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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Consonant sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Vowel sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palatalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Palatalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apocopation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apocopation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Apocopation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apocopation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Surface variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure_and_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure_and_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Syllable structure and stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure_and_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Position classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direction_and_obviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direction_and_obviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Direction and obviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direction_and_obviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Locative suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Noun incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cree_Syllabics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cree_Syllabics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cree Syllabics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cree_Syllabics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_Roman_Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Roman_Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Standard Roman Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Roman_Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreeg_ar_c%27hompezenno%C3%B9" title="Kreeg ar c'hompezennoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kreeg ar c'hompezennoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cree_de_las_llanuras" title="Idioma cree de las llanuras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cree de las llanuras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cree_das_chairas" title="Lingua cree das chairas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cree das chairas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="प्लेंज़ क्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लेंज़ क्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_cree_jezik" title="Plains cree jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plains cree jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cree_delle_pianure" title="Lingua cree delle pianure – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cree delle pianure" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%93hiyaw%C4%93win" title="Nēhiyawēwin – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Nēhiyawēwin" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6rie-cree" title="Prærie-cree – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prærie-cree" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_cree,_plains" title="Lenga cree, plains – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga cree, plains" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Западный кри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западный кри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_Kricesi" title="Ova Kricesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ova Kricesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Algonquian language spoken in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the dialect. For history of the ethnic group which speaks it, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Plains Cree</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk">ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">nēhiyawēwin</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,200 (2001–2016)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>-<a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a>-<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Plains Cree</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (Plains Cree alphabet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> (Plains Cree syllabics)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), as "Cree"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crk">crk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/plai1258">plai1258</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/9011">Nēhiyawēwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=62-ADA-aa">62-ADA-aa</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Plains Cree is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poundmaker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Poundmaker.png/200px-Poundmaker.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Poundmaker.png/300px-Poundmaker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Poundmaker.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poundmaker" title="Poundmaker">Poundmaker</a> (c. 1842–1886), a leader of the Plains Cree and adopted by Crowfoot, chief of one of the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a><sup id="cite_ref-esask_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esask-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nations</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plains Cree</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk">ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">nēhiyawēwin</i></span>; alternatively: <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk">ᐸᐢᑳᐧᐃᐧᓃᒧᐃᐧᐣ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">paskwâwinîmowin</i></span> "language of the prairie people"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, which is the most populous <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Canada">Canadian indigenous language</a>. Plains Cree is considered a dialect of the Cree-Montagnais language or a dialect of the Cree language that is distinct from the Montagnais language. Plains Cree is one of five main dialects of Cree in this second sense, along with Woods Cree, Swampy Cree, Moose Cree, and Atikamekw. Although no single <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of Cree is favored over another, Plains Cree is the one that is the most widely used. Out of the 116,500 speakers of the Cree language, the Plains Cree dialect is spoken by about 34,000 people primarily in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> but also in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. </p><p>The number of people who can speak an Aboriginal language, such as Plains Cree, has increased. For example, in the 2016 census, 263,840 people could speak an Aboriginal language well enough to conduct a conversation. From 1996 to 2016, the total number of people who were able to speak an Aboriginal language went up by 8%. The number of Plains Cree speakers similarly has increased along with population increases over the past 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> inventory of Plains Cree contains 10 or 11 sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the <a href="/wiki/Semi-vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vowel">semi-vowels</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, which are <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> that act like and often follow consonants. </p><p>The consonants of Plains Cree in the two standard <a href="#Writing_systems">writing systems</a>, Cree syllabics and the Cree Latin alphabet, are listed in the following table (with <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable codas</a>, as in <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐁᐤ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēw</i></span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐁᑊ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēp</i></span>, [ᐁᐟ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēt</i></span>, etc. The consonants are represented differently when they comprise or are a component of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable onset</a>, as in <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐍ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">wē</i></span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐯ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">pē</i></span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐻ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">pwē</i></span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᑌ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">tē</i></span>, etc. The exception is <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐦ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">h</i></span>, which always has the same representation, as in <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐁᐦ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēh</i></span> or <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐦᐁ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">hē</i></span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td>ᒼ <b>m</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td>ᐣ <b>n</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td>ᑊ <b>p</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td>ᐟ <b>t</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐠ <b>k</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">ᐨ <b>c</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">ᐢ <b>s</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐦ <b>h</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>ᐤ <b>w</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐩ (ᐝ)<b>y</b>/<b>i</b>/<b>ý</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The status of the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>, as a phoneme in Plains Cree is uncertain. It was recorded in the word <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēhaʔ</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">yes</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (transcribed <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ähaʔ</i></span>) by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Leonard Bloomfield</a>, who stated that the sound occurred only in this word.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a collaborative online dictionary, Cree speakers have contributed several variants of this word, including <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐁᐦᐊ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēha</i></span> (written <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">eha</i></span> and <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">êha</i></span>), <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐁᐦᐁ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">ēhē</i></span> (written <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">êhê</i></span>), and <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐄᐦᐃ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">īhi</i></span> (written <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">îhi</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these forms includes a final glottal stop. However, there is no way of writing a glottal stop in the standard Latin alphabet or in Cree syllabics. <a href="/wiki/H.C._Wolfart" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Wolfart">Wolfart</a>'s grammar<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains a text sample which includes this word without a glottal stop, and in his synopsis of Plains Cree sounds no mention of this sound is made. The same word also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a>, a language derived in part from Plains Cree. There it appears with a final consonant (and nasalized vowels), as <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">aenhenk</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">yes</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laverdure_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laverdure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a degree of variation in the sounds <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">c</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> and <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐢ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. On the Sweetgrass Reserve in Saskatchewan in 1925, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">c</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> was either alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> or palatoalveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span>, but <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐢ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> was normally alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, and only abnormally palatoalveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to this, Michif words of Plains Cree origin at Turtle Mountain, North Dakota, invariably have palatoalveolar pronunciation for both of these sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Laverdure_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laverdure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voicing of the stops and the affricate is not contrastive in Plain Cree, which is to say that the phonemes <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᑊ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">p</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐟ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐠ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">c</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> have <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a> allophones <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z,<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ]</span>. According to <a href="/wiki/H.C._Wolfart" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Wolfart">Wolfart</a> and Carroll,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distribution of voiceless and voiced allophones is complementary: voiceless allophones occur in unvoiced phonological contexts; voiced allophones occur in voiced contexts. The context limit is word boundary, not phrase boundary. So voiceless variants occur at the beginning of a word, at the end of a word, and after <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐦ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">h</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐢ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. The voiced variants occur in all other situations. However, other distributions of voiceless versus voiced sounds are possible. Bloomfield reported the same voicing pattern as a possibility for the phoneme <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐠ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, but did not mentioned it for <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᑊ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">p</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐟ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, or <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">c</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plains Cree component of Michif shows a different pattern with respect to voicing.<sup id="cite_ref-Laverdure_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laverdure-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plains Cree <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᑊ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">p</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐟ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐠ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">c</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span>, and also <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐢ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">s</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> normally correspond to the Michif sounds <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">p</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">t</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">k</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">ch</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span>, and <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">sh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, which in Michif do not have voiced allophones. Michif has voiced sounds <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">b</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">d</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">g</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">j</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span>, and <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">zh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> which are distinct phonemes, and in some cases the Plains Cree sounds correspond to these. These cases all involve <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a> of vowel <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">i</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> that results in a cluster of nasal consonant plus stop, affricate or <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant</a>. At the beginning of a word, the nasal consonant is subsequently lost. Unlike the stops and the affricate, <span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">sh</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> becomes voiced only at the beginning of a word. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Voicing variation in Plains Cree and Michif – examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Plains Cree proper </th> <th>Plains Cree words in Michif </th></tr> <tr> <td>“in the mean time" </td> <td align="center"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᒣᒁᐨ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">mēkwāc</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[meːɡwɑːt͡s,<span class="wrap"> </span>meːkwɑːt͡s]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">maykwawt, maenkwawt</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mẽːkwɑːt]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>“run!" </td> <td align="center"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐱᒥᐸᐦᑖ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">pimipahtā</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪmɪbahtɑː,<span class="wrap"> </span>pɪmɪpahtɑː]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">pimbahtaw, pimbastaw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪmbahtɑː,<span class="wrap"> </span>pɪmbastɑː]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>“how?" </td> <td align="center"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᑖᓂᓯ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">tānisi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑːnsɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑːnʃɪ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑːnɪsɪ]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">tawnshi</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑ̃ːʃɪ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>“he/she is loved" </td> <td align="center"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᓵᑭᐦᐋᐤ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">sākihāw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɑːɡɪhɑːw,<span class="wrap"> </span>sɑːkɪhɑːw]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">shawkihow</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃɑːkɪhɑːw]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>“I love him/her" </td> <td align="center"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᓂᓵᑭᐦᐋᐤ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">nisākihāw</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɪsɑːɡɪhɑːw,<span class="wrap"> </span>nɪsɑːkɪhɑːw]</span> </td> <td align="center"><span title="Michif-language text"><i lang="crg">zhawkihow</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒɑːkɪhɑːw]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plains Cree has pre-aspirated stops and a pre-aspirated affricate which are actually clusters of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> plus a following stop or affricate; these are not separate phonemes. Pre-aspiration can uniquely distinguish words. For example, compare the simple <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐠ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">k</i></span> and cluster <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᕽ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">hk</i></span> in <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐑᒋᐦᐃᐠ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">wīcihik</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">help me!</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> and <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᐑᒋᐦᐃᕽ</span></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">wīcihihk</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">help him!</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plains Cree is often described as having seven contrastive vowels, three short and four long.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silver_and_Miller_(1997)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver_and_Miller_(1997)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, northern Plains Cree has only three long vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These vowels in the standard writing systems are listed in the following table (with IPA phonemic notation within slashes). Note that the Cree syllabics symbols chosen for this table all represent <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">syllable nuclei</a> which have no syllable onset. The vowels are represented differently with non-null onset, as for example with <i>n</i>-onset in ᓀ <i>nē</i>, ᓂ <i>ni</i>, ᓃ <i>nī</i>, etc. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Short</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> (close) </th> <td>ᐃ <b>i</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td> <td>ᐅ <b>o</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td> <td>ᐄ <b>ī</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>/</span> </td> <td rowspan="2">ᐆ <b>ō</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐁ <b>ē</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">ᐊ <b>a</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> (open) </th> <td colspan="2">ᐋ <b>ā</b>  <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A distinction not indicated in the table is between back rounded and back unrounded. The back vowels ᐅ <i>o</i> and ᐆ <i>ō</i> are rounded, whereas the sometimes back vowels ᐊ <i>a</i> and ᐋ <i>ā</i> are not. </p><p>Within these phonemes there is a degree of allophonic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The short close vowels ᐃ <i>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and ᐅ <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> are typically near close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span>, but range to close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>. The short open vowel ᐊ <i>a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is typically open, ranging from front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> to back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span>, but its range extends to front open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and back open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span>. The long front close vowel ᐄ <i>ī</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span>; ᐁ <i>ē</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> is close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>; ᐆ <i>ō</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> is typically close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oː]</span> but its range includes close <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>; and ᐋ <i>ā</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> ranges from front open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> to back open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>. </p><p>The description of ᐁ <i>ē</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> must be further qualified to account for geographic variation. Although this sound is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> in southern Plains Cree, it becomes closer farther north, becoming <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> and merging with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> in northern Plains Cree,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it has done also in neighbouring Woods Cree.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Geek_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Geek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrast in vowel length can be seen in such pairs as:<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sakahikan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nail</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">vs</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sākahikan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lake</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᓴᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ {vs} ᓵᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ</p><p style="display: none;">sakahikan {} sākahikan</p><p style="display: none;">nail {} lake</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">ᓂᐱᐩ</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nipiy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">water</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">vs</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="crk" style="margin: 0px;">ᓃᐱᐩ</p><p lang="crk-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nīpiy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leaf</p></div><p style="display: none;">ᓂᐱᐩ {vs} ᓃᐱᐩ</p><p style="display: none;">nipiy {} nīpiy</p><p style="display: none;">water {} leaf</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/220px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/330px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/440px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Forks,_Winnipeg" title="The Forks, Winnipeg">The Forks</a> park in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</a> has a plaque written in English, French, and Plains Cree.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_sequences">Consonant sequences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonant sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is inserted when <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> with non-syllabic endings are followed by morpheme-initial consonants, such as when the <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammatical_category)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitivity (grammatical category)">transitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">animate</a> conjunct ending -<i>at</i> is followed by the third person plural marker -<i>k</i>. The result is not <i>atk</i> but rather <i>acik</i>. Note the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of the /t-i/ sequence. This insertion does not occur before semivowels such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> or in certain specific combinations. Because Plains Cree does not accept the phonological sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ww/</span>, however, one <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is dropped. When the morpheme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ahkw/</span>, a marker for the <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive</a> plural in the conjunct order, is followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/waːw/</span>, the third person plural marker, the word is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ahkwaːw/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_sequences">Vowel sequences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glide</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is inserted between two <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, which is why the combination of <i>kīsikā</i> "be day" and <i>āpan</i> "be dawn" forms <i>kīsikāyāpan</i> "it is day-break". Also, the combination of a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowel</a> deletes the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowel</a>. Therefore, <i>nīpā</i> "in the dark" and <i>ohtē</i> "walk" form <i>nīpāhtēw</i> "he walks in the dark". This <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletion (phonology)">deletion</a> is true whether the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowel</a> occurs before or after the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a>. When two <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowels</a> occur in sequence, however, it is the second that deletes. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> <i>ositiyi</i> "his foot/feet" combines with the <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> /ehk/ to produce <i>ositiyihk</i> "on his foot/feet". Normal patterns of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> combination and <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletion (phonology)">deletion</a>, however, are set aside during <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixation</a>, a process in which a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> is <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">inserted</a> between <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> when the personal <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> <i>ki-</i>, <i>ni-</i>, <i>o-</i>, and <i>mi-</i> precede a stem-initial vowel. As a result, when the personal prefix for "I" <i>ni-</i> is <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> for "sit" <i>apin</i>, the word is realized as <i>nitapin</i> instead of <i>nipin</i>. In isolated cases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">inserted</a> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span>, such as the word <i>nihayān</i> "I have it".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a> of the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> respectively occurs before the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> as well as the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/naːθ/</span> "fetch" becomes <i>kināsin</i> "you fetch me" before the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">ending</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/in/</span> and <i>kinātitin</i> "I fetch you" where it is not palatalized before the <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">ending</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/etin/</span>. This pattern includes several important exceptions, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> <i>wāt-</i> "hole". Before the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">inanimate</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate</a> singular <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, one would expect the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> to become either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> but it does not. <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a> is also found in <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a>, where all instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> in a word are replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/c/</span> before the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive suffixes</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/es/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/esis/</span>, etc. Thus, <i>nitēm</i> "my horse" would become <i>nicēmisis</i> "my little horse" and <i>atimw-</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aθemw/</span> "dog" would realize as <i>acimosis</i> "little dog". <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">Palatalization</a> to indicate <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminution</a> extends even to internal changes within the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a>. This is why the statement <i>yōtin</i> "it is windy" can change to <i>yōcin</i> to say that "it is a little windy".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apocopation">Apocopation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apocopation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word-final <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowels</a> tend to be subject to <a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a> except for when the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> is <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllabic</a>. That is, the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sīsīp-a/</span> would become <i>sīsīp</i> "duck" but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nisk-a/</span> remains <i>niska</i> "goose" because the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> is composed of only a single <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>. Similarly, post-consonantal word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is lost. In the case of the Plains Cree word for "dog" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/atimwa/</span>, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is only lost after the <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is dropped when the plural <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -<i>k</i> is added. Thus, the word is realized <i>atim</i> while its plural form is <i>atimwak</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_variations">Surface variations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Surface variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In normal, everyday spoken Plains Cree, several phonological contractions are observed. For instance, final <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> can merge with the initial <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> of the following word. This is how the phrase <i>nāpēw mīna atim</i> is reduced to <i>nāpēw mīn ātim</i> "a man and a dog". In this case, the <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> involved the same <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>; the first <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> is taken and included in the second word in its long form. When the contraction involves different <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> is deleted and the second is lengthened: <i>nāpēw mīna iskwēw</i> "a man and a woman" is reduced to <i>nāpēw mīn īskwēw</i>. Contraction does not always occur, and the <a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">word boundary</a> may also be distinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">insertion</a> of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> sound: <i>mīna iskwēw</i> and <i>mīna(h) iskwēw</i> respectively. Within words, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">short vowels</a> may also disappear when they are <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a>, especially between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>. In normal speech, for example, the greeting <i>tānisi</i> "hello" is reduced to <i>tānsi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png/220px-Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png/330px-Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png/440px-Hymns_in_Syllabic_Characters_for_the_use_of_the_Cree_Indians_in_the_Diocese_of_Athabasca.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>A 1901 <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> publication by the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Athabasca" title="Diocese of Athabasca">Diocese of Athabasca</a>, transcribing English hymns with Cree syllables so Cree speakers could phonetically recite <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure_and_stress">Syllable structure and stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syllable structure and stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress pattern</a> of Plains Cree is dependent on the number of <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> rather than on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">disyllabic</a> words, it is the last <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> that receives primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>, as in the word /is'kwe:w/ <i>iskwēw</i> "woman" or /mih'ti/ <i>mihti</i> "piece of firewood". Words of three <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> or more exhibit primary <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> on the third <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> from the end. In this case, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">secondary stress</a> falls on alternate <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Antepenult" class="mw-redirect" title="Antepenult">antepenult</a>. One may observe, for instance, that the word <i>pasakwāpisimowin</i> "Shut-Eye Dance" is pronounced /'pasa'kwa:pi'simowin/. This rule holds even in cases where the penultimate <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> itself consists of an optional <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a>, a peak obligatory <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and an optional <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a> can be non-syllabic or a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, sometimes followed by a <i>w</i>. Although any <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> can occur in any position in the word, the long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/eː/,</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> are found only rarely in initial and final positions. Plains Cree does not permit <a href="/wiki/Vowel_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel cluster">vowel clusters</a>; clusters of identical non-syllabics; or <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> followed by a <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a>, or <i>y</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a>, when it occurs, is either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>[h]</span> but many Plains Cree words end in a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table describes the phonotactics of Plains Cree by the distribution of consonants and semivowels with relation to the obligatory vowel. Parentheses indicate optional components.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word-initial (#_V)</th> <th>Word-medial (V_V)</th> <th>Word-final (V_#) </th></tr> <tr> <td>p(w)</td> <td>(h,s)p(w)</td> <td>(h,s)p </td></tr> <tr> <td>t(w)</td> <td>(h,s)t(w)</td> <td>(h,s)t </td></tr> <tr> <td>c(w)</td> <td>(h,s)c(w)</td> <td>(h,s)c </td></tr> <tr> <td>k(w)</td> <td>(h,s)k(w)</td> <td>(h,s)k </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>h(w)</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>s(w)</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>m(w)</td> <td>m(w)</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td>n(w)</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td>y</td> <td>y(w), hy</td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plains Cree is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> as a result of the complexity of its <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> combinations. Apart from four personal <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, Plains Cree utilizes <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because almost all grammatical information is stored within the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> in Plains Cree are relatively simple. <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> can be marked with possessive <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, which are paired with <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronouns">possessive pronouns</a> like that for "our (excl.)" <i>ni(t)-...-inān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Nominal morphology</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in general, is nevertheless dominated by <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive_suffix" class="mw-redirect" title="Diminutive suffix">diminutive suffix</a>, plural number <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> -<i>ak</i> and -<i>a</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> -<i>ihk</i>. These forms each have predictable <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorphs</a>. Additional <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> include those to mark <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal Prefixes (excl. third persons) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st Person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td rowspan="2">/ni-/ </td> <td>/ni(t)-...-ina:n/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td>/ki(t)-...-inaw/ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd Person </th> <td>/ki(t)-/ </td> <td>/ki(t)-...-iwa:w/ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd Person </th> <th>proximate </th> <td>/o(t)-/ </td> <td rowspan="2">/o(t)-...-iwa:w/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>obviative </th> <td>/o(t)-...iyiw/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_classes">Position classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Position classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakker (2006) provides several position class templates for the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> of Plains Cree, the following of which is the most derived. </p> <ul><li>Preverbs <ul><li>A – Person [or conjunct]</li> <li>B – Tense</li> <li>C – Mood</li> <li>D – Aspect 1</li> <li>E – Aspect 2</li> <li>F – Aspect 3</li> <li>G – Aktionsart (Lexical Aspect)</li></ul></li> <li>Stem</li> <li>Suffixes <ul><li>I – Possessed object (Obviation)</li> <li>II – Direction/Theme</li> <li>III – Valency</li> <li>IV – Voice</li> <li>V – Possessed subject (Obviation)</li> <li>VI – Person</li> <li>VII – Plural</li> <li>VIII – Conditional</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Bakker (2006) observes that this model does contain contradictions relating to the ordering of <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> and that this is likely due to the multiple functions of some <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a>. That is, identical forms with distinct meanings can occur at different positions in the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolfart (1973b) identifies two <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverb</a> position classes, position 1 and 2. The <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> of position 1 are few and mutually exclusive while those of position 2 make up an open class of particles, of which several may occur in succession. The <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> of position 1 include subordinating particles like /e:/ or /ka:/ and the <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> /ka/ and /kita/, which indicate subsequence or futurity. Position 2 <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> are arranged <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> along a scale from <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract object">abstract</a> to concrete. Abstract <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a> include /a:ta/ "although, in vain", in <i>ē-āta-kitōtāt</i> "although he spoke to him", and /wi:/ "will, intend to", as in <i>wī-mēscihāwak</i> "they will all be killed". An example of a concrete <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverb</a> can be found in /ka:mwa:ci/ "quietly", in <i>kī-kāmwāci-pimātisiwak </i>, or /ne:wo/ "four" in <i>ē-kī-nēwo-tipiskāyik</i> "when the fourth night passed".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakker (2006) classes <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> as a position 1 <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverb</a> but the following <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> as both a position 1 and position 2 <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> 1 and the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">Aktionsart</a> are also classified as position 2 <a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">preverbs</a>. The difference between <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> 2 and 3 seems to be that of length, with 2 being <a href="/wiki/Durative" class="mw-redirect" title="Durative">durative</a> and 3 being iterative.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two types of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> occur to <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> and particle roots to denote continuity, repetition or intensity. The first type changes the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> during the process and is not predictable, common, or productive. For example, the root <i>pim</i>- "along" becomes <i>papām</i>- "about". The productive type of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> places the <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">root</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplicated</a> <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is formed from the first <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> of the word and an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>. The final form looks like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaːkiːpa/</span> "over and over". In words beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> is marked by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ay-/</span>, as evidenced by the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ayaːtotam/</span> "he tells it over and over".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> is of the form SVO, such as <i>awāsisak nipahēwak sīsīpa</i> "the children killed some ducks", but the other forms (SOV, VSO, VOS, OVS, and OSV) are also possible. <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a> and object <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> both may be omitted. Thus "the children killed some ducks" may also be expressed <i>nipahēwak sīsīpa</i> "they killed some ducks", <i>awāsisak nipahēwak</i> "the children killed them" or <i>nipahēwak</i> "they killed them".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is uncommon in conversation for the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and object of a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> to be realized by full <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>. Most often, the highly marked parallel <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> are used to indicate emphasis. In <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> with full parallel <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a> often mark the beginning or end of discourse, indicate <a href="/wiki/Peripeteia" title="Peripeteia">peripeteia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>, or introduce new information. Sentences of the OSV form with two full <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> occur extremely infrequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direction_and_obviation">Direction and obviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Direction and obviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">Direction</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> designation of the actor-goal relationship, is <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphologically</a> expressed through theme signs that also show agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> and its nominal complements. In Plains Cree, direction is dependent on <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">person hierarchy</a>, or the order of person-marking <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> in the verb. The <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">person hierarchy</a> in Plains Cree is: <span class="nowrap">2 > 1 > 3 > 3'</span>. Note that 3' refers to the <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a>. Derivational <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> mark whether the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> roles of persons follow this <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">person hierarchy</a> or invert it, called direct or inverse form respectively. The following examples place the second person marker first linearly but the <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">direct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">inverse</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> change the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> roles. The direct marker /-i-/ in the sentence <i>ki-wāpam-i-n</i> indicates that it should be read "you see me". The reading is reversed to "I see you" in the sentence <i>ki-wāpam-iti-n</i> because of the inverse marker /-iti-/.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compare the difference in meaning between the two directions in the following tables.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Direct Set </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>(2-1) </th> <th>(1-3) </th> <th>(3-(3')) </th> <th>(3'-(3')) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kit</b>asam<b>in</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>kit</b>asam<b>in</b></p><p style="clear: left;">you feed me</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nit</b>asam<b>āw</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>nit</b>asam<b>āw</b></p><p style="clear: left;">I feed him</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asam<b>ēw</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">asam<b>ēw</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He feeds him</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asam<b>ēyiwa</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">asam<b>ēyiwa</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He feeds him</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inverse Set </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>(1-2) </th> <th>(3-1) </th> <th>((3')-3) </th> <th>((3')-3') </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>kit</b>asam<b>itin</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>kit</b>asam<b>itin</b></p><p style="clear: left;">I feed you</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>nit</b>asam<b>ik</b></p></div><p style="display: none;"><b>nit</b>asam<b>ik</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He feeds me</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asam<b>ik</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">asam<b>ik</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He feeds him</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asam<b>ikoyiwa</b></p></div><p style="display: none;">asam<b>ikoyiwa</b></p><p style="clear: left;">He feeds him</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that the situation is made more complicated when both referents are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third persons</a> because Plains Cree implements <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviation</a>. For example, we have the sentence <i>sēkihēw nāpēw atimwa</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> <i>sēkihēw</i> "scare" contains the direct-set marker /-e:w-/, indicating that the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate third person</a> is acting on the <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <i>nāpēw</i> "man" is marked as <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate</a> through the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <i>atimwa</i> "dog" contains the <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> /-wa/. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> reads "the man scares the dog", with special emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate</a> "man". This is contrasted by the <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> <i>sēkihik nāpēw atimwa</i>, where the markers for <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviation</a> are the same but the direction marker is now the inverse-set /-ik/ representing action of the <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate third</a>. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> becomes "the dog scares the man" and the emphasis still lies with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate</a> "man". Of course, the <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> may require that the dog <i>atim</i> be the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">proximate</a> <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>, in which case the sentence would be either <i>sēkihēw nāpēwa atim</i> "the dog (3) scares(3-(3')) the man (3')" or <i>sēkihik nāpēwa atim</i> "the man (3') scares ((3')-3) the dog (3)". <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">Direction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviation</a> are not versions of the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>, which is formed separately in Plains Cree.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locative_suffix">Locative suffix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Locative suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Plains Cree does not have a true <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case marking system</a>, it has to instead rely on <a href="/wiki/Direct%E2%80%93inverse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct–inverse language">direction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviation</a>, and the locative <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>, /ehk/ or its variant /ena:hk/, has the basic meanings of <i>at</i>, <i>in</i>, <i>on</i>, etc. The simple locative <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> /ehk/ can be used with <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a> or possessed themes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> <i>skāt</i> "leg". The <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a> /ni-/ can be added to the <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> to make <i>niskāt</i> "my leg" and the addition of the plural <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> /-a/ makes <i>niskāta</i> "my legs". On top of these changes, the simple locative <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> is affixed to produce <i>niskātihk</i> "on my leg(s)". The distributive locative <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> /ena:hk/ is used with <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> that reference humans or animals. In this way, <i>ayīsiyiniw-</i> "human being" becomes <i>ayīsiyinināk</i> "among humans" or "in this world". Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> <i>sāsīw</i> "Sarci Indian" changes to "at Sarci Reserve" <i>sāsīnāhk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_incorporation">Noun incorporation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Noun incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Denny (1978), Wolfart identifies <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verbs</a> with transitive stems as clear examples of <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(linguistics)" title="Incorporation (linguistics)">noun incorporation</a> because they can be reworded with the medial replaced by independent <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>. The example <i>nōcihiskwēwēw</i> "he chases women" is given to illustrate the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> woman <i>iskwēw</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> complex, which can be paraphrased as <i>iskwēwa nōcihēw</i> "he pursues a woman". Denny (1978) contends that these <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> have an importance <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> difference in that the meaning of the incorporative form is narrower and denotes habitual action. He argues that the medial, or <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> classifier, has taken on an adverbial meaning in this context. This is illustrated in the Plains Cree sentence <i>wanihastimwēw</i> "he loses his horse" or, literally, "he horse-loses".<sup id="cite_ref-Denny_(1978)_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denny_(1978)-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plains Cree is one of several dialects of Cree-Montagnais. The following tables show words in Plains Cree and corresponding words in a selection of other Cree dialects. A number of similarities and some differences can be seen. In some cases the differences are only in orthography. Plains Cree has some regular sound correspondences with other <a href="/wiki/Cree_language#Dialect_criteria" title="Cree language">Cree-Montagnais dialects</a>, and in some cases the differences between Plains Cree and other dialects exemplify these regular correspondences. Note that in terms of linguistic classification, the East Cree dialect which appears in these tables is a dialect of Montagnais. </p><p>In the following table, each noun is given in its singular form. All forms are either specifically proximate, or can be either proximate or obviate. If a noun is possessed, the possessor is first person singular. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some Plains Cree nouns and their counterparts in other Cree-Montagnais dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Plains Cree </th> <th>Woods Cree </th> <th>Swampy Cree, eastern </th> <th>East Cree, southern inland </th></tr> <tr> <td>"axe" </td> <td>ᒌᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>cīkahikan</i> </td> <td>ᒉᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>cīkahikan</i> </td> <td>ᒌᑲᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>cīkahikan</i> </td> <td>ᐅᓯᑖᔅᒄ <i>usitaaskw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"bear" </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑿ <i>maskwa</i> </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑿ <i>maskwa</i> </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑾ (western ᒪᐢᑿ) <i>maskwa</i> </td> <td>ᒪᔅᒄ <i>maskw</i> (but also ᒋᔐᔮᒄ <i>chisheyaakw</i>, ᑳᑰᔥ <i>kaakuush</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>"book" </td> <td>ᒪᓯᓇᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>masinahikan</i> </td> <td>ᒪᓯᓇᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>masinahikan</i> </td> <td>ᒪᓯᓇᐦᐃᑲᐣ <i>masinahikan</i> </td> <td>ᒪᓯᓇᐦᐄᑲᓂᔥ <i>masinahiikan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"car" </td> <td>ᓭᐦᑫᐤ <i>sēhkēw</i> </td> <td>ᐅᑖᐹᓈᐢᐠ <i>otāpānāsk</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐅᑖᐹᓐ <i>utaapaan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"clock" </td> <td>ᐲᓯᒧᐦᑳᐣ <i>pīsimohkān</i> </td> <td>ᐯᓯᒧᐦᑳᐣ <i>pīsimohkān</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐲᓯᒧᐦᑳᓐ <i>piisimuhkaan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"dog" </td> <td>ᐊᑎᒼ <i>atim</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑎᒼ <i>atim</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑎᒼ <i>atim</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑎᒽ <i>atimw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"fire" </td> <td>ᐃᐢᑯᑌᐤ <i>iskotēw</i> </td> <td>ᐃᐢᑯᑌᐤ <i>iskotīw</i> </td> <td>ᐃᐡᑯᑌᐤ <i>iškotew</i> </td> <td>ᐃᔥᑯᑌᐤ <i>ishkuteu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"fish" </td> <td>ᑭᓄᓭᐤ <i>kinosēw</i> </td> <td>ᑭᓄᓭᐤ <i>kinosīw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᓇᒣᔅ <i>names</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"gun" </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓯᑲᐣ <i>pāskisikan</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓯᑲᐣ <i>pāskisikan</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓯᑲᐣ <i>pāskisikan</i> </td> <td>ᐹᔅᒋᓯᑲᓐ <i>paaschisikan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"horse" </td> <td>ᒥᐢᑕᑎᒼ <i>mistatim</i> </td> <td>ᒥᐢᑕᑎᒼ <i>mistatim</i>, ᒥᓴᑎᒼ <i>misatim</i> </td> <td>(western ᒥᓴᑎᒼ <i>misatim</i>) </td> <td>ᑳᐸᓚᑯᔥᑴᐤ <i>kaapalakushkweu</i>, ᐊᐦᐋᔅ <i>ahâs</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"hospital" </td> <td>ᐋᐦᑯᓰᐏᑲᒥᐠ <i>āhkosīwikamik</i> </td> <td>ᐋᐦᑯᓭᐏᑲᒥᐠ <i>āhkosīwikamik</i> </td> <td>ᐋᐦᑯᓰᐎᑲᒥᐠ <i>āhkosīwikamik</i> </td> <td>ᐋᐦᑯᓰᐅᑲᒥᒄ <i>aahkusiiukamikw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"knife" </td> <td>ᒨᐦᑯᒫᐣ <i>mōhkomān</i> </td> <td>ᒧᐦᑯᒫᐣ <i>mohkomān</i> </td> <td>ᒨᐦᑯᒫᐣ <i>mōhkomān</i> </td> <td>ᒨᐦᑯᒫᓐ <i>muuhkomaan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"man (male adult)" </td> <td>ᓈᐯᐤ <i>nāpēw</i> </td> <td>ᓈᐯᐤ <i>nāpīw</i> </td> <td>ᓈᐯᐤ <i>nāpew</i> </td> <td>ᓈᐯᐤ <i>naapeu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"money" </td> <td>ᓲᓂᔮᐤ <i>sōniyāw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᔔᓂᔮᐤ <i>šōniyāw</i> </td> <td>ᔔᓕᔮᐤ <i>shuuliyaau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"moose" </td> <td>ᒨᔁ <i>mōswa</i> </td> <td>ᒨᔁ <i>mōswa</i> </td> <td>ᒨᐢ <i>mōs</i> (western ᒨᔁ <i>mōswa</i>) </td> <td>ᒨᔅ <i>muus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my father" </td> <td>ᓅᐦᑖᐏᕀ (ᓅᐦᑖᐃ<b>᛬</b>) <i>nōhtāwiy</i>, ᓂᐹᐹ <i>nipāpā</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐹᐹ <i>nipāpā</i>, ᓄᐦᑖᐏᕀ <i>nōhtāwiy</i> </td> <td>ᓅᐦᑖᐎᕀ (western ᓅᐦᑖᐏᕀ) <i>nōhtāwiy</i> </td> <td>ᓅᐦᑖᐐ <i>nuuhtaawii</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my mother" </td> <td>ᓂᑳᐏᕀ (ᓂᑳᐃ<b>᛬</b>) <i>nikāwiy</i>, ᓂᐹᐹ <i>nimāmā</i> </td> <td>ᓂᒫᒫ <i>nimāmā</i>, ᓂᑳᐏᕀ <i>nikāwiy</i> </td> <td>(western ᓂᑳᐏᕀ <i>nikāwiy</i>) </td> <td>ᓂᑳᐐ <i>nikaawii</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my older brother" </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑌᐢ <i>nistēs</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑌᐢ <i>nistīs</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑌᐢ <i>nistes</i> (western <i>nistēs</i>) </td> <td>ᓂᔅᑌᔅ <i>nistes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my older sister" </td> <td>ᓂᒥᐢ <i>nimis</i> </td> <td>ᓂᒥᐢ <i>nimis</i> </td> <td>ᓂᒥᐢ <i>nimis</i> (also western) </td> <td>ᓂᒥᔅ <i>nimis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"my younger brother/sister" </td> <td>ᓂᓰᒥᐢ <i>nisīmis</i> </td> <td>ᓂᓭᒥᐢ <i>nisīmis</i> </td> <td>(western ᓂᓰᒥᐢ <i>nisīmis</i>) </td> <td>ᓂᔒᒻ <i>nishiim</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"shoe" </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑭᓯᐣ <i>maskisin</i> </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑭᓯᐣ <i>maskisin</i> </td> <td>ᒪᐢᑭᓯᐣ <i>maskisin</i> </td> <td>ᒪᔅᒋᓯᓐ <i>maschisin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"sugar" </td> <td>ᓲᑳᐤ <i>sōkāw</i>, ᓰᐏᓂᑲᐣ <i>sīwinikan</i> </td> <td>ᓲᑳᐤ <i>sōkāw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᔔᑳᐤ <i>shuukaau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"town" </td> <td>ᐆᑌᓈᐤ <i>ōtēnāw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐃᐦᑖᐎᐣ <i>ihtāwin</i> </td> <td>ᐃᐦᑖᐎᓐ <i>ihtaawin</i>, ᐅᑌᓇᐤ <i>utenau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"tree" </td> <td>ᒥᐢᑎᐠ <i>mistik</i> </td> <td>ᒥᐢᑎᐠ <i>mistik</i> </td> <td>ᒥᐢᑎᐠ <i>mistik</i> </td> <td>ᒥᔥᑎᒄ <i>mishtikw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"woman" </td> <td>ᐃᐢᑵᐤ <i>iskwēw</i> </td> <td>ᐃᐢᑵᐤ <i>iskwīw</i> </td> <td>ᐃᐢᑶᐤ <i>iskwew</i> </td> <td>ᐃᔅᑶᐤ <i>iskweu</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the following table, each verb is given with a third person singular subject, and if a verb is transitive, with a third person object or objects (primary and secondary). The pronouns used in the English translations are imprecise due to an imprecise correspondence of Cree categories with English categories. “He/she" in a subject and “him/her" in an object refer to Cree animate gender even when “it" might be a better English translation. So for example the verb “he/she kills him/her/them", might describe a bear killing a moose, in which case "it kills it" would be a better English translation. In the table, “it" in a subject or an object refers to Cree inanimate gender. The presence of “they" or “them" indicates that the subject or object could be either singular or plural. And finally, the designation “him/her/it/them" indicates that the object could be either animate or inanimate and either singular or plural. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some Plains Cree verbs and their counterparts in other Cree-Montagnais dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Plains Cree </th> <th>Woods Cree </th> <th>Swampy Cree, eastern </th> <th>East Cree, southern inland </th></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she arrives" </td> <td>ᑕᑯᓯᐣ <i>takosin</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᑕᑯᔑᐣ <i>takošin</i> </td> <td>ᑕᑯᔑᓐ <i>takushin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she can see enough of it/them" </td> <td>ᑌᐹᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>tēpāpahtam</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᑌᐹᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>tepāpahtam</i> </td> <td>ᑌᐹᐸᐦᑕᒻ <i>tepaapahtam</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she coughs" </td> <td>ᐅᐢᑐᐢᑐᑕᒼ <i>ostostotam</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐅᐢᑐᐢᑐᑕᒼ <i>ostostotam</i> </td> <td>ᐅᔥᑐᑕᒻ <i>ushtutam</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she dies, ceases to live" </td> <td>ᓂᐱᐤ <i>nipiw</i>, ᐴᓂᐱᒫᑎᓯᐤ <i>pōnipimātisiw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᓂᐱᐤ <i>nipiw</i> </td> <td>ᐴᓂᐱᒫᑎᓰᐤ <i>puunipimaatisiiu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she embarks" </td> <td>ᐴᓯᐤ <i>pōsiw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐴᓯᐤ <i>pōsiw</i> </td> <td>ᐴᓲ <i>puusuu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she gives him/her/it/them to him/her/them" </td> <td>ᒥᔦᐤ <i>miyēw</i> </td> <td>ᒣᖧᐤ <i>mīthīw</i> </td> <td>ᒦᓀᐤ <i>mīnew</i> </td> <td>ᒦᔦᐤ <i>miiyeu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she is sleeping" </td> <td>ᓂᐹᐤ <i>nipāw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᓂᐹᐤ <i>nipāw</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐹᐤ <i>nipaau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she kills him/her/them" </td> <td>ᓂᐸᐦᐁᐤ <i>nipahēw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᓂᐸᐦᐁᐤ <i>nipahew</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐸᐦᐁᐤ <i>nipaheu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she knows him/her/them" </td> <td>ᑭᐢᑫᔨᒣᐤ <i>kiskēyimēw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᑭᐢᑫᓂᒣᐤ <i>kiskenimew</i> </td> <td>ᒋᔅᒉᔨᒣᐤ <i>chischeyimeu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she laughs" </td> <td>ᐹᐦᐱᐤ <i>pāhpiw</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐦᐱᐤ <i>pāhpiw</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐦᐱᐤ <i>pāhpiw</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐦᐴ <i>paahpuu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she lives" </td> <td>ᐱᒫᑎᓯᐤ <i>pimātisiw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐱᒫᑎᓯᐤ <i>pimātisiw</i> </td> <td>ᐱᒫᑎᓰᐤ <i>pimaatisiiu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she plays" </td> <td>ᒣᑕᐍᐤ <i>mētawēw</i> </td> <td>ᒣᑕᐍᐤ <i>mītawīw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᒣᑕᐌᐤ <i>metaweu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she sees him/her/them" </td> <td>ᐚᐸᒣᐤ <i>wāpamēw</i> </td> <td>ᐚᐸᒣᐤ <i>wāpamīw</i> </td> <td>ᐙᐸᒣᐤ <i>wāpamew</i> </td> <td>ᐙᐸᒣᐤ <i>waapameu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she sees it/them" </td> <td>ᐚᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>wāpahtam</i> </td> <td>ᐚᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>wāpahtam</i> </td> <td>ᐙᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>wāpahtam</i> </td> <td>ᐙᐸᐦᑕᒼ <i>waapahtam</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she shoots him/her/them" </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓷᐤ <i>pāskiswēw</i> </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓷᐤ <i>pāskiswīw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐹᔅᒋᓷᐤ <i>paaschisweu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she shoots it/them" </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓴᒼ <i>pāskisam</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓴᒼ <i>pāskisam</i> </td> <td>ᐹᔅᒋᓴᒻ <i>paaschisam</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she shoots" </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓯᑫᐤ <i>pāskisikew</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᐹᐢᑭᓯᑫᐤ <i>pāskisikew</i> </td> <td>ᐹᔅᒋᓯᒉᐤ <i>paaschisicheu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she walks" </td> <td>ᐱᒧᐦᑌᐤ <i>pimohtēw</i> </td> <td>ᐱᒧᐦᑌᐤ <i>pimohtīw</i> </td> <td>ᐱᒧᐦᑌᐤ <i>pimohtew</i> </td> <td>ᐱᒧᐦᑌᐤ <i>pimuhteu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"he/she works" </td> <td>ᐊᑐᐢᑫᐤ <i>atoskēw</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑐᐢᑫᐤ <i>atoskīw</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑐᐢᑫᐤ <i>atoskew</i> </td> <td>ᐊᑐᔅᒉᐤ <i>atuscheu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it is big" </td> <td>ᒥᓵᐤ <i>misāw</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᒥᔖᐤ <i>mišāw</i> </td> <td>ᒥᔖᐤ <i>mishaau</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it is nice" </td> <td>ᒥᔼᓯᐣ <i>miywāsin</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᒥᓍᔑᐣ <i>minwāšin</i> </td> <td>ᒥᔻᔔ <i>miywaashuu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it is raining" </td> <td>ᑭᒧᐘᐣ <i>kimowan</i> </td> <td>ᑭᒧᐘᐣ <i>kimowan</i> </td> <td>ᑭᒧᐗᐣ <i>kimowan</i> </td> <td>ᒋᒧᐎᓐ <i>chimuwin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it is snowing" </td> <td>ᒥᐢᐳᐣ <i>mispon</i> </td> <td>ᒥᐢᐳᐣ <i>mispon</i> </td> <td>ᒥᐢᐳᐣ <i>mispon</i> </td> <td>ᒥᔅᐳᓐ <i>mispun</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it is windy" </td> <td>ᔫᑎᐣ <i>yōtin</i> </td> <td>ᖫᑎᐣ <i>thōtin</i> </td> <td>ᓅᑎᐣ <i>nōtin</i> </td> <td>ᔫᑎᓐ <i>yuutin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"it tastes good" </td> <td>ᒥᔪᐢᐸᑿᐣ <i>miyospakwan</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᒥᓄᐢᐸᑾᐣ <i>minospakwan</i> </td> <td>ᒥᔪᔅᐳᑯᓐ <i>miyuspukun</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some Plains Cree particles and their counterparts in other Cree-Montagnais dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Plains Cree </th> <th>Woods Cree </th> <th>Swampy Cree, western </th> <th>East Cree, southern inland </th></tr> <tr> <td>"in the morning" </td> <td>ᑫᑭᓭᑊ <i>kēkisēp</i>, ᑮᑭᓭᑊ <i>kīkisēp</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>(eastern ᑫᑭᔐᑊ <i>kekišep</i>) </td> <td>ᒉᒋᔐᑉ <i>chechishep</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"outside" </td> <td>ᐘᔭᐑᑎᒥᕽ <i>wayawītimihk</i> </td> <td>ᐘᖬᐍᑎᒥᕽ <i>wathawītimihk</i> </td> <td>(eastern ᐗᓇᐐᑎᒥᕽ <i>wanawītimihk</i>) </td> <td>ᐐᐐᑎᒥᐦᒡ <i>wiiwiitimihch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"one" </td> <td>ᐯᔭᐠ <i>pēyak</i> </td> <td>ᐯᔭᐠ <i>pīyak</i> </td> <td>ᐯᔭᐠ <i>pēyak</i> (eastern <i>peyak</i>) </td> <td>ᐯᔭᒄ <i>peyakw</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"two" </td> <td>ᓃᓱ <i>nīso</i> </td> <td>ᓀᓱ <i>nīso</i> </td> <td>ᓃᓱ <i>nīso</i> (eastern ᓃᔓ <i>nīšo</i>) </td> <td>ᓃᔓ <i>niishu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"three" </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑐ <i>nisto</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑐ <i>nisto</i> </td> <td>ᓂᐢᑐ <i>nisto</i> </td> <td>ᓂᔥᑐ <i>nishtu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"four" </td> <td>ᓀᐓ <i>nēwo</i> </td> <td>ᓀᔪ <i>nīyo</i> </td> <td>ᓀᐓ <i>nēwo</i> </td> <td>ᓀᐅ <i>neu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"five" </td> <td>ᓂᔮᓇᐣ <i>niyānan</i> </td> <td>ᓂᔮᓇᐣ <i>niyānan</i> </td> <td>ᓂᔮᓇᐣ <i>niyānan</i> </td> <td>ᓂᔮᔨᓐ <i>niyaayin</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"six" </td> <td>ᓂᑯᑤᓯᐠ <i>nikotwāsik</i> </td> <td>ᓂᑯᑤᓯᐠ <i>nikotwāsik</i> </td> <td>ᓂᑯᑤᓯᐠ <i>nikotwāsik</i> </td> <td>ᓂᑯᑣᔥᒡ <i>nikutwaashch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"seven" </td> <td>ᑌᐸᑯᐦᑊ <i>tēpakohp</i> </td> <td>ᑌᐸᑯᐦᑊ <i>tīpakohp</i> </td> <td>ᑌᐸᑯᐦᑊ <i>tēpakohp</i> </td> <td>ᓃᔣᔥᒡ <i>niishwaashch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"eight" </td> <td>ᐊᔨᓈᓀᐤ <i>ayinānēw</i> </td> <td>ᐊᔨᓈᓀᐤ <i>ayinānīw</i> </td> <td>ᐊᔨᓈᓀᐤ <i>ayinānēw</i> </td> <td>ᓂᔮᓈᓀᐤ <i>niyaanaaneu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"nine" </td> <td>ᑫᑲ ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>kēka-mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᑫᑲ ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>kīka-mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᑫᑲ ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>kēka-mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᐯᔭᑯᔥᑌᐤ <i>peyakushteu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>"ten" </td> <td>ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᒥᑖᑕᐦᐟ <i>mitātaht</i> </td> <td>ᒥᑖᐦᑦ <i>mitaaht</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Words sources for these tables are: Plains Cree, the Online Cree Dictionary website;<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woods Cree, the Gift of Language and Culture website<sup id="cite_ref-GLCW_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLCW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Saskatchewan Indian Languages website,<sup id="cite_ref-SIL_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> western Swampy Cree, the Saskatchewan Indian Languages website;<sup id="cite_ref-SIL_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eastern Swampy Cree, Ontario Ministry of Education (2002),<sup id="cite_ref-OME_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OME-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and East Cree, the Eastern James Bay Cree Language website.<sup id="cite_ref-EJBC_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJBC-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that where a table entry is blank, it is because the word was not found in these listed sources; without additional information this should not be interpreted to imply that the word does not exist for the dialect in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">writing systems</a> are used for Plains Cree: <a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Syllabics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cree_Syllabics">Cree Syllabics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cree Syllabics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plains Cree follows the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">western Cree usage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Geek_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Geek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinguishing features of western Cree syllabics are the position of the <i>w</i>-dot and the use of western finals. The western <i>w</i>-dot is placed after its syllabic, as in ᒷ <i>mwa</i> (eastern ᒶ <i>mwa</i>). The form of a western final is unrelated to the corresponding syllabic with <i>a</i>-nucleus, whereas an eastern final is like superscript version of the corresponding syllabic with <i>a</i>-nucleus; thus the western final ᐟ <i>t</i> bears no resemblance to ᑕ <i>ta</i> (eastern final ᑦ <i>t</i>), and western final ᒼ <i>m</i> is not like ᒪ <i>ma</i> (eastern final ᒻ <i>m</i>). </p><p>Some Plains Cree communities use a final for <i>y</i> which is different from the usual western final. This is a superposed dot ᐝ, instead of the usual ᐩ, as in ᓰᐱᐩ (ᓰᐱᐝ) <i>sīpiy</i> “river". When the dot <i>y</i>-final is placed after a syllabic which has a <i>w</i>-dot, the two dots combine to form a colon-like symbol, as in ᓅᐦᑖᐏᐩ (ᓅᐦᑖᐃ<b>᛬</b>) <i>nōhtāwiy</i> “my father". </p><p>Writing style in syllabics can differ with respect to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics#Points_and_pointing" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics"><i>pointing</i></a>. In the Online Cree Dictionary, examples can be found of words with vowel length not distinguished due to lack of pointing.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Roman_Orthography">Standard Roman Orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Standard Roman Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cree_language#Romanization" title="Cree language">Cree language § Romanization</a></div> <p>Plains Cree's Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> to denote the dialect's ten consonants (<i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>c</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>s</i>, <i>m</i>, <i>n</i>, <i>w</i>, <i>y</i> and <i>h</i>) and seven vowels (<i>a</i>, <i>i</i>, <i>o</i>, <i>ā</i>, <i>ī</i>, <i>ō</i> and <i>ē</i>). <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Upper case</a> letters are not used.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>The stops, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>k</i>, and the affricate, <i>c</i>, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. <i>p</i> not <i>b</i>, <i>t</i> not <i>d</i>, etc. The phoneme /t͡s/ is represented by <i>c</i>, as it is in various <a href="/wiki/Letter_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter c">other languages</a>. </p><p>Long vowels are denoted with either a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>, as in <i>ā</i>, or a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, as in <i>â</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Geek_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Geek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4, 7–8">: 4, 7–8 </span></sup> Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within a work. The vowel <i>ē</i> /eː/, used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme <i>e</i> is never used (in northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with <i>ī</i>, thus <i>ē</i> isn't used at all).<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The use of unmarked <i>o</i> and marked <i>ō</i> for the phonemes /u/ and /oː/ emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where <i>o</i> can be lengthened to <i>ō</i>, as for example in ᓂᑲᒧ! <i>nikamo!</i> “sing (now)!" and ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ! <i>nikamōhkan!</i> “sing (later)!". </p><p>An acute accent is sometimes used on <i>y</i> for the sake of mutual intelligibility with speakers of Woods Cree and Swampy Cree, where <i>ý</i> would be replaced by <i>ð</i> or <i>n</i> respectively. E.g. <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">kīýa</i></span> ('you') vs. <span title="Woods Cree-language text"><i lang="cwd-Latn">kīða</i></span> or <span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><i lang="csw-Latn">kīna</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/crk">Plains Cree</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">"Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fcree1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206035354/http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf">"Official Languages of the Northwest Territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Languages+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca%2Fpdf%2FOfficial_Languages_Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esask-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esask_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thompson, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129005114/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/poundmaker_c_1842-86.html">"Poundmaker (c. 1842-86)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/poundmaker_c_1842-86.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poundmaker+%28c.+1842-86%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Saskatchewan&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesask.uregina.ca%2Fentry%2Fpoundmaker_c_1842-86.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.plainscree.atlas-ling.ca/#/results">"Plains Cree language"</a>. <i>Plains Cree Dictionary</i>. Algonquin Dictionary Projects<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plains+Cree+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Plains+Cree+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.plainscree.atlas-ling.ca%2F%23%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2018001/article/54981-eng.htm">*Stats Canada</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfart_(1973)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973)_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfartCarroll1973" class="citation book cs1">Wolfart, H. Christoph; Carroll, Janet F. (1973). <i>Meet Cree: A guide to the Cree language</i>. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+Cree%3A+A+guide+to+the+Cree+language&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Janet+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfart_(1973b)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1973b)_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfart1973" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfart, H. Christoph (1973). "Plains Cree: a Grammatical Study". <i>American Philosophical Society Transactions</i>. n.s. <b>63</b> (5). Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1006246">10.2307/1006246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006246">1006246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Society+Transactions&rft.atitle=Plains+Cree%3A+a+Grammatical+Study&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomfield_(1934)-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomfield_(1934)_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1974" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, L. (1974) [1934]. <i>Plains Cree Texts</i>. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-58166-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-58166-8"><bdi>0-404-58166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plains+Cree+Texts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-404-58166-8&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creedictionary.com">"nehiyaw masinahikan / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐤ ᒪᓯᓇᐦᐃᑲᐣ / Online Cree Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=nehiyaw+masinahikan+%2F+%E1%93%80%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%94%AD%E1%90%A4+%E1%92%AA%E1%93%AF%E1%93%87%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%91%B2%E1%90%A3+%2F+Online+Cree+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creedictionary.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laverdure-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laverdure_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laverdure_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laverdure_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverdureAllard1983" class="citation book cs1">Laverdure, P.; Allard, I. R. (1983). <i>The Michif Dictionary: Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree</i>. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Michif+Dictionary%3A+Turtle+Mountain+Chippewa+Cree&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Pemmican+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Laverdure&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Allard%2C+I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silver_and_Miller_(1997)-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silver_and_Miller_(1997)_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverMiller1997" class="citation book cs1">Silver, S.; Miller, Wick R. (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: Cultural and social contexts</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Geek&rft.atitle=Cree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagegeek.com%2Falgon%2Fcree%2Fnehiyawewin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfart_(1996)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfart_(1996)_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfart1996" class="citation book cs1">Wolfart, H. Christoph (1996). "Sketch of Cree, an Algonquian language". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 17. pp. 390–439.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+Cree%2C+an+Algonquian+language&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=390-439&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker_(2006)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_(2006)_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker2006" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, P. (2006). "Algonquian Verb Structure: Plains Cree". In Rowicka, Grazyna; Carlin, Eithne (eds.). <i>What's in a Verb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algonquian+Verb+Structure%3A+Plains+Cree&rft.btitle=What%27s+in+a+Verb&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denny_(1978)-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denny_(1978)_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny1978" class="citation journal cs1">Denny, Peter J. (1978). "The Semantic Roles of Medials within Algonquian Verbs". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 153–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465535">10.1086/465535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Semantic+Roles+of+Medials+within+Algonquian+Verbs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-155&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465535&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GLCW-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GLCW_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150817120219/http://www.giftoflanguageandculture.ca/index.html">"Gift of Language and Culture website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giftoflanguageandculture.ca/index.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gift+of+Language+and+Culture+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giftoflanguageandculture.ca%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIL-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIL_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIL_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/index.html">Saskatchewan Indian Languages website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927052049/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OME-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OME_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/document/curricul/ojibwe.pdf">Resource Guide, The Ontario Curriculum Grades 1 to 12, Native Languages, A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Ontario Ministry of Education. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resource+Guide%2C+The+Ontario+Curriculum+Grades+1+to+12%2C+Native+Languages%2C+A+Support+Document+for+the+Teaching+of+Language+Patterns%2C+Ojibwe+and+Cree&rft.pub=Ontario+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu.gov.on.ca%2Feng%2Fdocument%2Fcurricul%2Fojibwe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EJBC-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJBC_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/">"Eastern James Bay Cree Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+James+Bay+Cree+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastcree.org%2Fcree%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkimāsisWolvengrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Okimāsis, Jean; Wolvengrey, Arok (2008). <i>How to Spell it in Cree (The Standard Roman Orthography)</i>. Saskatoon, SK: Houghton Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9784935-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Spell+it+in+Cree+%28The+Standard+Roman+Orthography%29&rft.place=Saskatoon%2C+SK&rft.pub=Houghton+Boston&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9784935-0-9&rft.aulast=Okim%C4%81sis&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Wolvengrey%2C+Arok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstrom1991" class="citation book cs1">Dahlstrom, Amy (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g81p0mw"><i>Plains Cree Morphosyntax</i></a>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0172-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0172-3"><bdi>0-8153-0172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plains+Cree+Morphosyntax&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Outstanding+dissertations+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8153-0172-3&rft.aulast=Dahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7g81p0mw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirose2003" class="citation book cs1">Hirose, Tomio (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/oclc/52127595?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fenhancements%2Ffy0651%2F2003008584-d.html&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail="><i>Origins of predicates evidence from Plains Cree</i></a>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96779-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96779-1"><bdi>0-415-96779-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+predicates+evidence+from+Plains+Cree&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Outstanding+dissertations+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-96779-1&rft.aulast=Hirose&rft.aufirst=Tomio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcatlibraries.org%2Fwcpa%2Foclc%2F52127595%3Fpage%3Dframe%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.loc.gov%252Fcatdir%252Fenhancements%252Ffy0651%252F2003008584-d.html%26title%3D%26linktype%3DdigitalObject%26detail%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlwraith2007" class="citation thesis cs1">McIlwraith, Naomi Lynne (2007). <i>Nitohta anohc. Nakatohke. Now listen. Listen hard: A creative study of Nehiyawewin, the Plains Cree language, and the reasons for its preservation</i> (MA thesis). University of Alberta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nitohta+anohc.+Nakatohke.+Now+listen.+Listen+hard%3A+A+creative+study+of+Nehiyawewin%2C+the+Plains+Cree+language%2C+and+the+reasons+for+its+preservation&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=McIlwraith&rft.aufirst=Naomi+Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfartAhenakew1998" class="citation book cs1">Wolfart, H. Christoph; Ahenakew, Freda (1998). <i>The Student's Dictionary of Literary Plains Cree, Based on Contemporary Texts</i>. Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics Memoirs. Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921064-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-921064-15-2"><bdi>0-921064-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Dictionary+of+Literary+Plains+Cree%2C+Based+on+Contemporary+Texts&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.series=Algonquian+and+Iroquoian+Linguistics+Memoirs&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-921064-15-2&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rft.au=Ahenakew%2C+Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolvengrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolvengrey, Arok (2001). <i>nēhiýawēwin: itwēwina</i>. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-127-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-127-8"><bdi>0-88977-127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=n%C4%93hi%C3%BDaw%C4%93win%3A+itw%C4%93wina&rft.place=Regina&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Centre&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88977-127-8&rft.aulast=Wolvengrey&rft.aufirst=Arok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlains+Cree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plains_Cree_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/crk" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/crk">Plains Cree language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514215943/http://www.giftoflanguageandculture.ca/Plains%20Cree%20learning.htm">Plains Cree – Y dialect</a></li> <li>Bakker, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171851/http://lotos.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000151/bookpart.pdf">Algonquian verb structure: Plains Cree</a> in <i>What’s in a verb?</i> (LOT Occasional Series 5). Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap (Utrecht: 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-76864-94-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-76864-94-2">90-76864-94-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-76864-94-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-76864-94-5">978-90-76864-94-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/crk">OLAC resources in and about the Plains Cree language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://giellatekno.uit.no/cgi/index.crk.eng.html">Plains Cree language tools: Morphological and syntactic analysis of running text, latin/syllabic conversion, inflecting dictionary, ICALL language learning program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itwewina.altlab.app/">itwêwina Plains Cree Dictionary.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.plainscree.atlas-ling.ca/#/help">Plains Cree Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creedictionary.com/">Online Cree Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cree_language" title="Template:Cree language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cree_language" title="Template talk:Cree language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cree_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cree language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a> dialect continuum</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Macrofamily: <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a></i>)</li> <li>Areal group: <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/150px-Cree_language.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/225px-Cree_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cree_language.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western variants<br /> (Cree)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plains Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Western Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Eastern Swampy Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern variants<br /> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagnais-Naskapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagnais-Naskapi (page does not exist)">Montagnais-Naskapi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cree language">East Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contact languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cree" title="Bible translations into Cree">Bible translations into Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern version</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f8d6b6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template talk:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Band" title="Michel Band">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Template talk:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_British_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of British Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_British_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of British Columbia">Languages of British Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa_language" title="Dane-zaa language">Dane-zaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilcotin language">Chilcotin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsetsaut_language" title="Tsetsaut language">Tsetsaut</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scw%27exmx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scw'exmx">Scw'exmx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinixt_dialect" title="Sinixt dialect">Sinixt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">North Straits Salish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt language">Sechelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gitxsan_language" title="Gitxsan language">Gitxsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a_language" title="Nisga'a language">Nisga'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Southern Tsimshian dialect">Southern Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk_dialect" title="Heiltsuk dialect">Heiltsuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oowekyala" title="Oowekyala">Oowekyala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liq%CA%BCwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Liqʼwala">Liqʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Montana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Montana" title="Template:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Montana" title="Template talk:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Montana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Montana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Montana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Montana">Languages of Montana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Montana" title="Indigenous languages of Montana">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plains Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Siouan_languages" title="Western Siouan languages">Western Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish language in Montana (page does not exist)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="German language in Montana">German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_language_in_Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French language in Montana (page does not exist)">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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