450px-PikiWiki_Israel_45144_Nabi_Shuayb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Esoteric religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">Monotheistic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and disapora</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Territory</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Between 1017 and 1018 CE <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a><a href="#cite_note-Hodgson_1962_5–20-70">[69]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Druze_in_Syria-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Number of followers</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800,000 – 2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> (referred to as al-Muwaḥḥidūn al-Druze)</td></tr></tbody></table> The story of the creation of the Druze faith in the days between 1017 and 1018 is dominated by three men and their struggle for influence. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a> was an Ismaili mystic and scholar from <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province" title="Razavi Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>, who arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016<a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-86">[85]</a> and began to preach a Muwaḥḥidūn ("Unitarian") doctrine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>, the sixth Fātimid caliph, became a central figure in the faith being preached by Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazi</a> arrived in Cairo in 1015 or 1017, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, joined the movement and became an important preacher.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad_arrives_in_Cairo">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad arrives in Cairo</h4></div> Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad, an Ismaili mystic and scholar from <a href="/wiki/Zozan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zozan">Zozan</a>, Khorasan, in the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-86">[85]</a> arrived in Fatimid Egypt in 1014 or 1016.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-86">[85]</a> He assembled a group of scholars that met regularly in the Raydan Mosque, near the <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 1017, Hamza began to preach a Muwaḥḥidūn (Unitarian) doctrine. Hamza gained the support of the Fātimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who issued a decree promoting religious freedom<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> and eventually became a central figure in the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_98]-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003-92">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="al-Darazi_arrives_in_Cairo">al-Darazi arrives in Cairo</h4></div> Little is known about the early life of al-Darazi. According to most sources, he was born in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title al-Darazi is Persian in origin, meaning "the tailor".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> He arrived in Cairo in 1015, or 1017, after which he joined the newly emerged Druze movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxii-94">[93]</a> Al-Darazi was converted early to the Unitarian faith and became one of its early preachers. At that time, the movement enlisted a large number of adherents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">[94]</a> As the number of his followers grew, he became obsessed with his leadership and gave himself the title "The Sword of the Faith". Al-Darazi argued that he should be the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">daʻwah</a> rather than Hamza ibn Ali and gave himself the title "Lord of the Guides" because Caliph al-Hakim referred to Hamza as "Guide of the Consented". It is said that al-Darazi allowed wine, forbidden marriages and taught <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc-96">[95]</a> although this may be exaggeration by contemporary and later historians and polemicists. This attitude led to disputes between Ad-Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali, who disliked his behavior and his arrogance. In the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad warns al-Darazi, saying, "Faith does not need a sword to aid it", but al-Darazi ignored Hamza's warnings and continued to challenge the Imam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="al-Darazi_issues_the_unitarian_call">al-Darazi issues the unitarian call</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_drinker,_from_a_bath_complex_in_Fustat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Seated_drinker%2C_from_a_bath_complex_in_Fustat.jpg/220px-Seated_drinker%2C_from_a_bath_complex_in_Fustat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Seated_drinker%2C_from_a_bath_complex_in_Fustat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Sixth Fatimid caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">divine call</a> or unitarian call is the Druze period of time that was opened at sunset on Thursday, 30 May 1017 by Ad-Darazi. The call summoned people to a true unitarian belief that removed all attributes (wise, just, outside, inside, etc.) from God.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti1966-97">[96]</a> It promoted absolute <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and the concepts of supporting your fellow man, true speech and pursuit of oneness with God. These concepts superseded all <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, law and <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> and requirements for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">holy days</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, charity, <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">devotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> and particular worship of any prophet or person was downplayed. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> was opposed and Druze traditions started during the call continue today, such as meeting for reading, prayer and social gathering on a Thursday instead of a Friday at <a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwats</a> instead of mosques. Such gatherings and traditions were not compulsory and people were encouraged to pursue a state of compliance with the real law of nature governing the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA131_131]-98">[97]</a> Epistle thirteen of the Epistles of Wisdom called it "A spiritual doctrine without any ritualistic imposition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The time of the call was seen as a revolution of truth, with <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> preaching its message all around the Middle East. These messengers were sent out with the Druze epistles and took written <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vows</a> from believers, whose <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> are thought to still exist in the Druze of today. The souls of those who took the vows during the call are believed to be continuously reincarnating in successive generations of Druze until the return of al-Hakim to proclaim a second Divine call and establish a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> for all.<a href="#cite_note-Clark2011-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="al-Darazi_is_executed">al-Darazi is executed</h4></div> By 1018, al-Darazi had gathered around him partisans—"Darazites"—who believed that <a href="/wiki/Universal_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reason">universal reason</a> became incarnated in <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> at the beginning of the world, was then passed to the prophets, then into Ali, and then into his descendants, the Fatimid Caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-encyc-96">[95]</a> Al-Darazi wrote a book laying out this doctrine, but when he read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, it caused riots and protests against his claims and many of his followers were killed. Hamza ibn Ali rejected al-Darazi's ideology, calling him "the insolent one and Satan".<a href="#cite_note-encyc-96">[95]</a> The controversy led Caliph al-Hakim to suspend the Druze <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">daʻwah</a> in 1018.<a href="#cite_note-druze-101">[100]</a> In an attempt to gain the support of al-Hakim, al-Darazi started preaching that al-Hakim and his ancestors were the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">[94]</a> An inherently modest man, al-Hakim did not believe that he was God, and felt al-Darazi was trying to depict himself as a new prophet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">[94]</a> In 1018 Al-Hakim had al-Darazi executed, leaving Hamza the sole leader of the new faith and al-Darazi considered to be a renegade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-druze-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyc-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disappearance_of_Al-Hakim">Disappearance of Al-Hakim</h4></div> Al-Hakim disappeared one night while on his evening ride—presumably assassinated, perhaps at the behest of his formidable elder sister <a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a>. The Druze believe he went into <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> with Hamza ibn Ali and three other prominent preachers, leaving the care of the "Unitarian missionary movement" to a new leader, al-Muqtana Baha'uddin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The call was suspended briefly between 19 May 1018 and 9 May 1019 during the <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> of al-Darazi and again between 1021 and 1026 during a period of persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-I%27zaz_Din_Allah" title="Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah</a> for those who had sworn the <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a> to accept the call.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Persecutions started forty days after the disappearance into Occultation of al-Hakim, who was thought to have been converting people to the Unitarian faith for over twenty years prior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Al-Hakim convinced some heretical followers such as al-Darazi of his <a href="/wiki/Soteriological" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriological">soteriological</a> <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> and officially declared the Divine call after issuing a decree promoting religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Daftary1992-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Al-Hakim was replaced by his underage son, al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah. The Unitarian/Druze movement acknowledged al-Zahir as the caliph but continued to regard Hamzah as its Imam.<a href="#cite_note-samy-71">[70]</a> The young caliph's regent, Sitt al-Mulk, ordered the army to destroy the movement in 1021.<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a> At the same time, Bahāʼ al-Dīn was assigned the leadership of the Unitarians by Hamza.<a href="#cite_note-samy-71">[70]</a> For the next seven years, the Druze faced extreme persecution by al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, who wanted to eradicate the faith.<a href="#cite_note-RebeccaE-103">[102]</a> This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid Calphate, in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because they refused to recognize the new caliph as their Imam. Many spies, mainly the followers of al-Darazi, joined the Unitarian movement to infiltrate the Druze community. The spies set about agitating trouble and soiling the reputation of the Druze. This resulted in friction with the new caliph who clashed militarily with the Druze community. The clashes ranged from <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, where tens of thousands of Druze were slaughtered by the Fatimid army,<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a> "this mass persecution known by the Druze as the period of the mihna".<a href="#cite_note-auto18-104">[103]</a> The largest massacre was at Antioch, where 5000 prominent Druze were killed, followed by that of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a> As a result, the faith went underground, in hope of survival, as those captured were either forced to renounce their faith or be killed. Druze survivors "were found principally in southern Lebanon and Syria". In 1038, two years after the death of al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah, the Druze movement was able to resume because the new leadership that replaced him had friendly political ties with at least one prominent Druze leader.<a href="#cite_note-RebeccaE-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closing_of_the_unitarian_call">Closing of the unitarian call</h4></div> In 1043, <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> declared that the sect would no longer accept new pledges, and since that time <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> has been prohibited awaiting al-Hakim's return at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> to usher in a new Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-BeattiePepper2001-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-RebeccaE-103">[102]</a> Some Druze and non-Druze scholars like Samy Swayd and <a href="/wiki/Sami_Makarem" title="Sami Makarem">Sami Makarem</a> state that this confusion is due to confusion about the role of the early preacher al-Darazi, whose teachings the Druze rejected as heretical.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> These sources assert that al-Hakim rejected al-Darazi's claims of divinity,<a href="#cite_note-samy-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2006-107">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and ordered the elimination of his movement while supporting that of Hamza ibn Ali.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Crusades">During the Crusades</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu_Izzeddin199312-109">[108]</a> and was the first area where the Druze appeared in the historical record under the name "Druze".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti196621-110">[109]</a> It is generally considered the birthplace of the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> It was during the period of Crusader rule in Levant (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a>. As powerful warriors serving the leaders in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the Crusaders in the seaport of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, to prevent them from making any encroachments inland. Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk sultans</a> in Egypt (1250–1516); first, to assist them in putting an end to what remained of Crusader rule in the coastal Levant, and later to help them safeguard the Lebanese coast against Crusader retaliation by sea.<a href="#cite_note-Druze_heritage-112">[111]</a> In the early period of the Crusader era, the Druze feudal power was in the hands of two families, the <a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukhs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arslan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Arslan family">Arslans</a>. From their fortresses in the Gharb area (now in <a href="/wiki/Aley_District" title="Aley District">Aley District</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon Governorate</a>), the Tanukhs led their incursions into the Phoenician coast and finally succeeded in holding Beirut and the marine plain against the <a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Franks</a>. Because of their fierce battles with the Crusaders, the Druze earned the respect of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> caliphs and thus gained important political powers. After the middle of the twelfth century, the <a href="/wiki/Maan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Maan family">Maan family</a> superseded the Tanukhs in Druze leadership. The origin of the family goes back to Prince Ma'an, who made his appearance in Lebanon in the days of the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a> (1118–35). The Ma'ans chose for their abode the Chouf in south-western Lebanon (southern <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon Governorate</a>), overlooking the maritime plain between <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, and made their headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Baaqlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baaqlin">Baaqlin</a>, which is still a leading Druze village. They were invested with feudal authority by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din Zengi">Nur ad-Din Zengi</a> and furnished respectable contingents to the Muslim ranks in their struggle against the Crusaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Certain aspects of the faith, such as <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_souls" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of souls">transmigration of souls</a> between adherents and <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>, were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresy in Islam">heretical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kufr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>) and foreign by Sunni and Shia Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017126-114">[113]</a> but contributed to solidarity among the Druze, who closed their religion to new converts in 1046 due to the threat of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201245–47-115">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam#Proto-Salafism" title="History of Islam">proto-Salafi</a> thinker <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">ibn Taymiyya</a> believed the Druze had a high level of infidelity besides being <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a>. Thus, they were not trustworthy and should not be forgiven. He taught also that Muslims cannot accept Druze penitence nor keep them alive, and that Druze property should be confiscated and their women <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017126-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Having cleared the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> of the Crusaders, the Mamluk Sultanate now turned their attention to the schismatic Muslims of Syria. In 1305, after the issuing of a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> by the scholar ibn Taymiyya calling for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against all non-Sunni Muslim groups like the Druze, <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, Isma'ilis, and <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">al-Nasir Muhammad</a> inflicted a disastrous defeat on the Druze at <a href="/wiki/Keserwan_District" title="Keserwan District">Keserwan</a>, and forced outward compliance on their part to Sunnism. The <a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Sunni Mamluk campaigns</a> led to the destruction of many Christian churches and monasteries and Druze sanctuaries khilwat, and caused mass destruction of <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> and Druze villages and the killings and mass displacement of its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201271-117">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Sunni_Muslims" title="Lebanese Sunni Muslims">Lebanese Sunni</a> authors generally write of the campaigns from a pro-Mamluk stance, seeing in them the legitimate Muslim state's efforts to incorporate Mount Lebanon into the Islamic realm, while Druze authors write with a focus on the Druze community's consistent connection to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and defense of its practical autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Later, the Druze were severely attacked at <a href="/wiki/Saoufar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saoufar">Saoufar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a> after the Ottomans claimed that the Druze had assaulted their caravans near <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] As a result of the Ottoman experience with the rebellious Druze, the word Durzi in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> came, and continues, to mean someone who is the ultimate thug.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed a succession of armed Druze rebellions against the Ottomans countered by repeated Ottoman punitive expeditions against the Chouf, in which the Druze population of the area was severely depleted and many villages destroyed. These military measures, severe as they were, did not succeed in reducing the local Druze to the required degree of subordination. This led the Ottoman government to agree to an arrangement whereby the different <a href="/wiki/Nahiyah" title="Nahiyah">nahiyahs</a> (districts) of the Chouf would be granted in <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">iltizam</a> ("fiscal concession") to one of the region's <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amirs</a>, or leading chiefs, leaving the maintenance of law and order and the collection of taxes in the area in the hands of the appointed amir. This arrangement was to provide the cornerstone for the privileged status ultimately enjoyed by the whole of Mount Lebanon, Druze and Christian areas alike.<a href="#cite_note-Druze_heritage-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ma'an_dynasty">Ma'an dynasty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Maan family">Maan family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/220px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/330px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg/440px-DeirAlQamar-FakhredinePalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saray_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (building)">saray</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Qamar" title="Deir al-Qamar">Deir al-Qamar</a>, seat of the Ma'an dynasty under Fakhr al-Din</figcaption></figure> With the advent of the Ottoman Turks and the conquest of Syria by <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Sultan Selim I</a> in 1516, the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ans">Ma'ans</a> were acknowledged by the new rulers as the feudal lords of southern Lebanon. Druze villages spread and prospered in that region, which under Ma'an leadership so flourished that it acquired the generic term of Jabal Bayt-Ma'an (the mountain home of the Ma'an) or Jabal al-Druze. The latter title has since been usurped by the <a href="/wiki/Hawran" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawran">Hawran</a> region, which since the middle of the 19th century has proven a haven of refuge to Druze emigrants from Lebanon and has become the headquarters of Druze power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Under <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Dīn II</a> (Fakhreddin II), the Druze dominion increased until it included Lebanon-Phoenicia and almost all Syria, extending from the edge of the Antioch plain in the north to <a href="/wiki/Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Safad">Safad</a> in the south, with a part of the Syrian desert dominated by <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_al-Maani_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle">Fakhr-al-Din's castle</a> at Tadmur (<a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>), the ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>. The ruins of this castle still stand on a steep hill overlooking the town. Fakhr-al-Din became too strong for his Turkish sovereign in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. He went so far in 1608 as to sign a commercial treaty with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany</a> containing secret military clauses. The Sultan then sent a force against him, and he was compelled to flee the land and seek refuge in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in 1613 and 1615 respectively. In 1618, political changes in the Ottoman sultanate had resulted in the removal of many enemies of Fakhr-al-Din from power, signaling the prince's triumphant return to Lebanon soon afterwards. Through a clever policy of bribery and warfare, he extended his domains to cover all of modern Lebanon, some of Syria and northern Galilee. In 1632, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Küçük Ahmed Pasha">Küçük Ahmed Pasha</a> was named Lord of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Küçük Ahmed Pasha was a rival of Fakhr-al-Din and a friend of the sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>, who ordered the pasha and the sultanate's navy to attack Lebanon and depose Fakhr-al-Din. This time the prince decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Ali in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a> was the beginning of his defeat. He later took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a>'s grotto, closely followed by Küçük Ahmed Pasha who eventually caught up with him and his family. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emir_Fa%E1%B8%ABereddin_Ibn_Ma%27n-Beit_eddin_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Emir_Fa%E1%B8%ABereddin_Ibn_Ma%27n-Beit_eddin_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Emir_Fa%E1%B8%ABereddin_Ibn_Ma%27n-Beit_eddin_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Emir_Fa%E1%B8%ABereddin_Ibn_Ma%27n-Beit_eddin_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>A modern, artistic representation of <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Dīn II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Beiteddine_Palace" title="Beiteddine Palace">Beiteddine Palace</a>. Fakhr al-Din is considered by the Lebanese as the founder of the country</figcaption></figure> Fakhr-al-Din was captured, taken to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and imprisoned with two of his sons in the infamous Yedi Kule prison. The Sultan had Fakhr-al-Din and his sons killed on 13 April 1635 in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, bringing an end to an era in the history of Lebanon, which would not regain its current boundaries until it was proclaimed a mandate state and republic in 1920. One version recounts that the younger son was spared, raised in the harem and went on to become Ottoman Ambassador to India.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Fakhr-al-Din II was the first ruler in modern Lebanon to open the doors of his country to foreign Western influences. Under his auspices the French established a khān (hostel) in Sidon, the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentines</a> a consulate, and Christian missionaries were admitted into the country. Beirut and Sidon, which Fakhr-al-Din II beautified, still bear traces of his benign rule. See the new biography of this Prince, based on original sources, by TJ Gorton: Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the Court of the Medici (London, Quartet Books, 2013), for an updated view of his life. Fakhr ad Din II was succeeded in 1635 by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Mulhim_Ma%27n" title="Mulhim Ma'n">Mulhim Ma'n</a>, who ruled through his death in 1658. (Fakhr ad Din's only surviving son, Husayn, lived the rest of his life as a court official in Constantinople.) Emir Mulhim exercised <a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a> taxation rights in the Shuf, Gharb, Jurd, Matn, and Kisrawan districts of Lebanon. Mulhim's forces battled and defeated those of Mustafa Pasha, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> of Damascus, in 1642, but he is reported by historians to have been otherwise loyal to Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Following Mulhim's death, his sons <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ma%27n" title="Ahmad Ma'n">Ahmad</a> and Korkmaz entered into a <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">power struggle</a> with other Ottoman-backed Druze leaders. In 1660, the Ottoman Empire moved to reorganize the region, placing the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjaks</a> (districts) of Sidon-Beirut and Safed in a newly formed <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Province,_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidon Province, Ottoman Empire">province of Sidon</a>, a move seen by local Druze as an attempt to assert control.<a href="#cite_note-VI22-122">[121]</a> Contemporary historian Istifan al-Duwayhi reports that Korkmaz was killed in act of treachery by the Beylerbey of Damascus in 1662.<a href="#cite_note-VI22-122">[121]</a> Ahmad however emerged victorious in the <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">power struggle</a> among the Druze in 1667, but the Maʿnīs lost control of Safad<a href="#cite_note-VI22-23-123">[122]</a> and retreated to controlling the iltizam of the Shuf mountains and Kisrawan.<a href="#cite_note-Salibi-124">[123]</a> Ahmad continued as local ruler through his death from natural causes, without heir, in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-VI22-23-123">[122]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_War_(1683%E2%80%931699)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699)">Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699)</a>, Ahmad Ma'n collaborated in a rebellion against the Ottomans which extended beyond his death.<a href="#cite_note-VI22-23-123">[122]</a> Iltizam rights in Shuf and Kisrawan passed to the rising <a href="/wiki/Shihab_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab family">Shihab family</a> through female-line inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-Salibi-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shihab_Dynasty">Shihab Dynasty</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shihab_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab family">Shihab family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druzewomantantur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Druzewomantantur.jpg/220px-Druzewomantantur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Druzewomantantur.jpg/330px-Druzewomantantur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Druzewomantantur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Druze woman wearing a <a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">tantour</a> during the 1870s in <a href="/wiki/Chouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf">Chouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Lebanon">Ottoman Lebanon</a></figcaption></figure> As early as the days of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, and while the Ma'ans were still in complete control over southern Lebanon, the Shihab tribe, originally <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a> Arabs, but later settled in Ḥawran, advanced from Ḥawran, in 1172, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a> at the foot of mount <a href="/wiki/Hermon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermon">Hermon</a>. They soon made an alliance with the Ma'ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in Wadi al-Taym. At the end of the 17th century (1697) the Shihabs succeeded the Ma'ans in the feudal leadership of Druze southern Lebanon, although they reportedly professed <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, they showed sympathy with Druzism, the religion of the majority of their subjects. The Shihab leadership continued until the middle of the 19th century and culminated in the illustrious governorship of <a href="/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II" title="Bashir Shihab II">Amir Bashir Shihab II</a> (1788–1840) who, after Fakhr-al-Din, was the most powerful feudal lord Lebanon produced. Though governor of the Druze Mountain, Bashir was a <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Christian">crypto-Christian</a>, and it was he whose aid <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> solicited in 1799 during his campaign against Syria. The "Druze-Christian alliance" during this century was the major factor enabling the <a href="/wiki/Shehab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shehab dynasty">Shehab dynasty</a> to maintain power.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Having consolidated his conquests in Syria (1831–1838), <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha</a>, son of the viceroy of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, made the fatal mistake of trying to disarm the Christians and Druze of the Lebanon and to draft the latter into his army. This was contrary to the principles of the life of independence which these mountaineers had always lived, and resulted in a general uprising against Egyptian rule.<a href="#cite_note-Safi-126">[125]</a> The Druze of Wadi al-Taym and Ḥawran, under the leadership of Shibli al-Aryan, distinguished themselves in their stubborn resistance at their inaccessible headquarters, al-Laja, lying southeast of Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qaysites_and_the_Yemenites">Qaysites and the Yemenites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Darra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ain Darra">Battle of Ain Darra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg/220px-DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg/330px-DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg/440px-DruzeOttomanHakim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of Druze and Ottoman leaders in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, about the control of Jebel Druze</figcaption></figure> The conquest of Syria by the Muslim Arabs in the middle of the seventh century introduced into the land two political factions later called the Qaysites and the <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemenites</a>. The Qaysite party represented the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arabs who were regarded as inferior by the Yemenites who were earlier and more cultured emigrants into Syria from southern Arabia. Druze and Christians grouped in political, rather than religious, parties; the party lines in Lebanon obliterated ethnic and religious lines and the people grouped themselves into one or the other of these two parties regardless of their religious affiliations. The sanguinary feuds between these two factions depleted, in course of time, the manhood of the Lebanon and ended in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">battle of Ain Dara</a> in 1711, which resulted in the utter defeat of the Yemenite party. Many Yemenite Druze thereupon migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> region, laying the foundation of Druze power there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Qays were led by Emir Haydar of the <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihab dynasty</a> and consisted of the Druze clans of <a href="/wiki/Jumblatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a>, Talhuq, Imad and Abd al-Malik and the <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Khazen" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazen">Khazen</a>. The Yamani faction was led by Mahmoud Abu Harmoush and consisted of the Druze <a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Alam al-Din">Alam al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arslan_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Arslan family">Arslan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sawwaf_family" title="Sawwaf family">Sawaf</a> clans. The Yamani faction also had backing from the Ottoman provincial authorities of <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:102-127">[126]</a> The battle ended in a rout of the Yamani faction and resulted in the consolidation of Qaysi political and fiscal domination over <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:102-127">[126]</a> The battle's outcome also precipitated a mass migration of pro-Yamani Druze nobility and peasants from Mount Lebanon to the eastern <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>, in a mountainous area today known as <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a>. This area had seen previous waves of Druze migration starting in 1685. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Christian population</a> in Mount Lebanon became the dominant group.<a href="#cite_note-:102-127">[126]</a> The Yamani Druze exodus significantly contributed to a demographic shift in Mount Lebanon, with Maronites and other Christians, namely from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a> sects, making up a large share of the population at the expense of the Druze.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993202-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_conflict_of_1860">Civil conflict of 1860</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zahlefashion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zahlefashion.jpg/220px-Zahlefashion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zahlefashion.jpg/330px-Zahlefashion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Zahlefashion.jpg/440px-Zahlefashion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Christian woman from <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Lebanese Druze</a> woman, and a Christian woman from <a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a> (1873)</figcaption></figure> The relationship between the Druze and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">coexistence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collection_1-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-130">[129]</a> with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz1994-131">[130]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-auto4-132">[131]</a> In 1840, social disturbance started between Druze and their <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christians in Lebanon">Christian Maronite</a> neighbors, who had previously been on friendly terms. This culminated in the civil war of 1860.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Shehab_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shehab dynasty">Shehab dynasty</a> converted to Christianity, some prominent Druze families, including the Druze Abi-Lamma clan—who were close allies of the Shihabs—also converted to Christianity and joined the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harik_2017-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The Druze community and feudal leaders came under attack from the regime with the collaboration of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Catholic Church</a>, and the Druze lost most of their political and feudal powers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Also, the Druze formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and allowed <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> missionaries to enter Mount Lebanon, creating tension between them and the Catholic Maronites.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The Maronite-Druze conflict in 1840–60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite independence movement,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] directed against the Druze, Druze feudalism, and the Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] except in Damascus, where it spread and where the vastly non-Druze population was <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian">anti-Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199481-138">[137]</a> This animosity was fueled by economic disparities, with Christians, who were generally wealthier and more prosperous, compare to the economically struggling Muslim residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199479–80-139">[138]</a> The movement culminated with the 1859–60 massacre and defeat of the Maronites by the Druze. The civil war of 1860 cost the Maronites some ten thousand lives in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Qamar" title="Deir al-Qamar">Deir al-Qamar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasbaya" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya</a>, and other towns of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199458-140">[139]</a> The European powers then determined to intervene, and authorized the landing in Beirut of a body of French troops under <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie-Napol%C3%A9on_de_Beaufort_d%27Hautpoul" title="Charles-Marie-Napoléon de Beaufort d'Hautpoul">General Beaufort d'Hautpoul</a>, whose inscription can still be seen on the historic rock at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kalb" title="Nahr al-Kalb">Nahr al-Kalb</a>. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement, since France was restricted in 1860 by the British government, which did not want the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Following the recommendations of the powers, the Ottoman Porte granted Lebanon local autonomy, guaranteed by the powers, under a Maronite governor. This autonomy was maintained until World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1862-142">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" which developed in Ottoman-era Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate,<a href="#cite_note-Deeb_2013-143">[142]</a> creating one of the calmest atmospheres that Lebanon had ever lived in.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_Chen_2021_344-144">[143]</a> The ruling and social system in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> was formed from the Maronite-Druze dualism, and the security stability and Druze-Maronite coexistence in the Mutasarrifate allowed the development of the economy and the system of government.<a href="#cite_note-Yu_Chen_2021_344-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_in_Hauran">Rebellion in Hauran</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></div> The Hauran rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in May 1909. The rebellion was led by <a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">al-Atrash</a> family, originated in local disputes and Druze unwillingness to pay taxes and conscript into the Ottoman Army. The rebellion ended in brutal suppression of the Druze by General Sami Pasha al-Farouqi, significant depopulation of the Hauran region and execution of the Druze leaders in 1910. In the outcome of the revolt, 2,000 Druze were killed, a similar number wounded, and hundreds of Druze fighters imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-Rogan-145">[144]</a> Al-Farouqi also disarmed the population, extracted significant taxes, and launched a census of the region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2></div> In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, the Druzites have official recognition as a separate religious community with its own religious court system.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-lexicorient-147">[146]</a> Although most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim, <a href="/wiki/Al_Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azhar">Al Azhar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> recognized them in 1959 as one of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic sects</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Shia_Fatwa" title="Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa">Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa</a> due to political reasons, as <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The Druze religion does not endorse separatism, and urges blending with the communities they reside in; the Druze have often done so to avoid persecution. Yet the Druze also have a history of resistance to occupying powers, and they have at times enjoyed more freedom than most other groups living in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lexicorient-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Syria">In Syria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Druze in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/220px-Druze_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/330px-Druze_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Druze_warriors.jpg/440px-Druze_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Druze warriors preparing to go to battle with <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Pasha_al-Atrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Pasha al-Atrash">Sultan Pasha al-Atrash</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> In Syria, most Druzites live in the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel al-Druze">Jebel al-Druze</a>, a rugged and mountainous region in the southwest of the country, which is more than 90 percent Druze inhabited; some 120 villages are exclusively so.<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Other notable communities live in the <a href="/wiki/Harim_Mountains" title="Harim Mountains">Harim Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a>, and on the southeast slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a>. A large Syrian Druze community historically lived in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, but following wars with Israel in <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a>, many of these Druze fled to other parts of Syria; most of those who remained live in a handful of villages in the disputed zone, while only a few live in the narrow remnant of <a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate" title="Quneitra Governorate">Quneitra Governorate</a> that is still under effective Syrian control. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druzeindependance1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Druzeindependance1925.jpg/220px-Druzeindependance1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Druzeindependance1925.jpg/330px-Druzeindependance1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Druzeindependance1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Druze celebrating their independence in 1925</figcaption></figure> The Druze always played a far more important role in Syrian politics than its comparatively small population would suggest. With a community of little more than 100,000 in 1949, or roughly three percent of the Syrian population, the Druze of Syria's southwestern mountains constituted a potent force in Syrian politics and played a leading role in the nationalist struggle against the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>. Under the military leadership of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Pasha_al-Atrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Pasha al-Atrash">Sultan Pasha al-Atrash</a>, the Druze provided much of the military force behind the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syrian Revolution</a> of 1925–27. In 1945, Amir Hasan al-Atrash, the paramount political leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_el_Druze_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal el Druze (state)">Jebel al-Druze</a>, led the Druze military units in a successful revolt against the French, making the Jebel al-Druze the first and only region in Syria to liberate itself from French rule without <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> assistance. At independence the Druze, made confident by their successes, expected that Damascus would reward them for their many sacrifices on the battlefield. They demanded to keep their autonomous administration and many political privileges accorded them by the French and sought generous economic assistance from the newly independent government.<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SyrianDouroze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SyrianDouroze.jpg/220px-SyrianDouroze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SyrianDouroze.jpg/330px-SyrianDouroze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/SyrianDouroze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Druze leaders meeting in <a href="/wiki/Jebel_al-Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebel al-Druze">Jebel al-Druze</a>, Syria, 1926</figcaption></figure> When a local paper in 1945 reported that <a href="/wiki/President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli" title="Shukri al-Quwatli">Shukri al-Quwatli</a> (1943–49) had called the Druze a "dangerous minority", Sultan Pasha al-Atrash flew into a rage and demanded a public retraction. If it were not forthcoming, he announced, the Druze would indeed become "dangerous", and a force of 4,000 Druze warriors would "occupy the city of Damascus". Quwwatli could not dismiss Sultan Pasha's threat. The military balance of power in Syria was tilted in favor of the Druze, at least until the military build up during the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 War in Palestine</a>. One advisor to the Syrian Defense Department warned in 1946 that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Army" title="Syrian Army">Syrian army</a> was "useless", and that the Druze could "take Damascus and capture the present leaders in a breeze".<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] During the four years of <a href="/wiki/Adib_Shishakli" title="Adib Shishakli">Adib Shishakli</a>'s rule in Syria (December 1949 to February 1954) (on 25 August 1952: <a href="/wiki/Adib_al-Shishakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Adib al-Shishakli">Adib al-Shishakli</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a> (ALM), a progressive party with <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arabist">pan-Arabist</a> and socialist views),<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> the Druze community was subjected to a heavy attack by the Syrian government. Shishakli believed that among his many opponents in Syria, the Druze were the most potentially dangerous, and he was determined to crush them. He frequently proclaimed: "My enemies are like a serpent: The head is the Jebel al-Druze, the stomach <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>, and the tail <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. If I crush the head, the serpent will die." Shishakli dispatched 10,000 regular troops to occupy the Jebel al-Druze. Several towns were bombarded with heavy weapons, killing scores of civilians and destroying many houses. According to Druze accounts, Shishakli encouraged neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes to plunder the defenseless population and allowed his own troops to run amok.<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Shishakli launched a brutal campaign to defame the Druze for their religion and politics. He accused the entire community of treason, at times claiming they were in the employ of the British and <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashimites</a>, at others that they were fighting for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. He even produced a cache of Israeli weapons allegedly discovered in the Jabal. Even more painful for the Druze community was his publication of "falsified Druze religious texts" and false testimonials ascribed to leading Druze sheikhs designed to stir up sectarian hatred. This propaganda also was broadcast in the Arab world, mainly <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Shishakli was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> on 27 September 1964 by a Druze seeking revenge for Shishakli's bombardment of the Jebel al-Druze.<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_38786_Sultan_Al-Atrash_monument_in_Majdal_Shams.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majdal_Shams" title="Majdal Shams">Majdal Shams</a></figcaption></figure> He forcibly integrated minorities into the national Syrian social structure, his "Syrianization" of <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> and Druze territories had to be accomplished in part using violence. To this end, al-Shishakli encouraged the stigmatization of minorities. He saw minority demands as tantamount to treason. His increasingly chauvinistic notions of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> were predicated on the denial that "minorities" existed in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] After the Shishakli's military campaign, the Druze community lost much of its political influence, but many Druze military officers played important roles in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath</a> government currently ruling Syria.<a href="#cite_note-landis-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In 1967, a community of Druze in the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, today numbering 23,000 (in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, it was estimated that around 700,000 Druze lived in Syria in 2010, constituting about 3% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-155">[154]</a> Of these, approximately 337,500 resided in the <a href="/wiki/Suwayda_Governorate" title="Suwayda Governorate">Suwayda Governorate</a>, which had a Druze majority of around 90% and a significant Christian minority.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-155">[154]</a> This region accounted for 48.2% of the total Druze population in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Additionally, about 250,000 Druze, or 35.7% of the total Druze population, lived in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and its surrounding areas, including <a href="/wiki/Jaramana" title="Jaramana">Jaramana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahnaya" title="Sahnaya">Sahnaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jdeidat_Artouz" title="Jdeidat Artouz">Jdeidat Artouz</a>. Approximately 30,000 Druze lived on the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a>, while around 25,000 Druze were spread across 14 villages in <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Summaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal al-Summaq">Jabal al-Summaq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtoninstitute.org-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a> was a reported massacre of Syrian Druze on 10 June 2015 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze" title="Qalb Loze">Qalb Loze</a> in Syria's northwestern <a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate" title="Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate</a> in which 20–24 Druze were killed. On 25 July 2018, a group of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIS</a>-affiliated attackers entered the Druze city of <a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a> and initiated a <a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">series of gunfights and suicide bombings</a> on its streets, killing at least 258 people, the vast majority of them civilians.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Lebanon">In Lebanon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze in Lebanon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg/220px-Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg/330px-Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg/440px-Prophet_Job_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Job_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Bible)">Prophet Job</a> shrine in <a href="/wiki/Niha,_Chouf" title="Niha, Chouf">Niha village</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf">Chouf</a> region of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hasbaya_1967.webm/220px--Hasbaya_1967.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Hasbaya_1967.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hasbaya_1967.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Hasbaya_1967.webm/Hasbaya_1967.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Hasbaya_1967.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="292" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Hasbaya_1967.webm/Hasbaya_1967.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="198" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Hasbaya_1967.webm/Hasbaya_1967.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>A market in a Lebanese Druze town called <a href="/wiki/Hasbaya" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> The Druzite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-Deeb_2013-143">[142]</a> and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–90), the Druze were in favor of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian resistance</a> represented by the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>. Most of the community supported the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party" title="Progressive Socialist Party">Progressive Socialist Party</a> formed by their leader <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Kamal Jumblatt</a> and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Lebanese Front</a> that was mainly constituted of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. At the time, the Lebanese government and economy were running under the significant influence of <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Maronite Christian community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Kamal Jumblatt</a> on 16 March 1977, his son <a href="/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt" title="Walid Jumblatt">Walid Jumblatt</a> took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain War">Mountain War</a> and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990. In August 2001, <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christians in Lebanon">Maronite Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasrallah_Boutros_Sfeir" title="Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir">Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir</a> toured the predominantly Druze <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and visited <a href="/wiki/Mukhtara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhtara">Mukhtara</a>, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronites</a> and Druze, who had fought a bloody war in 1983–1984, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> and was a cornerstone for the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Revolution" title="Cedar Revolution">Cedar Revolution</a> in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> describes Jumblatt as "the leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-163">[162]</a> The second largest political party supported by Druze is the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Democratic_Party" title="Lebanese Democratic Party">Lebanese Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Talal_Arslan" title="Talal Arslan">Prince Talal Arslan</a>, the son of Lebanese independence hero <a href="/wiki/Emir_Majid_Arslan_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir Majid Arslan II">Emir Majid Arslan</a>. The Druze community is primarily located in the rural and mountainous regions to the east and south of Beirut.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> They represent approximately 5.2 percent of Lebanon's population and are spread across 136 villages in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Hasbaya_District" title="Hasbaya District">Hasbaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashaya_District" title="Rashaya District">Rashaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Aley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjeyoun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjeyoun District">Marjeyoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. The Druze make up the majority in <a href="/wiki/Aley" title="Aley">Aley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baakleen" title="Baakleen">Baakleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasbaya" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashaya" title="Rashaya">Rashaya</a>. Specifically, they constitute over half of the population in the <a href="/wiki/Aley_District" title="Aley District">Aley District</a>, about a third in the <a href="/wiki/Rashaya_District" title="Rashaya District">Rashaya District</a>, and around a quarter in both the <a href="/wiki/Chouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Chouf">Chouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Matn Districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Israel">In Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze in Israel</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1982_Golan_Heights_Druze_general_strike" title="1982 Golan Heights Druze general strike">1982 Golan Heights Druze general strike</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/260px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/390px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg/520px-PikiWiki_Israel_1337_Druze_scouts_at_jethro_holy_place_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to such "Druze Zionist" movements.<a href="#cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-166">[165]</a></figcaption></figure> The Druzites form a religious minority in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> of more than 100,000, mostly residing in the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In 2004, there were 102,000 Druze living in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmaraSchnell2004-168">[167]</a> In 2010, the population of Israeli Druze citizens grew to over 125,000. At the end of 2018, there were 143,000 in Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> portion of the Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-CBS13-9">[9]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> identify ethnically as Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Today, thousands of Israeli Druze belong to "Druze <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a>" movements.<a href="#cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-166">[165]</a> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2020, the Druze make up about 7.6% of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> By the end of 2019, around 81% of the Israeli Druze population resided in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern District</a>, while 19% were in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa District</a>. The largest Druze communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yirka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirka">Yirka</a> (also known as Yarka).<a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-171">[170]</a> The Druze live in 19 towns and villages scattered across the mountaintops in northern Israel, either in exclusively Druze areas or in mixed communities with <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-171">[170]</a> The Galilean Druze and Druze of the <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> region received Israeli citizenship automatically in 1948. After Israel captured the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> from Syria in 1967 and annexed it to Israel in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel#Status_and_position_of_Golan_Heights_Druze" title="Druze in Israel">Druze of the Golan Heights</a> were offered full Israeli citizenship under the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights Law</a>. Most declined Israeli citizenship and retain <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> citizenship and identity and are treated as permanent residents of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_Wilson-172">[171]</a> As of 2011, fewer than 10% of the Druze population in the Golan Heights had accepted Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> In 1957, the Israeli government designated the Druze a distinct religious community at the request of its communal leaders.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The Druze are <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking citizens of Israel and serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, just as most citizens do in Israel. Members of the community have attained top positions in Israeli politics and public service.<a href="#cite_note-theisraelproject1-176">[175]</a> The number of Druze parliament members usually exceeds their proportion in the Israeli population, and they are integrated within several political parties. Some scholars maintain that Israel has tried to separate the Druze from other Arab communities, and that the effort has influenced the way Israel's Druze perceive their modern identity.<a href="#cite_note-Firro_1999_9,_171-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weingrod_1985_259–279-64">[64]</a> Survey data suggests that Israeli Druze prioritize their identity first as Druze (religiously), second as Arabs (culturally and ethnically), and third as Israelis (citizenship-wise).<a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-32">[32]</a> A small minority of them identify as <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, distinguishing them from the majority of other <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>, who predominantly identify as Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmaraSchnell2004-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Jordan">In Jordan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Druze in Jordan</a></div> The Druzites form a religious minority in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> of around 32,000, mostly residing in the northwestern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[14]</a> The main areas where they live are <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azraq,_Jordan" title="Azraq, Jordan">Azraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russiefa" class="mw-redirect" title="Russiefa">Russiefa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Al-Quttein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Al-Quttein (page does not exist)">Umm Al-Quttein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mafraq" title="Mafraq">Mafraq</a>. Druze settlement in Jordan began in 1918, when 22 Druze families left <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a> for al-<a href="/wiki/Azraq,_Jordan" title="Azraq, Jordan">Azraq</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">withdrawal of the Turks</a> from the region.<a href="#cite_note-Neil-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_diaspora">In the diaspora</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> hosts the largest Druze communities outside the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khalifa_2013_loc=6-7-179">[178]</a> estimated at 60,000 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-82">[81]</a> Most of them trace their ancestry back to Lebanon and Syria. More than 200,000 people from the <a href="/wiki/Suwayda" title="Suwayda">Suwayda</a> area hold Venezuelan citizenship, the majority of whom belong to the <a href="/wiki/Druze_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze people in Syria">Syria's Druze</a> sect and immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries, with migrants primarily hailing from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>. They settled predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, and have significantly influenced <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan culture">Venezuelan culture</a>, particularly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic food">Arabic food</a> and music. Religiously, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Venezuelans" title="Arab Venezuelans">Arab-Venezuelans</a> community consists mainly of Druze and Christians, who are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholic Churches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paul_S_Rowe-181">[180]</a> The early Druze migrants to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> assimilated well into the local population, with some even converting <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Nevertheless, many retained a strong Druze and <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a>, along with adherence to Druze values. A prominent example of Druze influence in Venezuela is the former vice president, <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>, who is of Druze descent.<a href="#cite_note-Aamama-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Other notable Venezuelan figures of Druze origin include <a href="/wiki/Haifa_El_Aissami" title="Haifa El Aissami">Haifa El Aissami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">Tarek William Saab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-184">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is the second largest home of Druze communities outside the Middle East after Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-:3-185">[184]</a> Estimates vary between about 30,000<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[185]</a> and 50,000<a href="#cite_note-:3-185">[184]</a> Druzes in the United States, with the largest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[185]</a> American Druze are mostly of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[185]</a> Members of the Druze faith face the difficulty of finding a Druze partner and practicing <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>; marriage outside the Druze faith is strongly discouraged according to the Druze doctrine. They also face the pressure of keeping the religion alive because many Druze immigrants to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, becoming communicants of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-Kayyali-p.21-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobby_2011_232-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3></div> The Druze conception of the deity is declared by them to be one of strict and uncompromising unity. The main Druze doctrine states that <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanent</a>, in which he is above all attributes, but at the same time, he is present.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In their desire to maintain a rigid confession of unity, they stripped from God all attributes (<a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">tanzīh</a>). In God, there are no attributes distinct from his essence. He is wise, mighty, and just, not by wisdom, might, and justice, but by his own essence. God is "the whole of existence", rather than "above existence" or on his throne, which would make him "limited". There is neither "how", "when", nor "where" about him; he is incomprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-swayd-190">[189]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In this dogma, they are similar to the semi-philosophical, semi-religious body which flourished under <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> and was known by the name of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> and the fraternal order of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Brethren of Purity</a> (Ikhwan al-Ṣafa).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Unlike the Mu'tazila, and similar to some branches of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, the Druze believe in the concept of Tajalli (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>").<a href="#cite_note-swayd-190">[189]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Tajalli is often misunderstood by scholars and writers and is usually confused with the concept of <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Incarnation] is the core spiritual beliefs in the Druze and some other intellectual and spiritual traditions ... In a mystical sense, it refers to the light of God experienced by certain mystics who have reached a high level of purity in their spiritual journey. Thus, God is perceived as the <a href="/wiki/Lahut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahut">Lahut</a> [the divine] who manifests His Light in the Station (<a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqaam</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Nasut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasut">Nasut</a> [material realm] without the Nasut becoming Lahut. This is like one's image in the mirror: One is in the mirror, but does not become the mirror. The Druze manuscripts are emphatic and warn against the belief that the Nasut is God ... Neglecting this warning, individual seekers, scholars, and other spectators have considered al-Hakim and other figures divine. ... In the Druze scriptural view, Tajalli takes a central stage. One author comments that Tajalli occurs when the seeker's humanity is annihilated so that divine attributes and light are experienced by the person.<a href="#cite_note-swayd-190">[189]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h3></div> Druze sacred texts include the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-191">[190]</a> Other ancient Druze writings include the Rasa'il al-Hind (Epistles of India) and the previously lost (or hidden) manuscripts such as al-Munfarid bi-Dhatihi and al-Sharia al-Ruhaniyya as well as others including <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Treatises" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatises">treatises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Incorporated1996-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation § Druze</a></div> Reincarnation is a paramount principle in the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-Seabrook,_W._B._1928-193">[192]</a> Reincarnations occur instantly at one's death because there is an eternal duality of the body and the soul and it is impossible for the soul to exist without the body. A human soul will transfer only to a human body, in contrast to the Neoplatonic, Hindu and Buddhist belief systems, according to which souls can transfer to any living creature. Furthermore, a male Druze can be reincarnated only as another male Druze and a female Druze only as another female Druze. A Druze cannot be reincarnated in the body of a non-Druze. Additionally, souls cannot be divided and the number of souls existing in the universe is finite.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The cycle of rebirth is continuous and the only way to escape is through successive reincarnations. When this occurs, the soul is united with the Cosmic Mind and achieves the ultimate happiness.<a href="#cite_note-Druze-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pact_of_Time_Custodian">Pact of Time Custodian</h3></div> The Pact of Time Custodian (Mithāq Walī al-zamān) is considered the entrance to the Druze religion, and they believe that all Druze in their past lives have signed this Charter, and Druze believe that this Charter embodies with human souls after death. <blockquote> I rely on our Moula Al-Hakim the lonely God, the individual, the eternal, who is out of couples and numbers, (someone) the son of (someone) has approved recognition enjoined on himself and on his soul, in a healthy of his mind and his body, permissibility aversive is obedient and not forced, to repudiate from all creeds, articles and all religions and beliefs on the differences varieties, and he does not know something except obedience of almighty Moulana Al-Hakim, and obedience is worship and that it does not engage in worship anyone ever attended or wait, and that he had handed his soul and his body and his money and all he owns to almighty Maulana Al-Hakim.<a href="#cite_note-epistles_of_wisdom-195">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </blockquote> The Druze also use a similar formula, called al-'ahd, when one is initiated into the ʻUqqāl.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctuaries">Sanctuaries</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg/220px-Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg/330px-Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg/440px-Khalwat_al-Bayada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Druze clerics in <a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></figcaption></figure> The prayer-houses of the Druze are called khilwa, khalwa, khilwat or khalwat. The primary <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> of the Druze is at <a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCpgPA38_38]-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esotericism">Esotericism</h3></div> The Druze believe that many teachings given by prophets, religious leaders and holy books have <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> meanings preserved for those of intellect, in which some teachings are <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">symbolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegorical</a> in nature, and divide the understanding of holy books and teachings into three layers. These layers, according to the Druze, are as follows: <ul><li>The obvious or <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">exoteric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">zahir</a>), accessible to anyone who can read or hear;</li> <li>The hidden or <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">batin</a>), accessible to those who are willing to search and learn through the concept of <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>;</li> <li>And the hidden of the hidden, a concept known as <a href="/wiki/Anagoge" title="Anagoge">anagoge</a>, inaccessible to all but a few really enlightened individuals who truly understand the nature of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></li></ul> Druze do not believe that the esoteric meaning abrogates or necessarily abolishes the exoteric one. Hamza bin Ali refutes such claims by stating that if the esoteric interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">taharah</a> (purity) is purity of the heart and soul, it doesn't mean that a person can discard his physical purity, as <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">salat</a> (prayer) is useless if a person is untruthful in his speech and that the esoteric and exoteric meanings complement each other.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Druze_precepts">Seven Druze precepts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven pillars of Ismailism § Druze list</a></div> The Druze follow seven moral precepts or duties that are considered the core of the faith.<a href="#cite_note-Druze-36">[36]</a> The Seven Druze precepts are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti192451-200">[199]</a> <ol><li>Veracity in speech and the truthfulness of the tongue.</li> <li>Protection and mutual aid to the brethren in faith.</li> <li>Renunciation of all forms of former worship (specifically, invalid creeds) and false belief.</li> <li>Repudiation of the devil (<a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a>), and all forces of evil (translated from Arabic Toghyan, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>").</li> <li>Confession of God's unity.</li> <li>Acquiescence in God's acts no matter what they be.</li> <li>Absolute submission and resignation to God's divine will in both secret and public.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</h3></div> Complicating their identity is the custom of <a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">taqiyya</a>—concealing or disguising their beliefs when necessary—that they adopted from <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Ismailism</a> and the esoteric nature of the faith, in which many teachings are kept secretive. This is done in order to keep the religion from those who are not yet prepared to accept the teachings and therefore could misunderstand it, as well as to protect the community when it is in danger. Some claim to be Muslim or Christian in order to avoid persecution; some do not.<a href="#cite_note-kais-201">[200]</a> Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200318-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theophany">Theophany</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a> is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-The_World's_Greatest_Religious_Lead-5">[5]</a> He proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man.<a href="#cite_note-Aga-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-205">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> is an important figure in the Druze faith whose eponymous founder <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.<a href="#cite_note-Aga-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1999542-206">[205]</a> The Druze believe that al-Hākim will return at the end of times to judge the world and establish his kingdom, while <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a> is considered a reincarnation of Jesus, the Universal Mind <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a>, closely associated with al-Hākim.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> The author of the epistle "The Report of the Jewish and Christians" (Khabar al-Yahud wal Nasara), part of first volume of the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>, appears to have been a Druze individual. The account itself identifies him as <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a>, a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim's</a> <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> and the founder of the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-Mallett_2010-207">[206]</a> Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulat</a> of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-Bryer_1975_239–262-209">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophethood">Prophethood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Nebi_Shueib_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a> dignitaries celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a> festival at the tomb of the prophet in <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> Recognition of prophets in the Druze religion is divided into three sort-of subcategories, the prophet themselves (natiq), their disciples (asas), and witnesses to their message (hujjah). The number 5 contains an unstated significance within the Druze faith; it is believed in this area that great prophets come in groups of five. In the time of the ancient Greeks, these five were represented by <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a>. In the first century, the five were represented by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20157-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthew">Saint Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark">Saint Mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Luke">Saint Luke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2009-53">[53]</a> In the time of the faith's foundation, the five were <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a>, Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī, Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri, Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtana_Baha%27uddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin">Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin</a>. Druze tradition honors and reveres Hamza ibn Ali Ahmad and <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a> as "mentors" and "prophets", believed to be <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> idea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2010314-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan201594-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_beliefs">Other beliefs</h3></div> The Druze allow divorce, although it is discouraged, and circumcision is not necessary. <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> is forbidden,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189-214">[213]</a> and they usually have religious services on <a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a> evenings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix-35">[35]</a> Druze follow Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> law on issues which their own faith has no particular rulings about.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200944,_61,_147-216">[215]</a> Formal Druze worship is confined to weekly meeting on Thursday evenings, during which all members of community gather together to discuss local issues before those not initiated into the secrets of the faith (the juhhāl, or the ignorant) are dismissed, and those who are "uqqāl" or "enlightened" (those few initiated in the Druze holy books) remain to read and study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_symbol">Religious symbol </h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/70px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/105px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/140px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The Druze strictly avoid <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, but use five colors ("Five Limits" خمس حدود khams ḥudūd) as a religious symbol:<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> green, red, yellow, blue, and white. The five limits were listed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismail_at-Tamimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismail at-Tamimi (page does not exist)">Ismail at-Tamimi</a> (d. 1030) in the Epistle of the Candle (risalat ash-sham'a) as: <ul><li>First limit: Hamza Ibn Ali (حمزة إبن علي إبن أحمد) (or Jesus according to other sources)<a href="#cite_note-Louis-219">[218]</a></li> <li>Second limit: Ismail ibn Muhamed ibn Hamed at-Tamimi (Ismail at-Tamimi) (إسماعيل إبن محمد بن حامد التميمي)</li> <li>Third limit: Muhamed ibn Wahb (محمد إبن وهب)</li> <li>Fourth limit (as-Sabiq the anterior): Salama ibn abd al-Wahhab (سلامة إبن عبد الوهاب)</li> <li>Fifth limit (al-llahiq the posterior): Ali ibn Ahmed as-Samouqi (علي إبن أحمد السموقي)</li></ul> Each of the colors representing the five limits pertains to a metaphysical power called ḥadd, literally "a limit", as in the distinctions that separate humans from animals, or the powers that make humans the animalistic body. Each ḥadd is color-coded in the following manner: <ul><li>Green for <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAql" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻAql">ʻAql</a> "the Universal Mind/Intelligence/<a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a>",</li> <li>Red for <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a> "the Universal Soul/<a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a>",</li> <li>Yellow for <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Islam)" title="Logos (Islam)">Kalima</a> "the Word/<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>",</li> <li>Blue for Sābiq (السابق) "the anterior/potentiality/cause/precedent", the first intellect.</li> <li>White for al-llahiq (اللاحق) "the posterior/future/effect/<a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a>".</li></ul> The mind generates <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> and gives consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20158-220">[219]</a> The soul embodies the mind and is responsible for transmigration and the character of oneself. The word, which is the atom of language, communicates qualia between humans and represents the platonic forms in the sensible world. The Sābiq and Tālī is the ability to perceive and learn from the past and plan for the future and predict it. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Druze.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/70px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/105px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Druze.svg/140px-Flag_of_Druze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The colors can be arranged in vertically descending stripes (as a flag), or a <a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">five-pointed star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> The stripes are a diagrammatic cut of the spheres in neoplatonic philosophy, while the five-pointed star embodies the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">phi</a>, as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a> and a life of moderation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prayer_houses_and_holy_places">Prayer houses and holy places</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_6935_In_the_holy_place_of_jethro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Jethro shrine and temple of Druze in <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> Holy places of the Druze are archaeological sites important to the community and associated with religious holidays;<a href="#cite_note-dhp-222">[221]</a> the most notable example being <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethro (Bible)">Jethro</a>, who is a central figure of the Druze religion. Druze make pilgrimages to this site on the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrusischerTempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DrusischerTempel.jpg/220px-DrusischerTempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DrusischerTempel.jpg/330px-DrusischerTempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/DrusischerTempel.jpg/440px-DrusischerTempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Druze prayer house in <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliat al-Karmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> One of the most important features of the Druze village having a central role in social life is the khilwa or <a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">khalwat</a>—a house of prayer, retreat and religious unity. The khalwat may be known as <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a> in local languages.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> The second type of religious shrine is one associated with the anniversary of a historic event or death of a prophet. If it is a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> the Druze call it <a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">mazār</a> and if it is a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> they call it <a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">maqām</a>. The holy places become more important to the community in times of adversity and calamity. The holy places and <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> of the Druze are scattered in various villages, in places where they are protected and cared for. They are found in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dhp-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initiates_and_"ignorant"_members">Initiates and "ignorant" members</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Druze_man.jpg/220px-Druze_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Druze_man.jpg/330px-Druze_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Druze_man.jpg/440px-Druze_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Druze <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> (ʻuqqāl) wearing religious dress</figcaption></figure> The Druze do not recognize any religious hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-225">[224]</a> As such, there is no "Druze clergy". Those few initiated in the Druze holy books are called ʿuqqāl,<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> while the "ignorant", regular members of the group are called juhhāl.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Given the strict religious, intellectual and spiritual requirements, most of the Druze are not initiated and might be referred to as al-Juhhāl (جهال), literally "the Ignorant", but in practice referring to the non-initiated Druze.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> However, that term is seldom used by the Druze. Those Druze are not granted access to the Druze holy literature or allowed to attend the initiated religious meetings of the ʻuqqāl. The "juhhāl" are the vast majority of the Druze community.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-225">[224]</a> The cohesiveness and frequent inter-community social interaction, however, enables most Druze to have an idea about their broad ethical requirements and have some sense of what their theology consists of (albeit often flawed). The initiated religious group, which includes both men and women (less than 10% of the population), is called al-ʻUqqāl (عقال "the Knowledgeable Initiates"). They might or might not dress differently, although most wear a costume that was characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain people">mountain people</a> in previous centuries. Women can opt to wear al-mandīl, a loose white <a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">veil</a>, especially in the presence of other people. They wear al-mandīl on their heads to cover their hair and wrap it around their mouths. They wear black shirts and long skirts covering their legs to their ankles. Male ʻuqqāl often grow mustaches, and wear dark Levantine-Turkish traditional dresses, called the shirwal, with white turbans that vary according to the seniority of the ʻuqqāl. Traditionally the Druze women have played an important role both socially and religiously inside the community.<a href="#cite_note-auto13-225">[224]</a> Al-ʻuqqāl have equal rights to al-Juhhāl, but establish a hierarchy of respect based on religious service. The most influential of al-ʻuqqāl become Ajawīd, recognized religious leaders, and from this group the spiritual leaders of the Druze are assigned. While the <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a> al-ʻAql, which is an official position in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, is elected by the local community and serves as the head of the Druze religious council, judges from the Druze religious courts are usually elected for this position. Unlike the spiritual leaders, the authority of the Shaykh al-ʻAql is limited to the country he is elected in, though in some instances spiritual leaders are elected to this position.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The Druze believe in the unity of God, and are often known as the "People of Monotheism" or simply "Monotheists".<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">Neo-Platonic</a> view about how God interacts with the world through emanations and is similar to some <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnostic</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> sects. Druze philosophy also shows <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> Druze principles focus on honesty, loyalty, <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>, patriotic sacrifice, and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> They reject <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, and other drugs and often, the consumption of pork (to the Uqqāl and not necessarily to the Juhhāl).<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> Druze reject <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, believe in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, and are not obliged to observe most of the religious rituals.<a href="#cite_note-W._Lesch_2021_129-234">[233]</a> The Druze believe that rituals are symbolic and have an individualistic effect on the person, for which reason Druze are free to perform them, or not. The community does celebrate <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, however, considered their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-235">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_(14033392419).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg/220px-DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg/330px-DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg/440px-DRUZE_WOMAN_PREPARING_A_TRADITIONAL_DISH_PN12IGA02320_ITAMAR_GRINBERG_IMOT_%2814033392419%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>A Druze woman preparing a traditional dish</figcaption></figure> The Druze community maintains <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">culture</a> as core elements of their identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nili2019-32">[32]</a> Arabic is their primary language, and Druze cultural practices and traditions are deeply intertwined with the broader Arab heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Halabi_55-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">[235]</a> While the Druze have their unique religious beliefs and customs, they actively preserve and contribute to Arabic cultural and social life in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> They have had a significant impact on the region's history and culture and continue to play a notable political role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017125-55">[55]</a> Traditionally, most Druze are not initiated into the deeper secrets of the faith and are considered "juhhāl", or "the ignorant". Only a minority, known as the "uqqāl" or "enlightened," are initiated into the Druze holy books and engage in religious study. The religious life of the average Druze ("juhhāl") revolves around a very small number of events—birth and circumcision, engagement and marriage, death and burial—and is devoid of special Druze prayers or worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200356-237">[236]</a> Marriage outside the Druze faith is forbidden,<a href="#cite_note-auto9-83">[82]</a> and if a Druze marries a non-Druze, the Druze may be ostracized and marginalized by their community.<a href="#cite_note-auto19-238">[237]</a> Because a non-Druze partner cannot convert to Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, because the Druze faith can only be passed on through birth to two Druze parents.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a> is widely practiced by the Druze.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-239">[238]</a> The procedure is practiced as a cultural tradition, and has no religious significance in the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-auto20-240">[239]</a> There is no special date for this act in the Druze faith: male Druze infants are usually circumcised shortly after birth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200356-237">[236]</a> however some remain uncircumcised until the age of ten or older.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200356-237">[236]</a> Some Druze do not circumcise their male children, and refuse to observe this "common Muslim practice".<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> Druze communities are often close-knit and maintain a strong sense of identity and solidarity. A key aspect of their religious practice includes <a href="/wiki/Ziyara_(Druze)" title="Ziyara (Druze)">ziyarat</a>, or visits to holy places. One of the most significant events in Druze religious life is the annual pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a>, observed between April 25 and 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202395-242">[241]</a> This pilgrimage is dedicated to Shu'ayb, whom Druze believe to be a prophet and whose purported tomb is located at this shrine. This event is so important that it is officially recognized as a public holiday in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202395-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> The mother tongue of Druze in Syria, Lebanon and Israel is <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">[235]</a> except those born and living in the Druze diaspora such as <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, where Arabic was not taught or spoken at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">[235]</a> The Druze Arabic dialect, especially in the rural areas, is often different from the other <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">regional Arabic dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">[235]</a> Druze Arabic dialect is distinguished from others by retention of the phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">[235]</a> the use of which by Druze is particularly prominent in the mountains and less so in urban areas. The <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze citizens of Israel</a> are Arabic in language and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic culture">culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259-18">[18]</a> and linguistically speaking, the majority of them are fluently bilingual, speaking both a Central Northern Levantine Arabic dialect and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. In Druze Arab homes and towns in Israel, the primary language spoken is Arabic, while some Hebrew words have entered the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">colloquial Arabic dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> They often use <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew characters</a> to write their Arabic dialect online.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_identity">Cultural identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/220px-103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/330px-103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg/440px-103209_the_druze_town_of_beit_gan_and_its_surroundings_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Inside the Maqam Baha al-Din in <a href="/wiki/Beit_Jann" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Jann">Beit Jann</a></figcaption></figure> Various scholars agree that the Druze community's cultural identity is deeply intertwined with their <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab heritage</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nejla_Abu-Izzedin" title="Nejla Abu-Izzedin">Nejla Abu-Izzedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Kamal Salibi</a> both argue that the Druze are profoundly embedded within the Arab cultural framework, as demonstrated by their common language and social customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199345-67-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> They assert that this integration is apparent through the Druze's active participation in regional traditions and their assimilation into Arab society, despite their distinct religious and philosophical beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993145-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> Scholar Robert Brenton Betts explains that the Druze social structure is characterized by a strong sense of community and the leadership of religious elders known as 'sheikhs'. These leaders are pivotal in guiding both the spiritual and social aspects of Druze life, which is crucial for preserving their unique identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA92_92]-249">[248]</a> Betts also points to specific Druze practices, such as the annual pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Shu'ayb">Shrine of Shu'ayb</a>, as examples of how these traditions, along with the role of the sheikhs, are deeply ingrained in Druze social life. He argues that these practices are not just religious rituals but are fundamental to reinforcing Druze unity and continuity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA85_85–110]-250">[249]</a> According to some scholars, the Druze cultural identity is shaped by their interactions with both <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christian</a> and Muslim communities, reflecting a <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">synthesis</a> of religious and cultural influences. Historians notes that the Druze have historically maintained a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">positive relationship with Christians</a>, as evidenced by shared traditions and social practices in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mackey_2009_62-252">[251]</a> This interaction has led to overlapping symbols, customs, mutual veneration of saints and their shrines, and shared terminology for God.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> Sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9" title="Church of Saidet et Tallé">Church of Saidet et Tallé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Qamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir el Qamar">Deir el Qamar</a>, historically a popular <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Shrines to Mary, mother of Jesus">Marian pilgrimage site</a> among the Druze, exemplify this cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> The Druze also venerate Christian saints like <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Elijah">Prophet Elijah</a>, admired for their "bravery and warrior-like qualities".<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314-253">[252]</a> Scholar Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire observes that these <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">warrior saints</a> resonate with the Druze due to their parallels with Druze militarized traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314-253">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of children, in line with Christian tradition, was common among prominent Lebanese Druze families. Historian Aharon Layish notes that there is clear evidence of Druzes in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Lebanon during the Ottoman period</a> who posed as Christians for practical reasons.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Conversely, despite sharing historical roots with Muslims, the Druze often experience a more complex relationship with Muslim communities due to their distinct religious beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-Mackey_2009_62-252">[251]</a> Historically, the Druze faced significant persecution from Muslim regimes, which led them to keep their religious beliefs secret.<a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2015_132-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-K._Zartman_2020_199-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Layiš_1982_1-259">[258]</a> According to Druze narrative, these <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">acts of persecution</a> were aimed at eradicating the entire community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017-260">[259]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] This narrative has shaped the Druze sense of identity and their awareness of survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017-260">[259]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] As a survival strategy, some Druze have historically posed as Muslims, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">taqiya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-261">[260]</a> This concealment has led to a <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">synthesis</a> of Druze religious practice and cultural identity with Islamic elements, as noted by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Keddie_2002_306-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG/220px-Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG/330px-Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG/440px-Druze_pita_making_IMG_6206.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Druze women making "Druze pita" (<a href="/wiki/Saj_bread" title="Saj bread">Saj bread</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Isfiya" title="Isfiya">Isfiya</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> Druze cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab cuisine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> and shares many similarities with other <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisines</a>. It features a rich array of grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread, <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain#Varieties" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit#Food_uses" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable#Cultivation" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> and tomatoes. A hallmark of Druze and Levantine cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">meze</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_nayyeh" title="Kibbeh nayyeh">Kibbeh nayyeh</a> is also a popular mezze among the Druze. Other well-known dishes among Druzes include <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">sfiha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">dolma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_squash" title="Stuffed squash">kusa mahshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshpara" title="Joshpara">shishbarak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammara" title="Muhammara">muhammara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">mujaddara</a>. Among the popular traditional Arabic dessert by the Druze is <a href="/wiki/Knafeh" title="Knafeh">Knafeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Saj_bread" title="Saj bread">Saj bread</a> is known as "Druze Pita" as it was easier for Israeli Jews to identify with Druze than with Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-o146-265">[264]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">labneh</a> (thick yoghurt) and topped with <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Za%E2%80%99atar" class="mw-redirect" title="Za’atar">za’atar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> and a very popular bread in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> Al-Meleh a popular dish among Druze in <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a> region (<a href="/wiki/Suwayda_Governorate" title="Suwayda Governorate">Suwayda Governorate</a>), cooked in a pressure cooker and served on huge special plates at weddings, holidays, and other special occasions. And consists of bulgur wheat immersed in ghee with lamb and yogurt, and served hot with fried kibbeh and vegetables.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> For reasons that remain unclear, the <a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah" title="Mulukhiyah">Mulukhiyah</a> dish was banned by the Fatimid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> sometime during his reign (996–1021). While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the Druze, who hold Al-Hakim in high regard and give him quasi-divine authority,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-205">[204]</a> continue to respect the ban, and do not eat <a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah" title="Mulukhiyah">Mulukhiyah</a> of any kind to this day.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maté (drink)">Mate</a> (in Levantine Arabic, متة /mæte/) is a popular drink consumed by the Druze brought to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> by <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">Syrian migrants from Argentina</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Online-270">[269]</a> Mate is made by steeping dried leaves of the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Yerba_mate" title="Yerba mate">yerba mate</a> in hot water and is served with a metal straw (بمبيجة bambīja or مصاصة maṣṣāṣah) from a gourd (فنجان finjān or قَرْعَة qarʻah). Mate is often the first item served when entering a Druze home. It is a social drink and can be shared between multiple participants. After each drinker, the metal straw is cleaned with lemon rind. Traditional snacks eaten with mate include raisins, nuts, dried figs, biscuits, and chips.<a href="#cite_note-donald-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Online-270">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/220px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/330px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg/440px-Israeli_Druze_in_Gamla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> family visiting <a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a>; wearing religious dress</figcaption></figure> The Druze rejection of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, unlike in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">traditional Islamic traditions</a>, reflects a significant <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">influence from Christianity</a> on their faith.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> While the Druze cite certain <a href="/wiki/Quranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic">Quranic</a> verses to justify their position, it more closely mirrors the Christian perspective on marriage.<a href="#cite_note-W._Lesch_2021_129-234">[233]</a> Additionally, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> by some Druze sheikhs is highly regarded within their community. It's not uncommon for a sheikh to request celibacy from his fiancée, and many Druze sheikhs remain unmarried throughout their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200360-272">[271]</a> In Druze belief, sex is seen not as an end in itself but as a means of <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, with certain sexual forms considered <a href="/wiki/Sinful" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinful">sinful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200360-272">[271]</a> The Druze doctrine not permit outsiders to convert to their religion, as only one who is born to Druze parents can be considered a Druze. Marriage outside the Druze faith is uncommon and strongly discouraged for both males and females. If a Druze individual, whether male or female, marries a non-Druze, they may face ostracism and marginalization from their community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007188–189-34">[34]</a> Since a non-Druze partner cannot convert to the Druze faith, the couple cannot have Druze children, as the Druze faith can only be inherited from two Druze parents at birth.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Marrying a non-Druze, whether male or female, is viewed as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> from the Druze religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189-214">[213]</a> The Druze community holds a negative perception of <a href="/wiki/Apostates" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostates">apostates</a> who marry outside the religion. Consequently, those who leave the Druze religion due to interfaith marriage are forced to leave their village and are exiled to distant, non-Druze areas. This religious and social pressure leads to their isolation and classification as outcasts within their Druze community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Druze_and_other_religions">Druze and other religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Muslims">Relationship with Muslims</h3></div> The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>; although according to various scholars Druze faith "diverge substantially from Islam, both <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Even though the faith originally developed out of <a href="/wiki/Ismaili_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili Islam">Ismaili Islam</a>, most Druze do not identify as <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Arab_America-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-J._Stewart_2008_33-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> and they do not accept the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-De_McLaurin_1979_114-27">[27]</a> Historian David R. W. Bryer defines the Druzes as <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">ghulat</a> of Isma'ilism, since they exaggerated the cult of the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> and considered him divine; he also defines the Druzes as a religion that deviated from Islam.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> He also added that as a result of this deviation, the Druze faith "seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-Bryer_1975_239–262-209">[208]</a> Historically the relationship between the Druze and Muslims has been characterized by intense persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtzi1984166-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2015_132-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-K._Zartman_2020_199-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Layiš_1982_1-259">[258]</a> The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-about-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto18-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019364–366-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-VI22-23-123">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199463-284">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-goren-285">[284]</a> The persecution of the Druze included <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversion</a> to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019364-286">[285]</a> Those acts of persecution were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017-260">[259]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Most recently, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, which began in 2011, saw persecution of the Druze at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> Since Druze emerged from Islam and share certain beliefs with Islam, its position of whether it is a separate religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial among Muslim scholars.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Druze are not considered Muslims by those belonging to orthodox Islamic schools of thought.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, a prominent Muslim <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">muhaddith</a>, dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> cited that Druze: "Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) nor <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">mushrikin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polytheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheist">polytheists</a>). Rather, they are from the most deviant kuffār (<a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a>) ... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized ... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described ... It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabad2017126-114">[113]</a> which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200937-297">[296]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200925-298">[297]</a> In contrast, according to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abidin" title="Ibn Abidin">Ibn Abidin</a>, whose work <a href="/wiki/Radd_al-Muhtar_%27ala_al-Durr_al-Mukhtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar">Radd al-Muhtar 'ala al-Durr al-Mukhtar</a> is still considered the authoritative text of <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> fiqh today,<a href="#cite_note-anNabala-299">[298]</a> the Druze are neither Muslims nor apostates.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> In 1959, in an ecumenical move driven by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">Egyptian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>'s effort to broaden his political appeal after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> between <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> in 1958,<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> the Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a> at <a href="/wiki/Al_Azhar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azhar University">Al Azhar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> classified the Druze as Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> The fatwa declares that the Druze are Muslims because they recite the twofold <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a>, and believe in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> and do not oppose Islam in word or deed.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> This fatwa was not accepted by all in the Islamic world, many dissenting scholars have argued the Druze recite the Shahada as a form of <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">taqiya</a>; a precautionary dissimulation or denial of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution. Some sects of Islam, including all Shia denominations, don't recognize the religious authority of <a href="/wiki/Al_Azhar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Azhar University">Al Azhar University</a>, those that do sometimes challenge the religious legitimacy of Shaltut's fatwa because it was issued for political reasons, as Gamal Abdel Nasser saw it as a tool to spread his appeal and influence across the entire <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keddie_2002_306-262">[261]</a> In 2012, due to a drift towards <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> in Al-Azhar, and the ascension of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> into Egyptian political leadership, the dean of the Faculty of Islamic Studies at Al-Azhar issued a fatwa strongly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Shia_Fatwa" title="Al-Azhar Shia Fatwa">1959 fatwa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_48146_Jethros_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>) grave near <a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: Both religions venerate <a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a>.</figcaption></figure> Both religions venerate <a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>: Shuaib (<a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a>) is revered as the chief prophet in the Druze religion,<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> and in Islam he is considered a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet of God</a>. Muslims regard Muhammad as the final and paramount prophet sent by God,<a href="#cite_note-espos12-309">[308]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> to the Druze, Muhammad is exalted as one of the seven prophets sent by God in different periods of history.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Quilliam-39">[39]</a> In terms of religious comparison, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a> do not believe in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_95]-48">[48]</a> a paramount tenet of the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-Seabrook,_W._B._1928-193">[192]</a> Islam teaches <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">dawah</a>, whereas the Druze do not accept converts to their faith. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Islamic schools and branches allow for divorce and permit men <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">to be married to multiple women</a>, contrary to the views of the Druze in <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> and not allowing <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>. Differences between Islamic schools and branches and Druze include their belief in the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_95]-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad">Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad</a> is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts;<a href="#cite_note-The_World's_Greatest_Religious_Lead-5">[5]</a> he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aga-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-205">[204]</a> Within Islam, however, such a concept of theophany is a denial of monotheism. The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-Quilliam-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-40">[40]</a> and other religious beliefs. Druze Sacred texts include the Qur'an and the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (rasail al-hikma رسائل الحكمة)<a href="#cite_note-Religion-191">[190]</a> The Druze community does celebrate <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a> as their most significant holiday; though their form of observance is different compared to that of most Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-auto17-235">[234]</a> The Druze faith does not follow <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> nor any of the Five Pillars of Islam save reciting the Shahada.<a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-261">[260]</a> Scholars argue that Druze recite the Shahada in order to protect their religion and their own safety, and to avoid <a href="/wiki/Persecution_by_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution by Muslims">persecution by Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Incorporated-1996-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Christians">Relationship with Christians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/220px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/330px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg/440px-Christian_Church_and_Druze_khalwa_in_Maaser_el_Chouf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> and Druze Khalwa in <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Shuf</a>: Historically; the Druzes and the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in the Shuf Mountains lived in complete harmony.<a href="#cite_note-auto5-130">[129]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and Druze are <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> that share a historical traditional connection with some major theological differences. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and are both <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>. The relationship between Druze and Christians has been characterized largely by <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and peaceful <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">coexistence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collection_1-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-130">[129]</a> Amicable relations between the two groups prevailed throughout most of history, though a few exceptions exist, including the <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz1994-131">[130]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-auto4-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion of Druze to Christianity</a> used to be common practice in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto19-238">[237]</a> Over the centuries, several prominent members of the Druze community have embraced Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kayyali-p.21-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hobby_2011_232-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> including some of <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihab dynasty</a> members,<a href="#cite_note-Mishaqa23-315">[314]</a> as well as the Abi-Lamma clan.<a href="#cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-316">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christian</a> and Druze communities share a long history of interaction dating back roughly a millennium, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> Interaction between Christian communities (members of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a>, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Governorate" title="Mount Lebanon Governorate">Mount Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chouf_District" title="Chouf District">Chouf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto5-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Daftary1992-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and the Druze founded modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deeb_2013-143">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian20fashions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/220px-Syrian20fashions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/330px-Syrian20fashions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Syrian20fashions.jpg/440px-Syrian20fashions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Christian mountain dweller from <a href="/wiki/Zahl%C3%A9" title="Zahlé">Zahlé</a>, Christian mountain dweller of <a href="/wiki/Zgharta" title="Zgharta">Zgharta</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Lebanese Druze</a> man in traditional attire (1873).</figcaption></figure> Druze doctrine teaches that Christianity is to be "esteemed and praised" as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> writers are regarded as "carriers of wisdom".<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> The Druze faith incorporates some elements of Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-Quilliam-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-40">[40]</a> in addition to adoption of Christian elements on the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmetTamīmī2007-322">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> The full Druze canon or Druze scripture (Epistles of Wisdom) includes the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]-323">[322]</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]-323">[322]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> works by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and those influenced by <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> among works from other <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]-323">[322]</a> The Druze faith shows influence of <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a>, among other religious practices.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> Some scholars suggest that <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> beliefs might have influenced Druze theology, particularly in concepts of <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">divine knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> These influences and incorporations of Christian elements encompass the adoption of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Christianizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianizing">Christianizing</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>'s persona among the Druze, as well as the integration of verses from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> concerning the Messiah by certain Druze founders.<a href="#cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">[41]</a> In terms of religious comparison, <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">mainstream Christian denominations</a> do not believe in <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of the soul">transmigration of the soul</a>, unlike the Druze.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_95]-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> is widely seen as central to the Christian faith, unlike the Druze who do not accept converts. Marriage outside the Druze faith is rare and is strongly discouraged. Similarities between the Druze and Christians include commonalities in their view of <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">marriage</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce" title="Christian views on divorce">the forbidding of divorce and remarriage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_95]-48">[48]</a> in addition to the belief in the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">oneness of God</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan200295-325">[324]</a> Neither mainstream Christian denominations nor Druze require male <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto20-240">[239]</a> though male circumcision is commonly practiced in many predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christian countries</a> and many Christian communities,<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> and it is practiced in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2007_GTDPSA-329">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-riggs_2006-330">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-clark_2011-332">[331]</a> Male circumcision is also widely practiced by the Druze,<a href="#cite_note-auto10-239">[238]</a> but as a cultural tradition, since circumcision has no religious significance in the Druze faith.<a href="#cite_note-auto20-240">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maqam_Al-masih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maqam_Al-masih.jpg/220px-Maqam_Al-masih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maqam_Al-masih.jpg/330px-Maqam_Al-masih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Maqam_Al-masih.jpg/440px-Maqam_Al-masih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Druze <a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a> Al-Masih (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Suwayda_Governorate" title="Suwayda Governorate">Suwayda Governorate</a>: Both religions revere Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a></figcaption></figure> Both faiths give a prominent place to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a> In Christianity, Jesus is the central figure, seen as the messiah. To the Druze, Jesus is an important prophet of God,<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a> being among the seven prophets (including Muhammad) who appeared in different periods of history.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> The Druze revere Jesus "the son of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>" and his <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">four disciples</a>, who wrote the Gospels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200847-334">[333]</a> According to the Druze manuscripts Jesus is the Greatest Imam and the incarnation of Ultimate <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a> (Akl) on earth and the first cosmic principle (Hadd),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200847-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Louis-219">[218]</a> and regards Jesus and <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a> as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> In the Druze tradition, Jesus is known under three titles: the True Messiah (al-Masih al-Haq), the Messiah of all Nations (Masih al-Umam), and the Messiah of Sinners. This is due, respectively, to the belief that Jesus delivered the true Gospel message, the belief that he was the Saviour of all nations, and the belief that he offers forgiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200988-336">[335]</a> Both religions venerate the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20157-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>,<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20157-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2009-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and other common figures.<a href="#cite_note-Swayd_2009-53">[53]</a> Figures in the Old Testament such as <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a> are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Jews">Relationship with Jews</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg/220px-Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg/330px-Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg/440px-Maqam_Al-Kader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Maqam Al-<a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a></figcaption></figure> The relationship between the Druze and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> has been controversial,<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a> material is contained in the Druze literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>; for example in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> probably written sometime between AD 1027 and AD 1042, accused the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifying Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-342">[341]</a> In other epistles, Jews are depicted negatively as "morally corrupt and murderers of prophets", particularly in chapters 13–14 of the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_1954-343">[342]</a> The epistle "Excuses and Warnings" predicts that, as a sign of the end times, Jews will seize control of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and seek revenge on its inhabitants as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a>. Afterwards, Messiah Jesus will expel the Jews from Jerusalem due to their spread of moral corruption worldwide. Christians will then dominate Muslims until the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>, when divine judgment by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah will occur.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_1954-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, a Jewish traveler<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] from the 12th century, pointed out that the Druze maintained good commercial relations with the Jews nearby, and according to him this was because the Druze liked the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-346">[345]</a> Yet, the Jews and Druze lived isolated from each other, except in a few mixed towns such as <a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Qamar" title="Deir al-Qamar">Deir al-Qamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-346">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-David2010-347">[346]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deir_el_Qamar_Synagogue" title="Deir el Qamar Synagogue">Deir el Qamar Synagogue</a> was built in 1638, during the Ottoman era in Lebanon, to serve the local Jewish population, some of whom were part of the immediate entourage of the Druze <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr-al-Din II">Fakhr-al-Din II</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman period</a>, relations between the Druze of Galilee and the Jewish community were generally strained and marked by conflict.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> In 1660, during a <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze power struggle (1658–67)">Druze power struggle</a> in Mount Lebanon, Druze forces destroyed Jewish settlements in the Galilee, including <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safad</a> and <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Tiberias" title="1660 destruction of Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rappel-349">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149-350">[349]</a> The tension escalated in 1834 during the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">Peasants' Revolt</a>, when <a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Safed's Jewish community</a> endured a month-long assault that involved extensive looting, violence, and the destruction of Jewish properties by both Druze and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Rossoff-351">[350]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">Druze revolt</a> against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_of_Egypt" title="Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt">Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Jewish community in Safad was attacked</a> by Druze rebels in early July 1838, the violence against the Jews included plundering their homes and desecrating their synagogues.<a href="#cite_note-Lieber1992-352">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein1960-353">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Florence2004-354">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg/220px-DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg/330px-DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg/440px-DSCN1293a_Israel_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4459" data-file-height="3345" /></a><figcaption>Oliphant house in <a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Karmel" title="Daliyat al-Karmel">Daliyat al-Karmel</a></figcaption></figure> Interactions between Jews and Druze were rare before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of Israel</a> in 1948, as they historically lived isolated from each other.<a href="#cite_note-David2010-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>, the Druze did not embrace the rising <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> of the time or participate in violent confrontations with <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigrants</a>. In 1948, many Druze volunteered for the Israeli army and no Druze villages were destroyed or permanently abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-IDMC-356">[355]</a> Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">state of Israel</a>, the Druze have demonstrated solidarity with Israel and distanced themselves from Arab <a href="/wiki/Islamic_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic radicalism">Islamic radicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> Israeli Druze male citizens serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian_Arabs-358">[357]</a> The Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred as "a covenant of blood" (Hebrew: ברית דמים, brit damim) in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-342">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> Israeli Druze scholars Kais M. Firro and Rabah Halabi contend that the Israeli narrative of a “special historical bond” or “blood pact” between Druze and Jews is a myth fabricated by early Zionist circles to divide and control <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab religious communities in Israel</a>, with no historical foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in-66">[66]</a> Conversely, the Druze community in Syria, Lebanon, and the Golan Heights generally aligns with <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and holds predominantly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Zionist">anti-Zionist</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> From 1957, the Israeli government formally recognized the Druze as a separate religious community,<a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-362">[361]</a> and they are defined as a distinct ethnic group in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Israeli Ministry of Interior's</a> census registration.<a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-362">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a> do not consider themselves Muslim, and see their faith as a separate and independent religion.<a href="#cite_note-Jiryis-1969-362">[361]</a> While compared to other <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Christians">Israeli Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a>, Druze place less emphasis on their <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> and self-identify more as <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a>. However, they were less ready for personal relationships with <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a> compared to Israeli Muslims and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-363">[362]</a> Scholars attribute this trend to cultural differences between Jews and Druze.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> In terms of religious comparison, scholars consider <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and the Druze faith as <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious groups</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harrison1-24">[24]</a> both practicing <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dawn-23">[23]</a> and both typically do not <a href="/wiki/Proselytize" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytize">proselytize</a>. Belief in reincarnation (<a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">Gilgul</a>) exist in some strands of Judaism influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>, but is rejected by mainstream Jewish denominations (<a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> Figures in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> are considered important prophets of God in the Druze faith, being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">[210]</a> Both religions venerate <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20157-212">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and other common figures. In the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a> was <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>' father-in-law, a <a href="/wiki/Kenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenite">Kenite</a> shepherd and priest of <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-366">[365]</a> Jethro of Midian is considered an ancestor of the Druze who revere him as their spiritual founder and chief prophet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_origins">Ethnic origins</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg/220px-Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg/330px-Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Tristram_Ellis_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A Druze family of the Lebanon, late 1800s</figcaption></figure> A study carried out by th Israeli Druze historian Kais M. Firro examines various theories about the origins of the Druze, including possible connections to the <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuthites" title="Cuthites">Cuthites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hivites" title="Hivites">Hivites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, and Turks. Some suggested a European origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202317-367">[366]</a> In the 17th century, there was a prevailing belief in France that the Druze were descendants of a lost army of <a href="/wiki/European_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="European Christian">European Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">crusaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kossaify_2018-368">[367]</a> According to this notion, after the fall of the Christian stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Acre in 1291</a> and the subsequent persecution by the victorious <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a>, these crusaders sought refuge in the mountains of Lebanon and settled there permanently.<a href="#cite_note-Kossaify_2018-368">[367]</a> According to Firro, two main approaches have been used to trace Druze origins. The first examines religious texts and the ethnic backgrounds of the early Druze leaders. The second focuses on the migration and settlement patterns of ancient peoples and tribes in the Druze regions before the 11th century. The third approach relies on anthropometric studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202317-367">[366]</a> The main proponent of the first approach is historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Hitti">Philip Hitti</a>, whose theory is a key reference for tracing Druze origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202318-369">[368]</a> Hitti proposed that the Druze are a blend of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianized</a> Arabs who adopted new beliefs. He supported this with three arguments: first, the early founders and disseminators of the Druze religion were of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> origin; second, some of the Druze religious lexicon is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>; and third, the native inhabitants of Wadi al-Taym where Druze faith beliefs first spread, were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian</a> and Iraqi or Persianized Arab cultures before 1077.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202318-369">[368]</a> However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sprengling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Sprengling (page does not exist)">Martin Sprengling</a> criticized Hitti's theory, arguing that not all early Druze leaders were of Persian origin—citing <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> as an example of Arab origin. Sprengling also noted that Wadi al-Taym's inhabitants before 1077 were mostly pure Arab tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taym_Allah" title="Taym Allah">Taym Allah</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202318-369">[368]</a> He concluded that the Druze are mainly a combination of various ethnic groups, with a major influence from Arabs, particularly <a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">southern Arabs</a>, along with an indigenous mountain population of <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Aramaic origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Additionally, Two English researchers, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hogarth" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hogarth">David Hogarth</a>, also proposed that the Druze are a blend of Arabs from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Arabia">Southern Arabia</a> and the mountain-dwelling Aramaeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg/220px-Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg/330px-Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg/440px-Jebel_el-Druze_%26_Hauran._Kanawat._Druze_men_%26_women_LOC_matpc.17234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="3509" /></a><figcaption>A photograph from 1938 depicting Druze people from <a href="/wiki/Kanawat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanawat">Kanawat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Druze">Jabal Druze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>), dressed in their traditional clothing</figcaption></figure> The second approach, used by Druze historians, scholars, intellectuals and clerics, emphasizes the migration and settlement of Arab tribes to highlight the pure Arab lineage of those who adopted Druze beliefs in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> Proponents argue that the Druze speak a "pure Arab dialect" and are of "pure Arab blood", not mixed with Turkish or other influences, due to their practice of strict <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a> marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> This view maintains that most Druze are descended from 12 Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before the Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> It relies on historical records, Druze chronicles, and genealogical trees reconstructed by Druze families to trace their ancestry and settlement in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> According to Firro, all Druze historians, scholars and leaders in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> consider the Druze to be Arabs, and this view is accepted by the entire Druze community in those countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">[67]</a> In contrast, while most <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze in Israel</a> consider themselves Arabs, some Israeli Druze politicians have begun to reject the idea of Arabic racial origin as a component of Druze national identity for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">[67]</a> According to Firro, the third approach in the research on Druze origins is based on the conclusions of researchers and anthropologists. Studies by <a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a>, Arries and Kappers found that Druze in the Levant, along with their Muslim and Christian counterparts, share the same origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> Similarly, Druze historian <a href="/wiki/Nejla_Abu-Izzedin" title="Nejla Abu-Izzedin">Nejla Abu-Izzedin</a> has concluded that Druze, Christians, and Muslims in the Levant have the same racial background.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a> According to Druze historian Amin Talea', Druze oral and written traditions recount that twelve Arab tribes converted to Islam and fought alongside Muslim warriors until they were introduced to the Druze religion by preachers sent from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. Talea' adds that, over time, the Druze developed a strong sense of their pure Arab origins, believing that, apart from their unique religious practices, their spiritual and material culture closely mirrored that of the broader population of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">Greater Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabian_hypothesis">Arabian hypothesis</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png/220px-Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png/330px-Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png/440px-Buhturid_Mount_Lebanon.png 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Buhturid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhturid">Buhturid</a> domains in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> rule, with the Buhturids, a <a href="/wiki/Tanukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukh">Tanukh</a> clan, holding a significant place in Druze history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199311-372">[371]</a></figcaption></figure> The Druze faith extended to many areas in the Middle East, but most of the modern Druze can trace their origin to the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon</a>, which is named after an Arab tribe <a href="/wiki/Taym_Allah" title="Taym Allah">Taym Allah</a> (or Taym Allat) which, according to Islamic historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, first came from the Arabian Peninsula into the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> where they had been <a href="/wiki/Christianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianized">Christianized</a> prior to their migration into Lebanon. Many of the Druze feudal families, whose genealogies have been preserved by the two modern Syrian chroniclers Haydar al-Shihabi and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Faris_al-Shidyaq" title="Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq">Ahmad Faris al-Shidyaq</a>, seem also to point in the direction of this origin. Arabian tribes emigrated via the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and stopped in Iraq on their route that would later to lead them to Syria. The first feudal Druze family, the <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a>, which made for itself a name in fighting the Crusaders was, according to Haydar al-Shihabi, an Arab tribe from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> where it occupied the position of a ruling family and apparently was Christianized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1924-113">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Travelers like <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a>, and scholars like <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Oppenheim" title="Max von Oppenheim">Max von Oppenheim</a>, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">[61]</a> The Arabian hypothesis is widely regarded as the leading explanation for the origins of the Druze people among historians, scholars, intellectuals, and religious leaders within the Druze community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-20-31">[31]</a> This theory suggests that the Druze descended from twelve Arab tribes that migrated to Syria before and during the early Islamic period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> It also serves as the primary framework for understanding their historical and racial origins, as reflected in their oral traditions and written literature. This hypothesis is central to the Druze's self-perception and cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> This view is accepted by the entire Druze community in Syria and Lebanon, as well as by most Druze in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">[67]</a> The Arabic language is spoken by the Druze and is also the language in which their sacred texts are written. Scholars who hold this view argue that this linguistic connection underscores the Druze's ethnic Arab identity. According to Druze historian <a href="/wiki/Nejla_Abu-Izzedin" title="Nejla Abu-Izzedin">Nejla Abu-Izzedin</a>, the Druze people are of Arab origin, both culturally and historically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> She explains that Druze traditions and narratives consistently trace their roots to <a href="/wiki/Arab_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab tribes">Arab tribes</a> who settled in Syria, some prior to the advent of Islam and others during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">[61]</a> Abu-Izzedin further notes that when the Druze community was established, its members were spread across a wide area of Syria. The majority of those who embraced the Druze faith were Arab tribes from the northern region, making the Arab elements of the community predominant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199311-372">[371]</a> According to Abu-Izzedin, "ethnically", the "Wadi al-Taym has been authoritatively stated to be one of the most Arab regions of [geographical] <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199312-373">[372]</a> The area was one of the two most important centers of Druze missionary activity in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199312-373">[372]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Nejla_Abu-Izzedin" title="Nejla Abu-Izzedin">Abu-Izzedin</a> highlights that the Tanukhids, an Arab tribe, hold a significant place in Druze history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199311-372">[371]</a> She asserts that the Druze claims of Arab origin were not driven by self-interest, as Arabs were no longer in a dominant position when the Druze community was founded in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-11-374">[373]</a> Furthermore, Druze narratives recount their involvement in pivotal events in <a href="/wiki/Arab_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab history">Arab history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> In modern times, the Druze have largely adopted <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> and played a notable role in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a> of 1920's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">[30]</a> Druze scholar <a href="/wiki/Sami_Makarem" title="Sami Makarem">Sami Makarem</a> notes that Wadi Taym and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Lebanon" title="Southern Lebanon">southern Lebanon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabal_Amel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabal Amel">Jabal Amel</a>) were pivotal centers for Druze missionary activity in the 11th century, inhabited by Arab tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> He explains that Druze oral traditions and religious documents suggest that most Druze ancestors came from twelve Arab tribes in <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Maarat al-Numan</a> during the early period of Islam and its conquests. Later, they migrated and settled in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> Makarem highlights the Druze's strong Arab heritage, noting that early Druze followers were predominantly of Arab descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> He also points out that many tribes settling in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> before Islam came from southern Arabia, including <a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yamani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qaysi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaysi">Qaysi</a> tribes. According to Makarem, Druze belief links their ancestry to tribes that lived in [geographical] <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, some before Islam and others arriving during the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">[62]</a> Israeli Druze historian <a href="/wiki/Salman_Hamud_Fallah" title="Salman Hamud Fallah">Salman Hamud Fallah</a> asserted that the Druze people of today originated from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. He noted that some of their ancestors came from the northern part of the peninsula, while others came from the southern region, specifically <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In addition, Israeli Druze historian Yusri Hazran describes the Druze narrative, which holds that twelve Arab tribes migrated into the Syrian region either before the rise of Islam or during the early Islamic period. These tribes were predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yamani</a> tribes, with the <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a> being the most dominant among them. Subsequently, these tribes adopted the Druze doctrine. Hazran affirms that this narrative is recognized within Druze doctrine and its scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazran201318-376">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> Druze researchers and historians from Israel, such as Kais M. Firro, Rabah Halabi, Munir Fakhr El-Din, and Afifa E. Kheir, confirm that the Druze are Arabs and note that this was not a contentious issue in Israel before 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> Halabi observes that Israeli policies aimed at granting the Druze a distinct community status and political identity led some Druze to see this separate "Druze-Israeli identity" as an ethnic marker for <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">social integration</a> within Israeli society.<a href="#cite_note-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in-66">[66]</a> Firro argues that efforts to create a separate Druze identity distinct from Arabs are politically motivated and lack historical basis, citing Druze religious and historical literature that affirms their Arab heritage.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> Scholar Michael Cohen adds that, despite the Israeli and Zionist narrative promoting a distinct "Druze ethnic identity", most Druze in Israel view their origins as Arab and consider their Druze identity primarily as religious.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Druze_as_a_mixture_of_Western_Asian_tribes">Druze as a mixture of Western Asian tribes</h4></div> The 1911 edition of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> states that the Druze are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911605-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iturean_hypothesis">Iturean hypothesis</h4></div> According to Jewish contemporary literature, the Druze, who were visited and described in 1165 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a>, were pictured as descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Itureans" class="mw-redirect" title="Itureans">Itureans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ismaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaelite">Ismaelite</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> tribe, which used to reside in the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan plateau</a> through Hellenistic and Roman periods. The word Druzes, in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, occurs as Dogziyin, but it is clear that this is a scribal error. Archaeological assessments of the Druze region have also proposed the possibility of Druze descending from Itureans,<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> who had inhabited <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> in late classic antiquity, but their traces fade in the Middle Ages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christians</a> and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> In a 2005 study of <a href="/wiki/ASPM_(gene)" title="ASPM (gene)">ASPM gene variants</a>, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a> Druze people of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM- Haplogroup D, at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a> While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the Haplogroup D allele is thought[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase. A 2004 <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)">haplogroup L</a>, which is otherwise uncommon in the Middle East (Shen et al. 2004).<a href="#cite_note-Shen-385">[384]</a> This haplogroup originates from <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and has spread from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> into southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. A 2008 study done on larger samples showed that L-M20 averages 27% in Mount Carmel Druze, 2% in Galilee Druze, 8% in Lebanese Druze, and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze (Slush et al. 2008).<a href="#cite_note-dna1-386">[385]</a> Cruciani, in 2007, found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) [a subclade of E1b1b1a (E-M78)] in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Cypriot and Druze lineages. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the general <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> populations, as well as the major <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">divisions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan Jews</a>) (Behar et al. 2010).<a href="#cite_note-Behar2010-387">[386]</a> Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_(mtDNA)_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a> lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population.<a href="#cite_note-dna-388">[387]</a> The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup X (mtDNA)">X haplogroup</a>, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> at a time when the X haplogroup was more prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-dna-388">[387]</a> These findings are consistent with the Druze <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-dna-388">[387]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> analysis shows significant traces of mitochondrial DNA unique to the Druze community.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, 183 from the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, and 35 from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon (Slush et al. 2008). The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal and MtDNA haplogroups:<a href="#cite_note-dna1-386">[385]</a> <ul><li>Mount Carmel: L 27%, R 27%, J 18%, E 15%, G 12%.</li> <li>Galilee: J 31%, R 20%, E 18%, G 14%, K 11%, Q 4%, L 2%.</li> <li>Golan Heights: J 54%, E 29%, I 8%, G 4%, C 4%.</li> <li>Lebanon: J 58%, K 17%, Q 8%, R 8%, L 8%.</li> <li>Syria: J 39%, E 29%, R 14%, G 14%, K 4%.</li> <li>Maternal MtDNA haplogroup frequencies: H 32%, X 13%, K 12.5%, U 10%, T 7.5%, HV 4.8%, J 4.8%, I 3.5%, pre HV 3%, L2a3 2.25%, N1b 2.25%, M1 1.6%, W 1.29%.</li></ul> In a principal component analysis of a 2014 study, Druze were located between Lebanese people and Mizrahi Jews.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> According to a 2015 study, Druze have a largely similar genome with Middle Eastern Arabs, but they have not married outside of their clans in 1000 years and Druze families from different regions share a similarity with each other that distinguishes them from other Middle Eastern populations.<a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a> A 2016 study based on testing samples of Druze in the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">historic region of Syria</a>, in comparison with ancient humans (including Anatolian and Armenian), and on Geographic Population Structure (GPS) tool by converting genetic distances into geographic distances, concluded that Druze might hail from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> and the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, then they later migrated south to settle in the mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> A 2020 study on remains from <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanaite</a> (Bronze Age southern <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a>) populations suggests a significant degree of genetic continuity in currently Arabic-speaking Levantine populations (including the Druze, Lebanese, <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, and Syrians), as well as in most Jewish groups (including <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a>) from the populations of the Bronze Age Levant, suggesting that the aforementioned groups all derive more than half of their overall ancestry (<a href="/wiki/AtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="AtDNA">atDNA</a>) from Canaanite / Bronze Age Levantine populations,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceD-393">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-NationalGeographic1-394">[393]</a> albeit with varying sources and degrees of admixture from differing host or invading populations depending on each group. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg/220px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg/330px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg/440px-Principal_component_analysis_of_ancient_and_modern_populations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Principal component analysis of some ancient and modern populations, including Druze (Almarri, Mohamed A. et al. 2021).</figcaption></figure> In a 2021 study, Druze were a part of the larger Levant-Iraq cluster in a fineSTRUCTURE tree analysis, and overlapped with Lebanese people in a principal component analysis.<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Battalion" title="Sword Battalion">Sword Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> In 1962, Israel redefined the Druze's ethnic identity from "Arab" to "Druze" on official documents, creating a distinct political and national identity and establishing a separate education system to foster a "Druze and Israeli" consciousness. This initiative aimed to counteract "<a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_identity" title="Palestinian identity">Palestinianization</a>", resulted in an independent Druze curriculum. While most Druze in Israel continue to identify as Arabs, some have adopted a distinct "Druze ethnic identity" for political or social reasons. Scholars argue that this policy, supported by a co-opted Druze political elite, privileges the Druze's communal aspects while marginalizing their broader ethnic and national identity.<a href="#cite_note-Firro_1999_9,_171-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weingrod_1985_259–279-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in-66">[66]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Skutsch, Carl (2013). Skutsch, Carl (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19388-1</bdi></a>. <q>Total Population: 800,000</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19388-1&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdruze0000bettpage55_55]-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsdruze0000bettpage55_55]_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts1990">Betts 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/druze0000bett/page/55">55</a>: "The total population of Druze throughout the world probably approaches one million." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2015" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Donna (2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all Business Professionals (revised ed.). 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Aamama. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-amama.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1110">the original</a> on 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=alwazir+tariq+aleisami+nayiban+lirayiys+jumhuriat+finizwilaa+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%22&rft.pub=Aamama&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-amama.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988">: Referring governor <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto14-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto14_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177">"Sending relief – and a message of inclusion and love – to our Druze sisters and brothers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sending+relief+%E2%80%93+and+a+message+of+inclusion+and+love+%E2%80%93+to+our+Druze+sisters+and+brothers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juf.org%2Fnews%2Fjerusalem.aspx%3Fid%3D451177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114032929/http://www.druzestudies.org/Druzes.html">Druze Traditions</a>, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druzestudies.org/Druzes.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druze+Traditions&rft.pub=Institute+of+Druze+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druzestudies.org%2FDruzes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/druze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888">"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Dating+Druze%3A+The+struggle+to+find+love+in+a+dwindling+diaspora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdruze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51602.htm">International Religious Freedom Report</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a>, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=US+State+Department&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51602.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/drusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html?dram:article_id=480342">"Drusentum – Die geheime Religion (2020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a>. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Drusentum+%E2%80%93+Die+geheime+Religion+%282020%29&rft.date=2020-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fdrusentum-die-geheime-religion.886.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D480342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2021-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_2021_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release">"Cultural diversity: Census, 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Cultural+diversity%3A+Census%2C+2021&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-and-communities%2Fcultural-diversity-census%2Flatest-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman-17"><a href="#cite_ref-norman_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerdichevsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Berdichevsky, Norman (2004). Nations, Language and Citizenship. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2700-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2700-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-2700-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations%2C+Language+and+Citizenship&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2700-0&rft.aulast=Berdichevsky&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrockman2011259_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockman2011">Brockman 2011</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/druze">"Definition of druze"</a>. Dictionary.com. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+druze&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdruze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wendy-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wendy_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendy_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v486-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v486_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druze">"Druze – History, Religion, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Druze+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Religion%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDruze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_B._Quigley-22"><a href="#cite_ref-John_B._Quigley_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuigley2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Quigley" title="John B. Quigley">Quigley, John B.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaUvqHNd6m0C&pg=PA135">The Case for Palestine An International Law Perspective</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-3539-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Palestine+An+International+Law+Perspective&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3539-9&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaUvqHNd6m0C%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawn_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatty2010" class="citation book cs1">Chatty, Dawn (2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81792-9"><bdi>978-0-521-81792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Displacement+and+Dispossession+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81792-9&rft.aulast=Chatty&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison1-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison1_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison1_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2006" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Simon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9-LF_Of_E8C&pg=PA121">Fracturing Resemblances: Identity and Mimetic Conflict in Melanesia and the West</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-680-1"><bdi>978-1-57181-680-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fracturing+Resemblances%3A+Identity+and+Mimetic+Conflict+in+Melanesia+and+the+West&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-680-1&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9-LF_Of_E8C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Abulafia" title="Anna Abulafia">Abulafia, Anna Sapir</a> (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">"The Abrahamic religions"</a>. www.bl.uk. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150432/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=The+Abrahamic+religions&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=Anna+Sapir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsacred-texts%2Farticles%2Fthe-abrahamic-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeid2006" class="citation book cs1">Obeid, Anis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FejqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1">The Druze & Their Faith in Tawhid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5257-1"><bdi>978-0-8156-5257-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+%26+Their+Faith+in+Tawhid&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5257-1&rft.aulast=Obeid&rft.aufirst=Anis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFejqBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDana2010">Dana 2010</a>, p. 314</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_Media-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_Media_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisonConaway2006" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Terri; Conaway, Wayne A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr_568">Kiss, Bow, Or Shake Hands: The Bestselling Guide to Doing Business in More Than 60 Countries</a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Adams_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams Media">Adams Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kissboworshakeha00morr_568/page/n274">259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-368-9"><bdi>978-1-59337-368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kiss%2C+Bow%2C+Or+Shake+Hands%3A+The+Bestselling+Guide+to+Doing+Business+in+More+Than+60+Countries&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59337-368-9&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Conaway%2C+Wayne+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkissboworshakeha00morr_568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_McLaurin_1979_114-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_McLaurin_1979_114_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_McLaurin_1979_114_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1">De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>. <q>Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=De+McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druze_in_Syria-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Druze_in_Syria_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druze_in_Syria_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria">"Druze in Syria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <q>The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze+in+Syria&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpl.hds.harvard.edu%2Ffaq%2Fdruze-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Stewart_2008_33-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._Stewart_2008_33_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Stewart_2008_33_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Dona J. (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135980795" title="Special:BookSources/9781135980795"><bdi>9781135980795</bdi></a>. <q>Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980795&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199314_30-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993">Abu-Izeddin 1993</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-20-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-20_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-20_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 19-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nili2019-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nili2019_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNili2019" class="citation book cs1">Nili, Shmuel (2019). The People's Duty: Collective Agency and the Morality of Public Policy. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108480925" title="Special:BookSources/9781108480925"><bdi>9781108480925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Duty%3A+Collective+Agency+and+the+Morality+of+Public+Policy&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108480925&rft.aulast=Nili&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druze">"Druze | History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Druze+%7C+History%2C+Religion%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDruze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007188–189-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007188–189_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007188–189_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxix_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. xxxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Druze-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Druze_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druze_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druze_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214100847/http://www.druze.org.au/religion/">"Druze"</a>. druze.org.au. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druze.org.au/religion/">the original</a> on 14 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze&rft.pub=druze.org.au&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druze.org.au%2Freligion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izzeddin1993-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Izzeddin1993_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Izzeddin1993" class="citation book cs1">Abu Izzeddin, Nejla M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BprjrZzee5EC&pg=PA108">The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith, and Society</a>. Brill. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09705-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes%3A+A+New+Study+of+their+History%2C+Faith%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09705-6&rft.aulast=Abu+Izzeddin&rft.aufirst=Nejla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBprjrZzee5EC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farhad-38"><a href="#cite_ref-farhad_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9"><bdi>978-0-85773-524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-524-9&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quilliam-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quilliam_39-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilliam1999" class="citation book cs1">Quilliam, Neil (1999). Syria and the New World Order. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863722493" title="Special:BookSources/9780863722493"><bdi>9780863722493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780863722493&rft.aulast=Quilliam&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia28ency">The New Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia28ency/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852295533" title="Special:BookSources/9780852295533"><bdi>9780852295533</bdi></a>. <q>Druze religious beliefs developed out of Isma'ill teachings. Various Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, Neoplatonic, and Iranian elements, however, are combined under a doctrine of strict monotheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780852295533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia28ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahmut_2023-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahmut_2023_41-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmut2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mahmut, R. İbrahim (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33201%2Firanian.1199758">"The Christian Influences in Ismaili Thought"</a>. The Journal of Iranian Studies. 7 (1): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33201%2Firanian.1199758">10.33201/iranian.1199758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Influences+in+Ismaili+Thought&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=83-99&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33201%2Firanian.1199758&rft.aulast=Mahmut&rft.aufirst=R.+%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33201%252Firanian.1199758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti1928-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitti1928_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip Khuri (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYgvLf2GE8YC&pg=PT27">The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings</a>. Library of Alexandria. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3"><bdi>978-1-4655-4662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-4662-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+Khuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYgvLf2GE8YC%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sālibī2005-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Sālibī2005_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSālibī2005" class="citation book cs1">Sālibī, Kamāl (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4YWAQAAMAAJ">The Druze: realities & perceptions</a>. Druze Heritage Foundation. pp. 186–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904850-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904850-06-9"><bdi>978-1-904850-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze%3A+realities+%26+perceptions&rft.pages=186-190&rft.pub=Druze+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-904850-06-9&rft.aulast=S%C4%81lib%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Kam%C4%81l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4YWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conder2018-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Conder2018_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder2018" class="citation book cs1">Conder, Claude Reignier (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BStwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Palestine</a>. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 80–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7340-3986-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7340-3986-7"><bdi>978-3-7340-3986-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine&rft.pages=80-&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-7340-3986-7&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=Claude+Reignier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBStwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rG1tAAAAMAAJ">Al-Rāfidān</a>. 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History of Ancient India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/18002">the original</a> on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+ISIS+Imposes+%27Sharia%27+on+Idlib%27s+Druze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fnode%2F18002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319–20-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319–20_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202319-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202319_60-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199310_61-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993">Abu-Izeddin 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim19742–3_62-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakarim1974">Makarim 1974</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Firro_1999_9,_171-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firro_1999_9,_171_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firro_1999_9,_171_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro1999" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owhg2R8Ndy8C&pg=PA9">The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 9, 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0"><bdi>90-04-11251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=9%2C+171&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11251-0&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dowhg2R8Ndy8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weingrod_1985_259–279-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weingrod_1985_259–279_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weingrod_1985_259–279_64-1">b</a> '<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingrod1985" class="citation book cs1">Weingrod, Alex (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIYlFNR7hUcC&pg=PA259">Studies in Israeli Ethnicity: After the Ingathering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 259–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-007-2"><bdi>978-2-88124-007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Israeli+Ethnicity%3A+After+the+Ingathering&rft.pages=259-279&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-2-88124-007-2&rft.aulast=Weingrod&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIYlFNR7hUcC%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reshaping_Druze_Particularism_in_Is_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2001" class="citation journal cs1">Firro, Kais M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2001.30.3.40">"Reshaping Druze Particularism in Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 30 (3): 40–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2001.30.3.40">10.1525/jps.2001.30.3.40</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Reshaping+Druze+Particularism+in+Israel&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2001.30.3.40&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fjps.2001.30.3.40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Invention_of_a_Nation:_The_Druze_in_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalabi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Halabi, Rabah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021909613485700">"Invention of a Nation: The Druze in Israel"</a>. Journal of Asian and African Studies. 49 (3): 267–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021909613485700">10.1177/0021909613485700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Invention+of+a+Nation%3A+The+Druze+in+Israel&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-281&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021909613485700&rft.aulast=Halabi&rft.aufirst=Rabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0021909613485700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202320-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202320_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202320_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202320_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202320_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202320_68-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-about-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_69-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoukarim" class="citation cs2">Moukarim, Moustafa F., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426105258/http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html">About the Faith of The Mo'wa'he'doon Druze</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+the+Faith+of+The+Mo%27wa%27he%27doon+Druze&rft.aulast=Moukarim&rft.aufirst=Moustafa+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druze.ca%2FAboutDruze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgson_1962_5–20-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_1962_5–20_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodgson_1962_5–20_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1962" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Marshall G. S. (1962). "Al-Darazî and Ḥamza in the Origin of the Druze Religion". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a>. 82 (1): 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F595974">10.2307/595974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/595974">595974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Al-Daraz%C3%AE+and+%E1%B8%A4amza+in+the+Origin+of+the+Druze+Religion&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=1962&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F595974%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F595974&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Marshall+G.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-samy-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samy_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-samy_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-samy_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-samy_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd1998" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (1998). The Druzes: An Annotated Bibliography. Kirkland, Washington, USA: ISES Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9662932-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9662932-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9662932-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Kirkland%2C+Washington%2C+USA&rft.pub=ISES+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9662932-0-3&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911605-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911605_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911605_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 605. </li> <li id="cite_note-najjar-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-najjar_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-najjar_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Najjar1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Najjar, 'Abdullāh (1965). Madhhab ad-Durūz wa t-Tawḥīd (The Druze Sect and Unism) (in Arabic). Egypt: Dār al-Ma'ārif.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madhhab+ad-Dur%C5%ABz+wa+t-Taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd+%28The+Druze+Sect+and+Unism%29&rft.place=Egypt&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-Ma%27%C4%81rif&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Al-Najjar&rft.aufirst=%27Abdull%C4%81h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti2007" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (2007) [1924]. Origins of the Druze People and Religion, with Extracts from their Sacred Writings. Columbia University Oriental Studies. Vol. 28 (new ed.). London: Saqi. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-690-5"><bdi>978-0-86356-690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%2C+with+Extracts+from+their+Sacred+Writings&rft.place=London&rft.series=Columbia+University+Oriental+Studies&rft.pages=13-14&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-690-5&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002283-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan2002283_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNisan2002">Nisan 2002</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3612002.stm">"Druze set to visit Syria"</a>. BBC News. 30 August 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2006. <q>The worldwide population of Druze is put at up to one million, with most living in mountainous regions in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Druze+set+to+visit+Syria&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F3612002.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druzes-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Druzes_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druzes_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Druzes_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617214607/http://druzestudies.org/druzes.html">Druzes</a>, Institute of Druze Studies, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://druzestudies.org/druzes.html">the original</a> on 17 June 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druzes&rft.pub=Institute+of+Druze+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdruzestudies.org%2Fdruzes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-druze_golan-78"><a href="#cite_ref-druze_golan_78-0">^</a> Jordanian Druze can be found in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarka">Zarka</a>; about 50% live in the town of <a href="/wiki/Azraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Azraq">Azraq</a>, and a smaller number in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqaba" title="Aqaba">Aqaba</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614005531/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_07x.pdf">"Localities and Population, by District, Sub-District, Religion and Population Group"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_07x.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Localities+and+Population%2C+by+District%2C+Sub-District%2C+Religion+and+Population+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton57%2Fst02_07x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCdqdruzepopulationlebanonpgPA99_99]_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&dq=druze+population+lebanon&pg=PA99">99</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeld2008" class="citation book cs1">Held, Colbert (2008). Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics. Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429962004" title="Special:BookSources/9780429962004"><bdi>9780429962004</bdi></a>. <q>Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Patterns%3A+Places%2C+People%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780429962004&rft.aulast=Held&rft.aufirst=Colbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halabi_55-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halabi_55_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halabi_55_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalabi" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halabi, Rabah, Citizens of equal duties—Druze identity and the Jewish State (in Hebrew), p. 55</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens+of+equal+duties%E2%80%94Druze+identity+and+the+Jewish+State&rft.pages=55&rft.aulast=Halabi&rft.aufirst=Rabah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177">"Sending relief—and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 6 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sending+relief%E2%80%94and+a+message+of+inclusion+and+love%E2%80%94to+our+Druze+sisters+and+brothers&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juf.org%2Fnews%2Fjerusalem.aspx%3Fid%3D451177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-druze-future-20170731-story.html">"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+a+life+partner+is+hard+enough.+For+those+of+the+Druze+faith%2C+their+future+depends+on+it&rft.date=2017-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fla-fg-druze-future-20170731-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj2bhVntO3EC">Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074</a> [The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1"><bdi>3-406-48654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kalifen+von+Kairo%3A+Die+F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimiden+in+%C3%84gypten%2C+973%E2%80%931074&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-48654-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj2bhVntO3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2015">Swayd 2015</a>, p. 3: "The Druze world population at present is perhaps nearing two million; ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-CLIO-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrixOkeja2018" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds. (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4138-5"><bdi>978-1-4408-4138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Religious+Leaders%3A+How+Religious+Figures+Helped+Shape+World+History+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4138-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820044553/http://www.druze.com/education/DruzeLuminariesAlHakim-English-level3.pdf">Luminaries: Al Hakim</a> (PDF), Druze, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druze.com/education/DruzeLuminariesAlHakim-English-level3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 August 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminaries%3A+Al+Hakim&rft.pub=Druze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druze.com%2Feducation%2FDruzeLuminariesAlHakim-English-level3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Remove ye the causes of fear and estrangement from yourselves. Do away with the corruption of delusion and conformity. Be ye certain that the Prince of Believers hath given unto you free will, and hath spared you the trouble of disguising and concealing your true beliefs, so that when ye work ye may keep your deeds pure for God. He hath done thus so that when you relinquish your previous beliefs and doctrines ye shall not indeed lean on such causes of impediments and pretensions. By conveying to you the reality of his intention, the Prince of Believers hath spared you any excuse for doing so. He hath urged you to declare your belief openly. Ye are now safe from any hand which may bring harm unto you. Ye now may find rest in his assurance ye shall not be wronged. Let those who are present convey this message unto the absent so that it may be known by both the distinguished and the common people. It shall thus become a rule to mankind; and Divine Wisdom shall prevail for all the days to come.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911051643/http://ismaili.net/drupal5/node/10766">Ismaili</a>, Islam Heritage Field, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ismaili.net/drupal5/node/10766">the original</a> on 11 September 2019, retrieved 5 June 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ismaili&rft.pub=Islam+Heritage+Field&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fismaili.net%2Fdrupal5%2Fnode%2F10766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah became a central figure in the Druze faith, although his religious position was disputed among scholars. <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a> states that al-Hakim believed that "he was not only the divinely appointed religio-political leader, but also the <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">cosmic intellect</a> linking God with creation", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation cs2">Potter, William (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZXTFCN93kkC&q=druze+hakim+John+Esposito&pg=PA156">Melville's Clarel and the Intersympathy of Creeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>, p. 156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-797-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-797-2"><bdi>978-0-87338-797-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melville%27s+Clarel+and+the+Intersympathy+of+Creeds&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-797-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZXTFCN93kkC%26q%3Ddruze%2Bhakim%2BJohn%2BEsposito%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988">, while others like Nissîm Dānā and <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a> state that he is perceived as the manifestation and the reincarnation of God or presumably the image of God. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_98]-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA98_98]_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNisan2015">Nisan 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA98">98</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā2003_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2011" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2011). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879706" title="Special:BookSources/9780810879706"><bdi>9780810879706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Ismailis&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810879706&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxii-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd2009xxxii_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. xxxii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestheimerSedan2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkY0oedX32BwCpgPA128_128]_95-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestheimerSedan2007">Westheimer & Sedan 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY0oedX32BwC&pg=PA128">128</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_96-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&q=druze+god+hakim&pg=PA921">First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097961" title="Special:BookSources/9004097961"><bdi>9004097961</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004097961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrezD7rvuf9YC%26q%3Ddruze%2Bgod%2Bhakim%26pg%3DPA921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti1966-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Hitti1966_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Khūri_Hitti1966" class="citation book cs1">Philip Khūri Hitti (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_YJAvND0RwC&pg=PA31">Origins of the Druze People and Religion</a>. Forgotten Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-068-2"><bdi>978-1-60506-068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-068-2&rft.au=Philip+Kh%C5%ABri+Hitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_YJAvND0RwC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA131_131]-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA131_131]_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts1990">Betts 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9nnPg1EDOEC&pg=PA131">131</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakarim1974_99-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMakarim1974">Makarim 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark2011-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark2011_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Malcolm (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT240">Islam For Dummies</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6"><bdi>978-1-118-05396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+For+Dummies&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05396-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPXu561ZpvgC%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-druze-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-druze_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-druze_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426105258/http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html">"About the Faith of the Mo'wa'he'doon Druze by Moustafa F. Moukarim"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Faith+of+the+Mo%27wa%27he%27doon+Druze+by+Moustafa+F.+Moukarim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druze.ca%2FAboutDruze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daftary1992-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary1992_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daftary1992_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary1992" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (24 April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA375">The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 375–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42974-0"><bdi>978-0-521-42974-0</bdi></a>. 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Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredtribesjournal.org/images/Encyclopedia/The_Druze.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Druze&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacredtribesjournal.org%2Fimages%2FEncyclopedia%2FThe_Druze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto18-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto18_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto18_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2000" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2000). The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595989" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595989"><bdi>9780230595989</bdi></a>. <q>With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the mihna) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeattiePepper2001-105"><a href="#cite_ref-BeattiePepper2001_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattiePepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&pg=RA2-PA315">The Rough Guide to Syria</a>. 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Meri">Meri, Josef W.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA217">Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd2006-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd2006_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2006">Swayd 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA921">First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. 1993. p. 921. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09796-1"><bdi>90-04-09796-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=921&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-04-09796-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrezD7rvuf9YC%26pg%3DPA921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu_Izzeddin199312-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu_Izzeddin199312_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu_Izzeddin1993">Abu Izzeddin 1993</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti196621-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitti196621_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitti1966">Hitti 1966</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuri_Hitti1996" class="citation book cs1">Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996). 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Tauris. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-036-8"><bdi>978-1-78672-036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Cities+of+Lebanon%3A+Historical+Legacy+and+Identity+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-036-8&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BKMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Stefan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiiteslebanonun00wint">The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman Rule, 1516–1788</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiiteslebanonun00wint/page/n49">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48681-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48681-1"><bdi>978-1-139-48681-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiites+of+Lebanon+under+Ottoman+Rule%2C+1516%E2%80%931788&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48681-1&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiiteslebanonun00wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> TJ Gorton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tjgorton.wordpress.com/prince-of-lebanon-a-druze-emir-at-the-court-of-the-medici/">Renaissance Emir: a Druze Warlord at the court of the Medici</a> (London: Quartet Books, 2013), pp 167–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewfromistanbul00husa">The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711</a>. 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I.B. Tauris. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewfromistanbul00husa/page/n32">22</a>–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-856-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-856-4"><bdi>978-1-86064-856-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+view+from+Istanbul%3A+Lebanon+and+the+Druze+Emirate+in+the+Ottoman+chancery+documents%2C+1546%E2%80%931711&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-856-4&rft.aulast=Abu-Husayn&rft.aufirst=Abdul-Rahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviewfromistanbul00husa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salibi-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salibi_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi2005" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal S. (2005). A house of many mansions: the history of Lebanon reconsidered. I.B. Tauris. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-912-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-912-7"><bdi>978-1-86064-912-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+house+of+many+mansions%3A+the+history+of+Lebanon+reconsidered&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-912-7&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Firro1952" class="citation book cs1">El-Firro, Kais (1952). A History of the Druzes. Brill Publishers. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004094376" title="Special:BookSources/9789004094376"><bdi>9789004094376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9789004094376&rft.aulast=El-Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safi-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Safi_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafi2008" class="citation cs2">Safi, Khaled M. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/483">"Territorial Awareness in the 1834 Palestinian Revolt"</a>, in Roger Heacock (ed.), Of Times and Spaces in Palestine: The Flows and Resistances of Identity, Beirut: Presses de l'Ifpo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782351592656" title="Special:BookSources/9782351592656"><bdi>9782351592656</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Territorial+Awareness+in+the+1834+Palestinian+Revolt&rft.btitle=Of+Times+and+Spaces+in+Palestine%3A+The+Flows+and+Resistances+of+Identity&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%27Ifpo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782351592656&rft.aulast=Safi&rft.aufirst=Khaled+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_Khalil2021" class="citation book cs1">Najem, Tom; Amore, Roy C.; Abu Khalil, As'ad (2021). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East (2nd ed.). Lanham Boulder New York London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2043-9"><bdi>978-1-5381-2043-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lebanon&rft.place=Lanham+Boulder+New+York+London&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Asia%2C+Oceania%2C+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2043-9&rft.aulast=Najem&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Amore%2C+Roy+C.&rft.au=Abu+Khalil%2C+As%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993202-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993202_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993">Abu-Izeddin 1993</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-Collection_1-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_1_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collection_1_129-1">b</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHazran2013">Hazran 2013</a>, p. 32: "the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian"</li><li><a href="#CITEREFArtzi1984">Artzi 1984</a>, p. 166: "...Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1862">Churchill 1862</a>, p. 25: "...the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_130-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. <q>the Druze and the Christians in the Shouf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+East%2FSouth+Asia+Report&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz1994-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz1994_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz1994_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawaz1994">Fawaz 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVocke1978" class="citation book cs1">Vocke, Harald (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvu6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Lebanese+war:+its+origins+and+political+dimensions">The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions</a>. C. Hurst. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3"><bdi>0-903983-92-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lebanese+war%3A+its+origins+and+political+dimensions&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-903983-92-3&rft.aulast=Vocke&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvu6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLebanese%2Bwar%3A%2Bits%2Borigins%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bdimensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harik_2017-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Harik_2017_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarik2017" class="citation book cs1">Harik, Iliya F. (2017). Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711–1845. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400886869" title="Special:BookSources/9781400886869"><bdi>9781400886869</bdi></a>. <q>the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Change+in+a+Traditional+Society%3A+Lebanon+1711%E2%80%931845&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781400886869&rft.aulast=Harik&rft.aufirst=Iliya+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-H̲azīn2000" class="citation book cs1">al-H̲azīn, Farīd (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674081055" title="Special:BookSources/9780674081055"><bdi>9780674081055</bdi></a>. <q>So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakdown+of+the+State+in+Lebanon%2C+1967%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674081055&rft.aulast=al-H%CC%B2az%C4%ABn&rft.aufirst=Far%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1900" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal (1900). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520071964" title="Special:BookSources/9780520071964"><bdi>9780520071964</bdi></a>. <q>namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=9780520071964&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2010" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110257" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110257"><bdi>9781438110257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438110257&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzavcı2021" class="citation book cs1">Özavcı, Hilmi Ozan (2021). Dangerous Gifts: Imperialism, Security, and Civil Wars in the Levant, 1798-1864. Oxford University Press. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198852964" title="Special:BookSources/9780198852964"><bdi>9780198852964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Gifts%3A+Imperialism%2C+Security%2C+and+Civil+Wars+in+the+Levant%2C+1798-1864&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780198852964&rft.aulast=%C3%96zavc%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Hilmi+Ozan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199481-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz199481_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawaz1994">Fawaz 1994</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199479–80-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz199479–80_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawaz1994">Fawaz 1994</a>, p. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199458-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz199458_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawaz1994">Fawaz 1994</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1977" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham, Antoine (1977). "Lebanese Communal Relations". Muslim World. 67 (2): 91–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1977.tb03313.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1977.tb03313.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4909">0027-4909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Lebanese+Communal+Relations&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-105&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1977.tb03313.x&rft.issn=0027-4909&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1862-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1862_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill1862">Churchill 1862</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deeb_2013-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deeb_2013_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deeb_2013_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deeb_2013_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916664"><bdi>9780817916664</bdi></a>. <q>the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+Hezbollah%3A+The+Unholy+Alliance+and+Its+War+on+Lebanon&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916664&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu_Chen_2021_344-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_Chen_2021_344_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yu_Chen_2021_344_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu_Chen2021" class="citation book cs1">Yu Chen, Ying (2021). Handbook of Asian States: Geography – History – Culture – Politics – Economy. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643911001" title="Special:BookSources/9783643911001"><bdi>9783643911001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Asian+States%3A+Geography+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Culture+%E2%80%93+Politics+%E2%80%93+Economy&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783643911001&rft.aulast=Yu+Chen&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogan-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Rogan_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, E.L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMAbXGQDmDYC&q=killed&pg=PR7">Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521892230" title="Special:BookSources/9780521892230"><bdi>9780521892230</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+State+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Transjordan%2C+1850%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521892230&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=E.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMAbXGQDmDYC%26q%3Dkilled%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Totten" title="Michael Totten">Totten, Michael J.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyWzrQEACAAJ">Tower of the Sun: Stories from the Middle East and North Africa</a>. Belmont Estate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-29753-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-29753-7"><bdi>978-0-692-29753-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tower+of+the+Sun%3A+Stories+from+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Belmont+Estate+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-692-29753-7&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyWzrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexicorient-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexicorient_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexicorient_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjeilen" class="citation web cs1">Kjeilen, Tore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104426/http://lexicorient.com/e.o/druze.htm">"Druze"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicorient.com/e.o/druze.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze&rft.aulast=Kjeilen&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flexicorient.com%2Fe.o%2Fdruze.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21717081-sisi-versus-sheikhs-reforming-islam-egypt">"Reforming Islam in Egypt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Reforming+Islam+in+Egypt&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21717081-sisi-versus-sheikhs-reforming-islam-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNisan2015">Nisan 2015</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKayyali2006">Kayyali 2006</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Sorenson, David (2009). 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BBC News. 14 March 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who%27s+who+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2005-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F4348129.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256489.pdf">Lebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report</a> U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2019-04-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarakat2011" class="citation book cs1">Barakat, Halim (2011). Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73981-9"><bdi>978-0-292-73981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+in+Strife%3A+Student+Preludes+to+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73981-9&rft.aulast=Barakat&rft.aufirst=Halim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eli_Ashkenazi-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eli_Ashkenazi_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEli_Ashkenazi2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eli Ashkenazi (3 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1054873"><bdi lang="he">הרצל והתקווה בחגיגות 30 לתנועה הדרוזית הציונית</bdi></a> [Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement]. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> (in Hebrew). Retrieved 14 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA+30+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.au=Eli+Ashkenazi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fmisc%2F1.1054873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Druze", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/druze.html">Jewish virtual library</a>, retrieved 23 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Druze&rft.btitle=Jewish+virtual+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fdruze.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmaraSchnell2004-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmaraSchnell2004_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmaraSchnell2004_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmaraSchnell2004">Amara & Schnell 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/">"Israel's Religiously Divided Society"</a>. Pew Research Center. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2017. <q>Virtually all Muslims (99%) and Christians (96%) surveyed in Israel identify as Arab. A somewhat smaller share of Druze (71%) say they are ethnically Arab. Other Druze respondents identify their ethnicity as "Other," "Druze" or "Druze-Arab."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Religiously+Divided+Society&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fisraels-religiously-divided-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">"The Druze population in Israel"</a> (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 24 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Druze+population+in+Israel&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2019%2F122%2F11_19_122b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Druze_Population_of_Israel_171-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/122/11_19_122b.pdf">The Druze Population of Israel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Wilson-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Wilson_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Wilson2006" class="citation news cs1">Scott Wilson (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/29/AR2006102900926.html">"Golan Heights Land, Lifestyle Lure Settlers"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Golan+Heights+Land%2C+Lifestyle+Lure+Settlers&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.au=Scott+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F29%2FAR2006102900926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Kershner2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Kershner" title="Isabel Kershner">Isabel Kershner</a> (22 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/22/world/middleeast/22golan.html?_r=1">"In the Golan Heights, Anxious Eyes Look East"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+the+Golan+Heights%2C+Anxious+Eyes+Look+East&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft.au=Isabel+Kershner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F22golan.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbasCourt2011" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Randa Khair; Court, Deborah (2011). The Israeli Druze Community in Transition: Between Tradition and Modernity. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527567399" title="Special:BookSources/9781527567399"><bdi>9781527567399</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were declared a religious community in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israeli+Druze+Community+in+Transition%3A+Between+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781527567399&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Randa+Khair&rft.au=Court%2C+Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Hillel (2015). Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520944886" title="Special:BookSources/9780520944886"><bdi>9780520944886</bdi></a>. <q>In 1957, the Druze were recognized as a distinct religious confession.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Arabs%3A+The+Israeli+Security+Agencies+and+the+Israeli+Arabs%2C+1948%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520944886&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theisraelproject1-176"><a href="#cite_ref-theisraelproject1_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914091649/http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ewJXKcOUJlIaG&b=7721235&ct=11546191%23.TvwjLdXLa0M">Religious Freedoms: Druze</a>, The Israel project, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ewJXKcOUJlIaG&b=7721235&ct=11546191#.TvwjLdXLa0M">the original</a> on 14 September 2012, retrieved 23 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Freedoms%3A+Druze&rft.pub=The+Israel+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theisraelproject.org%2Fsite%2Fapps%2Fnlnet%2Fcontent2.aspx%3Fc%3DewJXKcOUJlIaG%26b%3D7721235%26ct%3D11546191%23.TvwjLdXLa0M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neil-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Neil_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner2016" class="citation book cs1">Faulkner, Neil (2016). 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September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.26sep.net/news_details.php?lng=english&sid=56858">the original</a> on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2017. <q>More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druse sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chavez+tells+Israelis+to+disobey+%27genocidal%27+govt&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.26sep.net%2Fnews_details.php%3Flng%3Denglish%26sid%3D56858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_S_Rowe-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_S_Rowe_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2018" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Paul S. (2018). Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317233794" title="Special:BookSources/9781317233794"><bdi>9781317233794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781317233794&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsḥāq_Khūrī2009" class="citation book cs1">Isḥāq Khūrī, Fuʼād (2009). Being a Druze. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904850014" title="Special:BookSources/9781904850014"><bdi>9781904850014</bdi></a>. <q>The early migrants tended to mix well with the local population in Venezuela. The Eastern Christians, regardless of the long-standing disagreements (to put it lightly) between the Catholic and Eastern Christian faiths, converted quickly, and even the Druze and Muslims converted to Catholicism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+a+Druze&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781904850014&rft.aulast=Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+Kh%C5%ABr%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Fu%CA%BC%C4%81d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToro2017" class="citation news cs1">Toro, Francisco (14 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2017/02/14/the-u-s-treasury-says-that-venezuelas-vice-president-is-a-drug-trafficker/">"The U.S. Treasury says that Venezuela's vice president is a drug trafficker"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <q>El Aissami is a member of Venezuela's sizable Druze community. His father is Syrian, his mother Lebanese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Treasury+says+that+Venezuela%27s+vice+president+is+a+drug+trafficker&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Toro&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fdemocracy-post%2Fwp%2F2017%2F02%2F14%2Fthe-u-s-treasury-says-that-venezuelas-vice-president-is-a-drug-trafficker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-184"><a href="#cite_ref-time_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Padgett, Tim (18 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1871986,00.html">"Latin America Looks for a Fresh Start with Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Latin+America+Looks+for+a+Fresh+Start+with+Obama&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Padgett&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1871986%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177">"Sending relief--and a message of inclusion and love—to our Druze sisters and brothers"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 6 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024250/https://www.juf.org/news/jerusalem.aspx?id=451177">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sending+relief--and+a+message+of+inclusion+and+love%E2%80%94to+our+Druze+sisters+and+brothers&rft.date=2021-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juf.org%2Fnews%2Fjerusalem.aspx%3Fid%3D451177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_186-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-druze-future-20170731-story.html">"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 27 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122142237/https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-druze-future-20170731-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+a+life+partner+is+hard+enough.+For+those+of+the+Druze+faith%2C+their+future+depends+on+it&rft.date=2017-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fla-fg-druze-future-20170731-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kayyali-p.21-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kayyali-p.21_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kayyali-p.21_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKayyali2006">Kayyali 2006</a>, p. 21: "Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobby_2011_232-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hobby_2011_232_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hobby_2011_232_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby2011" class="citation book cs1">Hobby, Jeneen (2011). Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Philadelphia_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Philadelphia Press (page does not exist)">University of Philadelphia Press</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781414448916" title="Special:BookSources/9781414448916"><bdi>9781414448916</bdi></a>. <q>US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781414448916&rft.aulast=Hobby&rft.aufirst=Jeneen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarem" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sami_Makarem" title="Sami Makarem">Makarem, Sami Nasib</a>, The Druze Faith</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+Faith&rft.aulast=Makarem&rft.aufirst=Sami+Nasib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-swayd-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swayd_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swayd_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-swayd_190-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd" class="citation cs2">Swayd, Dr. Samy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061005012522/http://www.eial.org/mesp/Swayd.rtf.rtf">Druze Spirituality and Asceticism</a>, Eial, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eial.org/mesp/Swayd.rtf.rtf">the original</a> (an abridged rough draft; <a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a>) on 5 October 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Druze+Spirituality+and+Asceticism&rft.pub=Eial&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Samy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eial.org%2Fmesp%2FSwayd.rtf.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214100847/http://www.druze.org.au/religion/">Religion</a>, AU: Druze, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druze.org.au/religion/">the original</a> on 14 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion&rft.place=AU&rft.pub=Druze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druze.org.au%2Freligion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Incorporated1996-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Incorporated1996_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lm0NAQAAMAAJ">The Encyclopedia Americana</a>. Grolier Inc. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717201303" title="Special:BookSources/9780717201303"><bdi>9780717201303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pub=Grolier+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780717201303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlm0NAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seabrook,_W._B._1928-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seabrook,_W._B._1928_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabrook,_W._B._1928_193-1">b</a> Seabrook, W. B., Adventures in Arabia, Harrap and Sons 1928, (chapters on Druze religion) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Dwairy, Marwan (2006) "The Psychosocial Function of Reincarnation Among Druze in Israel" Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, pp. 29–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-epistles_of_wisdom-195"><a href="#cite_ref-epistles_of_wisdom_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFḤamza_ibn_ʻAli_ibn_Aḥmad_and_Baha'a_El-Din" class="citation book cs1">Ḥamza ibn ʻAli ibn Aḥmad and Baha'a El-Din. "Elmithaq". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christoph-heger.de/epistles_wisdom_1.pdf">The Druze holy book Epistles of Wisdom</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Heger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph Heger (page does not exist)">Christoph Heger</a>. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023204805/http://www.christoph-heger.de/epistles_wisdom_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elmithaq&rft.btitle=The+Druze+holy+book+Epistles+of+Wisdom&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Christoph+Heger&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4amza+ibn+%CA%BBAli+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad+and+Baha%27a+El-Din&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christoph-heger.de%2Fepistles_wisdom_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna_Batatu2012" class="citation book cs1">Hanna Batatu (2012). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4584-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4584-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-4584-2</bdi></a>. <q>I ... son of ... being sane of spirit and body and duly qualified, attest on my soul, without compulsion or constraint, that I renounce all the different cults, religions, and creeds and acknowledge nothing other than obedience to our Lord al-Hakim, revered be his name, and obedience is worship; that in his worship I associate no past, present, or future being; that I commit my soul, my body, my property, and my offspring ... to our Lord al-Hakim ... and accept all his decrees, be they in my favour or against me ... He who attests that there is in heaven no adored god and on the earth no living imam other than our Lord al-Hakim ... belongs to the triumphant muwahhidin [unitarians]. Signed ... in the year ... of the slave of our Lord ... Hamzah bin 'Ali bin Ahmad, the guide of those who respond [to the divine call] and the avenger on the polytheists with the sword of our Lord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+Peasantry%2C+the+Descendants+of+Its+Lesser+Rural+Notables%2C+and+Their+Politics&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4584-2&rft.au=Hanna+Batatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCpgPA38_38]-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid2nCWIsyZJxUCpgPA38_38]_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nCWIsyZJxUC&pg=PA38">38</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Druze", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A3694809">h2g2</a>, UK: BBC, 8 April 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Druze&rft.btitle=h2g2&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA3694809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"The Epistle Answering the People of Esotericism (batinids)". Epistles of Wisdom. Vol. Second.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epistle+Answering+the+People+of+Esotericism+%28batinids%29&rft.btitle=Epistles+of+Wisdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> (a rough translation from the Arabic) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti192451-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitti192451_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHitti1924">Hitti 1924</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-kais-201"><a href="#cite_ref-kais_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro1992" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais (1992). A History of the Druzes, Volume 1. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09437-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09437-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09437-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Druzes%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09437-6&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200318-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200318_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aga-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aga_203-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrischauer1970" class="citation book cs1">Frischauer, Willi (1970). The Aga Khans. Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aga+Khans&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Frischauer&rft.aufirst=Willi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoonawala1999">Poonawala 1999</a>, p. 542; <a href="#CITEREFNisan2002">Nisan 2002</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_205-2">c</a> "Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture", p. 94 by Mohamed Taher </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1999542-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1999542_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoonawala1999">Poonawala 1999</a>, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallett_2010-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallett_2010_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallett2010" class="citation book cs1">Mallett, Alexander (2010). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 2 (900–1050). Brill. pp. 640–645. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004129382" title="Special:BookSources/9789004129382"><bdi>9789004129382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+A+Bibliographical+History.+Volume+2+%28900%E2%80%931050%29&rft.pages=640-645&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004129382&rft.aulast=Mallett&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1975a" class="citation journal cs1">Bryer, David R. W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47">"The Origins of the Druze Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Islam" title="Der Islam">Der Islam</a>. 52 (1): 52–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47">10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0928">1613-0928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201807131">201807131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+Religion&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-65&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201807131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=David+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryer_1975_239–262-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryer_1975_239–262_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryer_1975_239–262_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1975b" class="citation journal cs1">Bryer, David R. W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239">"The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Islam" title="Der Islam">Der Islam</a>. 52 (2): 239–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239">10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0928">1613-0928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162363556">162363556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+Religion+%28Fortsetzung%29&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=239-262&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162363556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=David+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.2.239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_210-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (1928). The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781465546623" title="Special:BookSources/9781465546623"><bdi>9781465546623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9781465546623&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200817-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200817_211-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2008">Dānā 2008</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20157-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20157_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20157_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20157_212-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20157_212-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2015">Swayd 2015</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDana2010314-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDana2010314_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDana2010">Dana 2010</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007189_214-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Morgan (2013). Islam And New Kinship: Reproductive Technology and the Shariah in Lebanon. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-382-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-382-2"><bdi>978-0-85745-382-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+And+New+Kinship%3A+Reproductive+Technology+and+the+Shariah+in+Lebanon&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-382-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200944,_61,_147-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200944,_61,_147_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, pp. 44, 61, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmermund2017" class="citation book cs1">Schmermund, Elizabeth (2017). Lebanon: Cultures of the World (3rd ed.). Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781502626127" title="Special:BookSources/9781502626127"><bdi>9781502626127</bdi></a>. <q>While the Druze do not permit iconography in their religion, they have a religious symbol known as the Druze Star</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+Cultures+of+the+World&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781502626127&rft.aulast=Schmermund&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Dona J. (2008). The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135980788" title="Special:BookSources/9781135980788"><bdi>9781135980788</bdi></a>. <q>The Druze symbol is a five colored star, with each color representing cosmic principles believed by the Druze</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+Today%3A+Political%2C+Geographical+and+Cultural+Perspectives&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135980788&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Dona+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassignon2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Massignon, Louis (2019). The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam. Vol. 1: The Life of Al-Hallaj. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691610832" title="Special:BookSources/9780691610832"><bdi>9780691610832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Al-Hallaj%2C+Mystic+and+Martyr+of+Islam&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691610832&rft.aulast=Massignon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd20158-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd20158_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2015">Swayd 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2015">Swayd 2015</a>, p. 8: "The five colors that form the Druze flag and five-pointed star are religious symbols of the luminaries." </li> <li id="cite_note-dhp-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhp_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhp_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-amama.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=848">"Holy places of the Druze"</a>. Aamama.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+places+of+the+Druze&rft.pub=Aamama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-amama.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKais_Firro1999" class="citation book cs1">Kais Firro (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/druzesjewishstat00firr">The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History</a>. Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/druzesjewishstat00firr/page/n107">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004112510" title="Special:BookSources/9004112510"><bdi>9004112510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9004112510&rft.au=Kais+Firro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdruzesjewishstat00firr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003230/http://www.druzesect.com/?p=184">"Khalwah the prayer place of the Druze"</a>. Druze sect site. 29 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druzesect.com/?p=184">the original</a> on 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khalwah+the+prayer+place+of+the+Druze&rft.pub=Druze+sect+site&rft.date=2010-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druzesect.com%2F%3Fp%3D184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto13-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto13_225-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaudvere2005" class="citation book cs1">Raudvere, Catharina (2005). Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives. Routledge. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797256" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797256"><bdi>9781135797256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alevi+Identity%3A+Cultural%2C+Religious+and+Social+Perspectives&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781135797256&rft.aulast=Raudvere&rft.aufirst=Catharina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druze">"Druze | History, Religion, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Druze+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Religion%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDruze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner-Heikele2018" class="citation book cs1">Kellner-Heikele, Barbara (2018). Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present", Berlin, 14–17 April 1995. Brill. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004378988" title="Special:BookSources/9789004378988"><bdi>9789004378988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syncretistic+Religious+Communities+in+the+Near+East%3A+Collected+Papers+of+the+International+Symposium+%22Alevism+in+Turkey+and+Comparable+Syncretistic+Religious+Communities+in+the+Near+East+in+the+Past+and+Present%22%2C+Berlin%2C+14%E2%80%9317+April+1995&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004378988&rft.aulast=Kellner-Heikele&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2010" class="citation book cs1">Council of Europe (2010). Mosaic: The Training Kit for Euro-mediterranean Youth Work. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosaic%3A+The+Training+Kit+for+Euro-mediterranean+Youth+Work&rft.pages=214&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVloeberghs2015" class="citation book cs1">Vloeberghs, Ward (2015). Architecture, Power and Religion in Lebanon: Rafiq Hariri and the Politics of Sacred Space in Beirut. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004307056" title="Special:BookSources/9789004307056"><bdi>9789004307056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture%2C+Power+and+Religion+in+Lebanon%3A+Rafiq+Hariri+and+the+Politics+of+Sacred+Space+in+Beirut&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004307056&rft.aulast=Vloeberghs&rft.aufirst=Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampros-Monroe2014" class="citation book cs1">Lampros-Monroe, Chloe (2014). A Darkling Plain. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107034990" title="Special:BookSources/9781107034990"><bdi>9781107034990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Darkling+Plain&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781107034990&rft.aulast=Lampros-Monroe&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412981767" title="Special:BookSources/9781412981767"><bdi>9781412981767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781412981767&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Torstrick2004" class="citation book cs1">L. Torstrick, Rebecca (2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320910" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320910"><bdi>9780313320910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Israel&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313320910&rft.aulast=L.+Torstrick&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Williams2020" class="citation book cs1">R. Williams, Victoria (2020). Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440861185" title="Special:BookSources/9781440861185"><bdi>9781440861185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440861185&rft.aulast=R.+Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._Lesch_2021_129-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W._Lesch_2021_129_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._Lesch_2021_129_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesch2021" class="citation book cs1">Lesch, David W. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Syria. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538122860" title="Special:BookSources/9781538122860"><bdi>9781538122860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Syria&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781538122860&rft.aulast=Lesch&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto17-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto17_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto17_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/eid-al-adha-celebrated-differently-druze-alawites">"Eid al-Adha celebrated differently by Druze, Alawites"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eid+al-Adha+celebrated+differently+by+Druze%2C+Alawites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Feid-al-adha-celebrated-differently-druze-alawites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200650-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200650_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200650_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200650_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200650_236-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200650_236-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2006">Swayd 2006</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200356-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200356_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200356_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200356_237-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto19-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto19_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto19_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b6fe27e0.pdf">"Refugee Review Tribunal: What is the attitude of the Druze community toward inter-religious marriages?"</a> (PDF). Refworld. 6 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugee+Review+Tribunal%3A+What+is+the+attitude+of+the+Druze+community+toward+inter-religious+marriages%3F&rft.pub=Refworld&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fpdfid%2F4b6fe27e0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto10-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto10_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbayd2006" class="citation book cs1">Ubayd, Anis (2006). The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815630975" title="Special:BookSources/9780815630975"><bdi>9780815630975</bdi></a>. <q>Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+and+Their+Faith+in+Tawhid&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780815630975&rft.aulast=Ubayd&rft.aufirst=Anis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto20-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto20_240-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1998" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Daniel (1998). Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858282480" title="Special:BookSources/9781858282480"><bdi>9781858282480</bdi></a>. <q>Circumcision is not compulsory and has no religious significance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Territories%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781858282480&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts2013" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Robert Brenton (2013). The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612345239" title="Special:BookSources/9781612345239"><bdi>9781612345239</bdi></a>. <q>There are many references to the Druze refusal to observe this common Muslim practice, one of the earliest being the rediscoverer of the ruins of Petra, John Burckhardt. "The Druses do not circumcise their children</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunni-Shi%27a+Divide%3A+Islam%27s+Internal+Divisions+and+Their+Global+Consequences&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781612345239&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brenton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202395-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202395_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202395_242-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Dr. Dekel, N., Prof. Brosh, H. Languages in Contact: Preliminary Clues on an Emergence of an Israeli Arabic Variety. June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Gaash, Amir (2016). "Colloquial Arabic written in Hebrew characters on Israeli websites by Druzes (and other non-Jews)". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam (43–44): 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199345-67-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin199345-67_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993">Abu-Izeddin 1993</a>, p. 45-67. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Salibi, K.</a> (1988). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. pp. 25–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=25-50&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07196-4&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993145-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Izeddin1993145_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993">Abu-Izeddin 1993</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Salibi, Kamal</a> (1988). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 85–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=85-110&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07196-4&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA92_92]-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA92_92]_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts1990">Betts 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9nnPg1EDOEC&pg=PA92">92</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA85_85–110]-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetts1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZ9nnPg1EDOECpgPA85_85–110]_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBetts1990">Betts 1990</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9nnPg1EDOEC&pg=PA85">85–110</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti2010" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip (2010). Lebanon in History: From the Earliest Times to the Present. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. pp. 408–410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004129382" title="Special:BookSources/9789004129382"><bdi>9789004129382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+in+History%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=408-410&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004129382&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackey_2009_62-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_2009_62_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_2009_62_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2006" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2006). Lebanon: A House Divided. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393352764" title="Special:BookSources/9780393352764"><bdi>9780393352764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+House+Divided&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780393352764&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaurepaire_2017_310-314_253-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaurepaire2017" class="citation book cs1">Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017). Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 310–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351722179" title="Special:BookSources/9781351722179"><bdi>9781351722179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Interactions+in+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean+World%3A+Coexistence+and+Dialogue+from+the+12th+to+the+20th+Centuries&rft.pages=310-314&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351722179&rft.aulast=Beaurepaire&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroHaddad2019" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Dane; Haddad, Nour Fara (2019). Peace Journeys: A New Direction in Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Research. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527543133" title="Special:BookSources/9781527543133"><bdi>9781527543133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Journeys%3A+A+New+Direction+in+Religious+Tourism+and+Pilgrimage+Research&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781527543133&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Dane&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Nour+Fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2012" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Glenn (2012). 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Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous relationship between Muslims and Druzes" </li> <li id="cite_note-K._Zartman_2020_199-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K._Zartman_2020_199_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K._Zartman_2020_199_258-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZartman2020" class="citation book cs1">Zartman, Jonathan K. (2020). Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440865039" title="Special:BookSources/9781440865039"><bdi>9781440865039</bdi></a>. <q>Historically, Islam classified Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered more.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Civil+War%2C+Revolutions%2C+and+Regime+Change&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440865039&rft.aulast=Zartman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Layiš_1982_1-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Layiš_1982_1_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Layiš_1982_1_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayiš1982" class="citation book cs1">Layiš, Aharôn (1982). 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Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1615927387">The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Cults%2C+Sects%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1615927387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keddie_2002_306-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddie_2002_306_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddie_2002_306_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddieMatthee2002" class="citation book cs1">Keddie, Nikki R.; Matthee, Rudolph P. (2002). 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Lonely Planet. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787019249" title="Special:BookSources/9781787019249"><bdi>9781787019249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Israel+%26+the+Palestinian+Territories&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781787019249&rft.aulast=Isalska&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/food/articles/taste-of-druze-cuisine">"A Taste of Druze Cuisine"</a>. 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Middle East Online. 22 March 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=64763">the original</a> on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+American+%27mate%27+tea+a+long-time+Lebanese+hit&rft.pub=Middle+East+Online&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middle-east-online.com%2Fenglish%2F%3Fid%3D64763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-donald-271"><a href="#cite_ref-donald_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarceloux2012" class="citation book cs1">Barceloux, Donald (2012). Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-10605-1"><bdi>978-1-118-10605-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Toxicology+of+Drug+Abuse%3A+Synthesized+Chemicals+and+Psychoactive+Plants&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-10605-1&rft.aulast=Barceloux&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200360-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200360_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200360_272-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessonov2018" class="citation news cs1">Bessonov, Ania (18 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/druze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888">"Dating Druze: The struggle to find love in a dwindling diaspora"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Dating+Druze%3A+The+struggle+to+find+love+in+a+dwindling+diaspora&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft.aulast=Bessonov&rft.aufirst=Ania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fdruze-dating-diaspora-toronto-exclusion-1.4904888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamanStewartMirzaKadi2013" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J.; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Crone, Patricia; Gerhard, Bowering; Hefner, Robert W.; Fahmy, Khaled; Kuran, Timur (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134840"><bdi>9780691134840</bdi></a>. <q>Druze who survive as a small minority in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan (their estimated number in these countries totaled around one million in the beginning of the 21st century) diverge substantially from Islam, both Sunni and Shīʿa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691134840&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Devin+J.&rft.au=Mirza%2C+Mahan&rft.au=Kadi%2C+Wadad&rft.au=Crone%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Gerhard%2C+Bowering&rft.au=Hefner%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Fahmy%2C+Khaled&rft.au=Kuran%2C+Timur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1979" class="citation book cs1">Bryer, David R. W. (1979). The Origins of the Druze Religion: An Edition of Ḥamza's Writings and an Analysis of His Doctrine. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oxford Press">University of Oxford Press</a>. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+Religion%3A+An+Edition+of+%E1%B8%A4amza%27s+Writings+and+an+Analysis+of+His+Doctrine&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=David+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab_America-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Arab_America_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabamerica.com/are-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are/">"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"</a>. Arab America. 8 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+America&rft.atitle=Are+the+Druze+People+Arabs+or+Muslims%3F+Deciphering+Who+They+Are&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabamerica.com%2Fare-the-druze-people-arabs-or-muslims-deciphering-who-they-are%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazbeck_Haddad2014" class="citation book cs1">Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199862634" title="Special:BookSources/9780199862634"><bdi>9780199862634</bdi></a>. <q>While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+American+Islam&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199862634&rft.aulast=Yazbeck+Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Hillel (2010). Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520944886" title="Special:BookSources/9780520944886"><bdi>9780520944886</bdi></a>. <q>the Druze connection to the Muslims remained a matter of controversy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Arabs%3A+The+Israeli+Security+Agencies+and+the+Israeli+Arabs%2C+1948%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520944886&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2014" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Martin (2014). Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812290011" title="Special:BookSources/9780812290011"><bdi>9780812290011</bdi></a>. <q>Though their religion is related to that of the Ismailis from a historical standpoint, the Druze—who see themselves as true "unitarians" (muwah.h.idūn)—are usually not considered Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorienting+the+East%3A+Jewish+Travelers+to+the+Medieval+Muslim+World&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780812290011&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjar2005" class="citation book cs1">Hajjar, Lisa (2005). Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520241947" title="Special:BookSources/9780520241947"><bdi>9780520241947</bdi></a>. <q>[Druze] although today it is widely considered to be a separate religion, some still consider it an Islamic sect</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courting+Conflict%3A+The+Israeli+Military+Court+System+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520241947&rft.aulast=Hajjar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryer1975a" class="citation journal cs1">Bryer, David R. W. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47">"The Origins of the Druze Religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Islam" title="Der Islam">Der Islam</a>. 52 (1): 52–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47">10.1515/islm.1975.52.1.47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0928">1613-0928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201807131">201807131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+Religion&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-65&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201807131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47&rft.aulast=Bryer&rft.aufirst=David+R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2Fislm.1975.52.1.47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtzi1984166-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtzi1984166_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArtzi1984">Artzi 1984</a>, p. 166: "...Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019364–366-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019364–366_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2019">Tucker 2019</a>, pp. 364–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawaz199463-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawaz199463_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFawaz1994">Fawaz 1994</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-goren-285"><a href="#cite_ref-goren_285-0">^</a> Goren, Haim. Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East. pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2019364-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2019364_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2019">Tucker 2019</a>, p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33092902">"Syria conflict: Al-Nusra fighters kill Druze villagers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria+conflict%3A+Al-Nusra+fighters+kill+Druze+villagers&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-33092902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/06/11/nusra-front-kills-syrian-villagers-from-minority-druze-sect.html">"Nusra Front kills Syrian villagers from minority Druze sect"</a>. thestar.com. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thestar.com&rft.atitle=Nusra+Front+kills+Syrian+villagers+from+minority+Druze+sect&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2015%2F06%2F11%2Fnusra-front-kills-syrian-villagers-from-minority-druze-sect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2021" class="citation book cs1">Firro, Kais M. (2021). The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History. Brill. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004491915" title="Special:BookSources/9789004491915"><bdi>9789004491915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+in+the+Jewish+State%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004491915&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2010" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen (2010). The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253345493" title="Special:BookSources/9780253345493"><bdi>9780253345493</bdi></a>. <q>Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Islamic+Revivalism%3A+Diversity+and+Unity%3A+Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29%2C+Georgetown+University.+Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780253345493&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2009" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, David D. (2009). Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630877187" title="Special:BookSources/9781630877187"><bdi>9781630877187</bdi></a>. <q>In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piety%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power%3A+Lutherans+Encountering+Islam+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781630877187&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes]. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440861185" title="Special:BookSources/9781440861185"><bdi>9781440861185</bdi></a>. <q>As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781440861185&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01789462/document">"'Allah has spoken to us: we must keep silent.' In the folds of secrecy, the Holy Book of the Druze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a>. 30 January 2017. <q>Orientalist literature frequently affiliates the Druze religion with the Muslim faith, although it seems as different from Islam as Islam is from Christianity or Christianity is from Judaism (Bryer 1975b, 239). The Muslim consider Druze doctrine to be heresy specifically because it extols the transmigration of the soul (taqammoṣ əl-arwaḥ) and the repeal of religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Allah+has+spoken+to+us%3A+we+must+keep+silent.%27+In+the+folds+of+secrecy%2C+the+Holy+Book+of+the+Druze&rft.pub=Aix-Marseille+University&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01789462%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNestorović2016" class="citation book cs1">Nestorović, Čedomir (2016). Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment. Springer. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319327549" title="Special:BookSources/9783319327549"><bdi>9783319327549</bdi></a>. <q>As far as the Druze are concerned, many Muslims regard them suspiciously, arguing that they are not in fact Muslims, but rather a religion in their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Marketing%3A+Understanding+the+Socio-Economic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Politico-Legal+Environment&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319327549&rft.aulast=Nestorovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cedomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoald2011" class="citation book cs1">Roald, Anne Sofie (2011). Religious Minorities in the Middle East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation. Brill. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004207424" title="Special:BookSources/9789004207424"><bdi>9789004207424</bdi></a>. <q>Therefore, many of these scholars follow Ibn Taymiyya'sfatwa from the beginning of the fourteenth century that declared the Druzes and the Alawis as heretics outside Islam ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Domination%2C+Self-Empowerment%2C+Accommodation&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004207424&rft.aulast=Roald&rft.aufirst=Anne+Sofie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Michael (2009). Journey to the End of Islam. Soft Skull Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781593765521" title="Special:BookSources/9781593765521"><bdi>9781593765521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+End+of+Islam&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781593765521&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200937-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200937_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. 37: "Subsequently, Muslim opponents of the Druzes have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya's religious ruling to justify their attitudes and actions against Druzes..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200925-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200925_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-anNabala-299"><a href="#cite_ref-anNabala_299-0">^</a> an-Nubala (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad, A. (2009). Islam, Modernity, Violence, and Everyday Life. Springer. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230619562" title="Special:BookSources/9780230619562"><bdi>9780230619562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Modernity%2C+Violence%2C+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780230619562&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAburish2004" class="citation book cs1">Aburish, Saïd K. (2004). Nasser: the last Arab (illustrated ed.). Duckworth. pp. 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715633007" title="Special:BookSources/9780715633007"><bdi>9780715633007</bdi></a>. <q>But perhaps the most far reaching change [initiated by Nasser's guidance] was the fatwa commanding the readmission to mainstream Islam of the Shia, Alawis, and Druze. They had been considered heretics and idolaters for hundreds of years, but Nasser put an end to this for once and for all. While endearing himself to the majority Shia of Iraq and undermining Kassem [the communist ruler of Iraq at the time] might have played a part in that decision, there is no doubting the liberalism of the man in this regard.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasser%3A+the+last+Arab&rft.pages=200-201&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780715633007&rft.aulast=Aburish&rft.aufirst=Sa%C3%AFd+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrünner2004" class="citation book cs1">Brünner, Rainer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicecumenism00brun">Islamic Ecumenism In The 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint</a> (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicecumenism00brun/page/n371">360</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004125483" title="Special:BookSources/9789004125483"><bdi>9789004125483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Ecumenism+In+The+20th+Century%3A+The+Azhar+And+Shiism+Between+Rapprochement+And+Restraint&rft.pages=360&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004125483&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCnner&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicecumenism00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintak2019" class="citation book cs1">Pintak, Lawrence (2019). America & Islam: Soundbites, Suicide Bombs and the Road to Donald Trump. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788315593" title="Special:BookSources/9781788315593"><bdi>9781788315593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+%26+Islam%3A+Soundbites%2C+Suicide+Bombs+and+the+Road+to+Donald+Trump&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781788315593&rft.aulast=Pintak&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas2011" class="citation book cs1">Jonas, Margaret (2011). The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906999254" title="Special:BookSources/9781906999254"><bdi>9781906999254</bdi></a>. <q>[Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Templar+Spirit%3A+The+Esoteric+Inspiration%2C+Rituals+and+Beliefs+of+the+Knights+Templar&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Temple+Lodge+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781906999254&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. p. 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3. p. 277 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Araby2013" class="citation web cs1">Al-Araby, Mohamed (25 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421092900/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/2376/21/Identity-politics,-Egypt-and-the-Shia.aspx">"Identity politics, Egypt and the Shia"</a>. Al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/2376/21/Identity-politics,-Egypt-and-the-Shia.aspx">the original</a> on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram+Weekly&rft.atitle=Identity+politics%2C+Egypt+and+the+Shia&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.aulast=Al-Araby&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2FNews%2F2376%2F21%2FIdentity-politics%2C-Egypt-and-the-Shia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Mackey2009" class="citation book cs1">Sandra Mackey (2009). Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict (illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393333749" title="Special:BookSources/9780393333749"><bdi>9780393333749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirror+of+the+Arab+World%3A+Lebanon+in+Conflict&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780393333749&rft.au=Sandra+Mackey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-espos12-309"><a href="#cite_ref-espos12_309-0">^</a> Esposito (1998), p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2003" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Malcolm (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT100">Islam for Dummies</a>. Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6"><bdi>978-1-118-05396-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043530/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PT100#v=onepage&q&f=true">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+for+Dummies&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05396-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPXu561ZpvgC%26pg%3DPT100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoonawala1999">Poonawala 1999</a>, p. 542; <a href="#CITEREFNisan2002">Nisan 2002</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFDānā2003">Dānā 2003</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521027007" title="Special:BookSources/9780521027007"><bdi>9780521027007</bdi></a>. <q>the conversion to Christianity of several Muslim and Druze families aided this growth immeasurably</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521027007&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKayyali2006">Kayyali 2006</a>, p. 21: "some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism..." </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranli2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Granli, Elisabet (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-28014">Religious conversion in Syria : Alawite and Druze believers</a> (Master's thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F16181">10852/16181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Religious+conversion+in+Syria+%3A+Alawite+and+Druze+believers&rft.inst=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F16181&rft.aulast=Granli&rft.aufirst=Elisabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-28014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishaqa23-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Mishaqa23_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishaqa1988" class="citation book cs1">Mishaqa, Mikhail (1988). Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISHHYMNmp0gC&pg=PA23">Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800–1873)</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067129" title="Special:BookSources/9780887067129"><bdi>9780887067129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder%2C+Mayhem%2C+Pillage%2C+and+Plunder%3A+The+History+of+the+Lebanon+in+the+18th+and+19th+Centuries+by+Mikhayil+Mishaqa+%281800%E2%80%931873%29&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780887067129&rft.aulast=Mishaqa&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISHHYMNmp0gC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ÁgostonMasters2009-316"><a href="#cite_ref-ÁgostonMasters2009_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009" class="citation book cs1">Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA530">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 530. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=530&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.aulast=%C3%81goston&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-_H̲azīn2000" class="citation book cs1">al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000). The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674081055" title="Special:BookSources/9780674081055"><bdi>9780674081055</bdi></a>. <q>So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breakdown+of+the+State+in+Lebanon%2C+1967%E2%80%931976&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780674081055&rft.aulast=al-+H%CC%B2az%C4%ABn&rft.aufirst=Far%C4%ABd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2006" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2006). Lebanon: A House Divided. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393352764" title="Special:BookSources/9780393352764"><bdi>9780393352764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+House+Divided&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780393352764&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-druze-and-assad-strategic-bedfellows">"The Druze and Assad: Strategic Bedfellows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">The Washington Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Druze+and+Assad%3A+Strategic+Bedfellows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fview%2Fthe-druze-and-assad-strategic-bedfellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Fadwa N. Kirrish, "Druze Ethnicity in the Golan Heights: The Interface of Religion and Politics," Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 13.1 (1992), 122–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/ray-alan/on-the-horizon-the-strange-world-of-the-druzes/">"On the Horizon: The Strange World of the Druzes"</a>. Commentary Magazine. 20 January 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Horizon%3A+The+Strange+World+of+the+Druzes&rft.pub=Commentary+Magazine&rft.date=1956-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fray-alan%2Fon-the-horizon-the-strange-world-of-the-druzes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmetTamīmī2007-322"><a href="#cite_ref-SmetTamīmī2007_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._De_SmetIsmāʻīl_TamīmīḤamzah_ibn_ʻAlī_ibn_Aḥmad2007" class="citation book cs1">D. De Smet; Ismāʻīl Tamīmī; Ḥamzah ibn ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixMLAQAAMAAJ">Les Epitres Sacrees Des Druzes Rasa'il Al-hikma: Introduction, Edition Critique Et Traduction Annotee Des Traites Attribues a Hamza B. 'ali Et Isma'il At-tamimi</a>. Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1943-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1943-3"><bdi>978-90-429-1943-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Epitres+Sacrees+Des+Druzes+Rasa%27il+Al-hikma%3A+Introduction%2C+Edition+Critique+Et+Traduction+Annotee+Des+Traites+Attribues+a+Hamza+B.+%27ali+Et+Isma%27il+At-tamimi&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1943-3&rft.au=D.+De+Smet&rft.au=Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl+Tam%C4%ABm%C4%AB&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4amzah+ibn+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixMLAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]-323">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]_323-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]_323-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkeD9z1XWuNwCpgPA96_96–]_323-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNisan2002">Nisan 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keD9z1XWuNwC&pg=PA96">96–</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412981767" title="Special:BookSources/9781412981767"><bdi>9781412981767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Sociology+of+the+Middle+East%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781412981767&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Andrea+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan200295-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENisan200295_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNisan2002">Nisan 2002</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2008" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S. (2008). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. Infobase Publishing. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110387" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110387"><bdi>9781438110387</bdi></a>. <q>It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781438110387&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812292510" title="Special:BookSources/9780812292510"><bdi>9780812292510</bdi></a>. <q>Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among Christians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Female+Circumcision+Controversy%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780812292510&rft.aulast=Gruenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2008" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Peter N. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176322" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176322"><bdi>9780195176322</bdi></a>. <q>Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195176322&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_2007_GTDPSA-329"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2007_GTDPSA_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf">"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222194858/http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/jc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Male+circumcision%3A+Global+trends+and+determinants+of+prevalence%2C+safety+and+acceptability&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_asset%2Fjc1360_male_circumcision_en_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-riggs_2006-330"><a href="#cite_ref-riggs_2006_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Riggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Riggs (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ">"Christianity: Coptic Christianity"</a>. Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations. Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6612-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-6612-5"><bdi>978-0-7876-6612-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity%3A+Coptic+Christianity&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices%3A+Religions+and+denominations&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-6612-5&rft.au=Thomas+Riggs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTMOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-331"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/circumcision.html">"Circumcision"</a>. Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051012/http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/circumcision.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circumcision&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fscience%2Fcircumcision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark_2011-332"><a href="#cite_ref-clark_2011_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_M2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark M (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PA178">Islam For Dummies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05396-6"><bdi>978-1-118-05396-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118224324/https://books.google.com/books?id=zPXu561ZpvgC&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+For+Dummies&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05396-6&rft.au=Clark+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPXu561ZpvgC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2013" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, David, ed. (2013). A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135355616" title="Special:BookSources/9781135355616"><bdi>9781135355616</bdi></a>. <q>...Druze believe in seven prophets: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, and Muhammad ibn Ismail ad-Darazi..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135355616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDānā200847-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200847_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDānā200847_334-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDānā2008">Dānā 2008</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2013" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134840"><bdi>9780691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691134840&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwayd200988-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwayd200988_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwayd2009">Swayd 2009</a>, p. 88: "Jesus is known in the Druze tradition as the "True Messiah" (al-Masih al-Haq), for he delivered what Druzes view as the true message. He is also referred to as the "Messiah of the Nations"(Masih al-Umam) because he was sent to the world as "Masih of Sins" because he is the one who forgives." </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2000" class="citation book cs1">Makdisi, Ussama (2000). The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520218468" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520218468"><bdi>978-0520218468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Sectarianism%3A+Community%2C+History%2C+and+Violence+in+Nineteenth-Century+Ottoman+Lebanon&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0520218468&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Ussama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockman2011">Brockman 2011</a>, p. 259: "They included Jesus, John the Baptist, Moses, and Mohammed—all teachers of monotheism" </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor2008" class="citation book cs1">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191647666" title="Special:BookSources/9780191647666"><bdi>9780191647666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide+from+Earliest+Times+to+1700&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780191647666&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2011" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2011). The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595989" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595989"><bdi>9780230595989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettler2014" class="citation book cs1">Nettler, Ronald (2014). Muslim-Jewish Encounters. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134408542" title="Special:BookSources/9781134408542"><bdi>9781134408542</bdi></a>. <q>...One example of Druze anti-Jewish bias is contained in an epistle ascribed to one of the founders of Druzism, Baha al-Din</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim-Jewish+Encounters&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781134408542&rft.aulast=Nettler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine1-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine1_342-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene L. (2011). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794763" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794763"><bdi>9780521794763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521794763&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson_1954-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_1954_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_1954_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1954" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, W. B. (1954). The Muslim World: A Quarterly Review of History, Culture, Religions & the Christian Mission in Islamdom. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Berkeley_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Berkeley Press (page does not exist)">University of California, Berkeley Press</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468067279" title="Special:BookSources/9781468067279"><bdi>9781468067279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+World%3A+A+Quarterly+Review+of+History%2C+Culture%2C+Religions+%26+the+Christian+Mission+in+Islamdom&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9781468067279&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranca1997" class="citation journal cs1">Branca, Paolo (1997). "Some Druze 'Catechisms' in Italian Libraries". Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 15: 151–164. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25802822">25802822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaderni+di+Studi+Arabi&rft.atitle=Some+Druze+%27Catechisms%27+in+Italian+Libraries.&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=151-164&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25802822%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Branca&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/benjamin-of-tudela">"Benjamin of Tudela"</a>. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 5 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Benjamin+of+Tudela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbenjamin-of-tudela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_War_for_Palestine2-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_War_for_Palestine2_346-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene L. (2011). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794763" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794763"><bdi>9780521794763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521794763&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David2010-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David2010_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David2010_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2010" class="citation book cs1">David, Abraham (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&pg=PA27">To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5643-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-5643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Come+to+the+Land%3A+Immigration+and+Settlement+in+16th-Century+Eretz-Israel&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqqy4wqVbSUkC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi" title="Kamal Salibi">Salibi, K.</a> (1988). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. University of California Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07196-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+of+Many+Mansions%3A+The+History+of+Lebanon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07196-4&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rappel-349"><a href="#cite_ref-rappel_349-0">^</a> Joel Rappel. History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived in Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few former Safed residents had returned..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnay,_Y_1992_p._149_350-0">^</a> Barnay, Y. The Jews in Palestine in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7">978-0-8173-0572-7</a> p. 149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossoff-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Rossoff_351-0">^</a> Dovid Rossoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjFoPWto6VYC&pg=PA149">Safed: The Mystical City.</a> Feldheim Publishers, 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-873-06566-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-873-06566-5">978-0-873-06566-5</a> pp. 149ff: The Druze Massacre of Safed </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieber1992-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieber1992_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieber1992" class="citation book cs1">Lieber, Sherman (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb">Mystics and missionaries: the Jews in Palestine, 1799–1840</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticsmissionar0000lieb/page/334">334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-391-4"><bdi>978-0-87480-391-4</bdi></a>. <q>The Druze and local Muslims vandalised the Jewish quarter. During three days, though they enacted a replay of the 1834 plunder, looting homes and desecrating synagogues—no deaths were reported. What could not be stolen was smashed and burned. Jews caught outdoors were robbed and beaten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics+and+missionaries%3A+the+Jews+in+Palestine%2C+1799%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-391-4&rft.aulast=Lieber&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticsmissionar0000lieb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein1960-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein1960_353-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Finkelstein1960" class="citation book cs1">Louis Finkelstein (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=838GAQAAIAAJ">The Jews: their history, culture, and religion</a>. Harper. p. 679. <q>In the summer of 1838 the Druses revolted against Ibrahim Pasha, and once more the Jews were the scapegoat. The Moslems joined the Druses in repeating the slaughter and plunder of 1834.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews%3A+their+history%2C+culture%2C+and+religion&rft.pages=679&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Louis+Finkelstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D838GAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florence2004-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Florence2004_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Florence2004" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Florence (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJDLrLlWg18C&pg=PA47">Blood libel: the Damascus affair of 1840</a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-20280-4"><bdi>978-0-299-20280-4</bdi></a>. <q>There had been pogroms against the Jews in Safed in 1834 and 1838.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+libel%3A+the+Damascus+affair+of+1840&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-299-20280-4&rft.au=Ronald+Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJDLrLlWg18C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2011" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, L. (2011). The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230595989" title="Special:BookSources/9780230595989"><bdi>9780230595989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+between+Palestine+and+Israel+1947%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230595989&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDMC-356"><a href="#cite_ref-IDMC_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903022121/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">"Internal Displacement Monitoring Center – Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internal+Displacement+Monitoring+Center+%E2%80%93+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fidmc%2Fwebsite%2Fcountries.nsf%2F%28httpEnvelopes%29%2FF11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121451/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fthe_middle_east_journal%2Fv064%2F64.4.nisan.pdf">"The Druze in Israel: Questions of Identity, Citizenship, and Patriotism"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/the_middle_east_journal/v064/64.4.nisan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=555549">the original</a> on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Christian+Arabs+%2F+Second+in+a+series+%E2%80%93+Israel%27s+Christian+Arabs+don%27t+want+to+fight+to+fit+in&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D555549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirro2006" class="citation news cs1">Firro, Kais (15 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210256/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/">"Druze Herev Battalion Fights 32 Days With No Casualties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnn.com/news.php3?id=110102">the original</a> on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Druze+Herev+Battalion+Fights+32+Days+With+No+Casualties&rft.date=2006-08-15&rft.aulast=Firro&rft.aufirst=Kais&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnn.com%2Fnews.php3%3Fid%3D110102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNisan2015">Nisan 2015</a>, p. 284: "This Jewish-Druze partnership was often referred to as a "covenant of blood," in recognition of the common military yoke carried by the two peoples for the security of the country." </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2015" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry (2015). 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The Arabs in Israel. The Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-377-2"><bdi>978-0-85345-377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-377-2&rft.aulast=Jiryis&rft.aufirst=Sabri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Index_Democracy_Israeli-363"><a href="#cite_ref-Index_Democracy_Israeli_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idi.org.il/media/8292/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%93-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-2016-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D.pdf">"Israel of Citizens Arab of Attitudes: Index Democracy Israeli 2016 The"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+of+Citizens+Arab+of+Attitudes%3A+Index+Democracy+Israeli+2016+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idi.org.il%2Fmedia%2F8292%2F%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2593-%25D7%2594%25D7%2593%25D7%259E%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594-%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA-2016-%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA-%25D7%2590%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%2597%25D7%2599-%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%259C-%25D7%2594%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%259D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2000" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Ibtisam (2000). 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Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202317-367">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202317_367-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202317_367-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kossaify_2018-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kossaify_2018_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kossaify_2018_368-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossaify2018" class="citation web cs1">Kossaify, Ephrem (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/Druze">"Druze: the great survivors How the world's most secretive faith has endured for a thousand years"</a>. rab News Minority Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Druze%3A+the+great+survivors+How+the+world%27s+most+secretive+faith+has+endured+for+a+thousand+years&rft.pub=rab+News+Minority+Report&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.aulast=Kossaify&rft.aufirst=Ephrem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2FDruze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirro202318-369">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202318_369-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202318_369-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirro202318_369-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFirro2023">Firro 2023</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprengling1939" class="citation journal cs1">Sprengling, Martin (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F370557">"The Berlin Druze Lexicon"</a>. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429640483" title="Special:BookSources/9780429640483"><bdi>9780429640483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Mandate+in+Palestine%3A+A+Centenary+Volume%2C+1920%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780429640483&rft.aulast=J.+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1966" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, P. K. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYgvLf2GE8YC&q=druze+benjamin+of+tudela&pg=PT10">The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings</a>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3"><bdi>978-1-4655-4662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-4662-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=P.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYgvLf2GE8YC%26q%3Ddruze%2Bbenjamin%2Bof%2Btudela%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDar1988" class="citation journal cs1">Dar, Shimon (1988). "The History of the Hermon Settlements". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 120 (1): 26–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1988.120.1.26">10.1179/peq.1988.120.1.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328">0031-0328</a>. <q>Heretofore studies of the Ituraeans have been based on historical sources and written history. Archaeological surveys from 1968 to ... Proposes the possibility that the Druze descended from the Ituraeans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Hermon+Settlements&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-44&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1988.120.1.26&rft.issn=0031-0328&rft.aulast=Dar&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrians#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013" title="Syrians">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote: 1 – "We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." 2 – "The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen." 3 – Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins." </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekel-BobrovGilbertEvans2005" class="citation cs2">Mekel-Bobrov, N; Gilbert, SL; Evans, PD; et al. (9 September 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5741/1720">"Ongoing Adaptive Evolution of ASPM, a Brain Size Determinant in Homo sapiens"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>, 309 (5741): 1720–1722, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309.1720M">2005Sci...309.1720M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116815">10.1126/science.1116815</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16151010">16151010</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30403575">30403575</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ongoing+Adaptive+Evolution+of+ASPM%2C+a+Brain+Size+Determinant+in+Homo+sapiens&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5741&rft.pages=1720-1722&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1116815&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30403575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16151010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...309.1720M&rft.aulast=Mekel-Bobrov&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+SL&rft.au=Evans%2C+PD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F309%2F5741%2F1720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shen-385"><a href="#cite_ref-Shen_385-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeidong_Shen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peidong Shen; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf">"Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation"</a> (PDF). Human Mutation. 24 (3): 248–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.20077">10.1002/humu.20077</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300852">15300852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1571356">1571356</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415100251/http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Mutation&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Patrilineages+and+Matrilineages+of+Samaritans+and+Other+Israeli+Populations+From+Y-Chromosome+and+Mitochondrial+DNA+Sequence+Variation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=248-260&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1571356%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15300852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhumu.20077&rft.au=Peidong+Shen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevolutsioon.ut.ee%2Fpublications%2FShen2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dna1-386">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dna1_386-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dna1_386-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlushBeharYudkovsky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shlush, LI; Behar, DM; Yudkovsky, G; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2324201">"The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 3 (5): Table S6, e2105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2105S">2008PLoSO...3.2105S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002105">10.1371/journal.pone.0002105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2324201">2324201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18461126">18461126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Druze%3A+A+Population+Genetic+Refugium+of+the+Near+East&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=Table+S6%2C+e2105&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2324201%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18461126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLoSO...3.2105S&rft.aulast=Shlush&rft.aufirst=LI&rft.au=Behar%2C+DM&rft.au=Yudkovsky%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2324201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behar2010-387"><a href="#cite_ref-Behar2010_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoron_M._BeharBayazit_YunusbayevMait_MetspaluEne_Metspalu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Doron M. Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; Saharon Rosset; Jüri Parik; Siiri Rootsi; Gyaneshwer Chaubey; Ildus Kutuev; Guennady Yudkovsky; Elza K. Khusnutdinova; Oleg Balanovsky; Olga Balaganskaya; Ornella Semino; Luisa Pereira; David Comas; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Tudor Parfitt; Michael F. Hammer; Karl Skorecki; Richard Villems (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170">"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 466 (7303): 238–242. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.466..238B">2010Natur.466..238B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09103">10.1038/nature09103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20531471">20531471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4307824">4307824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genome-wide+structure+of+the+Jewish+people&rft.volume=466&rft.issue=7303&rft.pages=238-242&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4307824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20531471&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.466..238B&rft.au=Doron+M.+Behar&rft.au=Bayazit+Yunusbayev&rft.au=Mait+Metspalu&rft.au=Ene+Metspalu&rft.au=Saharon+Rosset&rft.au=J%C3%BCri+Parik&rft.au=Siiri+Rootsi&rft.au=Gyaneshwer+Chaubey&rft.au=Ildus+Kutuev&rft.au=Guennady+Yudkovsky&rft.au=Elza+K.+Khusnutdinova&rft.au=Oleg+Balanovsky&rft.au=Olga+Balaganskaya&rft.au=Ornella+Semino&rft.au=Luisa+Pereira&rft.au=David+Comas&rft.au=David+Gurwitz&rft.au=Batsheva+Bonne-Tamir&rft.au=Tudor+Parfitt&rft.au=Michael+F.+Hammer&rft.au=Karl+Skorecki&rft.au=Richard+Villems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F44657170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dna-388">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dna_388-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dna_388-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dna_388-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080508182219.htm">"Genetics Confirm Oral Traditions of Druze in Israel"</a>, ScienceDaily, 12 May 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Genetics+Confirm+Oral+Traditions+of+Druze+in+Israel&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F05%2F080508182219.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarcacciaGallaAchilliOlivieri2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barcaccia, Gianni; Galla, Giulio; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio (5 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593049">"Uncovering the sources of DNA found on the Turin Shroud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>. 5 (1): 14484. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...514484B">2015NatSR...514484B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep14484">10.1038/srep14484</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593049">4593049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26434580">26434580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Uncovering+the+sources+of+DNA+found+on+the+Turin+Shroud&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14484&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4593049%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26434580&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep14484&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...514484B&rft.aulast=Barcaccia&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft.au=Galla%2C+Giulio&rft.au=Achilli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Olivieri%2C+Anna&rft.au=Torroni%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4593049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisPattersonMittnikRenaud2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; 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Historical Dictionary of the Druzes (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2019" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440853531" title="Special:BookSources/9781440853531"><bdi>9781440853531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Conflicts+from+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+21st+Century%3A+An+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection+%5B4+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440853531&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestheimerSedan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Westheimer" title="Ruth Westheimer">Westheimer, Ruth</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gil_Sedan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gil Sedan (page does not exist)">Sedan, Gil</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kY0oedX32BwC">The Olive and the Tree: The Secret Strength of the Druze</a>. Lantern Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590561027" title="Special:BookSources/9781590561027"><bdi>9781590561027</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olive+and+the+Tree%3A+The+Secret+Strength+of+the+Druze&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781590561027&rft.aulast=Westheimer&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Sedan%2C+Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkY0oedX32BwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabad2017" class="citation book cs1">Zabad, Ibrahim (2017). Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317096733" title="Special:BookSources/9781317096733"><bdi>9781317096733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Minorities%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317096733&rft.aulast=Zabad&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Face Cachée des Druzes "Les Francs-Maçons de l'Orient", 251 pages, Editeur : Independently published (2020), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1689584821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1689584821">978-1689584821</a></li> <li>Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Les Druzes et la Franc-maçonnerie", in Les Cahiers de l'Orient, no. 69, 1er trimestre 2003, Paris: L'Équerre et le Croissant, éditions Les Cahiers de l'Orient</li> <li>Jean-Marc Aractingi, "Points de convergence dans les rituels et symboles chez les Druzes et chez les francs-maçons", in Les Cahiers, Jean Scot Erigène, no 8, Franc-maçonnerie et Islamité, Paris: la Grande Loge de France.</li> <li>Pinhas Inabri – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcpa.org/arabism-islam-where-druze-fit/">"Pan-Arabism versus Pan-Islam – Where Do the Druze Fit?"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Abu Fakhr, Sakr (2000). "Voices from the Golan". Journal of Palestine Studies. 29 (4): 5–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2000.29.4.02p00787">10.1525/jps.2000.29.4.02p00787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Voices+from+the+Golan&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5-36&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2000.29.4.02p00787&rft.aulast=Abu+Fakhr&rft.aufirst=Sakr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aractingi, Jean-Marc; Lochon, Christian (2008). Secrets initiatiques en Islam et rituels maçonniques-Ismaéliens, Druzes, Alaouites, Confréries soufies. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-296-06536-9"><bdi>978-2-296-06536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+initiatiques+en+Islam+et+rituels+ma%C3%A7onniques-Isma%C3%A9liens%2C+Druzes%2C+Alaouites%2C+Confr%C3%A9ries+soufies&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-296-06536-9&rft.aulast=Aractingi&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft.au=Lochon%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Rabih Alameddine I, the Divine: A Novel in First Chapters, Norton (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32356-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32356-0">0-393-32356-0</a>.</li> <li>B. Destani, ed. Minorities in the Middle East: Druze Communities 1840–1974, 4 volumes, Slough: Archive Editions (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84097-165-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84097-165-7">1-84097-165-7</a>.</li> <li>R. Scott Kennedy "The Druze of the Golan: A Case of Non-Violent Resistance" Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Winter, 1984), pp. 48–46.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Shamai, Shmuel (1990). "Critical Sociology of Education Theory in Practice: The Druze Education in the Golan". British Journal of Sociology of Education. 11 (4): 449–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0142569900110406">10.1080/0142569900110406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Sociology+of+Education&rft.atitle=Critical+Sociology+of+Education+Theory+in+Practice%3A+The+Druze+Education+in+the+Golan&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-463&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0142569900110406&rft.aulast=Shamai&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bashar Tarabieh "Education, Control and Resistance in the Golan Heights". Middle East Report, No. 194/195, Odds against Peace (May–August 1995), pp. 43–47.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Druses">"Druses" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 603–606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Druses&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=603-606&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADruze" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dr. Said Hany: <ul><li>Druze Trilogy 1 – Philosophy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23549-9</li> <li>Druze Trilogy 2 – Theology. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-23701-1</li> <li>Druze Trilogy 3 – Genealogy. USA. 2020. ISBN 978-0-244-83701-3</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Druses" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Druses">Druses</a>".</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Druze" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Druze_footer" title="Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Druze_footer" title="Template talk:Druze footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Druze_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Druze footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Druze" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druze</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Monotheism" title="The People of Monotheism">Al-Muwahhidūn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muwahhid_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwahhid Muslim">Mowahhid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ahl_at-Tawh%C4%ABd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl at-Tawhīd">Ahl at-Tawhīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_call" title="Divine call">Divine call</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Druze" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism#Druze_list" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Durzi pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Druze_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Druze Star"><img alt="The Druze Star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/110px-Druze_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/165px-Druze_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Druze_star.svg/220px-Druze_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_al-Tanukhi" title="Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi">Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">Muhammad al-Darazī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Wisdom" title="Epistles of Wisdom">Epistles of Wisdom</a> (Rasa'il al-Hikma)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Khalwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Khalwa (page does not exist)">Druze Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwat_al-Bayada" title="Khalwat al-Bayada">Khalwat al-Bayada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Nabi Shu'ayb">Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holy days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khidr_Festival" title="Al-Khidr Festival">Al-Khidr Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid Al Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat_al-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb">Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Taym" title="Wadi al-Taym">Wadi al-Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisrawan_campaigns_(1292%E2%80%931305)" title="Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)">Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhturids" title="Buhturids">Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'n dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Dara" title="Battle of Ain Dara">Battle of Ain Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">1838 Druze Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal Druze State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Druze in Mandatory Palestine">Druze in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Muwahhideen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaysh al-Muwahhideen">Jaysh al-Muwahhideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb_Loze_massacre" title="Qalb Loze massacre">Qalb Loze massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prophets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationship with other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze" title="Christianity and Druze">Christianity and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronite-Druze_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maronite-Druze dualism (page does not exist)">Maronite-Druze dualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Druze">Islam and Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Druze">Judaism and Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Zionist movement">Druze Zionism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Druze communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Syrian Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Lebanese Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Israeli Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Jordan" title="Druze in Jordan">Jordanian Druze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Location">Druze diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_Jawad_Walieddine" title="Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine">Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Atrash" title="Al-Atrash">Al-Atrash clan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Atrash" title="Sultan al-Atrash">Sultan al-Atrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_dynasty" title="Alam al-Din dynasty">Alam al-Din dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Tarif" title="Amin Tarif">Amin Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druze_Arabic_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druze Arabic dialect (page does not exist)">Druze Arabic dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze cuisine">Druze cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumblatt_family" title="Jumblatt family">Jumblatt family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Druze" title="List of Druze">List of Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Druze" title="List of Israeli Druze">List of Israeli Druze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Arslan" title="Majid Arslan">Majid Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowafaq_Tarif" title="Mowafaq Tarif">Mowafaq Tarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Persecution of Druze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Druze" title="Category:Druze">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> and gods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Template:Infobox"," 8.63% 419.545 46 Template:Fix"," 6.13% 298.340 85 Template:Delink"," 4.62% 224.576 46 Template:Cite_web"," 4.59% 223.079 13 Template:Pn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.255","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19679642,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbasCourt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-Rahman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbraham1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Husayn2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Izeddin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Izzeddin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbulafia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAburish2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgranat-TamirWaldmanMartinGokhman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Araby2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Khalidi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Najjar1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmarriHaberLootahHallast2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaraSchnell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArtzi1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAryain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshkenazi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalanche2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarakat2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarcacciaGallaAchilliOlivieri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarceloux2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeattiePepper2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaurepaire2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerdichevsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessonov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetts2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranca1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryer1975a\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBryer1975b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrünner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatty2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchill1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark_M2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConder2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._De_SmetIsmāʻīl_TamīmīḤamzah_ibn_ʻAlī_ibn_Aḥmad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_McLaurin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeeb2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoron_M._BeharBayazit_YunusbayevMait_MetspaluEne_Metspalu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDānā2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDānā2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Firro1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEli_Ashkenazi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllwood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawaz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinegan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirro2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrischauer1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenzor1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruenbaum2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajjar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalabi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalabi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna_Batatu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarik2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazran2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeld2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrixOkeja2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHitti1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitti1928\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHitti1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobby1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobby2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrshaid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabel_Kershner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsalska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsḥāq_Khūrī2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Cohen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiryis1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKais_Firro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapur2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayyali2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeddieMatthee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellner-Heikele2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKessler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalifa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKheir2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhuri_Hitti1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjeilen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKossaify2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._Torstrick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLampros-Monroe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayiš1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisPattersonMittnikRenaud2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieber1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_Finkelstein1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Firro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackey2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMahmut2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakarem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakarim1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakdisi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassignon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMekel-BobrovGilbertEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelhem2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishaqa1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisonConaway2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoukarim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunroHaddad2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy-O\u0026#039;Connor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajemAmoreAbu_Khalil2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNestorović2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNili2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeid2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadgett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanagakos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeidong_Shen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Khūri_Hitti1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonawala1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuigley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuilliam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Williams2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadwan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaudvere2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoald2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogan2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Florence2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalibi1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalibi1988\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSalibi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandra_Mackey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarlett_MarshallRanajit_DasMehdi_PiroozniaEran_Elhaik2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmermund2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Wilson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeddon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlushBeharYudkovsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkutsch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorenson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSprengling1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanton2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStearns2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwayd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSālibī2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Riggs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToro2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotten2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrachtenberg2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUbayd2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVered2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVloeberghs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVocke1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeingrod1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestheimerSedan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYazbeck_Haddad2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu_Chen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamanStewartMirzaKadi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZartman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-H̲azīn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-_H̲azīn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgostonMasters2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzavcı2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḤamza_ibn_ʻAli_ibn_Aḥmad_and_Baha\u0026#039;a_El-Din\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze_flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze_star\"] = 1,\n [\"Juhhaal\"] = 1,\n [\"Juhhal\"] = 1,\n [\"Juhhāl\"] = 1,\n [\"Uqqaal\"] = 1,\n [\"Uqqal\"] = 1,\n [\"al-Juhhāl\"] = 1,\n [\"al-ʻUqqāl\"] = 1,\n [\"flag\"] = 1,\n [\"ʻuqqāl\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 23,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 197,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 47,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze\"] = 1,\n [\"Druze footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 9,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Books\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Religious group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 22,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 13,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 22,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 164,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 39,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","15.1"],["?","500","14.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","360","10.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","2.8"],["[others]","1080","30.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-vnxdp","timestamp":"20241122140405","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Druze","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Druze","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163943","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q163943","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T04:01:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T14:36:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/36\/Druze_star.svg","headline":"ethnoreligious group of the Levant"}</script> </body> </html>