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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Calusa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ca. 1800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">unclassified (related to <a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/calu1239">calu1239</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Calusa language</b> is an unclassified language of southern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States that was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamponi-2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamponi-2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_classification">Background and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the language of the Calusa. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. Circumstantial evidence, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Escalante_Fontaneda" title="Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda">Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda</a>, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the <a href="/wiki/Tequesta" title="Tequesta">Tequesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayaimi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayaimi people">Mayaimi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tocobaga" title="Tocobaga">Tocobaga</a>, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. This language was distinct from the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayaca_people" title="Mayaca people">Mayaca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ais_people" title="Ais people">Ais</a> people in central and northern Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julian Granberry (1994) has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica language</a> of the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> Valley, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the lower Mississippi region. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granberry (2011) provides the following inventory of Calusa phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Labial </th> <th>Apical </th> <th>Palatal </th> <th>Velar </th> <th>Glottal </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Plosive </th> <td>p </td> <td>t </td> <td>tʃ </td> <td>k </td> <td>ʔ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Fricative </th> <td> </td> <td>s </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Rhotic </th> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Nasal </th> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Lateral </th> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Approximant </th> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>A Calusa /s/ [s̠] sound is said to range between a /s/ to a /ʃ/ sound. </p><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Close </th> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Close-mid </th> <td>e </td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Open-mid </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɔ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Open </th> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_words_and_phrases">Known words and phrases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Known words and phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few vocabulary examples from Granberry (2011) are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>tepe</i> 'join'</li> <li><i>kuči</i> 'destroy'</li> <li><i>ñoka</i> 'war'</li> <li><i>ño</i> 'village'</li> <li><i>*śahka</i> 'tree'</li> <li><i>mayai</i> 'on the other side'</li></ul> <p>(*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records. </p><p>Some Calusa words, proper nouns, and phrases from <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Escalante_Fontaneda" title="Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda">Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda</a>'s writings (including his 1575 memoir <i>Memoria de las cosas y costa y indios de la Florida</i>) that are cited in Zamponi (2024) include:<sup id="cite_ref-Zamponi-2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamponi-2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Calusa</th> <th>English gloss (Zamponi 2024)</th> <th>Spanish gloss (original)</th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>carlos</td> <td>ferocious people</td> <td>quiere desir en su lenguaje pueblo feros</td> <td>Spanish corruption of <i>caalus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Certepe</td> <td>chief king and great lord</td> <td>Rey mayor y gran señor</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ño</td> <td>beloved town</td> <td>quiere dezir pueblo querido</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seletega</td> <td>Run, see if people are coming!</td> <td>Corre mira si biene jente</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tejiEue</td> <td>lookout, vantage point</td> <td>miradero quiere dezir</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>cañogacola</td> <td>wicked people without respect</td> <td>gente bellaca sin Respeto</td> <td>from regions above Tampa on the Gulf Coast </td></tr> <tr> <td>cuchiaga</td> <td>place where there has been torture</td> <td>quiere dezir lugar Amartirisado</td> <td>from the Keys </td></tr> <tr> <td>guarugunbe</td> <td>town of weeping</td> <td>quiere desir en rromanse pueblo de llanto</td> <td>from the Keys </td></tr> <tr> <td>guasaca Esgui</td> <td>river of reeds</td> <td>quiere desir Rio de cañas</td> <td>from regions above Tampa on the Gulf Coast </td></tr> <tr> <td>mayaimi</td> <td>(very) large</td> <td>llamase laguna de mayaimi porqués muy grande</td> <td>from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a> region </td></tr> <tr> <td>tocobaga chile</td> <td>principal chief of the <a href="/wiki/Tocobaga" title="Tocobaga">Tocobaga</a></td> <td>el Rei casique mayor (...) llamase tocobaga chile</td> <td>from the area around <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><i>Sipi</i> is the name of a main idol in a Calusa temple, according to a 1743 report (<i>Informe</i>) by Fr. Joseph Xavier de Alaña that was sent to his superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_Tunica">Comparison with Tunica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Comparison with Tunica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Indigenous people of the Everglades region</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGranberry1994" class="citation book cs1">Granberry, Julian (1994). "Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1808/22990"><i>Papers of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference (MALC)</i></a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas. pp. 505–519.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+Calusa-Tunica+Relationship&rft.btitle=Papers+of+the+Mid-America+Linguistics+Conference+%28MALC%29&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pages=505-519&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Granberry&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1808%2F22990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalusa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamponi-2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamponi-2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamponi-2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamponi2024" class="citation book cs1">Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html"><i>The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America</i></a>. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-061">10.1515/9783110712742-061</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2"><bdi>978-3-11-071274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unclassified+languages&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Indigenous+North+America&rft.pages=1627-1648&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110712742-061&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071274-2&rft.aulast=Zamponi&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110712742-061%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalusa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranberry2011" class="citation book cs1">Granberry, Julian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrfs5iF9EV4C&q=feliciano+lopez+calusa&pg=PA19"><i>The Calusa: Linguistic and Cultural Relationships</i></a>. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. pp. 19–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1751-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1751-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-1751-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Calusa%3A+Linguistic+and+Cultural+Relationships&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=19-24&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1751-5&rft.aulast=Granberry&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxrfs5iF9EV4C%26q%3Dfeliciano%2Blopez%2Bcalusa%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalusa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Granberry 2011: 27-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant, William C. 1978. "The last of the south Florida aborigines". In Jerald T. Milanich & Samuel Proctor (eds.), <i>Tacachale: essays on the Indians of Florida and southeastern Georgia during the historic period</i>, 141–162. Gainesville, FL: The University Presses of Florida.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haida_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida languages">Haida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adai_language" title="Adai language">Adai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bidai_language" title="Bidai language">Bidai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peric%C3%BA_language" title="Pericú language">Pericú</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eskimoan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimoan languages">Eskimoan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyak_language" title="Eyak language">Eyak</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mosan_languages" title="Mosan languages">Mosan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Siouan_languages" title="Macro-Siouan languages">Macro-Siouan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klamath_language" title="Klamath language">Klamath</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molala_language" title="Molala language">Molala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaptian_languages" title="Sahaptian languages">Sahaptian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takelma%E2%80%93Kalapuyan_languages" title="Takelma–Kalapuyan languages">Takelma–Kalapuyan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuman_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuman languages">Yuman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_linguistic_area" title="Pueblo linguistic area">Pueblo <br />linguistic area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keres_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keres languages">Keres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages" title="Coahuiltecan languages">Coahuiltecan</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aranama_language" title="Aranama language">Aranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karankawa_language" title="Karankawa language">Karankawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maratino_language" title="Maratino language">Maratino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naolan_language" title="Naolan language">Naolan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinigua_language" title="Quinigua language">Quinigua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solano_language" title="Solano language">Solano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pakawan_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudo_language" title="Comecrudo language">Comecrudo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garza_language" title="Garza language">Garza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamulique_language" title="Mamulique language">Mamulique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Calusa–Tunica_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calusa%E2%80%93Tunica_languages" title="Calusa–Tunica languages">Calusa–Tunica</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calusa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alag%C3%BCilac_language" title="Alagüilac language">Alagüilac</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <br />linguistic area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pre-Arawakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Arawakan_languages_of_the_Greater_Antilles" title="Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles">Pre-Arawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey_language" title="Guanahatabey language">Guanahatabey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macorix_language" title="Macorix language">Macorix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Wakashan_languages" title="Algonquian–Wakashan languages">Algonquian–Wakashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec%E2%80%93Tanoan_languages" title="Aztec–Tanoan languages">Aztec–Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Mayan_languages" title="Macro-Mayan languages">Macro-Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolatecan_languages" title="Tolatecan languages">Tolatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waroid_languages" title="Waroid languages">Waroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="List of extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="List of unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&oldid=1249617387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calusa_language&oldid=1249617387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_extinct_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century">Languages extinct in the 18th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unclassified_languages_of_North_America" title="Category:Unclassified languages of North America">Unclassified languages of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_North_America" title="Category:Extinct languages of North America">Extinct languages of North America</a></li><li><a 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