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<span>Origin and diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_diffusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialect criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialect groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syllabics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Syllabics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Contact languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Loss of language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_and_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_and_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Support and revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_and_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lessons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lessons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Lessons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lessons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>E-books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cree language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree" title="Cree – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cree" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="لغة كري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة كري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cree" title="Idioma cree – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma cree" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کری دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کری دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кры (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кры (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Cree" title="Tataramon na Cree – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Cree" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri-Sproch" title="Kri-Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kri-Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg" title="Krieg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krieg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(llengua)" title="Cree (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cree (llengua)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADj%C5%A1tina" title="Kríjština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kríjština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(iaith)" title="Cree (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cree (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(Sprache)" title="Cree (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cree (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cree" title="Idioma cree – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cree" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kria_lingvo" title="Kria lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kria lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_hizkuntza" title="Cree hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cree hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان کری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_bhasa" title="Cree bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Cree bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_(langue)" title="Cri (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cri (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creeish" title="Creeish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Creeish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cree" title="Lingua cree – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cree" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4" title="크리어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_jezik" title="Cree jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cree jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Cree" title="Pagsasao a Cree – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Cree" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cree" title="Bahasa Cree – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Cree" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree" title="Cree – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cree" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cree" title="Lingua cree – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cree" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="קרי (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרי (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Кри (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кри (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%AB_valoda" title="Krī valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krī valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri_kalba" title="Kri kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kri kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_(lingua)" title="Cri (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cri (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89_(%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="لغه كرى (كندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه كرى (كندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nehiyaw" title="Bahasa Nehiyaw – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Nehiyaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(taal)" title="Cree (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cree (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%94%A8%E1%94%A8%E1%90%A4_%E1%90%8A%E1%94%A8%E1%92%A7%E1%90%8E%E1%93%90%27" title="ᐃᔨᔨᐤ ᐊᔨᒧᐎᓐ' – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᐃᔨᔨᐤ ᐊᔨᒧᐎᓐ'" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="クリー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_spriak" title="Cree spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cree spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Cree (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cree (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree-montagnais-naskapi" title="Cree-montagnais-naskapi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cree-montagnais-naskapi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(lenga)" title="Cree (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cree (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کري ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کري ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kri" title="Język kri – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kri" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cri" title="Língua cri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri_simi" title="Kri simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Кри (языки) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кри (языки)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱨᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="ක්‍රී බස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රී බස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cree language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree" title="Cree – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cree" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Cree (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cree (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கிறீ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறீ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาครี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาครี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krice" title="Krice – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krice" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CC%B1ri_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Ki̱ri (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ki̱ri (a̱lyem)" 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri language</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Creek language (Muscogee)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aboriginal language continuum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Cree</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;"><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk-Cans">ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></span>, <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">nēhiyawēwin</i></span> (Plains)<br /><span title="Woods Cree-language text"><span lang="cwd-Cans">ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ</span></span>, <span title="Woods Cree-language text"><i lang="cwd-Latn">nīhithawīwin</i></span> (Woods)<br /><span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><span lang="csw-Cans">ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ</span></span>, <span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><i lang="csw-Latn">nêhinawêwin</i></span> (W Swampy)<br /><span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><span lang="csw-Cans">ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ</span></span>, <span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><i lang="csw-Latn">ininîmowin</i></span> (E Swampy)<br /><span title="Northern East Cree-language text"><span lang="crl-Cans">ᐃᔨᓂᐤ ᐊᔭᒥᐎᓐ</span></span>, <span title="Northern East Cree-language text"><i lang="crl-Latn">Iyiniu-Ayamiwin</i></span> (N Eastern)<br /><span title="Southern East Cree-language text"><span lang="crj-Cans">ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ</span></span>, <span title="Southern East Cree-language text"><i lang="crj-Latn">Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin</i></span> (S Eastern)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_map_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cree_map_simple.svg/200px-Cree_map_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cree_map_simple.svg/300px-Cree_map_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cree_map_simple.svg/400px-Cree_map_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="414" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Historical distribution of Cree peoples</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">96,000, 27% of ethnic population (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Montagnais</a>–<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Cree-<a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a>-<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cree</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightskyblue;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=cr">cr</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=101">cre</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cre" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cre">cre</a></code> – inclusive code<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crk">crk</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cwd" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cwd">cwd</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/csw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:csw">csw</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crm" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crm">crm</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crl">crl</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crj">crj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nsk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nsk">nsk</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/moe" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:moe">moe</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Montagnais</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/atj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:atj">atj</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">cree1271</a></code>  Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1272">cree1272</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Six dialects of Cree are classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/40px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/60px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg/80px-Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Canadian" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of syllabics.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Cree</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KREE</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Cree–<a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Montagnais</a>–<a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a> spoken by approximately 86,475 indigenous people across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If considered one language, it is the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">aboriginal language</a> with the highest number of speakers in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only region where Cree has any <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official status</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, alongside eight other aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Cree is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Northwest_Territories" title="Fort Smith, Northwest Territories">Fort Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay_River,_Northwest_Territories" title="Hay River, Northwest Territories">Hay River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">Endonyms</a> are: </p> <ul><li><span title="Plains Cree-language text"><i lang="crk-Latn">nêhiyawêwin</i></span> <span title="Plains Cree-language text"><span lang="crk">ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></span> (Plains Cree)</li> <li><span title="Woods Cree-language text"><i lang="cwd-Latn">nīhithawīwin</i></span> <span title="Woods Cree-language text"><span lang="cwd">ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ</span></span> (Woods Cree)</li> <li><span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><i lang="csw-Latn">nêhinawêwin</i></span> <span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><span lang="csw">ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ</span></span> (Western Swampy Cree)</li> <li><span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><i lang="csw-Latn">ininîmowin</i></span> <span title="Swampy Cree-language text"><span lang="csw">ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ</span></span> (Eastern Swampy Cree)</li> <li><span title="Moose Cree-language text"><i lang="crm-Latn">ililîmowin</i></span> <span title="Moose Cree-language text"><span lang="crm">ᐃᓕᓖᒧᐎᓐ</span></span> (Moose Cree)</li> <li><span title="Southern East Cree-language text"><i lang="crj-Latn">iyiniu-Ayamiwin</i></span> <span title="Southern East Cree-language text"><span lang="crj">ᐄᓅ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ</span></span> (Southern East Cree)</li> <li><span title="Northern East Cree-language text"><i lang="crl-Latn">iyiyiu-Ayamiwin</i></span> <span title="Northern East Cree-language text"><span lang="crl">ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ</span></span> (Northern East Cree)</li> <li><span title="Atikamekw-language text"><i lang="atj-Latn">nehirâmowin</i></span> (Atikamekw)</li> <li><span title="Innu-language text"><i lang="moe-Latn">nehlueun</i></span> (Western Montagnais, Piyekwâkamî dialect)</li> <li><span title="Innu-language text"><i lang="moe-Latn">ilnu-Aimûn</i></span> (Western Montagnais, Betsiamites dialect)</li> <li><span title="Innu-language text"><i lang="moe-Latn">innu-Aimûn</i></span> (Eastern Montagnais)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_diffusion">Origin and diffusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin and diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cree is believed to have begun as a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a> spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">original Algonquian homeland</a>, an undetermined area thought to be near the Great Lakes. The speakers of the proto-Cree language are thought to have moved north, and diverged rather quickly into two different groups on each side of <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>. The eastern group then began to diverge into separate dialects, whereas the western grouping probably broke into distinct dialects much later.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this point it is very difficult to make definite statements about how different groups emerged and moved around, because there are no written works in the languages to compare, and descriptions by Europeans are not systematic; as well, Algonquian people have a tradition of bilingualism and even of outright adopting a new language from neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A traditional view among 20th-century anthropologists and historians of the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> posits that the Western Woods Cree and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> (and therefore their dialects) did not diverge from other Cree peoples before 1670, when the Cree expanded out of their homeland near James Bay because of access to European firearms. By contrast, James Smith of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the American Indian">Museum of the American Indian</a> stated, in 1987, that the weight of archeological and linguistic evidence puts the Cree as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace River Region">Peace River Region</a> of Alberta before European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_criteria">Dialect criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialect criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cree <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> can be divided by many criteria. Dialects spoken in northern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and the southern James Bay, Lanaudière, and Mauricie regions of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> differentiate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> (sh as in <i><b>sh</b>e</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, while those to the west have merged the two phonemes as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and in the east the phonemes are merged as either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>. In several dialects, including northern <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> and Woods Cree, the long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> have merged into a single vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>. In the Quebec communities of <a href="/wiki/Chisasibi,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chisasibi, Quebec">Chisasibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whapmagoostui,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Whapmagoostui, Quebec">Whapmagoostui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kawawachikamach,_Quebec" title="Kawawachikamach, Quebec">Kawawachikamach</a>, the long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>. </p><p>However, the most transparent phonological variation between different Cree dialects are the reflexes of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a> <b>*l</b> in the modern dialects, as shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Dialect </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Reflex<br />of *<i>l</i> </th> <th>Word for 'native person'<br />← *<span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">elenyiwa</i></span> </th> <th>Word for 'you'<br />← *<span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīla</i></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></td> <td>SK, AB, BC, NT</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iyiniw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a></td> <td>MB, SK</td> <td align="center">ð/th</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iðiniw/ithiniw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīða/kītha</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></td> <td>ON, MB, SK</td> <td align="center">n</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">ininiw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīna</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></td> <td>ON</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">ililiw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīla</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td align="center">r</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iriniw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīr</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iyiyiw</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">čīy</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iyiyū/iyinū</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">čīy</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Kawawachikamach Naskapi</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td align="center">y</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iyiyū</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">čīy</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Western Innu</a></td> <td>QC</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">ilnu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">čīl</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Eastern Innu</a></td> <td>QC, NL</td> <td align="center">n</td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">innu</i></span></td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">čīn</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Plains Cree, speakers of the <b>y</b> dialect, refer to their language as <i><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">nēhi<b>y</b>awēwin</i></span></i>, whereas Woods Cree speakers say <i><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">nīhi<b>th</b>awīwin</i></span></i>, and Swampy Cree speakers say <i><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">nēhi<b>n</b>awēwin</i></span></i>. </p><p>Another important phonological variation among the Cree dialects involves the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalisation</a> of Proto-Algonquian <b>*k</b>: East of the Ontario–Quebec border (except for Atikamekw), Proto-Algonquian *k has changed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> before front vowels. See the table above for examples in the *<span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">kīla</i></span> column. </p><p>Very often the Cree dialect continuum is divided into two languages: Cree and Montagnais. Cree includes all dialects which have not undergone the *k > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> sound change (BC–QC) while Montagnais encompasses the territory where this sound change has occurred (QC–NL). These labels are very useful from a linguistic perspective but are confusing as <i>East Cree</i> then qualifies as Montagnais. For practical purposes, Cree usually covers the dialects which use syllabics as their orthography (including Atikamekw but excluding Kawawachikamach Naskapi), the term Montagnais then applies to those dialects using the Latin script (excluding Atikamekw and including Kawawachikamach Naskapi). The term Naskapi typically refers to <a href="/wiki/Kawawachikamach,_Quebec" title="Kawawachikamach, Quebec">Kawawachikamach</a> (y-dialect) and <a href="/wiki/Natuashish" title="Natuashish">Natuashish</a> (n-dialect). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialect_groups">Dialect groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialect groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cree dialects can be broadly classified into nine groups. Roughly from west to east: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption><span class="nowrap">Cree dialect ISO codes</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">ISO-639-3<br />code and name</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">ISO-639-6<br />code and name</th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguasphere">Linguasphere</a><br />code and name<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3">Moseley<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a><br />name (and code)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="4">  dialect type  </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">additional comments </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>*l</b></td> <td><b>*k(i)</b></td> <td><b>*š</b></td> <td><b>*ē</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="12"><b>cre</b> Cree (generic)</td> <td rowspan="2"><b>cwd</b> <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a><br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nīhithawīwin</i></span>)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>cwd</b><br />Woods Cree</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="12"><b>62-ADA-a</b> Cree</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ab</b><br />Woods Cree</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="22">Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="9">Western Cree</td> <td rowspan="2">Wood Cree</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="22">Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi<br /><b>cree1271</b></td> <td colspan="2">Woods Cree<br /><b>wood1236</b></td> <td><b>ð</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><b>ī</b></td> <td></td> <td>In this dialect <b>ē</b> has merged into <b>ī</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Plains Cree<br /><b>plai1258</b></td> <td>Western York Cree</td> <td><b>r → ð</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><b>ī</b></td> <td></td> <td>Missinipi Cree (<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nīhirawīwin</i></span>). Also known as "Rocky Cree". Historical <b>r</b> have transitioned to <b>ð</b> and have merged into Woods Cree. While Woods Cree proper have <b>hk</b>, Missinipi Cree have <b>sk</b>, e.g., Woods Cree <span title="Woods Cree-language text"><i lang="cwd">mihkosiw</i></span> v. Missinipi Cree <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">miskosiw</i></span>: 'he/she is red'. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>crk</b> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>crk</b><br />Plains Cree</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-aa</b><br />Plains Cree</td> <td rowspan="2">Plains Cree</td> <td>Northern Alberta Cree</td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><b>ī</b></td> <td>(northern)</td> <td rowspan="2">Divided to Southern Plains Cree (<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nēhiyawēwin</i></span>) and Northern Plains Cree (<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nīhiyawīwin</i></span> or <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nīhiyawīmowin</i></span>). In the Northern dialect, <b>ē</b> has merged into <b>ī</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuclear Plains Cree</td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(southern) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>csw </b> <a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a><br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Nēhinawēwin</i></span>)</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>csw </b><br />Swampy Cree</td> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ac</b><br />Swampy Cree, West<br />(Ininīmowin)</td> <td rowspan="2">Swampy Cree</td> <td rowspan="2">Swampy Cree<br /><b>swam1239</b></td> <td>Western Swampy Cree</td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>s</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">Eastern Swampy Cree, together with Moose Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In the western dialect, <b>š</b> has merged with <b>s</b>. Western Swampy Cree also known as "York Cree;" together with Northern Plains Cree and Woods Cree, also known as "Western Woodland Cree." </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ad</b><br />Swampy Cree, East<br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Ininiwi-Išikišwēwin</i></span>)</td> <td>Eastern Swampy Cree</td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>crm</b> <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a><br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Ililīmowin</i></span>)</td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="3"><b>crm</b><br />Moose Cree</td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ae</b><br />Moose Cree</td> <td rowspan="3">Moose Cree</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3">Moose Cree<br /><b>moos1236</b></td> <td><b>n\l</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(lowland)</td> <td rowspan="3">Together with the Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as "West Main Cree," "Central Cree," or "West Shore Cree." In Swampy Cree-influenced areas, some speakers use <b>n</b> instead of <b>l</b>, <i>e.g.</i>, upland Moose Cree <i><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">iniliw</i></span></i> v. lowland Moose Cree <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">ililiw</i></span>: 'human'. Kesagami Lake Cree was an <b>r</b> dialect but has transitioned and merged with <b>l</b> dialect of Moose Cree. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>l</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(upland) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>r → l</b></td> <td><b>k</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(Kesagami Lake) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>crl</b> <a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a><br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Īyyū Ayimūn</i></span>)</td> <td colspan="2"><b>crl</b><br />Northern East Cree</td> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-af</b><br />Cree, East</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="10">Eastern Cree</td> <td rowspan="3">East Cree</td> <td colspan="2">Northern East Cree<br /><b>nort1552</b></td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><b>k\č</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ā</b></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3">Also known as "James Bay Cree" or "East Main Cree". The long vowels <b>ē</b> and <b>ā</b> have merged in the northern dialect but are distinct in the southern. Southern East Cree is divided between coastal (southwestern) and inland (southeastern) varieties. Also, the inland southern dialect has lost the distinction between <b>s</b> and <b>š</b>. Here, the inland southern dialect falls in line with the rest of the Naskapi groups where both phonemes have become <b>š</b>. Nonetheless, the people from the two areas easily communicate. In the northern dialect, <b>ki</b> is found in situations were short unaccented vowel <b>a</b> transitioned to <b>i</b> without changing the <b>k</b> to <b>č</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>crj</b> <a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a><br />(<span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">Īynū Ayimūn</i></span>)</td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b>crj</b><br />Southern East Cree</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ag</b><br />Cree, Southeast</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Southern East Cree<br /><b>sout2978 </b></td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(coastal) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>y\n</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š~s</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td>(inland) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b>nsk</b> <a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>nsk</b><br />Naskapi</td> <td><b>kkaa</b><br />Koksoak</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="7"><b>62-ADA-b</b><br />Innu</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ba</b><br />Mushau Innuts</td> <td><b>62-ADA-baa</b><br />Koksoak River</td> <td rowspan="2">Naskapi</td> <td rowspan="2">Naskapi<br /><b>nask1242</b></td> <td>Western Naskapi</td> <td><b>y</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š~s</b></td> <td><b>ā</b></td> <td></td> <td>Western Naskapi (or simply referred to as Naskapi). Spoken in Kawawachikamach, Quebec. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>dvsi</b><br />Davis Inlet</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bab</b><br />Davis Inlet</td> <td>Eastern Naskapi</td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š~s</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td></td> <td>Eastern Naskapi; also known as Mushuau Innu. Spoken in Natuashish, Labrador. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" colspan="2"><b>moe</b> <a href="/wiki/Montagnais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagnais language">Montagnais</a></td> <td rowspan="5"><b>moe</b><br />Montagnais</td> <td><b>poit</b><br />Pointe-Bleue</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="5"><b>62-ADA-bb</b><br />Uashau Innuts + Bersimis</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bbe</b><br />Pointe Bleue</td> <td rowspan="5">Montagnais</td> <td rowspan="5">Montagnais<br /><b>mont1268</b></td> <td rowspan="4">Western Montagnais</td> <td rowspan="3"><b>l</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>č</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>š</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>ē</b></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="3">Western Montagnais (Lehlueun); also known as the "Betsiamites dialect" </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>escu</b><br />Escoumains</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bbd</b><br />Escoumains </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>berm</b><br />Bersimis</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bbc</b><br />Bersimis </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>uasi</b><br />Uashaui-Innuts</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bbb</b><br />Uashaui Innuts</td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š~h</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td></td> <td>Part of Western Montagnais, but more precisely referred to as Central Montagnais. <b>š</b> is realized as <b>h</b> in intervocalic position, especially amongst middle-aged and young speakers. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>miga</b><br />Mingan</td> <td><b>62-ADA-bba</b><br />Mingan</td> <td>Eastern Montagnais</td> <td><b>n</b></td> <td><b>č</b></td> <td><b>š~h</b></td> <td><b>ē</b></td> <td></td> <td>Eastern Montagnais (Innu-aimûn). <b>š</b> is mostly realized as <b>h</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><b>atj</b> <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a><br />(<span title="Atikamekw-language romanization"><i lang="atj-Latn">Nehirâmowin</i></span>)</td> <td rowspan="3"><b>atj</b><br />Atikamekw</td> <td><b>mana</b><br />Manawan</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="3"><b>62-ADA-c</b><br />Atikamekw</td> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-ca</b><br />Manawan</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" rowspan="3">Western Cree (cont'd)</td> <td rowspan="3">Attikamek</td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2">Atikamekw<br /><b>atik1240</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>r</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>k</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>š</b></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>ē</b></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>wemo</b><br />Wemotaci</td> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-cb</b><br />Wemotaci </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>optc</b><br />Opitciwan</td> <td colspan="2"><b>62-ADA-cc</b><br />Opitciwan </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Cree language or one of its varieties. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n/ñ/ń⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ch/tc/č⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨sh/c/š⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y/i/ý⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ii/ī/î⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u\o⟩</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨uu/ū/û \ ō/ô⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨e/ē/ê⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa/ā/â⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In dictionaries focused on Eastern Swampy Cree, Western Swampy Cree may readily substitute <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, while Lowland Moose Cree may readily substitute <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> with their <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span>. In dictionaries focused on Southern Plains Cree, Northern Plains Cree may readily substitute <span class="nowrap">⟨ē⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨ī⟩</span>, while materials accommodating Rocky Cree will indicate the Plains Cree <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> that is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> in Rocky Cree as <span class="nowrap">⟨ý⟩</span>. Similarly, in dictionaries focused on Western Swampy Cree, Woods Cree may readily substitute <span class="nowrap">⟨ē⟩</span> with <span class="nowrap">⟨ī⟩</span>, while materials accommodating Woods Cree will indicate the Western Swampy Cree <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> that is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> in Woods Cree as <span class="nowrap">⟨ń⟩</span>. Atikamekw uses <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ</span>], <span class="nowrap">⟨tc⟩</span> [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃ</span>], and <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span>] (which also serves as <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span>]). Eastern James Bay Cree prefers to indicate long vowels (other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>) by doubling the vowel, while the western Cree use either a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> diacritic; as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span> is always long, often it is written as just <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> without doubling or using a diacritic. While Western Cree dialects make use of <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and either <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ô⟩</span>, Eastern Cree dialects instead make use of <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> and either <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ū⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨û⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cree features a complex <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">polysynthetic</a> morphosyntax. A common grammatical feature in Cree dialects, in terms of sentence structure, is non-regulated word order. Word order is not governed by a specific set of rules or structure; instead, "subjects and objects are expressed by means of inflection on the verb".<sup id="cite_ref-Thunder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subject, Verb, and Object (SVO) in a sentence can vary in order, for example, SVO, VOS, OVS, and SOV.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunder_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahlstrom1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlstrom1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obviation is also a key aspect of the Cree language(s). In a sense, the <a href="/wiki/Obviative" title="Obviative">obviative</a> can be defined as any third-person ranked lower on a hierarchy of discourse salience than some other (proximate) discourse-participant. "Obviative animate nouns, [in the Plains Cree dialect for instance], are marked by [a suffix] ending <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">–a</i></span>, and are used to refer to third persons who are more peripheral in the discourse than the <a href="/wiki/Proximate" title="Proximate">proximate</a> third person".<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlstrom2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlstrom2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Sam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wâpam-<i>ew</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Susan-<i>a</i></p><p style="margin: 0px;">Susan-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person obviative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3OBV</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sam wâpam-<i>ew</i> Susan-<i>a</i></p><p style="display: none;">Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV</p><p style="clear: left;">"Sam sees Susan."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The suffix <span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">-a</i></span> marks Susan as the obviative, or 'fourth' person, the person furthest away from the discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunder_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cree language has <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> in a system that classifies nouns as animate or inanimate. The distribution of nouns between animate or inanimate is not phonologically transparent, which means gender must be learned along with the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-Thunder_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As is common in polysynthetic languages, a Cree word can be very long, and express something that takes a series of words in English. For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiskinohamātowikamikw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="applicative voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">APPL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="reciprocal voice" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RECP</abbr>.place</p></div><p style="display: none;">kiskinohamātowikamikw</p><p style="display: none;">know.CAUS.APPL.RECP.place</p><p style="clear: left;">'school' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'knowing-it-together-by-example place')</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>This means that changing the word order in Cree can place emphasis on different pieces of the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfart and Carroll<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> give the following example by transposing the two Cree words: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kakwēcimēw kisēýiniwa</i></span> → 'He asked the old man.'</li> <li><span title="Cree-language text"><i lang="cr-Latn">kisēýiniwa kakwēcimēw</i></span> → 'It was the old man he asked.'</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/220px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/330px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg/440px-Winnipeg_Forks_-_Trilingual_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual plaque in English, French and Cree</figcaption></figure> <p>Cree dialects, except for those spoken in eastern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, are traditionally written using <a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a>, but can be written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> as well. Both <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing systems">writing systems</a> represent the language phonetically. Cree is always written from left to right horizontally.<sup id="cite_ref-Ager_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ager-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The easternmost dialects are written using the Latin script exclusively. The dialects of Plains Cree, Woods Cree, and western Swampy Cree use <a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western Cree syllabics</a> and the dialects of eastern Swampy Cree, East Cree, Moose Cree, and Naskapi use <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern Cree syllabics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabics">Syllabics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syllabics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cree syllabics, each symbol, which represents a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, can be written four ways, each direction representing its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ager_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ager-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dialects of Cree have up to seven vowels, so additional <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> are placed after the syllabic to represent the corresponding vowels. Finals represent stand-alone consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-Ager_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ager-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cree language also has two <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a>. The semivowels may follow other consonants or be on their own in a word.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following tables show the <a href="/wiki/Syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabaries">syllabaries</a> of Eastern and Western Cree dialects, respectively: </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align="left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Eastern Cree syllabary </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Initial </th> <th colspan="7">Vowels </th> <th rowspan="2">Final </th></tr> <tr> <th width="40">ê </th> <th width="40">i </th> <th width="40">o </th> <th width="40">a </th> <th width="40">î </th> <th width="40">ô </th> <th width="40">â </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>ᐁ </td> <td>ᐃ </td> <td>ᐅ </td> <td>ᐊ </td> <td>ᐄ </td> <td>ᐆ </td> <td>ᐋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td>ᐯ </td> <td>ᐱ </td> <td>ᐳ </td> <td>ᐸ </td> <td>ᐲ </td> <td>ᐴ </td> <td>ᐹ </td> <td>ᑉ </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>ᑌ </td> <td>ᑎ </td> <td>ᑐ </td> <td>ᑕ </td> <td>ᑏ </td> <td>ᑑ </td> <td>ᑖ </td> <td>ᑦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>k </th> <td>ᑫ </td> <td>ᑭ </td> <td>ᑯ </td> <td>ᑲ </td> <td>ᑮ </td> <td>ᑰ </td> <td>ᑳ </td> <td>ᒃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>c </th> <td>ᒉ </td> <td>ᒋ </td> <td>ᒍ </td> <td>ᒐ </td> <td>ᒌ </td> <td>ᒎ </td> <td>ᒑ </td> <td>ᒡ </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td>ᒣ </td> <td>ᒥ </td> <td>ᒧ </td> <td>ᒪ </td> <td>ᒦ </td> <td>ᒨ </td> <td>ᒫ </td> <td>ᒻ </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td>ᓀ </td> <td>ᓂ </td> <td>ᓄ </td> <td>ᓇ </td> <td>ᓃ </td> <td>ᓅ </td> <td>ᓈ </td> <td>ᓐ </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td>ᓭ </td> <td>ᓯ </td> <td>ᓱ </td> <td>ᓴ </td> <td>ᓰ </td> <td>ᓲ </td> <td>ᓵ </td> <td>ᔅ </td></tr> <tr> <th>sh </th> <td>ᔐ </td> <td>ᔑ </td> <td>ᔓ </td> <td>ᔕ </td> <td>ᔒ </td> <td>ᔔ </td> <td>ᔖ </td> <td>ᔥ </td></tr> <tr> <th>y </th> <td>ᔦ </td> <td>ᔨ </td> <td>ᔪ </td> <td>ᔭ </td> <td>ᔩ </td> <td>ᔫ </td> <td>ᔮ </td> <td>ᔾ (<sup>ᐤ</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td>ᓓ </td> <td>ᓕ </td> <td>ᓗ </td> <td>ᓚ </td> <td>ᓖ </td> <td>ᓘ </td> <td>ᓛ </td> <td>ᓪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>r* </th> <td>ᕃ </td> <td>ᕆ </td> <td>ᕈ </td> <td>ᕋ </td> <td>ᕇ </td> <td>ᕉ </td> <td>ᕌ </td> <td>ᕐ </td></tr> <tr> <th>v*, f* </th> <td>ᕓ </td> <td>ᕕ </td> <td>ᕗ </td> <td>ᕙ </td> <td>ᕖ </td> <td>ᕘ </td> <td>ᕚ </td> <td>ᕝ </td></tr> <tr> <th>th* </th> <td>ᕞ </td> <td>ᕠ </td> <td>ᕤ </td> <td>ᕦ </td> <td>ᕢ </td> <td>ᕥ </td> <td>ᕧ </td> <td>ᕪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>w </th> <td>ᐌ </td> <td>ᐎ </td> <td>ᐒ </td> <td>ᐗ </td> <td>ᐐ </td> <td>ᐔ </td> <td>ᐙ </td> <td>ᐤ </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td>ᐦᐁ </td> <td>ᐦᐃ </td> <td>ᐦᐅ </td> <td>ᐦᐊ </td> <td>ᐦᐄ </td> <td>ᐦᐆ </td> <td>ᐦᐋ </td> <td>ᐦ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">* Used only in foreign sounds </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9">Western Cree syllabary </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Initial </th> <th colspan="7">Vowels </th> <th rowspan="2">Final </th></tr> <tr> <th width="40">ê </th> <th width="40">i </th> <th width="40">o </th> <th width="40">a </th> <th width="40">î </th> <th width="40">ô </th> <th width="40">â </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>ᐁ </td> <td>ᐃ </td> <td>ᐅ </td> <td>ᐊ </td> <td>ᐄ </td> <td>ᐆ </td> <td>ᐋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>p </th> <td>ᐯ </td> <td>ᐱ </td> <td>ᐳ </td> <td>ᐸ </td> <td>ᐲ </td> <td>ᐴ </td> <td>ᐹ </td> <td>ᑊ </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>ᑌ </td> <td>ᑎ </td> <td>ᑐ </td> <td>ᑕ </td> <td>ᑏ </td> <td>ᑑ </td> <td>ᑖ </td> <td>ᐟ </td></tr> <tr> <th>k </th> <td>ᑫ </td> <td>ᑭ </td> <td>ᑯ </td> <td>ᑲ </td> <td>ᑮ </td> <td>ᑰ </td> <td>ᑳ </td> <td>ᐠ </td></tr> <tr> <th>c </th> <td>ᒉ </td> <td>ᒋ </td> <td>ᒍ </td> <td>ᒐ </td> <td>ᒌ </td> <td>ᒎ </td> <td>ᒑ </td> <td>ᐨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>m </th> <td>ᒣ </td> <td>ᒥ </td> <td>ᒧ </td> <td>ᒪ </td> <td>ᒦ </td> <td>ᒨ </td> <td>ᒫ </td> <td>ᒼ </td></tr> <tr> <th>n </th> <td>ᓀ </td> <td>ᓂ </td> <td>ᓄ </td> <td>ᓇ </td> <td>ᓃ </td> <td>ᓅ </td> <td>ᓈ </td> <td>ᐣ </td></tr> <tr> <th>s </th> <td>ᓭ </td> <td>ᓯ </td> <td>ᓱ </td> <td>ᓴ </td> <td>ᓰ </td> <td>ᓲ </td> <td>ᓵ </td> <td>ᐢ </td></tr> <tr> <th>y </th> <td>ᔦ </td> <td>ᔨ </td> <td>ᔪ </td> <td>ᔭ </td> <td>ᔩ </td> <td>ᔫ </td> <td>ᔮ </td> <td>ᐩ (ᐝ) </td></tr> <tr> <th>th </th> <td>ᖧ </td> <td>ᖨ </td> <td>ᖪ </td> <td>ᖬ </td> <td>ᖩ </td> <td>ᖫ </td> <td>ᖭ </td> <td><sup>‡</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>w </th> <td>ᐍ </td> <td>ᐏ </td> <td>ᐓ </td> <td>ᐘ </td> <td>ᐑ </td> <td>ᐕ </td> <td>ᐚ </td> <td>ᐤ </td></tr> <tr> <th>h </th> <td>ᐦᐁ </td> <td>ᐦᐃ </td> <td>ᐦᐅ </td> <td>ᐦᐊ </td> <td>ᐦᐄ </td> <td>ᐦᐆ </td> <td>ᐦᐋ </td> <td>ᐦ </td></tr> <tr> <th>hk </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᕽ </td></tr> <tr> <th>l </th> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;">ᓬ </td></tr> <tr> <th>r </th> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;">ᕒ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Speakers of various Cree dialects have begun creating dictionaries to serve their communities. Some projects, such as the Cree Language Resource Project, are developing an online bilingual Cree dictionary for the Cree language. </p><p>Cree syllabics has not commonly or traditionally used the <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">period</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨.⟩</span>). Instead, either a full-stop glyph (<span class="nowrap">⟨᙮⟩</span>) or a double em-width space has been used between words to signal the transition from one sentence to the next. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a>, Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) uses fourteen letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> to denote the dialect's ten consonants (<span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>) and seven vowels (<span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ā⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ī⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ē⟩</span>). <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Upper case</a> letters are not used.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> For more details on the phonetic values of these letters or variant orthographies, see the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phonology">§ Phonology</a> section above. </p><p>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> sound of <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨ð⟩</span> in more recent material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which more recent material uses ''ð''? (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Plains and Swampy material written to be cross-dialectical often modify <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> to <span class="nowrap">⟨ý⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> to <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span> when those are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span> in Swampy.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7, 53">: 7, 53 </span></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨š⟩</span> is used in Eastern dialects where <i>s</i> and <i>š</i> are distinct phonemes. In other dialects, <i>s</i> is used even when pronounced like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> are used natively in Moose and Attikamek Cree, but in other dialects only for loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>The stops, <i>p</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>k</i>, and the affricate, <i>c</i>, can be pronounced either voiced or unvoiced, but the symbols used for writing these sounds all correspond to the unvoiced pronunciation, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> not <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> not <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, etc. The phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> is represented by <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, as it is in various <a href="/wiki/C#Other_languages" title="C">other languages</a>. </p><p>Long vowels are denoted with either a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>, as in <span class="nowrap">⟨ā⟩</span>, or a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, as in <span class="nowrap">⟨â⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Geek_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Geek-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4, 7–8">: 4, 7–8 </span></sup> Use of either the macron or circumflex is acceptable, but usage should be consistent within a work. The vowel <i>ē</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span>, used in southern Plains Cree, is always long and the grapheme <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> is never used. In northern Plains Cree the sound has merged with <i>ī</i>, and thus <span class="nowrap">⟨ē⟩</span> is not used at all.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The use of unmarked <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> and marked <span class="nowrap">⟨ō⟩</span> for the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> emphasizes the relationship that can exist between these two vowels. There are situations where <i>o</i> can be lengthened to <i>ō</i>, as for example in <span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᓂᑲᒧ!</span></span> <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">nikamo!</i></span> 'sing (now)!' and <span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᓂᑲᒨᐦᑲᐣ!</span></span> <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">nikamōhkan!</i></span> 'sing (later)!'. </p><p>In alphabetic writing, the use of punctuation has been inconsistent. For instance, in the Plains Cree dialect, the <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative</a> <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> <i>cî</i> can be included in the sentence to mark a yes–no question<sup id="cite_ref-Thunder_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that this is sometimes considered to be sufficient without including a <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a> (?). However, in many modern publications and text collections (<i>cf.</i> <i>The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw</i> (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) full punctuation is used.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div>John cî kî-mîcisow?</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">John</p><p style="margin: 0px;">John</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cî</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="cr-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kî-mîciso-w</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>-eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">John cî kî-mîciso-w</p><p style="display: none;">John Q PST-eat-3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">"Did John eat?"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Additionally, other <a href="/wiki/Interrogatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrogatives">interrogatives</a> (<i>where, when, what, why, who</i>) can be used, as in other languages, and questions marks can thus be used for such questions in Cree as well. </p><p>Hyphenation can be used to separate a particle from the root word that it prefixes, especially particles that precede verbs ("preverbs" or "indeclinable preverbs") or nouns ("prenouns" or "indeclinable prenouns"). One example is <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">māci-pīkiskwē</i></span> ('start speaking!'), derived from <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">pīkiskwē</i></span>. Note that <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">māci-</i></span> can neither stand alone as a separate word, nor is it an essential part of a stem. There are some more complex situations where it is difficult to determine whether an element is a particle. Some frequently used compound words can be written as unhyphenated.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16–19">: 16–19 </span></sup> Stress can be predicted in some cases based on hyphenation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">Vowel reduction</a> or vowel dropping, as is common of unstressed short <i>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span>, is not denoted in order to be more cross-dialectal—instead of using apostrophes, the full unreduced vowels are written.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>Representation of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a> (such as <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">oski-aya</i></span> → <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">osk-āya</i></span>) can be written or not written, as sandhi representation introduces greater complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> There are additional rules regarding <i>h</i> and <i>iy</i> that may not match a given speaker's speech, to enable a standardized transcription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contact_languages">Contact languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contact languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cree is also a component language in at least five <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language"> contact languages</a>: Michif, Northern Michif, Bungi, Oji-Cree, and Nehipwat. Michif and Bungi are spoken by members of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>, and historically by some <a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a> and European settlers of Western <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and in parts of the Northern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Nehipwat and <a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a> are blends of Cree with Assiniboine (Nehipwat) and Ojibwe (Oji-Cree). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> which combines Cree with <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. For the most part, Michif uses Cree <a href="/wiki/Verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbs">verbs</a>, question words, and <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstratives</a> while using French <a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a>. Michif is unique to the Canadian prairie provinces as well as to <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michif is still spoken in central Canada and in North Dakota. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bungi_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi creole">Bungi</a> is a creole based on <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, Cree, and <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some French words have also been incorporated into its <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. This language flourished at and around the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Settlement</a> (the modern-day location of <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>) by the mid- to late-1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bungi is now virtually <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, as its features are being abandoned in favor of standard English.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cree has also been incorporated into another mixed language within Canada, Nehipwat, which is a blending of Cree with <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a>. Nehipwat is found only in a few southern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> reserves and is now <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">nearing extinction</a>. Nothing is known of its structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_language">Loss of language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Loss of language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doug Cuthand argues three reasons for the loss of the Cree language among many speakers over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, <a href="/wiki/Residential_School_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Residential School System">residential schools</a> cultivated the prejudice that their language was inferior. While students were still speaking their native language at home, their learning stopped at school. When they left residential schools as adults, they went home and their vocabulary and knowledge of language did not include concepts or forms that an adult speaker who had not been taken to a residential school would have. </p><p>Cuthand also argues that the loss of the Cree language can be attributed to the migration of native families away from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve</a>, voluntarily or not. Oftentimes, the elders are left on the reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This breaks up the traditional intergenerational flow of lingual knowledge from elder to youth. </p><p>The third point Cuthand<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues is that Cree language loss was adopted by the speakers. Parents stopped teaching their children their native language in the belief that doing so would help their children find economic success or avoid discrimination. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cree_map.svg/220px-Cree_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cree_map.svg/330px-Cree_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cree_map.svg/440px-Cree_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Map of Cree dialects</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mistassini_roadsign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mistassini_roadsign.jpg/220px-Mistassini_roadsign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mistassini_roadsign.jpg/330px-Mistassini_roadsign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mistassini_roadsign.jpg/440px-Mistassini_roadsign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>A Quebec stop sign in Cree, English and French</figcaption></figure> <p>The social and legal status of Cree varies across Canada. Cree is one of the eleven official languages of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, but is only spoken by a small number of people there in the area around the town of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Northwest_Territories" title="Fort Smith, Northwest Territories">Fort Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also one of two principal languages of the regional government of <a href="/wiki/Eeyou_Istchee_James_Bay" title="Eeyou Istchee James Bay">Eeyou Istchee James Bay</a> in Northern Quebec, the other being French.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Ouellette" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Falcon Ouellette">Robert Falcon Ouellette</a>, A Cree Member of Parliament, played a pivotal role in promoting Indigenous languages especially Cree within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons">Canadian House of Commons</a>. He was instrumental in obtaining unanimous consent from all political parties to change the standing orders to allow Indigenous languages to be spoken in the House of Commons, with full translation services provided. This historic change enabled Ouellette to deliver a speech in Cree with interpretation supported by language educator Kevin Lewis, marking the first use of an Indigenous language in the House of Commons on Jan 28, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Bill C-91, the Indigenous Languages Act passed in 2019, was enacted to support and revitalize Indigenous languages across Canada. This legislation, aims to reclaim, revitalize, and maintain Indigenous languages through sustainable funding and the establishment of the Office of the Commissioner of Indigenous Languages. Ouellette was the chair of the Indigenous caucus in the House of Commons and helped ensure it passage before the election of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_and_revitalization">Support and revitalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support and revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, Cree had about 117,000 documented speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are still a minority language given the dominance of English and French in Canada. There are programs in place to maintain and revitalize the language, though. In the Quebec James Bay Cree community, a resolution was put into action in 1988 that made Cree the language of education in primary schools and eventually elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mistissini council decided to require their employees to learn Cree syllabics in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cree School Board now has its annual report available in both English and Cree.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a push to increase the availability of Cree stations on the radio.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, free Cree language electronic books for beginners became available for <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> language teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Government of the Northwest Territories<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> releases an annual report on First Nations languages. The 2016–2017 report features successes they have had in revitalizing and supporting and projects they are working on. For example, they released a Medicinal Plant Guide that had information in both Cree and English. An important part of making the guide was input from the elders. Another accomplishment was the dubbing of a movie in Cree. They are working on broadcasting a radio station that "will give listeners music and a voice for our languages".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Whitehead" title="Joshua Whitehead">Joshua Whitehead</a> is one writer who has used the Cree language as part of his poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01">"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Statistics">Canada Statistics</a>. 2017-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Aboriginal+mother+tongue%2C+Aboriginal+language+spoken+most+often+at+home+and+Other+Aboriginal+language%28s%29+spoken+regularly+at+home+for+the+population+excluding+institutional+residents+of+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+100%25+Data&rft.pub=Canada+Statistics&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Flang%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D41%26Geo%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">"Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fcree1271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114247/http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf">"Official Languages of the Northwest Territories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Territories_Language_Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Territories Language Commissioner (page does not exist)">Northwest Territories Language Commissioner</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Languages+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft.pub=Northwest+Territories+Language+Commissioner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca%2Fpdf%2FOfficial_Languages_Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span> (map)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie_Bauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Laurie Bauer (2007). <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>. Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistics+Student%27s+Handbook&rft.pub=Edinburgh&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Laurie+Bauer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2023" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-03-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2023029-eng.htm">"Indigenous languages in Canada, 2021"</a>. <i>www150.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Indigenous+languages+in+Canada%2C+2021&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F11-627-m%2F11-627-m2023029-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727215340/https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/secretariat-des-langues-autochtones/official-languages-overview">"Education, Culture, and Employment"</a>. <i>Government of the Northwest Territories</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/secretariat-des-langues-autochtones/official-languages-overview">the original</a> on July 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft.atitle=Education%2C+Culture%2C+and+Employment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.gov.nt.ca%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fsecretariat-des-langues-autochtones%2Fofficial-languages-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf">Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324202430/http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf">Archived</a> March 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/sites/www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/resources/english_version.2016-2017_ol_ar.pdf">"2016–2017 annual report on official languages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of the Northwest Territories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016%E2%80%932017+annual+report+on+official+languages&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.gov.nt.ca%2Fsites%2Fwww.ece.gov.nt.ca%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fenglish_version.2016-2017_ol_ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes and Todd, "Subarctic Algonquian Languages" in <i>Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic</i>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhodes and Todd, 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, James G. E. (August 1987). "the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 434–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fae.1987.14.3.02a00020">10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=the+Western+Woods+Cree%3A+anthropological+myth+and+historical+reality&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=434-448&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fae.1987.14.3.02a00020&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linguasphere code 62-ADA is called "Cree+Ojibwa net", listing four divisions of which three are shown here—the fourth division 62-ADA-d representing the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_dialects#In_literature" title="Ojibwe dialects">Ojibwe dialects</a>, listed as "Ojibwa+ Anissinapek".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moseley, Christopher. 2007. <i>Encyclopedia of World's Endangered Languages</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-64565-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-64565-0">0-203-64565-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271">"Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi"</a>. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thunder-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thunder_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctl.ualberta.ca/Pedagogical_Provocations/Profiles/DorothyThunder.html/">Thunder, Dorothy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlstrom1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dahlstrom1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahlstrom, introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlstrom2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dahlstrom2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahlstrom pp. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfart, H. C., & Carroll, J. F. (1981). <i>Meet Cree: A guide to the Cree language</i> (New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ager-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ager_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ager_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ager_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117194347/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cree.htm">"Ager, Simon: Omniglot, Cree Syllabary"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cree.htm">the original</a> on 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ager%2C+Simon%3A+Omniglot%2C+Cree+Syllabary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fcree.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph.1981" class="citation book cs1">Christoph., Wolfart, H. (1981). <i>Meet Cree : a guide to the Cree language</i>. Carroll, Janet F. (New and completely rev. ed.). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0888640730" title="Special:BookSources/0888640730"><bdi>0888640730</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8925218">8925218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+Cree+%3A+a+guide+to+the+Cree+language&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.edition=New+and+completely+rev.&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8925218&rft.isbn=0888640730&rft.aulast=Christoph.&rft.aufirst=Wolfart%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_to_Spell_it_in_Cree_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkimāsisWolvengrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Okimāsis, Jean & Wolvengrey, Arok (2008). <i>How to Spell it in Cree (The Standard Roman Orthography)</i>. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Houghton Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9784935-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Spell+it+in+Cree+%28The+Standard+Roman+Orthography%29&rft.place=Saskatoon%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Houghton+Boston&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9784935-0-9&rft.aulast=Okim%C4%81sis&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Wolvengrey%2C+Arok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_Geek-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Language_Geek_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041554/http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html">"Language Geek: Cree"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Geek%3A+Cree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagegeek.com%2Falgon%2Fcree%2Fnehiyawewin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahenakew, Freda, and H.C. Wolfart, eds. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uofmpress.ca/books/detail/the-counselling-speeches-of-jim-ka-nipitehtew">ana kâ-pimwêwêhahk okakêskihkêmowina / The Counselling Speeches of Jim Kâ-Nîpitêhtêw</a>. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88755-648-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88755-648-5">0-88755-648-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Okimâsis, Jean, and Arok Wolvengrey. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creeliteracy.org/how-to-spell-it-in-cree-wolvengrey-okemasis/">How to Spell it in Cree</a>. Regina: miywâsin ink. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9">978-0-9784935-0-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakker and Papen p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakker and Papen p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blain. (1989: 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker_and_Papen3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_and_Papen3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakker and Papen p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuthand, D. (2007). <i>Askiwina: A Cree world</i>. Regina: Coteau Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011045759/http://www.gcc.ca/pdf/LEG000000024.pdf">"Agreement on Governance in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Between the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Gouvernement du Québec, 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcc.ca/pdf/LEG000000024.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CBC/Radio-Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=%27mihkokwaniy%27&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Fnewfire%2Fopening-up-about-indigenous-intimacy-1.4181758%2Fread-mihkokwaniy-by-poet-joshua-whitehead-1.4201873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhenakew1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freda_Ahenakew" title="Freda Ahenakew">Ahenakew, Freda</a> (1987). <i>Cree Language Structures: A Cree Approach</i>. Pemmican Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919143-42-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-919143-42-3"><bdi>0-919143-42-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cree+Language+Structures%3A+A+Cree+Approach&rft.pub=Pemmican+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-919143-42-3&rft.aulast=Ahenakew&rft.aufirst=Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhenakew1984" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freda_Ahenakew" title="Freda Ahenakew">Ahenakew, Freda</a> (1984). <i>Text-Based Grammar in Cree Language Education</i> (MA thesis). University of Manitoba. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1993%2F29817">1993/29817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Text-Based+Grammar+in+Cree+Language+Education&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Manitoba&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1993%2F29817&rft.aulast=Ahenakew&rft.aufirst=Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerPapen1997" class="citation book cs1">Bakker, Peter; Papen, Robert A. (1997). "Michif: A Mixed Language based on French and Cree". In Thomason, Sarah G. (ed.). <i>Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective</i>. Creole Language Library. Vol. 17. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55619-172-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55619-172-3"><bdi>1-55619-172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michif%3A+A+Mixed+Language+based+on+French+and+Cree&rft.btitle=Contact+Languages%3A+A+Wider+Perspective&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Creole+Language+Library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55619-172-3&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Papen%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield, Leonard</a> (1974). <i>Plains Cree Texts</i>. New York: AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-58166-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-58166-8"><bdi>0-404-58166-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plains+Cree+Texts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-404-58166-8&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1999" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Sarah (1999). <i>Aboriginal People and Colonizers of Western Canada to 1900</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7995-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7995-4"><bdi>0-8020-7995-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+People+and+Colonizers+of+Western+Canada+to+1900&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8020-7995-4&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelWestfall2001" class="citation book cs1">Castel, Robert J.; Westfall, David (2001). <i>Castel's English–Cree Dictionary and Memoirs of the Elders Based on the Woods Cree of Pukatawagan, Manitoba</i>. Brandon, MB: Brandon University Northern Teacher Education Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689858-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9689858-0-7"><bdi>0-9689858-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castel%27s+English%E2%80%93Cree+Dictionary+and+Memoirs+of+the+Elders+Based+on+the+Woods+Cree+of+Pukatawagan%2C+Manitoba&rft.place=Brandon%2C+MB&rft.pub=Brandon+University+Northern+Teacher+Education+Program&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-9689858-0-7&rft.aulast=Castel&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlstrom1991" class="citation book cs1">Dahlstrom, Amy (1991). <i>Plains Cree Morphosyntax</i>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0172-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0172-3"><bdi>0-8153-0172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plains+Cree+Morphosyntax&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Outstanding+dissertations+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8153-0172-3&rft.aulast=Dahlstrom&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2000" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, C. D. (2000). <i>Spoken Cree, Level I, west coast of James Bay</i>. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-347-0"><bdi>0-88864-347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoken+Cree%2C+Level+I%2C+west+coast+of+James+Bay&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-88864-347-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirose2003" class="citation book cs1">Hirose, Tomio (2003). <i>Origins of predicates evidence from Plains Cree</i>. Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96779-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96779-1"><bdi>0-415-96779-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52127595">52127595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+predicates+evidence+from+Plains+Cree&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Outstanding+dissertations+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52127595&rft.isbn=0-415-96779-1&rft.aulast=Hirose&rft.aufirst=Tomio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunkerMacKenzieSaltDuff2004–2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Junker, Marie-Odile; MacKenzie, Marguerite; Salt, Luci; Duff, Alice; Moar, Daisy; Salt, Ruth, eds. (2004–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictf.eastcree.org/">"Le Dictionnaire du cri de l'Est de la Baie James sur la toile: français-cri et cri-français (dialectes du Sud et du Nord)"</a> (in English, French, crn, and ecs).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Dictionnaire+du+cri+de+l%27Est+de+la+Baie+James+sur+la+toile%3A+fran%C3%A7ais-cri+et+cri-fran%C3%A7ais+%28dialectes+du+Sud+et+du+Nord%29&rft.date=2004%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictf.eastcree.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeClaireCardinalWaughHunter1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">LeClaire, Nancy; Cardinal, George; Waugh, Earle H.; Hunter, Emily (1998). <i>Alperta Ohci Kehtehayak Nehiyaw Otwestamakewasinahikan</i> [<i>Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary</i>] (in English and Cree). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-309-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-309-8"><bdi>0-88864-309-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alperta+Ohci+Kehtehayak+Nehiyaw+Otwestamakewasinahikan&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-88864-309-8&rft.aulast=LeClaire&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Cardinal%2C+George&rft.au=Waugh%2C+Earle+H.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkimāsisWolvengrey2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Okim%C4%81sis" title="Jean Okimāsis">Okimāsis, Jean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arok_Wolvengrey" title="Arok Wolvengrey">Wolvengrey, Arok</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254919165"><i>How to spell it in Cree: the Standard Roman Orthography</i></a>. Miywâsin Ink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9784935-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9784935-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+spell+it+in+Cree%3A+the+Standard+Roman+Orthography&rft.pub=Miyw%C3%A2sin+Ink&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9784935-0-9&rft.aulast=Okim%C4%81sis&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Wolvengrey%2C+Arok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254919165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteller1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steller, Lea-Katharina (1995). "Alkalmazkodni és újat adni – avagy „accomodatio" a paleográfiában". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullextra.hu/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=786"><i>Paleográfiai kalandozások</i></a> (in Hungarian). Szentendre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-450-922-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-450-922-3"><bdi>963-450-922-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alkalmazkodni+%C3%A9s+%C3%BAjat+adni+%E2%80%93+avagy+%E2%80%9Eaccomodatio%E2%80%9C+a+paleogr%C3%A1fi%C3%A1ban&rft.btitle=Paleogr%C3%A1fiai+kalandoz%C3%A1sok&rft.pub=Szentendre&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=963-450-922-3&rft.aulast=Steller&rft.aufirst=Lea-Katharina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullextra.hu%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Dprint%26sid%3D786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfart1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/H.C._Wolfart" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Wolfart">Wolfart, H. Christoph</a> (1973). <i>Plains Cree A Grammatical Study</i>. New Series. Vol. 63, Part 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-635-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-635-5"><bdi>0-87169-635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plains+Cree+A+Grammatical+Study&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=New+Series&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-87169-635-5&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfartAhenakew1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.C._Wolfart" class="mw-redirect" title="H.C. Wolfart">Wolfart, H. Christoph</a>; Ahenakew, Freda (1998). <i>The Student's Dictionary of Literary Plains Cree</i>. Memoir (Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics). Vol. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921064-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-921064-15-2"><bdi>0-921064-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Dictionary+of+Literary+Plains+Cree&rft.series=Memoir+%28Algonquian+and+Iroquoian+Linguistics%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-921064-15-2&rft.aulast=Wolfart&rft.aufirst=H.+Christoph&rft.au=Ahenakew%2C+Freda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolvengrey2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arok_Wolvengrey" title="Arok Wolvengrey">Wolvengrey, Arok</a>, ed. (15 October 2001). <i>nēhiýawēwin: itwēwina <span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr-Cans" style="font-style: normal;">ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ: ᐃᑗᐏᓇ</span></span></i> [<i>Cree: Words</i>]. Canadian Plains Research Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-127-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-127-8"><bdi>0-88977-127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=n%C4%93hi%C3%BDaw%C4%93win%3A+itw%C4%93wina+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Cree-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22cr-Cans%22+style%3D%22font-style%3A+normal%3B%22%3E%E1%93%80%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%94%AD%E1%90%8D%E1%90%8F%E1%90%A3%3A+%E1%90%83%E1%91%97%E1%90%8F%E1%93%87%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center&rft.date=2001-10-15&rft.isbn=0-88977-127-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACree+language" class="Z3988"></span> [Cree–English English–Cree Dictionary – Volume 1: Cree-English; Volume 2: English-Cree].</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cr:"> Cree edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlas-ling.ca/">The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastcree.org/pdf/ECwebmap1.pdf">The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas</a>, .pdf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804012235/http://giftoflanguageandculture.ca/">The Gift of Language and Culture website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050921042321/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/cree.html">Our Languages: Cree</a> (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041554/http://www.languagegeek.com/algon/cree/nehiyawewin.html">Languagegeek: Cree</a>—OpenType font repository of aboriginal languages (including Cree).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pathoftheelders.com/">Path of the Elders</a> – Explore Treaty 9, Aboriginal Cree and First Nations history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lessons">Lessons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lessons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisto.com/cree/">Nehinawe: Speak Cree</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000816223055/http://www.nisto.com/cree/">Archived</a> 2000-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisto.com/cree/lesson/">Cree Language Lessons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050705074846/http://www.nisto.com/cree/lesson/">Archived</a> 2005-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastcree.org/">The East Cree language web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/lessons/">Cree on-line Spelling Lessons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oldcree.com/">Proto-Cree dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moosecree.ca/">Moose Cree dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327130651/http://www.eastcree.org/cree/en/dictionary/">Online Eastern James Bay Cree dictionary</a> (covers both Northern and Southern dialects)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creedictionary.com/">Online Cree dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180729/http://www.kwayaciiwin.com/node/15336">Wasaho Ininiwimowin (Wasaho Cree) Dictionary</a> at Kwayaciiwin Education Resource Centre</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="E-books">E-books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: E-books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://littlecreebooks.com/">Little Cree Books</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cree_language" title="Template:Cree language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cree_language" title="Template talk:Cree language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cree_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cree language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi_dialect_continuum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a> dialect continuum</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Macrofamily: <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian language</a></i>)</li> <li>Areal group: <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cree_language.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/150px-Cree_language.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cree_language.png/225px-Cree_language.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Cree_language.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western variants<br /> (Cree)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Western Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Eastern Swampy Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern variants<br /> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Montagnais-Naskapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montagnais-Naskapi (page does not exist)">Montagnais-Naskapi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>From west to east: <a href="/wiki/East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cree language">East Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern East Cree language">Northern East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_East_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern East Cree language">Southern East Cree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Montagnais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contact languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungi Creole</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Michif language">Michif language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Cree" title="Bible translations into Cree">Bible translations into Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_syllabics" title="Cree syllabics">Cree syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_syllabics" title="Western Cree syllabics">Western version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Cree_syllabics" title="Eastern Cree syllabics">Eastern version</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algic_languages" title="Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algic_languages" title="Template talk:Algic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arapahoan_languages" title="Arapahoan languages">Arapahoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besawunena_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Besawunena language">Besawunena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre_language" title="Gros Ventre language">Gros Ventre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nawathinehena_language" title="Nawathinehena language">Nawathinehena</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">East Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Cree_language" title="Moose Cree language">Moose Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Plains Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampy_Cree_language" title="Swampy Cree language">Swampy Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu-aimun" title="Innu-aimun">Innu-aimun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Loup_language" title="Loup language">Loup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_language" title="Massachusett language">Massachusett</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin" title="Massachusett Pidgin">Massachusett Pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_Pidgin_English" title="Massachusett Pidgin English">Massachusett Pidgin English</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohegan-Pequot_language" title="Mohegan-Pequot language">Mohegan–Pequot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_language" title="Narragansett language">Narragansett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quiripi_language" title="Quiripi language">Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delawaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohican_language" title="Mohican language">Mahican</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nanticockan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_language" title="Nanticoke language">Nanticoke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piscataway_language" title="Piscataway language">Piscataway</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Algonquian_language" title="Carolina Algonquian language">Carolina Algonquian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etchemin_language" title="Etchemin language">Etchemin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliseet-Passamaquoddy_language" title="Maliseet-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet–Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie–Sauk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_language" title="Sauk language">Sauk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_language" title="Kickapoo language">Kickapoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berens_River_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Berens River Ojibwe dialect">Berens River Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Lakes_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Border Lakes Ojibwe dialect">Border Lakes Ojibwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broken_Oghibbeway" title="Broken Oghibbeway">Broken Oghibbeway</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ojibwa_language" title="Central Ojibwa language">Central Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewa_language" title="Chippewa language">Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ojibwa_language" title="Eastern Ojibwa language">Eastern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_Ojibwe_dialect" title="Nipissing Ojibwe dialect">Nipissing Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_of_Superior_Ojibwe_dialect" title="North of Superior Ojibwe dialect">North of Superior Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ojibwa" title="Northwestern Ojibwa">Northwestern Ojibwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree_language" title="Oji-Cree language">Oji-Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ojibwa_language" title="Western Ojibwa language">Western Ojibwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></i><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami%E2%80%93Illinois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami–Illinois language">Miami–Illinois</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_language" title="Nansemond language">Nansemond</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_language" title="Pamunkey language">Pamunkey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic_language" title="Proto-Algic language">Proto-Algic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a> language •  <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #f8d6b6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Template talk:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nations in Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Flag_of_Alberta_First_Nations_in_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/25px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/38px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/50px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations in Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Cultural areas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Ethnolinguistic groups</a> (by language family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language"><i>Plains</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree"><i>Woodland</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athapascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athapascan">Athapascan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dane-zaa" title="Dane-zaa">Daneẕaa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Dënesųłı̨ne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavey people">Dene Tha'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakoda_(Stoney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakoda (Stoney)">Nakoda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> <small>(1876)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> <small>(1877)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> <small>(1899)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribal councils and<br /><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Tribal_Council" title="Athabasca Tribal Council">Athabasca Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Chipewyan_First_Nation" title="Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation">Athabasca Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_Prairie_First_Nation" title="Chipewyan Prairie First Nation">Chipewyan Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McKay_First_Nation" title="Fort McKay First Nation">Fort McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray_First_Nation" title="Fort McMurray First Nation">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikisew_Cree_First_Nation" title="Mikisew Cree First Nation">Mikisew Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Standoff,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff, Alberta">Standoff</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kainai_Nation" title="Kainai Nation">Kainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piikani_Nation" title="Piikani Nation">Piikani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksika_Nation" title="Siksika Nation">Siksika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederacy_of_Treaty_6_First_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations">Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Enoch,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch, Alberta">Enoch</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Cree_Nation" title="Enoch Cree Nation">Enoch Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermineskin_Cree_Nation" title="Ermineskin Cree Nation">Ermineskin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bull_Tribe" title="Louis Bull Tribe">Louis Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_First_Nation" title="Montana First Nation">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Band" title="Paul Band">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Saddle Lake Cree Nation">Saddle Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_Cree_Nation" title="Samson Cree Nation">Samson Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kee_Tas_Kee_Now_Tribal_Council" title="Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council">Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Atikameg</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Earth_Creek" title="Red Earth Creek">Loon River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Band" title="Lubicon Lake Band">Lubicon Lake Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerless_Trout_First_Nation" title="Peerless Trout First Nation">Peerless Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikameg,_Alberta" title="Atikameg, Alberta">Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree_First_Nation" title="Woodland Cree First Nation">Woodland Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake_Indian_Regional_Council" title="Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council">Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Slave_Lake,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Lake, Alberta">Slave Lake</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driftpile_First_Nation" title="Driftpile First Nation">Driftpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapawe%27no_First_Nation" title="Kapawe'no First Nation">Kapawe'no</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawridge_First_Nation" title="Sawridge First Nation">Sawridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucker_Creek_Cree_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucker Creek Cree First Nation">Sucker Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_First_Nation" title="Swan River First Nation">Swan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Peace_Tribal_Council" title="North Peace Tribal Council">North Peace Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/High_Level,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="High Level, Alberta">High Level</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_First_Nation" title="Beaver First Nation">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_Tha%27_First_Nation" title="Dene Tha' First Nation">Dene Tha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_River_Cree_Nation" title="Little Red River Cree Nation">Little Red River Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallcree_Tribal_Government" title="Tallcree Tribal Government">Tallcree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoney_Nakoda_-_Tsuut%27ina_Tribal_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council (page does not exist)">Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation" title="Stoney Nakoda First Nation">Stoney Nakoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearspaw_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearspaw First Nation">Bearspaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniki_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiniki First Nation">Chiniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley First Nation">Wesley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%27ina_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuut'ina Nation">Tsuut'ina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribal_Chiefs_Ventures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribal Chiefs Ventures (page does not exist)">Tribal Chiefs Ventures</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Beaver Lake Cree Nation">Beaver Lake Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake_First_Nations" title="Cold Lake First Nations">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Lake_First_Nation" title="Frog Lake First Nation">Frog Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Lake_First_Nation" title="Heart Lake First Nation">Heart Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehewin_Cree_Nation" title="Kehewin Cree Nation">Kehewin Cree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Cree_Tribal_Council" title="Western Cree Tribal Council">Western Cree Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Valleyview,_Alberta" title="Valleyview, Alberta">Valleyview</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duncan%27s_First_Nation" title="Duncan's First Nation">Duncan's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Lake_First_Nation" title="Horse Lake First Nation">Horse Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation">Sturgeon Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Tribal_Council" title="Yellowhead Tribal Council">Yellowhead Tribal Council</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morinville,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Morinville, Alberta">Morinville</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_First_Nation" title="Alexander First Nation">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Nakota_Sioux_First_Nation" title="Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Chiese_First_Nation" title="O'Chiese First Nation">O'Chiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchild_First_Nation" title="Sunchild First Nation">Sunchild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unaffiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigstone_Cree_Nation" title="Bigstone Cree Nation">Bigstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not federally recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseniwuche_Winewak_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (page does not exist)">Aseniwuche Winewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubicon_Lake_Indian_Nation" title="Lubicon Lake Indian Nation">Lubicon Lake Indian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not headquartered in Alberta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acho_Dene_Koe_First_Nation" title="Acho Dene Koe First Nation">Acho Dene Koe</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Lake,_British_Columbia" title="Kelly Lake, British Columbia">Kelly Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_Lake_Cree_Nation" title="Onion Lake Cree Nation">Onion Lake</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Landing_First_Nation" title="Smith's Landing First Nation">Smith's Landing</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papaschase" title="Papaschase">Papaschase</a> <small>(1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharphead_band" title="Sharphead band">Sharphead</a> <small>(1897)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Band" title="Michel Band">Michel</a> <small>(1958)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">List of Indian reserves in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Quebec" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Template talk:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Quebec" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Quebec"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Quebec" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Quebec">Languages of Quebec</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Oral Indigenous <br /> languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Míkmaq</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin <br /> (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Wôbanakiôdwawôgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Anicinâbemowin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cree" title="East Cree">Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu-aimun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Manual languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro-Tactile_American_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro-Tactile American Sign Language (page does not exist)">Pro-Tactile American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe Sign Language</li> <li>Cree Sign Language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Isolate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries </a>‎</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33390#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33390#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33390#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/882674/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033883">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948501b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948501b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX544373">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531383405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027445127">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&oldid=1258511590">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cree_language&oldid=1258511590</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cree_language" title="Category:Cree language">Cree language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cree" title="Category:Cree">Cree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cree_culture" title="Category:Cree culture">Cree culture</a></li><li><a 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