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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaskan_Athabaskan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaskan_Athabaskan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Alaskan Athabaskan languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaskan_Athabaskan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>External classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Internal classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Athabaskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Athabaskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Northern Athabaskan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Athabaskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pacific Coast Athabaskan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Athabaskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Athabaskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southern Athabaskan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Athabaskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sicoli & Holton (2014)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Athabaskan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Athabaskan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proto-Athabaskan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Athabaskan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Athabaskan languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لغات أثاباسكان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أثاباسكان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_atapascas" title="Luengas atapascas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas atapascas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_atabascanes" title="Llingües atabascanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües atabascanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آتاباسک دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتاباسک دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_atapascanes" title="Llengües atapascanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües atapascanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabask%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Athabaské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Athabaské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Athabasgaidd" title="Ieithoedd Athabasgaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Athabasgaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athapaskische_Sprachen" title="Athapaskische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Athapaskische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A9_N%C3%A1%C3%A1h%C3%B3dl%C3%B3onii_bizaad" title="Diné Nááhódlóonii bizaad – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Diné Nááhódlóonii bizaad" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapaski_keeled" title="Atapaski keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atapaski keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_atabascanas" title="Lenguas atabascanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas atabascanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabaska_lingvaro" title="Atabaska lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atabaska lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabaskera" title="Atabaskera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atabaskera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آتاباسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آتاباسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_athapascanes" title="Langues athapascanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues athapascanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapaskyske_talen" title="Atapaskyske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atapaskyske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Atapascacha" title="Teangacha Atapascacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Atapascacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_atapascanas" title="Linguas atapascanas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas atapascanas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EC%84%9C%EB%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="애서배스카어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애서배스카어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աթաբասկյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աթաբասկյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="आथाबास्काई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आथाबास्काई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapaski" title="Atapaski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atapaski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_athabaska" title="Lingue athabaska – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue athabaska" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="אתבסקה (משפחת שפות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתבסקה (משפחת שפות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Атабаск йӹлмӹвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Атабаск йӹлмӹвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapasku_valodas" title="Atapasku valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atapasku valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Атабаск чӀалар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атабаск чӀалар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapask%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Atapaskų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atapaskų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapaszka_nyelvek" title="Atapaszka nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atapaszka nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Атабаскански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атабаскански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_atabaskana" title="Fiteny atabaskana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny atabaskana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Athabaska" title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Athabaska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskische_talen" title="Athabaskische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Athabaskische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="アサバスカ諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アサバスカ諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atapaskisk_spriaken" title="Atapaskisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atapaskisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Athabaskiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Athabaskiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Athabaskiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Athabaskiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_atabascanas" title="Lengas atabascanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas atabascanas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_atapaska%C5%84skie" title="Języki atapaskańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki atapaskańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_atabascanas" title="Línguas atabascanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas atabascanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athapaska_rimaykuna" title="Athapaska rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Athapaska rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атабаскские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атабаскские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Атабаскански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атабаскански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athapaskan" title="Athapaskan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Athapaskan" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Athabaskan" redirects here. For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Athabaskan" title="HMCS Athabaskan">HMCS Athabaskan</a>. For the ethnic group in Alaska, see <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #99ddff;">Athabaskan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Dene</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li>Athabaskan–<a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Athabaskan</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan_language" title="Proto-Athabaskan language">Proto-Athabaskan</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern Athabaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Pacific Coast Athabaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #99ddff;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ath" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ath">ath</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atha1247">atha1247</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athabaskan_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Athabaskan_languages.svg/300px-Athabaskan_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Athabaskan_languages.svg/450px-Athabaskan_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Athabaskan_languages.svg/600px-Athabaskan_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="499" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Athabaskan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ATH</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">BASK</span>-ən</i></a>; also spelled <i>Athabascan</i>, <i>Athapaskan</i> or <i>Athapascan</i>, and also known as <b>Dene</b>) is a large branch of the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene language family</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or <a href="/wiki/Apachean" class="mw-redirect" title="Apachean">Apachean</a>). Kari and Potter (2010:10) place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000 sq mi). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a> is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico. </p><p>The word <i>Athabaskan</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicized</a> version of a <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree language</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Lake_Athabasca" title="Lake Athabasca">Lake Athabasca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a>: <i lang="crm-Latn">Āðapāskāw</i> '[where] there are reeds one after another') in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Cree is one of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was assigned by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and the associated ethnic groups: "I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of the lake."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The four spellings—<i>Athabaskan</i>, <i>Athabascan</i>, <i>Athapaskan</i>, and <i>Athapascan</i>—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tanana_Chiefs_Conference" title="Tanana Chiefs Conference">Tanana Chiefs Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a> prefer the spelling <i>Athabascan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> uses <i>Athapaskan</i> in naming the language family and individual languages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i>Athabaskan</i> is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms <span title="Athapascan languages collective text"><i lang="ath">Dené</i></span> and <i>Dené languages</i>, which is how many of their native speakers identify it. They are applying these terms to the entire language family. For example, following a motion by attendees in 2012, the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Dené Languages Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists conventionally divide the Athabaskan family into three groups, based on geographic distribution: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern Athabaskan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan languages</a> or "Apachean"</li></ol> <p>The 32 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the interior of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, as well as in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. Five Athabaskan languages are <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> in the Northwest Territories, including <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a> (<span title="Chipewyan-language text"><i lang="chp-Latn">Dënesųłıné</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a> or <span title="Tlicho-language text"><i lang="dgr">Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a> (Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a>. </p><p>The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>; Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, and Tolowa in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>. </p><p>The seven Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo. </p><p>The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries: these languages are repeated by location in this list. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article. </p> <ul><li>Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina/Tanaina, Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim</li> <li>Yukon: Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Kaska, Mountain, Tagish, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Upper Tanana</li> <li>Northwest Territories: Bearlake, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Gwich'in, Hare, Mountain, Slavey, Tłįchǫ Yatiì/Dogrib</li> <li>Nunavut: Dëne Sųłiné</li> <li>British Columbia: Babine–Witsuwit'en, Bearlake, Beaver, Chilcotin, Dakelh/Carrier, Hare, Kaska, Mountain, Nicola Athapaskan, Sekani/Tsek'ene, Slavey, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut</li> <li>Alberta: Beaver, Dëne Sųłiné, Slavey, Tsuut'ina/Sarcee</li> <li>Saskatchewan: Dëne Sųłiné</li> <li>Washington: Kwalhioqua-Clatskanai (Willapa, Suwal)</li> <li>Oregon: Applegate, Clatskanie, Galice, Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua</li> <li>California: Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, Kato, Tolowa</li> <li>Utah: Navajo</li> <li>Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo</li> <li>Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache</li> <li>New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo</li> <li>Texas: Mescalero, Lipan</li> <li>Oklahoma: Chiricahua, Plains Apache</li> <li>Sonora: Chiricahua</li> <li>Chihuahua: Chiricahua</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaskan_Athabaskan_languages">Alaskan Athabaskan languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alaskan Athabaskan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Percent Speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠">500</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001800000000000000♠">80</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001160000000000000♠">16.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002900000000000000♠">900</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠"><50</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="1000000000000000000♠"><10</span>%<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002275000000000000♠">275</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001400000000000000♠">40</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001146000000000000♠">14.6</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001500000000000000♠">50</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠">0</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠">0.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003110000000000000♠">1,100</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠">300</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001273000000000000♠">27.3</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001500000000000000♠">50</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001120000000000000♠">12</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001240000000000000♠">24.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002200000000000000♠">200</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001120000000000000♠">12</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000600000000000000♠">6.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003230000000000000♠">2,300</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠">300</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001130000000000000♠">13.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanana_Athabaskans" title="Tanana Athabaskans">Tanana</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002380000000000000♠">380</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001300000000000000♠">30</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000790000000000000♠">7.9</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002220000000000000♠">220</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001650000000000000♠">65</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001296000000000000♠">29.6</span>% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002160000000000000♠">160</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001400000000000000♠">40</span></td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001250000000000000♠">25.0</span>% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></td> <td align="right">x</td> <td align="right">x</td> <td align="right">x </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><b>Source:</b> Information in this table was retrieved from the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_classification">External classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a> and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called <i>Athabaskan–Eyak</i> (AE) – well-<a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">demonstrated</a> through consistent <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative method (linguistics)">sound correspondences</a>, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> is distantly related to the Athabaskan–Eyak group to form the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene family</a>, also known as <i>Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit</i> (AET). With <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Leer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Leer (page does not exist)">Jeff Leer</a>'s 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or Athabascan–Eyak–Tlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> Proto-Athabaskan language. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the daughter languages in the Athabaskan family. </p><p>Although <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> still gives the Athabaskan family as a relative of <a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> in their definition of the Na-Dene family, linguists who work actively on Athabaskan languages discount this position. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_Language_Center" title="Alaska Native Language Center">Alaska Native Language Center</a>, for example, takes the position that recent improved data on Haida have served to conclusively disprove the Haida-inclusion hypothesis. Haida has been determined to be unrelated to Athabaskan languages. </p><p>A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> and Na-Dené families. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vajda" title="Edward Vajda">Edward Vajda</a> of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal structure of the Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples rather than sound linguistic comparisons. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the traditional geographic grouping described previously, there are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the Athabaskan languages. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented. </p><p>The following is an outline of the classification according to <a href="/wiki/Keren_Rice" title="Keren Rice">Keren Rice</a>, based on those published in <a href="/wiki/Ives_Goddard" title="Ives Goddard">Goddard</a> (1996) and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun</a> (1999). It represents what is generously called the "Rice–Goddard–Mithun" classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Athabaskan</b> <ul><li>Southern Alaska <small>(Dena'ina, Ahtna)</small></li> <li>Central Alaska–Yukon <small>(Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Gwich'in, Hän)</small></li> <li>Northwestern Canada <small>(Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan)</small></li> <li>Tsetsaut</li> <li>Central British Columbia <small>(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin, Nicola?)</small></li> <li>Tsuut'ina/Sarsi</li> <li>Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai</li> <li>Pacific Coast Athabaskan <small>(Upper Umpqua, Tututni, Galice–Applegate, Tolowa, Hupa, Mattole, Eel River, Kato)</small></li> <li>Apachean <small>(<a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountain Apache">White Mountain Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Carlos_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Carlos Apache">San Carlos Apache</a>, Mescalero–Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Plains)</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages. </p><p>A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:72–74): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Athabaskan</b> <ul><li>Alaskan <small>(Ahtna, Dena'ina, Deg Hit'an, Koyukon, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Gwich'in, Hän)</small></li> <li>Yukon <small>(Tsetsaut, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver)</small></li> <li>British Columbia <small>(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin)</small></li> <li>Eastern <small>(Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib)</small></li> <li>Southerly Outlying <small>(Tsuut'ina/Sarsi, Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai)</small></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other Athabaskanists. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. As Tuttle and Hargus put it, "we do not consider the points of difference between the two models ... to be decisively settled and in fact expect them to be debated for some time to come." (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74) </p><p>The Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. Due to the failure of the usual criteria of shared innovation and systematic phonetic correspondences to provide well-defined subgroupings, the Athabaskan family – especially the Northern group – has been called a "cohesive complex" by <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Krauss" title="Michael E. Krauss">Michael Krauss</a> (1973, 1982). Therefore, the <i>Stammbaumtheorie</i> or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. The languages of the Southern branch are much more homogeneous and are the only clearly genealogical subgrouping. </p><p>Debate continues as to whether the Pacific Coast languages form a valid genealogical grouping, or whether this group may instead have internal branches that are tied to different subgroups in Northern Athabaskan. The position of <a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua%E2%80%93Clatskanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai</a> is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group – if that exists – or into the Northern group. The records of <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Athapaskans" title="Nicola Athapaskans">Nicola</a> are so poor – Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) – that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Nicola may be intermediate between Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai and <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a>. </p><p>Similarly to Nicola, there is very limited documentation on <a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a>. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. Athabaskanists have concluded that it is a Northern Athabaskan language consistent with its geographical occurrence, and that it might have some relation to its distant neighbor Tahltan. Tsetsaut, however, shares its primary hydronymic suffix ("river, stream") with Sekani, Beaver, and Tsuut'ina – PA *-ɢah – rather than with that of Tahltan, Tagish, Kaska, and North and South Tutchone – PA *-tuʼ (Kari 1996; Kari, Fall, & Pete 2003:39). The ambiguity surrounding Tsetsaut is why it is placed in its own subgroup in the Rice–Goddard–Mithun classification. </p><p>For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Athabaskan">Northern Athabaskan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan">Pacific Coast Athabaskan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabaskan">Southern Athabaskan</a>. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Athabaskan">Northern Athabaskan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Northern Athabaskan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. The <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the <a href="/wiki/Tanana_Valley" title="Tanana Valley">Tanana Valley</a> of east-central Alaska. There are many homologies between Proto-Athabaskan vocabulary and patterns reflected in archaeological sites such as Upward Sun, Swan Point and Broken Mammoth (Kari 2010). The Northern Athabaskan group also contains the most linguistically conservative languages, particularly Koyukon, Ahtna, Dena'ina, and Dakelh/Carrier (Leer 2008). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Northern Athabaskan</b> <ul><li><i>Southern Alaskan subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></b> (also known as Tanaina, Kenaitze)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Central Alaska–Yukon subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Xinag</a></b> (also known as Deg Hitʼan, Ingalik (deprecated))</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></b> (also known as Innoko)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></b> (also known as Denaakkʼe, Tenʼa)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></b> (also known as Kolchan)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a> and Middle Tanana</b> (also known as Tanana)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Tanana">Upper Tanana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Southern Tutchone</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Northern Tutchone</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in language">Gwich'in</a></b> (also known as Kutchin, Loucheux, Tukudh)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></b> (also known as Han)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Northwestern Canada subgroup</i> <ul><li>Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska (also known as "Cordilleran") <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></b> (also known as Nahanni)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></b> (also known as Nahanni)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></b> (also known as Tsekʼehne)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></b> (also known as Beaver)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slave–Hare</a></b> <ul><li>Slavey (also known as Southern Slavey)</li> <li>Mountain (Northern Slavey)</li> <li>Bearlake (Northern Slavey)</li> <li>Hare (Northern Slavey)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></b> (also known as Tłįchǫ Yatiì)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Dene Suline</a></b> (also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Soun'liné)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Tsetsaut subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></b> (also known as Tsʼetsʼaut, Wetalh)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Central British Columbia subgroup</i> (also known as "British Columbian" in contrast with "Cordilleran" = Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%27en_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babine-Witsuwit'en language">Babine–Witsuwit'en</a></b> (also known as Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley/Lakes District)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh</a></b> (also known as Carrier)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a></b> (also known as Tsilhqot'in)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></b> (also known as Stuwix, Similkameen)</li> <li><i>Sarsi subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina language">Tsuut'ina</a></b> (also known as Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuu T'ina)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>The Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language is debatably part of the Pacific Coast subgroup, but has marginally more in common with the Northern Athabaskan languages than it does with the Pacific Coast languages (Leer 2005). It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie subgroup</i> (also called <i>Lower Columbia Athapaskan</i>) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie</a></b> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Willapa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Willapa people">Kwalhioqua</a>–Tlatskanie or Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan">Pacific Coast Athabaskan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pacific Coast Athabaskan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Pacific Coast Athabaskan</b> <ul><li><i>California Athabaskan subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></b> (also known as Hupa-Chilula, Chilula, Whilkut)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole–Bear River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel River language">Eel River</a></b> (also known as Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Kato</a></b> (also known as Cahto)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Oregon Athabaskan subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Umpqua">Upper Umpqua</a></b> (also known as Etnemitane)</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="emptyline"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Rogue_River_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Rogue River language">Lower Rogue River and Upper Coquille</a></b> (also known as Tututni, Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek and Coquille)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Galice%E2%80%93Applegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Galice–Applegate">Upper Rogue River</a></b> (also known as Galice/Taltushtuntede, Applegate/Dakubetede)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></b> (also known as Smith River, Chetco, Siletz Dee-ni)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Athabaskan">Southern Athabaskan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southern Athabaskan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Southern Athabaskan</b> <ul><li><i>Plains Apache subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></b> (also known as Kiowa-Apache)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Western Apachean subgroup</i> <ul><li>Chiricahua–Mescalero <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mescalero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mescalero language">Mescalero</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></b> (also known as Navaho)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></b> (also known as Coyotero Apache)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Eastern Apachean subgroup</i> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sicoli_&_Holton_(2014)"><span id="Sicoli_.26_Holton_.282014.29"></span>Sicoli & Holton (2014)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sicoli & Holton (2014)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational phylogenetic">computational phylogenetic</a> methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed the following classification for the Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Athabaskan</b> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages#California_Athabaskan" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">South Pacific Coast Athabaskan</a> (California)</li> <li>(unnamed clade) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina language">Dena'ina</a></i></li> <li>West Alaska (Koyukon) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag" class="mw-redirect" title="Deg Xinag">Deg Xinag</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages#Oregon_Athabaskan" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">North Pacific Coast</a> (Oregon)</li> <li>Alaska-Canada-2 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></i></li> <li><i>North <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></i> (<i>Beaver</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Plains-Apachean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsi language">Sarsi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Alaska-Canada-1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanana_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanana languages">Tanana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Northwestern Canada <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></i></li> <li><i>South <a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dene_Suline_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dene Suline language">Dene</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tutchone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Tutchone language">Northern Tutchone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tutchone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tutchone language">Southern Tutchone</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Proto-Athabaskan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">reconstructed ancestor</a> of the Athabaskan languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Trade_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade language">trade language</a> based on Slavey, French, and Cree.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loucheux_Pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loucheux Pidgin">Loucheux Pidgin</a>, another trade language based on at least Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and Gwich'in (Loucheux).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Place Names of the United States</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Gallatin, 1836:116–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc">Alaska Native Language Center</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/athabascan.html">"The Name Athabascan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100625131149/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/athabascan.html">Archived</a> June 25, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com">Ethnologue</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=611-16">Language Family Trees – Athapaskan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/alc/about">"Dené (Athabaskan) Languages Conference"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Den%C3%A9+%28Athabaskan%29+Languages+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Falc%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dena%27ina#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dena'ina">Dena'ina#Language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/languages/">Alaska Native Language Center</a> (ANLC). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKariPotter2011" class="citation book cs1">Kari, James M.; Potter, Ben Austin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaI-YgEACAAJ"><i>The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska</i></a>. Alaska Native Language Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55500-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55500-112-4"><bdi>978-1-55500-112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dene-Yeniseian+Connection%3A+Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55500-112-4&rft.aulast=Kari&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Potter%2C+Ben+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaI-YgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicoliHolton2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951421">"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (3): e91722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...991722S">2014PLoSO...991722S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091722">10.1371/journal.pone.0091722</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951421">3951421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24621925">24621925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Phylogenies+Support+Back-Migration+from+Beringia+to+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e91722&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951421%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24621925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091722&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...991722S&rft.aulast=Sicoli&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Holton%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanovich2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland". <i>Diachronica</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 410–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.17038.yan">10.1075/dia.17038.yan</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209542004">209542004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+linguistic+evidence+and+the+Dene-Yeniseian+homeland&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410-46&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.17038.yan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209542004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yanovich&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010074303/http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/athapascan.html">"Athapaskan Bibliography"</a>. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/athapascan.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athapaskan+Bibliography&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mip.berkeley.edu%2Fcilc%2Fbibs%2Fathapascan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas1917" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Franz (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027108970/"><i>Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians</i></a>. University Museum Anthropological Publications. Vol. 8. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1678979">1678979</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24180632M">24180632M</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+notes+on+the+language+of+the+Tlingit+Indians&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=University+Museum+Anthropological+Publications&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1678979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24180632M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027108970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eslibrary.berkeley.edu/NASsites/california-indian-library-collections">"California Indian Library Collections Project"</a>. <i>Native American Studies Collection, Ethnic Studies Library, UC Berkeley</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+American+Studies+Collection%2C+Ethnic+Studies+Library%2C+UC+Berkeley&rft.atitle=California+Indian+Library+Collections+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feslibrary.berkeley.edu%2FNASsites%2Fcalifornia-indian-library-collections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). <i>American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509427-1"><bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+languages%3A+The+historical+linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-509427-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1981" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Eung-Do (1981). 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Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 259–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1705-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1705-7"><bdi>0-8263-1705-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transitivity+decrease+in+Navajo+and+Athabaskan%3A+Actor-affecting+propositional+derivations&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+language+studies%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+Robert+W.+Young&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=259-304&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8263-1705-7&rft.aulast=Kibrik&rft.aufirst=Andrej+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibrik2001" class="citation conference cs1">Kibrik, Andrej A. 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(1969). <i>On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb</i>. Baltimore: Waverly Press by Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+classification+in+the+Athapascan%2C+Eyak%2C+and+the+Tlingit+verb&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Waverly+Press+by+Indiana+University&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1973" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.). <i>Linguistics in North America</i>. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 1. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 903–978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Na-Dene&rft.btitle=Linguistics+in+North+America&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.series=Current+trends+in+linguistics&rft.pages=903-978&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprinted as Krauss 1976.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1976" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1976). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.). <i>Native languages of the Americas</i>. New York: Plenum. pp. 283–358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Na-Dene&rft.btitle=Native+languages+of+the+Americas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=283-358&rft.pub=Plenum&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (Reprint of Krauss 1973)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1977" class="citation web cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA961K1977a">"Proto-Athabaskan–Eyak fricatives and the first person singular"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Archive</i>. CA961K1977a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=Proto-Athabaskan%E2%80%93Eyak+fricatives+and+the+first+person+singular&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA961K1977a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1979a" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1979a). "Na-Dene and Eskimo". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.). <i>The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Na-Dene+and+Eskimo&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+native+America%3A+Historical+and+comparative+assessment&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1979" class="citation web cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA961K1978">"Athabaskan tone"</a>. CA961K1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+tone&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA961K1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (Published with revisions as Krauss 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1981" class="citation web cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA961K1981">"On the history and use of comparative Athapaskan linguistics"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Archive</i>. CA961K1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=On+the+history+and+use+of+comparative+Athapaskan+linguistics&rft.date=1981-11&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA961K1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1986" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1986). "Edward Sapir and Athabaskan Linguistics, with Preliminary Annotated Bibliography of Sapir's Work on Athabaskan and Na-Dene". In Cowan, William; Foster, Michael; Koerner, K. (eds.). <i>New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984)</i>. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 147–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsihols.41.08kra">10.1075/sihols.41.08kra</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4522-9"><bdi>978-90-272-4522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Sapir+and+Athabaskan+Linguistics%2C+with+Preliminary+Annotated+Bibliography+of+Sapir%27s+Work+on+Athabaskan+and+Na-Dene&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Language%2C+Culture%2C+and+Personality%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Edward+Sapir+Centenary+Conference+%28Ottawa%2C+1%E2%80%933+October+1984%29&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences&rft.pages=147-190&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsihols.41.08kra&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4522-9&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1987" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (1987). "The name Athabaskan". In Corey, Peter L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723190252/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/docs/krauss_name_athabaskan.pdf"><i>Faces, Voices & Dreams: A celebration of the centennial of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, Alaska, 1888–1988</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sitka, AK: Division of Alaska State Museums and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum. pp. 105–108. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/docs/krauss_name_athabaskan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+name+Athabaskan&rft.btitle=Faces%2C+Voices+%26+Dreams%3A+A+celebration+of+the+centennial+of+the+Sheldon+Jackson+Museum%2C+Sitka%2C+Alaska%2C+1888%E2%80%931988&rft.place=Sitka%2C+AK&rft.pages=105-108&rft.pub=Division+of+Alaska+State+Museums+and+the+Friends+of+the+Alaska+State+Museum&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanlc%2Fdocs%2Fkrauss_name_athabaskan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2005" class="citation book cs1">Krauss, Michael E. (2005). "Athabaskan tone". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.). <i>Athabaskan Prosody</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 51–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athabaskan+tone&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+Prosody&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=51-136&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> Revision of unpublished manuscript dated 1979.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraussGolla1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan languages". In Helm, J. (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 6: Subarctic. 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CA962KL1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Athabaskan%2C+Eyak%2C+and+Tlingit+sonorants&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+AK&rft.series=Alaska+Native+Language+Center+research+papers&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska%2C+Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft.au=Leer%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA962KL1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1979" class="citation book cs1">Leer, Jeff (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA965L1979b"><i>Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology</i></a>. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 1. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. CA965L1979b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Athabaskan+verb+stem+variation+I%3A+Phonology&rft.place=Fairbanks%2C+AK&rft.series=Alaska+Native+Language+Center+research+papers&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA965L1979b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1982" class="citation web cs1">Leer, Jeff (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA965L1982">"Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Center</i>. CA965L1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.atitle=Navajo+and+comparative+Athabaskan+stem+list&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA965L1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1990" class="citation book cs1">Leer, Jeff (1990). "Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?". In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Baldi" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a> (ed.). <i>Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology</i>. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 73–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011908-4"><bdi>978-3-11-011908-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tlingit%3A+A+portmanteau+language+family%3F&rft.btitle=Linguistic+change+and+reconstruction+methodology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Studies+and+monographs&rft.pages=73-98&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011908-4&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer2005" class="citation book cs1">Leer, Jeff (2005). "How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan". 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-23228-7"><bdi>0-521-23228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-04&rft.isbn=0-521-23228-7&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Tlingit Verb Dictionary</i>. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1973. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933769-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-933769-25-3"><bdi>0-933769-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tlingit+Verb+Dictionary&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-933769-25-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Keren (1997). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58354-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58354-1"><bdi>978-0-521-58354-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morpheme+Order+and+Semantic+Scope%3A+Word+Formation+in+the+Athapaskan+Verb&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58354-1&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Keren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1915" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, Edward (1915). "The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 534–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1915.17.3.02a00080">10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Na-Dene+languages%2C+a+preliminary+report&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=534-558&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1915.17.3.02a00080&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1916" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Edward (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeperspectivei00sapirich/"><i>Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: A study in method</i></a>. Memoirs of the Canadian Geological Survey. Vol. 90. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/gs17000020">gs17000020</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085619259">1085619259</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7099707M">7099707M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+perspective+in+aboriginal+American+culture%3A+A+study+in+method&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+Canadian+Geological+Survey&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Bureau&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7099707M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fgs17000020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085619259&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeperspectivei00sapirich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1931" class="citation book cs1">Sapir, Edward (1931). "The concept of phonetic law as tested in primitive languages by Leonard Bloomfield". In Rice, S. A. (ed.). <i>Methods in social science: A case book</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 297–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+phonetic+law+as+tested+in+primitive+languages+by+Leonard+Bloomfield&rft.btitle=Methods+in+social+science%3A+A+case+book&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=297-306&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1936" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, Edward (1936). "Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 224–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1936.38.2.02a00040">10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Linguistic+evidence+suggestive+of+the+northern+origin+of+the+Navaho&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-235&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1936.38.2.02a00040&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapirGolla2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sapir, Edward; Golla, Victor (2001). "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". In Golla, Victor; O'Neill, Sean (eds.). <i>Collected Works of Edward Sapir</i>. Vol. 14: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hupa+Texts%2C+with+Notes+and+Lexicon&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Edward+Sapir&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Golla%2C+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaville-Troike1985" class="citation journal cs1">Saville-Troike, Muriel (1985). "On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 572–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465977">10.1086/465977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144286904">144286904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+variable+data+and+phonetic+law%3A+A+case+from+Sapir%27s+Athabaskan+correspondences&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=572-574&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144286904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saville-Troike&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant1978" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, William C., ed. (1978). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 1–20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span> (As of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, vols. 18–20 not yet published)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2010" class="citation book cs1">Vajda, Edward (2010). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.). <i>The Dene–Yeniseian Connection</i>. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 33–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Siberian+Link+with+Na-Dene+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Dene%E2%80%93Yeniseian+Connection&rft.place=Fairbanks&rft.series=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+University+of+Alaska%2C+new+series&rft.pages=33-99&rft.pub=University+of+Alaska&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda2023" class="citation book cs1">Vajda, Edward J. (2023-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240115022507/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0064.xml">"The Dené-Yeniseian Hypothesis"</a>. <i>Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199772810-0064">10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977281-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977281-0"><bdi>978-0-19-977281-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199772810/obo-9780199772810-0064.xml">the original</a> on 2024-01-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Den%C3%A9-Yeniseian+Hypothesis&rft.btitle=Linguistics&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780199772810-0064&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977281-0&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199772810%2Fobo-9780199772810-0064.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1992" class="citation web cs1">Leer, Jeff (1992-03-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA965L1992b">"Na-La-Dene cognate sets"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Archive</i>. CA965L1992b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=Na-La-Dene+cognate+sets&rft.date=1992-03-17&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA965L1992b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer1996" class="citation web cs1">Leer, Jeff (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/ca/cal/">"Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Archive</i>. CA965L1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=Comparative+Athabaskan+Lexicon&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Fcollections%2Fca%2Fcal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeer2008" class="citation web cs1">Leer, Jeff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/record.php?identifier=CA965L2008b">"Recent advances in AET comparison: Paper prepared for the Dene-Yeniseian Symposium. Fairbanks, Feb. 26, 2008"</a>. <i>Alaska Native Language Archive</i>. CA965L2008b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Native+Language+Archive&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+AET+comparison%3A+Paper+prepared+for+the+Dene-Yeniseian+Symposium.+Fairbanks%2C+Feb.+26%2C+2008&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Leer&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaf.edu%2Fanla%2Frecord.php%3Fidentifier%3DCA965L2008b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxon2024" class="citation book cs1">Saxon, Leslie (2024). "Dene – Athabaskan". In Carmen Dagostino; Marianne Mithun; Keren Rice (eds.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 875–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-039">10.1515/9783110712742-039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2"><bdi>978-3-11-071274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dene+%E2%80%93+Athabaskan&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Indigenous+North+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=875-930&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110712742-039&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071274-2&rft.aulast=Saxon&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1984" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Chad (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskool.org/language/Athabaskan/Athabas_Prelim.htm">"Athabaskan Languages and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers"</a>. Juneau: Alaska Native Language Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Athabaskan+Languages+and+the+Schools%3A+A+Handbook+for+Teachers&rft.place=Juneau&rft.pub=Alaska+Native+Language+Center&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskool.org%2Flanguage%2FAthabaskan%2FAthabas_Prelim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athabaskan_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Athapascan" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athapascan">Athapascan</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Athabaskan_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Athabaskan reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Athabaskan reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pan-dlc.herokuapp.com/">Pan-Dene Comparative Lexicon</a> (PanDeneComPlex; formerly the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ldrc.artsrn.ualberta.ca/?page_id=305">Pan-Athapaskan Comparative Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620123440/https://ldrc.artsrn.ualberta.ca/?page_id=305">Archived</a> 2021-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/">Alaska Native Language Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/ca/">Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon</a> (University of Alaska Fairbanks)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827113819/http://ling.ucsc.edu/Jorge/fernald.html">Athabaskan Satellites & ASL Ion-Morphs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050602090721/http://www.yukoncollege.yk.ca/ynlc/">Yukon Native Language Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/athapascan.html">Athapascan Bibliography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Macnaughtan2014" class="citation web cs1">Don Macnaughtan (10 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waikowhai2.wordpress.com/oregon-athapaskan-languages/">"Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oregon+Athapaskan+Languages%3A+Bibliography+of+the+Athapaskan+Languages+of+Oregon&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft.au=Don+Macnaughtan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaikowhai2.wordpress.com%2Foregon-athapaskan-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAthabaskan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billabbie.com/calath/index.html">California Athapascan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/athapbasckan-l/">ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601065750/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/athapbasckan-l.html">Archived</a> 2010-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Band" title="Michel Band">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Athabaskan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Athabaskan_languages" title="Template:Athabaskan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Athabaskan_languages" title="Template talk:Athabaskan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Athabaskan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Athabaskan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Athabaskan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athabaskan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Northern Athabaskan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Alaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahtna_language" title="Ahtna language">Ahtna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dena%CA%BCina_language" title="Denaʼina language">Denaʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Alaska–Yukon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deg_Xinag_language" title="Deg Xinag language">Deg Hitʼan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holikachuk_language" title="Holikachuk language">Holikachuk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyukon_language" title="Koyukon language">Koyukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Tanana_language" title="Lower Tanana language">Lower Tanana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Northern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Southern Tutchone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacross_language" title="Tanacross language">Tanacross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Kuskokwim_language" title="Upper Kuskokwim language">Upper Kuskokwim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tanana_language" title="Upper Tanana language">Upper Tanana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dene Suline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dunneza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine–Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Dakelh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Carrier_language" title="Southern Carrier language">Southern Carrier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other North Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwalhioqua%E2%80%93Clatskanie_language" title="Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language">Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Athabaskan_languages" title="Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages">Pacific Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahto_language" title="Cahto language">Kato</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa_language" title="Hupa language">Hupa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mattole_language" title="Mattole language">Mattole</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wailaki_language" title="Wailaki language">Wailaki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oregon Athabaskan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa_language" title="Tolowa language">Tolowa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tututni_language" title="Tututni language">Lower Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galice_language" title="Galice language">Upper Rogue River</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Umpqua_language" title="Upper Umpqua language">Upper Umpqua</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_language" title="Jicarilla language">Jicarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plains Apachean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Athabaskan">Proto-Athabaskan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_languages" title="Template:North American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_languages" title="Template talk:North American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calusa_language" title="Calusa language">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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