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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clarified_butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clarified_butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Clarified butter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clarified_butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whey_butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whey_butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Whey butter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whey_butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_butters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_butters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>European butters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_butters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worldwide production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Storage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulk_packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulk_packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Bulk packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulk_packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cooking_and_gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cooking_and_gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In cooking and gastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cooking_and_gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nutritional information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Butter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botter" title="Botter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Botter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" title="Butter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Butter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%85%E1%89%A4" title="ቅቤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቅቤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="زبدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زبدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteca" title="Manteca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manteca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܚܐܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܐܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Կարագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umtu" title="Umtu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Umtu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantega" title="Mantega – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mantega" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcotcocipimite" title="Tcotcocipimite – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tcotcocipimite" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99r%C9%99_ya%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kərə yağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kərə yağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8" title="মাখন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাখন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiga" title="Mantiga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mantiga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1-tah" title="Bá-tah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bá-tah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Аҡ май – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡ май" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сметанковае масла – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сметанковае масла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Масла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Масла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Краве масло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Краве масло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budan" title="Budan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Budan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslac" title="Maslac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maslac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanenn" title="Amanenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amanenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Сагаан тоһон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сагаан тоһон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantega" title="Mantega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mantega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%C3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Уçлам çу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уçлам çу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1slo" title="Máslo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Máslo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menyn" title="Menyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Menyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8r" title="Smør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" title="Butter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Butter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5i" title="Või – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Või" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Βούτυρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βούτυρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A9r" title="Butér – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Butér" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C)" title="Ой (пивтезь) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ой (пивтезь)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantequilla" title="Mantequilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mantequilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butero" title="Butero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Butero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurin" title="Gurin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="کره (لبنیات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کره (لبنیات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8r" title="Smør – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Smør" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurre" title="Beurre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beurre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBter" title="Bûter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bûter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im" title="Im – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Im" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm" title="Ìm – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ìm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteiga" title="Manteiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manteiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%A3" title="માખણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માખણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen-y%C3%B9" title="Nen-yù – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nen-yù" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%84%B0" title="버터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_shanu" title="Man shanu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Man shanu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Կարագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8" title="मक्खन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मक्खन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslac" title="Maslac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maslac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butro" title="Butro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Butro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentega" title="Mentega – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mentega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyro" title="Butyro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Butyro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%C3%A6%D0%BB%D1%85%C3%A6" title="Нæлхæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нæлхæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhehlwa" title="IPhehlwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhehlwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smj%C3%B6r" title="Smjör – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smjör" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burro" title="Burro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94" title="חמאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mert%C3%A9ga" title="Mertéga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mertéga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಣ್ಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="კარაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%94%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%A0" title="تٔھنؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٔھنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siagi" title="Siagi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Siagi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8" title="Bè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C3%AE%C5%9Fk" title="Nivîşk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nivîşk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B0" title="Ӱ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ӱ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8D" title="ເນີຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເນີຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrum" title="Butyrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Butyrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviests" title="Sviests – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sviests" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botter" title="Botter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Botter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviestas" title="Sviestas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sviestas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3tter" title="Bótter – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bótter" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argivoi" title="Argivoi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Argivoi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" title="Butter – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Butter" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaj" title="Vaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Путер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Путер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibera" title="Dibera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dibera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3" title="വെണ്ണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെണ്ണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="लोणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%87" title="زبده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زبده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentega" title="Mentega – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mentega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantega" title="Mantega – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mantega" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ထောပတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထောပတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata" title="Bata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boter_(zuivel)" title="Boter (zuivel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boter (zuivel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botter" title="Botter – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Botter" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="नौनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नौनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="バター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8r" title="Smør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Smør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B8r" title="Smør – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smør" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buure" title="Buure – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Buure" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burre" title="Burre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Burre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariyog%CA%BB" title="Sariyogʻ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sariyogʻ" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3" title="ਮੱਖਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਖਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DD%A8" title="مکھݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مکھݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botter" title="Botter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Botter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C5%82o" title="Masło – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manteiga" title="Manteiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manteiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unt" title="Unt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantikilla" title="Mantikilla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mantikilla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Масло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Масло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сливочное масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сливочное масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B_(%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_%D0%B0%D1%81)" title="Арыы (үрүҥ ас) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арыы (үрүҥ ас)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="नवनीतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नवनीतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butiru" title="Butiru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Butiru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" title="Butter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Butter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buutere" title="Buutere – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Buutere" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjalpa" title="Gjalpa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjalpa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butirru" title="Butirru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Butirru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="බටර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බටර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter" title="Butter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Butter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BB" title="مکڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مکڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslo" title="Maslo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslo" title="Maslo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maslo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subag" title="Subag – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Subag" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95" title="کەرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Маслац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маслац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslac" title="Maslac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maslac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C3%A9ga" title="Mantéga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mantéga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi" title="Voi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Voi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B6r" title="Smör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantikilya" title="Mantikilya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mantikilya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="வெண்ணெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்ணெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlan_may" title="Atlan may – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Atlan may" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8" title="వెన్న – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెన్న" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2" title="เนย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маска – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маска" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%85" title="ᎪᏢᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏢᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%C3%B3veam%C3%AA%C5%A1ke" title="Heóveamêške – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Heóveamêške" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬೊಲ್ನೆಯಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬೊಲ್ನೆಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tereya%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Tereyağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tereyağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%A7%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D3%A7%D0%B9" title="Нӧкы вӧй – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нӧкы вӧй" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Вершкове масло – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вершкове масло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86" title="مکھن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکھن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butiro" title="Butiro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Butiro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%A1" title="Bơ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bơ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6r" title="Bör – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bör" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5id" title="Võid – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Võid" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boure" title="Boure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuter" title="Beuter – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Beuter" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantikilya" title="Mantikilya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mantikilya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%84%B1" title="白脱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白脱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פוטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B2%B9" title="牛油 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛油" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%97ists" title="Svėists – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Svėists" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B9" title="黄油 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黄油" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment%C3%A9ga" title="Mentéga – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mentéga" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentiga" title="Mentiga – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mentiga" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Масло – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Масло" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dairy product</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Butter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Butter (disambiguation)">Butter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/450px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/600px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Solid and melted butter</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Butter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a> made from the fat and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> components of churned <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>. It is a semi-solid <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>, consisting of approximately 80% <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a>. It is used at room temperature as a <a href="/wiki/Spread_(food)" title="Spread (food)">spread</a>, melted as a <a href="/wiki/Condiment" title="Condiment">condiment</a>, and used as a <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauce</a>-making, <a href="/wiki/Pan_frying" title="Pan frying">pan frying</a>, and other cooking procedures. </p><p>Most frequently made from <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a>'s milk, butter can also be manufactured from the milk of other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">buffalo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yak_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yak milk">yaks</a>. It is made by <a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">churning</a> milk or cream to separate the fat globules from the <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Salt</a> has been added to butter since antiquity to help preserve it, particularly when being transported; salt may still play a preservation role but is less important today as the entire supply chain is usually <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerated">refrigerated</a>. In modern times, salt may be added for taste.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Food coloring</a> is sometimes added to butter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen rendering">Rendering</a> butter, removing the water and <a href="/wiki/Milk_solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk solids">milk solids</a>, produces <a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">clarified butter</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a></i>, which is almost entirely butterfat. </p><p>Butter is a water-in-oil <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> resulting from an inversion of the cream, where the milk proteins are the emulsifiers. Butter remains a firm solid when <a href="/wiki/Refrigerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Refrigerated">refrigerated</a> but softens to a spreadable consistency at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> and melts to a thin liquid consistency at 32 to 35 °C (90 to 95 °F). The density of butter is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>911 g/L (<span class="frac">15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> oz/US pt).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generally has a pale yellow color but varies from deep yellow to nearly white. Its natural, unmodified color is dependent on the source animal's feed and genetics, but the commercial manufacturing process sometimes alters this with food colorings like <a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">annatto</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttered_crumpet3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Buttered_crumpet3.jpg/220px-Buttered_crumpet3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Buttered_crumpet3.jpg/330px-Buttered_crumpet3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Buttered_crumpet3.jpg/440px-Buttered_crumpet3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Butter spread on a crumpet</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>butter</i> derives (via <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>butyrum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">latinisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> βούτυρον (<i>bouturon</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and βούτυρος.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Butyrum_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Butyrum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a compound of βοῦς (<i>bous</i>), "ox, cow"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> + τυρός (<i>turos</i>), "cheese", that is "cow-cheese".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>turos</i> ("cheese") is attested in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latinized form is found in the name <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric acid</a>, a compound found in <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> butter<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other dairy products.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">Churning (butter)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churning_butter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Churning_butter.jpg/170px-Churning_butter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Churning_butter.jpg/255px-Churning_butter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Churning_butter.jpg/340px-Churning_butter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Churning cream into butter using a hand-held mixer</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Homogenization_(chemistry)" title="Homogenization (chemistry)">Unhomogenized</a> milk and cream contain <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">butterfat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Microscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic">microscopic</a> globules. These globules are surrounded by membranes made of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, which prevent the fat in milk from pooling together into a single mass. Butter is produced by agitating cream, which damages these membranes and allows the milk fats to conjoin, separating from the other parts of the cream. Variations in the production method will create butters with different consistencies, mostly due to the butterfat composition in the finished product. Butter contains fat in three separate forms: free butterfat, butterfat <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a>, and undamaged fat globules. In the finished product, different proportions of these forms result in different consistencies within the butter; butters with many crystals are harder than butters dominated by free fats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Churning produces small butter grains floating in the water-based portion of the cream. This watery liquid is called <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, although the buttermilk most commonly sold today is instead directly fermented skimmed milk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buttermilk is drained off; sometimes more buttermilk is removed by rinsing the grains with water. Then the grains are "worked": pressed and kneaded together. When prepared manually, this is done using wooden boards called <a href="/wiki/Scotch_hands" title="Scotch hands">scotch hands</a>. This consolidates the butter into a solid mass and breaks up embedded pockets of buttermilk or water into tiny droplets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Commercial butter is about 80% butterfat and 15% water; traditionally-made butter may have as little as 65% fat and 30% water. Butterfat is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triester" class="mw-redirect" title="Triester">triester</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, and three of any of several <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annatto" title="Annatto">Annatto</a> is sometimes added by U.S. butter manufacturers without declaring it on the label because the U.S. allows butter to have an undisclosed flavorless and natural coloring agent (whereas all other foods in the U.S. must label coloring agents).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preservative <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> is sometimes added instead of salt (and as a flavor enhancer), and sometimes additional <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl" title="Diacetyl">diacetyl</a> is added to boost the buttery flavor (in the U.S., both ingredients can be listed simply as "natural flavors").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used together in the NIZO manufacturing method, these two flavorings produce the flavor of cultured butter without actually fully fermenting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkproducts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Milkproducts.svg/260px-Milkproducts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Milkproducts.svg/390px-Milkproducts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Milkproducts.svg/520px-Milkproducts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Chart of milk products and production relationships, including butter</figcaption></figure> <p>Before modern factory butter making, cream was usually collected from several milkings and was therefore several days old and somewhat fermented by the time it was made into butter. Butter made in this traditional way (from a fermented cream) is known as <b>cultured butter</b>. During fermentation, the cream naturally sours as <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> convert <a href="/wiki/Milk_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk sugar">milk sugars</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>. The fermentation process produces additional aroma compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl" title="Diacetyl">diacetyl</a>, which makes for a fuller-flavored and more "buttery" tasting product.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>Butter made from fresh cream is called <b>sweet cream butter</b>. Production of sweet cream butter first became common in the 19th century, when the development of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> and the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Separator_(milk)" title="Separator (milk)">milk separator</a><sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> made sweet cream butter faster and cheaper to produce at scale<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sweet cream butter can be made in 6 hours, whereas cultured butter can take up to 72 hours to make).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cultured butter is preferred throughout <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, while sweet cream butter dominates in the United States and the United Kingdom. Chef Jansen Chan, the director of pastry operations at the International Culinary Center in Manhattan, says, "It's no secret that dairy in France and most of Europe is higher quality than most of the U.S."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of butter culturing, the 82% butterfat minimum (as opposed to the 80% minimum in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the fact that French butter is grass-fed,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounts for why French pastry (and French food in general) has a reputation for being richer-tasting and flakier.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultured butter is sometimes labeled "European-style" butter in the United States, although cultured butter is made and sold by some, especially Amish, dairies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Milk that is to be made into butter is usually <a href="/wiki/Pasteurized" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized">pasteurized</a> during production to kill <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> bacteria and other <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. Butter made from <a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">raw milk</a> is very rare and can be dangerous because it is made from unpasteurized milk. Commercial raw milk products are not legal to sell through interstate commerce in the United States<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are very rare in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Raw cream butter is generally only found made at home by dairy farmers or by consumers who have purchased raw whole milk directly from them, skimmed the cream themselves, and made butter with it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clarified_butter">Clarified butter</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterschmalz-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Butterschmalz-2.jpg/150px-Butterschmalz-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Butterschmalz-2.jpg/225px-Butterschmalz-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Butterschmalz-2.jpg/300px-Butterschmalz-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Liquid <a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">clarified butter</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> has almost all of its water and milk solids removed, leaving almost-pure butterfat. Clarified butter is made by heating butter to its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> and then allowing it to cool; after settling, the remaining components separate by density. At the top, <a href="/wiki/Whey_protein" title="Whey protein">whey proteins</a> form a skin, which is removed. The resulting butterfat is then poured off from the mixture of water and <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> proteins that settle to the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a> is clarified butter that has been heated to around 120 °C (250 °F) after the water evaporated, turning the milk solids brown. This process flavors the ghee, and also produces <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> that help protect it from rancidity. Because of this, ghee can be kept for six to eight months under normal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Whey_butter"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whey_butter">Whey butter</h3></div> <p>Cream may be separated (usually by a centrifuge or a sedimentation) from <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> instead of milk, as a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> of cheese-making. Whey butter may be made from whey cream. Whey cream and butter have a lower fat content and taste more salty, tangy and "cheesy".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also cheaper to make than "sweet" cream and butter. The fat content of whey is low, so 1,000 pounds of whey will typically give only three pounds of butter.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_butters">European butters</h3></div> <p>There are several butters produced in Europe with <a href="/wiki/Protected_geographical_indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected geographical indication">protected geographical indications</a>; these include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Ardenne" title="Beurre d'Ardenne">Beurre d'Ardenne</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Isigny" title="Beurre d'Isigny">Beurre d'Isigny</a>, from France</li> <li>Beurre Charentes-Poitou (Which also includes: Beurre des Charentes and Beurre des Deux-Sèvres under the same classification), from France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Rose" title="Beurre Rose">Beurre Rose</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li>Mantequilla de Soria, from Spain</li> <li>Mantega de l'Alt Urgell i la Cerdanya, from Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucava_white_butter" title="Rucava white butter">Rucava white butter</a> (<i>Rucavas baltais sviests</i>), from <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><sup id="cite_ref-LSM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSM-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg/170px-ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg/255px-ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/ButterMakingPalestine1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption><i>Traditional butter-making in Palestine</i>. Ancient techniques were still practiced in the early 20th century. Source: <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>, March 1914.</figcaption></figure> <p>Elaine Khosrova traces the invention of butter back to Neolithic-era Africa 8,000 BC in her book.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> tablet, dating to approximately 2,500 B.C., describes the butter making process, from the milking of cattle,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while contemporary Sumerian tablets identify butter as a ritual offering.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, unclarified butter spoils quickly, unlike cheese, so it is not a practical method of preserving the nutrients of milk. The ancient Greeks and Romans seemed to use the butter only as unguent and medicine and considered it as a food of the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Butyrum_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_(1890),_Butyrum-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A play by the Greek comic poet <a href="/wiki/Anaxandrides" title="Anaxandrides">Anaxandrides</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> as <i>boutyrophagoi</i>, "butter-eaters".<sup id="cite_ref-Dalby_65_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby_65-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> calls butter "the most delicate of food among barbarous nations" and goes on to describe its medicinal properties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> also described butter as a medicinal agent only.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MakingButter1499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MakingButter1499.jpg/170px-MakingButter1499.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MakingButter1499.jpg/255px-MakingButter1499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/MakingButter1499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Woman churning butter; <i>Compost et Kalendrier des Bergères</i>, Paris 1499</figcaption></figure> <p>In the cooler climates of northern Europe, people could store butter longer before it spoiled. <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> has the oldest tradition in Europe of butter export trade, dating at least to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WE_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of Rome and through much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, butter was a common food across most of Europe—but had a low reputation, and so was consumed principally by <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>. Butter slowly became more accepted by the upper class, notably when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> allowed its consumption during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> from the early 16th century. Bread and butter became common fare among the middle class and the English, in particular, gained a reputation for their liberal use of melted butter as a sauce with meat and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>In antiquity, butter was used for fuel in lamps, as a substitute for oil. The <i>Butter Tower</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> was erected in the early 16th century when Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Georges_d%27Amboise" title="Georges d'Amboise">Georges d'Amboise</a> authorized the burning of butter during Lent, instead of oil, which was scarce at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across northern Europe, butter was sometimes packed into barrels (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/firkin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/firkin">firkins</a>) and buried in <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>, perhaps for years. Such "<a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">bog butter</a>" would develop a strong flavor as it aged, but remain edible, in large part because of the cool, airless, <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> environment of a peat bog. Firkins of such buried butter are a common archaeological find in Ireland; the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland_%E2%80%93_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology">National Museum of Ireland – Archaeology</a> has some containing "a grayish cheese-like substance, partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite free from putrefaction." The practice was most common in Ireland in the 11th–14th centuries; it ended entirely before the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WE_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3></div> <p>Until the 19th century, the vast majority of butter was made by hand, on farms. Butter also provided extra income to farm families. They used wood presses with carved decoration to press butter into pucks or small bricks to sell at nearby markets or general stores. The decoration identified the farm that produced the butter. This practice continued until production was mechanized and butter was produced in less decorative stick form.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Ireland, France became well known for its butter, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Butter consumption in London in the mid-1840s was estimated at 15,357 tons annually.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first butter factories appeared in the United States in the early 1860s, after the successful introduction of cheese factories a decade earlier. In the late 1870s, the <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cream_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream separator">cream separator</a> was introduced, marketed most successfully by Swedish engineer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Patrik_de_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval">Carl Gustaf Patrik de Laval</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GustafDeLaval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/GustafDeLaval.jpg/170px-GustafDeLaval.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/GustafDeLaval.jpg/255px-GustafDeLaval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/GustafDeLaval.jpg/340px-GustafDeLaval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>Gustaf de Laval's <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifugal</a> cream separator sped up the butter-making process.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Otto Hunziker</a> authored <i>The Butter Industry, Prepared for Factory, School and Laboratory</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a well-known text in the industry that enjoyed at least three editions (1920, 1927, 1940). As part of the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/American_Dairy_Science_Association" title="American Dairy Science Association">American Dairy Science Association</a>, Hunziker and others published articles regarding: causes of tallowiness<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an odor defect, distinct from rancidity, a taste defect); mottles<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an aesthetic issue related to uneven color); introduced salts;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the impact of creamery metals<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and liquids;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and acidity measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other ADSA publications helped standardize practices internationally. </p><p>Butter consumption declined in most western nations during the 20th century, mainly because of the rising popularity of <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>, which is less expensive and, until recent years, was perceived as being healthier. In the United States, margarine consumption overtook butter during the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is still the case today that more margarine than butter is eaten in the U.S. and the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_production">Worldwide production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>World butter production (cow's milk) and main producing countries in 2018 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Country</th> <th>Production<br /> 2018<br /><small>(tonnes)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">892,801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td align="right">502,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="right">484,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="right">352,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="right">257,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td align="right">237,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td align="right">215,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td align="right">183,125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td align="right">177,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">153,674 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td align="right">152,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td align="right">116,144 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td align="right">115,199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td align="right">109,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td align="right">100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><i>Source : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QP/">FAOSTAT</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1997, India produced 1,470,000 metric tons (1,620,000 short tons) of butter, most of which was consumed domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second in production was the United States (522,000 t or 575,000 short tons), followed by France (466,000 t or 514,000 short tons), Germany (442,000 t or 487,000 short tons), and New Zealand (307,000 t or 338,000 short tons). France ranks first in per capita butter consumption with 8 kg per capita per year.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of absolute consumption, Germany was second after India, using 578,000 metric tons (637,000 short tons) of butter in 1997, followed by France (528,000 t or 582,000 short tons), Russia (514,000 t or 567,000 short tons), and the United States (505,000 t or 557,000 short tons). New Zealand, Australia, Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> are among the few nations that export a significant percentage of the butter they produce.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different varieties are found around the world. <i><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></i> is a spiced Moroccan clarified butter, buried in the ground and aged for months or years. A similar product is <i>maltash</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a>, where cow and yak butter can be buried for decades, and is used at events such as weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">Yak butter</a> is a specialty in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Tsampa" title="Tsampa">tsampa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> flour mixed with yak butter, is a staple food. <a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a> is consumed in the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> regions of Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and India. It consists of tea served with intensely flavored—or "rancid"—yak butter and salt. In African and Asian nations, butter is sometimes traditionally made from <a href="/wiki/Sour_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour milk">sour milk</a> rather than cream. It can take several hours of churning to produce workable butter grains from fermented milk.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage">Storage</h2></div> <p>Normal butter softens to a spreadable consistency around 15 °C (60 °F), well above <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerator</a> temperatures. The "butter compartment" found in many refrigerators may be one of the warmer sections inside, but it still leaves butter quite hard. Until recently, many refrigerators sold in New Zealand featured a "butter conditioner", a compartment kept warmer than the rest of the refrigerator—but still cooler than room temperature—with a small heater.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keeping butter tightly wrapped delays rancidity, which is hastened by exposure to light or air, and also helps prevent it from picking up other odors. Wrapped butter has a <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of several months at refrigerator temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butter can also be frozen to extend its storage life.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packaging">Packaging</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <p>In the United States, butter has traditionally been made into small, rectangular blocks by means of a pair of wooden butter paddles. It is usually produced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4-ounce (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> lb; 110 g) sticks that are individually wrapped in waxed or foiled paper, and sold as a 1 pound (0.45 kg) package of 4 sticks. This practice is believed to have originated in 1907, when <a href="/wiki/Swift_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift and Company">Swift and Company</a> began packaging butter in this manner for mass distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-parker_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to historical differences in butter printers (machines that cut and package butter),<sup id="cite_ref-cooksill_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooksill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4-ounce sticks are commonly produced in two different shapes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg/177px-Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg/266px-Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg/354px-Stick-of-butter-salted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eastern-pack shape salted butter</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western-pack-butter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Western-pack-butter.jpg/157px-Western-pack-butter.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Western-pack-butter.jpg/236px-Western-pack-butter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Western-pack-butter.jpg/314px-Western-pack-butter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Western-pack shape unsalted butter</div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>The dominant shape east of the Rocky Mountains is the Elgin, or Eastern-pack shape, named for a dairy in <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois" title="Elgin, Illinois">Elgin, Illinois</a>. The sticks measure <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches (121 mm × 32 mm × 32 mm) and are typically sold stacked two by two in elongated cube-shaped boxes.<sup id="cite_ref-cooksill_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooksill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>West of the Rocky Mountains, butter printers standardized on a different shape that is now referred to as the Western-pack shape. These butter sticks measure <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> by <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> by <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches (83 mm × 38 mm × 38 mm)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually sold with four sticks packed side-by-side in a flat, rectangular box.<sup id="cite_ref-cooksill_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooksill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Most butter dishes are designed for Elgin-style butter sticks.<sup id="cite_ref-cooksill_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooksill-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h4></div> <p>Outside the United States, butter is measured for sale by mass (rather than by volume or unit/stick), and is often sold in 250 g (8.8 oz) and 500 g (18 oz) packages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulk_packaging">Bulk packaging</h4></div> <p>Since the 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more commonly the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> butter pats have been individually wrapped and packed in cardboard boxes. Prior to use of cardboard, butter was bulk packed in wood. The earliest discoveries used <a href="/wiki/Firkin_(unit)" title="Firkin (unit)">firkins</a>. From about 1882 wooden boxes were used, as the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)#The_Dunedin_refit" title="Dunedin (ship)">introduction of refrigeration on ships</a> brought about longer transit times. Butter boxes were generally made with woods whose resin would not taint the butter,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Acer_pseudoplatanus" title="Acer pseudoplatanus">sycamore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kahikatea#Uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahikatea">kahikatea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hoop_pine#Cultivation_and_other_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoop pine">hoop pine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They commonly weighed a firkin at 56 pounds (25 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_cooking_and_gastronomy">In cooking and gastronomy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/220px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/330px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/440px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hollandaise_sauce" title="Hollandaise sauce">Hollandaise sauce</a> served over white asparagus and potatoes</figcaption></figure> <p>Butter has been considered indispensable in <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> since the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chefs and cooks have extolled its importance: <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Point" title="Fernand Point">Fernand Point</a> said "Donnez-moi du beurre, encore du beurre, toujours du beurre!" ('Give me butter, more butter, still more butter!').<sup id="cite_ref-belleret_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belleret-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a> said, "With enough butter, anything is good."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg/220px-Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg/330px-Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg/440px-Preparation_des_brownies_etape3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mixing melted butter with chocolate to make a <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_brownie" title="Chocolate brownie">brownie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Melted butter plays an important role in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Sauce" title="Sauce">sauces</a>, notably in French cuisine. <i><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noisette" title="Beurre noisette">Beurre noisette</a></i> (hazelnut butter) and <i><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noir" title="Beurre noir">Beurre noir</a></i> (black butter) are sauces of melted butter cooked until the milk solids and sugars have turned golden or dark brown; they are often finished with an addition of vinegar or <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 36">: 36 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hollandaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandaise">Hollandaise</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnaise_sauce" title="Béarnaise sauce">béarnaise</a> sauces are <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg yolk</a> and melted butter. Hollandaise and béarnaise sauces are stabilized with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Emulsifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifiers">emulsifiers</a> in the egg yolks, but butter itself contains enough emulsifiers—mostly remnants of the fat globule membranes—to form a stable emulsion on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 635–636">: 635–636 </span></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">Beurre blanc</a></i> (white butter) is made by whisking butter into reduced vinegar or wine, forming an emulsion with the texture of thick cream. <i><a href="/wiki/Beurre_mont%C3%A9" title="Beurre monté">Beurre monté</a></i> (prepared butter) is melted but still <a href="/wiki/Emulsified" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsified">emulsified</a> butter; it lends its name to the practice of "mounting" a sauce with butter: whisking cold butter into any water-based sauce at the end of cooking, giving the sauce a thicker body and a glossy shine—as well as a buttery taste.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 632">: 632 </span></sup> </p><p>Butter is used for <a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">sautéing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, although its milk solids brown and burn above 150 °C (250 °F)—a rather low temperature for most applications. The <a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">smoke point</a> of butterfat is around 200 °C (400 °F), so clarified butter or ghee is better suited to frying.<sup id="cite_ref-McGee_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Butter" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Butter"> Butter</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Butter fills several roles in <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, including making possible a range of textures, making chemical leavenings work better, tenderizing proteins, and enhancing the tastes of other ingredients. It is used in a similar manner to other solid fats like <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">suet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">shortening</a>, but has a flavor that may better complement sweet baked goods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Compound_butter" title="Compound butter">Compound butters</a> are mixtures of butter and other ingredients used to flavor various dishes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_information">Nutritional information</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">Butterfat</a></div> <p>Butter (salted during manufacturing) is 16% water, 81% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, and 1% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, with negligible <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (provided from table source as 100 g). <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a> is 51% of total fats in butter (table source). </p><p>In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), butter supplies 717 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and 76% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a> (DV) for <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>, 15% DV for <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>, and 28% DV for <a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">sodium</a>, with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content (table). In 100 grams, salted butter contains 215 mg of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> (table source). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Butter, salted</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">717 kcal (3,000 kJ)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.06 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.06 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">81.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">51.4 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">21 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.85 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">76%</div> 684 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">12</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 0.17 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">15%</div> 2.32 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 7 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 24 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 643 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">16 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">215 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173410/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As butter is essentially just the milk fat, it contains only traces of <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a>, so moderate consumption of butter is not a problem for <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactose intolerant">lactose intolerant</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with <a href="/wiki/Milk_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk allergies">milk allergies</a> may still need to avoid butter, which contains enough of the allergy-causing proteins to cause reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Properties of common cooking fats (per 100 g) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Type of fat </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Total fat</a> (g) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated fat</a> (g) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated fat</a> (g) </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated fat</a> (g) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">Smoke point</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff66;"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>81 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>150 °C (302 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canola_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola oil">Canola oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>6–7 </td> <td>62–64 </td> <td>24–26 </td> <td>205 °C (401 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rao2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>99 </td> <td>83 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>177 °C (351 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>13–14 </td> <td>27–29 </td> <td>52–54 </td> <td>230 °C (446 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>190 °C (374 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>225 °C (437 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>13–19 </td> <td>59–74 </td> <td>6–16 </td> <td>190 °C (374 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>250 °C (482 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>57–58 </td> <td>257 °C (495 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>94 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>200 °C (392 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>99 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>204 °C (399 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>66 </td> <td>225 °C (437 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a> (high <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic</a>) </td> <td>100 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>84<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortening_(fat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortening (fat)">shortening</a> <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>165 °C (329 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2></div> <p>A 2015 study concluded that "<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">hypercholesterolemic</a> people should keep their consumption of butter to a minimum, whereas moderate butter intake may be considered part of the diet in the normocholesterolemic population."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A meta-analysis and systematic review published in 2016 found relatively small or insignificant overall associations of a dose of 14g/day of butter with mortality and cardiovascular disease, and consumption was insignificantly inversely associated with incidence of diabetes. The study states that "findings do not support a need for major emphasis in dietary guidelines on either increasing or decreasing butter consumption."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butter_dishes" title="List of butter dishes">List of butter dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dairy_products" title="List of dairy products">List of dairy products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sauces#Butter_sauces" title="List of sauces">List of butter sauces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine._Committee_on_Strategies_to_Reduce_Sodium_IntakeHenneyTaylorBoon2010" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Engineering&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+the+fractionation+of+regular+buttermilk+and+whey+buttermilk+by+microfiltration&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jfoodeng.2005.06.065&rft.issn=0260-8774&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Pouliot%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez-Flores%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0260877405004966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Jost "Milk and Dairy Products" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a16_589.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a16_589.pub3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butter: A Rich History. Elaine Khosrova. 2016. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. Pages 123–124. ISBN 978-1-61620-739-7 (PB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butter: A Rich History. Elaine Khosrova. 2016. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. Page 125. ISBN 978-1-61620-739-7 (PB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butter: A Rich History. Elaine Khosrova. 2016. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. Page 129–30. ISBN 978-1-61620-739-7 (PB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGee-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGee_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">McGee, Harold</a> (2004). <i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004058999">2004058999</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56590708">56590708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56590708&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004058999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2022" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Melissa (10 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/10/dining/animal-farm-creamery-butter.html">"America's Most Luxurious Butter Lives to Churn Another Day"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=America%27s+Most+Luxurious+Butter+Lives+to+Churn+Another+Day&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F06%2F10%2Fdining%2Fanimal-farm-creamery-butter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mic.com/articles/180451/the-science-backed-reasons-why-croissants-always-taste-better-in-paris">"The science-backed reasons why croissants always taste better in Paris"</a>. <i>Mic</i>. 22 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=The+science-backed+reasons+why+croissants+always+taste+better+in+Paris&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F180451%2Fthe-science-backed-reasons-why-croissants-always-taste-better-in-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonappetit.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-regular-cultured-and-european-butter">"What's the Difference Between Regular, Cultured, and European Butter?"</a>. <i>Bon Appétit</i>. 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bon+App%C3%A9tit&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Regular%2C+Cultured%2C+and+European+Butter%3F&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonappetit.com%2Fstory%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-regular-cultured-and-european-butter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2022" class="citation web cs1">France, Taste Europe Butter of (2 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perishablenews.com/dairy/taste-europe-butter-of-france-uncovers-why-american-chefs-rely-on-european-butter/">"Taste Europe Butter of France Uncovers Why American Chefs Rely on European Butter"</a>. <i>Perishable News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perishable+News&rft.atitle=Taste+Europe+Butter+of+France+Uncovers+Why+American+Chefs+Rely+on+European+Butter&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Taste+Europe+Butter+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perishablenews.com%2Fdairy%2Ftaste-europe-butter-of-france-uncovers-why-american-chefs-rely-on-european-butter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/entertainment/2015/09/23/european-style-butters-worth-price/72619298/">"Are European-style butters worth the price?"</a>. <i>The Des Moines Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Are+European-style+butters+worth+the+price%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2F2015%2F09%2F23%2Feuropean-style-butters-worth-price%2F72619298%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutrition2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/buy-store-serve-safe-food/raw-milk-questions-answers">"Raw Milk Questions & Answers"</a>. <i>FDA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Raw+Milk+Questions+%26+Answers&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Nutrition&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Food+Safety+and+Applied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fbuy-store-serve-safe-food%2Fraw-milk-questions-answers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oukosher.org/index.php/common/article/everything_is_in_butter/">"Article on sweet cream, whey cream, and the butters they produce"</a>. <i>Kosher</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220100350/http://oukosher.org/index.php/common/article/everything_is_in_butter/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kosher&rft.atitle=Article+on+sweet+cream%2C+whey+cream%2C+and+the+butters+they+produce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foukosher.org%2Findex.php%2Fcommon%2Farticle%2Feverything_is_in_butter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Thom, Walter Fisk, <i>The Book of Cheese</i>, 1918, reprinted in 2007 as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1429010746" title="Special:BookSources/1429010746">1429010746</a>, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoane2017" class="citation web cs1">Doane, Charles Francis (12 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT31283652">"Whey butter"</a>. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528151635/https://archive.org/details/CAT31283652">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+buts%2C+it%27s+Rucava+butter%21&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fsociety%2Fno-buts-its-rucava-butter.a291313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2022" class="citation web cs1">Rothman, Lauren (6 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tastingtable.com/948507/the-first-butter-was-invented-by-accident-and-it-didnt-come-from-a-cow/">"The First Butter Was Invented By Accident And It Didn't Come From A Cow"</a>. <i>Tasting Table</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119191538/https://www.tastingtable.com/948507/the-first-butter-was-invented-by-accident-and-it-didnt-come-from-a-cow/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tasting+Table&rft.atitle=The+First+Butter+Was+Invented+By+Accident+And+It+Didn%27t+Come+From+A+Cow&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tastingtable.com%2F948507%2Fthe-first-butter-was-invented-by-accident-and-it-didnt-come-from-a-cow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2012" class="citation journal cs1">McCormick, Finbar (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/anthropozoologica/volume-47/issue-2/az2012n2a7/Cows-milk-and-religion--the-use-of-dairy-produce/10.5252/az2012n2a7.full">"Cows, milk and religion: the use of dairy produce in early societies"</a>. <i>Anthropozoologica</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5252%2Faz2012n2a7">10.5252/az2012n2a7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0761-3032">0761-3032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55564559">55564559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropozoologica&rft.atitle=Cows%2C+milk+and+religion%3A+the+use+of+dairy+produce+in+early+societies&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55564559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0761-3032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5252%2Faz2012n2a7&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=Finbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Fanthropozoologica%2Fvolume-47%2Fissue-2%2Faz2012n2a7%2FCows-milk-and-religion--the-use-of-dairy-produce%2F10.5252%2Faz2012n2a7.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurncraft" class="citation web cs1">Churncraft. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buttertales.churncraft.com/a-brief-history-of-butter/">"A Brief History of Butter"</a>. <i>Churncraft</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Churncraft&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Butter&rft.au=Churncraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuttertales.churncraft.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-butter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnknown" class="citation book cs1">Unknown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.cbl.ie/viewer/image/CT_008/1/LOG_0000/"><i>Cuneiform tablet: offering of butter for the god Suen</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911024609/https://viewer.cbl.ie/viewer/image/CT_008/1/LOG_0000/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuneiform+tablet%3A+offering+of+butter+for+the+god+Suen&rft.au=Unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.cbl.ie%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2FCT_008%2F1%2FLOG_0000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimet1987" class="citation journal cs1">Limet, Henri (September 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/3210058">"The Cuisine of Ancient Sumer"</a>. <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210058">10.2307/3210058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-0895">0006-0895</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210058">3210058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164157044">164157044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=The+Cuisine+of+Ancient+Sumer&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=1987-09&rft.issn=0006-0895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164157044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210058%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210058&rft.aulast=Limet&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F3210058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby_65-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalby_65_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalby p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bostock and Riley translation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;query=chapter%3D%232043;layout=;loc=28.36%7CBook">Book 28, chapter 35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081027200352/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;query=chapter%3D%232043;layout=;loc=28.36%7CBook">Archived</a> 27 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galen. <i>de aliment. facult.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WE-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WE_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WE_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Web Exhibits: Butter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/butter/history-firkins.html">Ancient Firkins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051021003815/http://webexhibits.org/butter/history-firkins.html#">Archived</a> 21 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoyer1977" class="citation book cs1">Soyer, Alexis (1977) [1853]. <i>The Pantropheon or a History of Food and its Preparation in Ancient Times</i>. Wisbech, Cambs.: Paddington Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-448-22976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-448-22976-8"><bdi>978-0-448-22976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantropheon+or+a+History+of+Food+and+its+Preparation+in+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Wisbech%2C+Cambs.&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Paddington+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-448-22976-8&rft.aulast=Soyer&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale1857" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28075195"><i>Mrs. Hale's new cook book</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Hale%27s+new+cook+book&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Josepha+Buell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28075195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol.III</i>, London (1847) Charles Knight, p.975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Everett E. "Europe's Contribution to the American Dairy Industry". <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>, Volume 9, 1949. 72–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunziker1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a> (1920). <i>The Butter Industry, Prepared for Factory, School and Laboratory</i>. LaGrange, IL: author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butter+Industry%2C+Prepared+for+Factory%2C+School+and+Laboratory&rft.place=LaGrange%2C+IL&rft.pub=author&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunzikerD._Fay_Hosman1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a>; D. Fay Hosman (1 November 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(17)94386-3/abstract">"Tallowy Butter—its Causes and Prevention"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>1</b> (4). American Dairy Science Association: <span class="nowrap">320–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2817%2994386-3">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(17)94386-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Tallowy+Butter%E2%80%94its+Causes+and+Prevention&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1917-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2817%2994386-3&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rft.au=D.+Fay+Hosman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2817%2994386-3%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunzikerD._Fay_Hosman1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a>; D. 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American Dairy Science Association: <span class="nowrap">333–</span>351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2828%2993647-4">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(28)93647-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Butter+Salts&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=1929-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2828%2993647-4&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rft.au=W.+A.+Cordes&rft.au=B.+H.+Nissen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2828%2993647-4%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunzikerW._A._CordesB._H._Nissen1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a>; W. A. Cordes; B. H. Nissen (1 March 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(29)93566-9/abstract">"Metals in Dairy Equipment. Metallic Corrosion in Milk Products and its Effect on Flavor"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>12</b> (2). American Dairy Science Association: <span class="nowrap">140–</span>181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2829%2993566-9">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(29)93566-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Metals+in+Dairy+Equipment.+Metallic+Corrosion+in+Milk+Products+and+its+Effect+on+Flavor&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=1929-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2829%2993566-9&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rft.au=W.+A.+Cordes&rft.au=B.+H.+Nissen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2829%2993566-9%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunzikerW._A._CordesB._H._Nissen1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a>; W. A. Cordes; B. H. Nissen (1 May 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(29)93575-X/abstract">"Metals in Dairy Equipment: Corrosion Caused by Washing Powders, Chemical Sterilizers, and Refrigerating Brines"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>12</b> (3). American Dairy Science Association: <span class="nowrap">252–</span>284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2829%2993575-X">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(29)93575-X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Metals+in+Dairy+Equipment%3A+Corrosion+Caused+by+Washing+Powders%2C+Chemical+Sterilizers%2C+and+Refrigerating+Brines&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.date=1929-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2829%2993575-X&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rft.au=W.+A.+Cordes&rft.au=B.+H.+Nissen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2829%2993575-X%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunzikerW._A._CordesB._H._Nissen1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frederick_Hunziker" title="Otto Frederick Hunziker">Hunziker, O F</a>; W. A. Cordes; B. H. Nissen (1 July 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(31)93478-4/abstract">"Method for Hydrogen Ion Determination of Butter"</a>. <i>Journal of Dairy Science</i>. <b>14</b> (4). American Dairy Science Association: <span class="nowrap">347–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2831%2993478-4">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(31)93478-4</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Method+for+Hydrogen+Ion+Determination+of+Butter&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1931-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2831%2993478-4&rft.aulast=Hunziker&rft.aufirst=O+F&rft.au=W.+A.+Cordes&rft.au=B.+H.+Nissen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofdairyscience.org%2Farticle%2FS0022-0302%2831%2993478-4%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Web Exhibits: Butter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/butter/consumption-butter-fat.html">Eating less butter, and more fat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214035336/http://webexhibits.org/butter/consumption-butter-fat.html#">Archived</a> 14 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imace.org/graphique/prod-eu.htm">this chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908055231/http://www.imace.org/graphique/prod-eu.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from International Margarine Association of the Countries of Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imace.org/margarine/stat.htm">statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930172448/http://www.imace.org/margarine/stat.htm">Archived</a> 30 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most nations produce and consume the bulk of their butter domestically.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://envoye-special.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=reportage&id_rubrique=1496">"Envoyé spécial"</a>. <i>francetv info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218050857/http://envoye-special.france2.fr/index-fr.php?page=reportage&id_rubrique=1496">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=francetv+info&rft.atitle=Envoy%C3%A9+sp%C3%A9cial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvoye-special.france2.fr%2Findex-fr.php%3Fpage%3Dreportage%26id_rubrique%3D1496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> Foreign Agricultural Service (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1999/99-07dairy/toc.htm">Dairy: Word Markets and Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050923112615/http://www.fas.usda.gov/dlp2/circular/1999/99-07dairy/toc.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2005. The export and import figures do not include trade between nations within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and there are inconsistencies regarding the inclusion of clarified butterfat products (explaining why New Zealand is shown exporting more butter in 1997 than was produced).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalopek2018" class="citation news cs1">Salopek, Paul (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124022519/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/pakistan-remote-butter-cheese-treasure/">"Here, the Homemade Butter Is Aged for Half a Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/pakistan-remote-butter-cheese-treasure/">the original</a> on 24 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%2C+the+Homemade+Butter+Is+Aged+for+Half+a+Century&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=Salopek&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fpakistan-remote-butter-cheese-treasure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford <i>et al.</i>, part B, section III, ch. 1: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E15.htm#ch1">Butter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034019/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E15.htm#ch1#ch1">Archived</a> 3 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 28 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhitegoods.co.uk/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=668">Bring back butter conditioners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927025358/http://www.ukwhitegoods.co.uk/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=668">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2005. The feature has been phased out for <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> reasons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eatbydate.com/dairy/spreads/butter-shelf-life-expiration-date/">How Long Does Butter Last?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073213/http://www.eatbydate.com/dairy/spreads/butter-shelf-life-expiration-date/#">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 03, October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbArbuckle1977" class="citation cs2">Webb, Byron H.; Arbuckle, Wendell S. (1977), Desrosier, Norman W.; Tressler, Donald K. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7726-9_9">"Freezing of Dairy Products"</a>, <i>Fundamentals of Food Freezing</i>, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. <span class="nowrap">357–</span>395, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-7726-9_9">10.1007/978-94-011-7726-9_9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-7726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-7726-9"><bdi>978-94-011-7726-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fundamentals+of+Food+Freezing&rft.atitle=Freezing+of+Dairy+Products&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-7726-9_9&rft.isbn=978-94-011-7726-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Byron+H.&rft.au=Arbuckle%2C+Wendell+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-7726-9_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parker-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parker_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1948" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Milton E. (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006150533/http://drinc.ucdavis.edu/research/butter.pdf">"Princely Packets of Golden Health (A History of Butter Packaging)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drinc.ucdavis.edu/research/butter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princely+Packets+of+Golden+Health+%28A+History+of+Butter+Packaging%29&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Milton+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrinc.ucdavis.edu%2Fresearch%2Fbutter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooksill-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cooksill_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooksill_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooksill_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cooksill_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A Better Stick of Butter?". <i>Cook's Illustrated</i> (77): 3. November–December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cook%27s+Illustrated&rft.atitle=A+Better+Stick+of+Butter%3F&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2005-11%2F2005-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054543/http://www.schiercompany.com/ButterEquipment.html">"Commercial Butter Making and Packaging Machines"</a>. <i>Schier Company, Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schiercompany.com/ButterEquipment.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schier+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Commercial+Butter+Making+and+Packaging+Machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schiercompany.com%2FButterEquipment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton_E._Parker1948" class="citation web cs1">Milton E. Parker (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/ref/MiltonEParker.pdf">"A History of Butter Packaging"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031219004652/http://webexhibits.org:80/butter/ref/MiltonEParker.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Butter+Packaging&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Milton+E.+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webexhibits.org%2Fbutter%2Fref%2FMiltonEParker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sainsburyarchive.org.uk/catalogue/search/sapkcpro163116-butter-crate/c/1/c/6">"Butter crate | SA/PKC/PRO/1/6/3/1/1/6"</a>. <i>www.sainsburyarchive.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421135423/https://www.sainsburyarchive.org.uk/catalogue/search/sapkcpro163116-butter-crate/c/1/c/6">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sainsburyarchive.org.uk&rft.atitle=Butter+crate+%7C+SA%2FPKC%2FPRO%2F1%2F6%2F3%2F1%2F1%2F6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainsburyarchive.org.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fsearch%2Fsapkcpro163116-butter-crate%2Fc%2F1%2Fc%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18850817.2.61">"BUTTER EXPORT-IMPORTANT INVENTION. NEW ZEALAND HERALD"</a>. <i>paperspast.natlib.govt.nz</i>. 17 August 1885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112034753/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18850817.2.61">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft.atitle=BUTTER+EXPORT-IMPORTANT+INVENTION.+NEW+ZEALAND+HERALD&rft.date=1885-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FNZH18850817.2.61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42162980">"BUTTER BOX PINE"</a>. <i>Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909 - 1954)</i>. 13 December 1938. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cairns+Post+%28Qld.+%3A+1909+-+1954%29&rft.atitle=BUTTER+BOX+PINE.&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1938-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article42162980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Robert Pitte, <i>French Gastronomy: The History and Geography of a Passion</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231124163" title="Special:BookSources/0231124163">0231124163</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belleret-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-belleret_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Belleret, <i>Paul Bocuse, l'épopée d'un chef</i>, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2809825904" title="Special:BookSources/2809825904">2809825904</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Armour, "Top 20 Julia Child Quotes", <i>Matchbook</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matchbookmag.com/daily/47-top-20-julia-child-quotes">April 15, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124083306/http://www.matchbookmag.com/daily/47-top-20-julia-child-quotes">Archived</a> 24 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25353/chapter/8#120">"Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy"</a>. In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353">10.17226/25353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Potassium%3A+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Adequacy&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F25353&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F25353%2Fchapter%2F8%23120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From data here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gastro.net.au/diets/lactose.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224060911/http://www.gastro.net.au/diets/lactose.html#">Archived</a> 24 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">teaspoon</a> of butter contains 0.03 grams of lactose; a cup of milk contains 400 times that amount.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allergy Society of South Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allergysa.org/milk.htm">Milk Allergy & Intolerance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126084811/http://www.allergysa.org/milk.htm">Archived</a> 26 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 27 November 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173410/nutrients">"Butter, salted"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Butter%2C+salted&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F173410%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_76-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Culinary_Institute_of_America2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Culinary_Institute_of_America" title="The Culinary Institute of America">The Culinary Institute of America</a> (2011). <i>The Professional Chef</i> (9th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-42135-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-42135-2"><bdi>978-0-470-42135-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707248142">707248142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Professional+Chef&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707248142&rft.isbn=978-0-470-42135-2&rft.au=The+Culinary+Institute+of+America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/748278/nutrients">"Oil, canola, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+canola%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F748278%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn2_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov">"Nutrient database, Release 25"</a>. United States Department of Agriculture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrient+database%2C+Release+25&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatragaddaFullanaSidhuCarbonell-Barrachina2010" class="citation journal cs1">Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". <i>Food Chemistry</i>. <b>120</b>: 59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2009.09.070">10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Emissions+of+volatile+aldehydes+from+heated+cooking+oils&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2009.09.070&rft.aulast=Katragadda&rft.aufirst=HR&rft.au=Fullana%2C+A&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+S&rft.au=Carbonell-Barrachina%2C+%C3%81A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/330458/nutrients">"Oil, coconut, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+coconut%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F330458%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/748323/nutrients">"Oil, corn, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+corn%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F748323%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/789018/nutrients">"Lard, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Lard%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F789018%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1750348/nutrients">"Peanut oil, proximates"</a>. FoodData Central, USDA Agricultural Research Service. 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peanut+oil%2C+proximates&rft.pub=FoodData+Central%2C+USDA+Agricultural+Research+Service&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F1750348%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/748608/nutrients">"Oil, olive, extra virgin, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+olive%2C+extra+virgin%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F748608%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927063426/http://alfaone.ca/rice-bran-oil-faq/">"Rice Bran Oil FAQ's"</a>. <i>AlfaOne.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alfaone.ca/rice-bran-oil-faq/">the original</a> on 27 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AlfaOne.ca&rft.atitle=Rice+Bran+Oil+FAQ%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falfaone.ca%2Frice-bran-oil-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/748366/nutrients">"Oil, soybean, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Oil%2C+soybean%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F748366%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170193/nutrients">"Beef, variety meats and by-products, suet, raw, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Beef%2C+variety+meats+and+by-products%2C+suet%2C+raw%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F170193%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients">"Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Nutrition+data+for+Butter+oil%2C+anhydrous+%28ghee%29+per+100+gram+reference+amount%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F173412%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/789047/nutrients">"Sunflower oil, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Sunflower+oil%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F789047%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/789020/nutrients">"Shortening, vegetable, nutrients"</a>. <i>FoodData Central</i>. USDA Agricultural Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FoodData+Central&rft.atitle=Shortening%2C+vegetable%2C+nutrients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F789020%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelTholstrup2015" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, S; Tholstrup, T (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.115.112227">"Butter increased total and LDL cholesterol compared with olive oil but resulted in higher HDL cholesterol compared with a habitual diet"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>102</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.115.112227">10.3945/ajcn.115.112227</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135349">26135349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Butter+increased+total+and+LDL+cholesterol+compared+with+olive+oil+but+resulted+in+higher+HDL+cholesterol+compared+with+a+habitual+diet.&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.115.112227&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26135349&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tholstrup%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.115.112227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimpinWuHaskelbergDel_Gobbo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pimpin, Laura; Wu, Jason H. Y.; Haskelberg, Hila; Del Gobbo, Liana; Mozaffarian, Dariush (29 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927102">"Is Butter Back? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Butter Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Total Mortality"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (6): e0158118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1158118P">2016PLoSO..1158118P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158118">10.1371/journal.pone.0158118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927102">4927102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27355649">27355649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Is+Butter+Back%3F+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Butter+Consumption+and+Risk+of+Cardiovascular+Disease%2C+Diabetes%2C+and+Total+Mortality&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0158118&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4927102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1158118P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27355649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0158118&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Pimpin&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jason+H.+Y.&rft.au=Haskelberg%2C+Hila&rft.au=Del+Gobbo%2C+Liana&rft.au=Mozaffarian%2C+Dariush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4927102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifferlin2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Sifferlin, Alexandra (29 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4386248/fat-butter-nutrition-health/">"The Case for Eating Butter Just Got Stronger"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121120944/https://time.com/4386248/fat-butter-nutrition-health/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Eating+Butter+Just+Got+Stronger&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft.aulast=Sifferlin&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4386248%2Ffat-butter-nutrition-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">McGee, Harold</a> (2004). <i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004058999">2004058999</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56590708">56590708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking%3A+The+Science+and+Lore+of+the+Kitchen&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56590708&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004058999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 33–39, "Butter and Margarine"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2003" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RXpm47Wr49EC&pg=PA65"><i>Food in the Ancient World from A to Z</i></a>. Routledge (UK). p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23259-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23259-7"><bdi>0-415-23259-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+Ancient+World+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-23259-7&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXpm47Wr49EC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michael Douma (editor). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/butter">WebExhibits' Butter pages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202204532/http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/">Archived</a> 2 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford,_R._J._M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, R. J. M.; et al. (1990). <i>The Technology of Traditional Milk Products in Developing Countries</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-102899-5"><bdi>978-92-5-102899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+Traditional+Milk+Products+in+Developing+Countries&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-92-5-102899-5&rft.au=Crawford%2C+R.+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E00.htm">Full text online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206102530/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E00.htm">Archived</a> 6 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Grigg, David B. (7 November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16-ejysyRCgC&pg=PA196">The Agricultural Systems of the World: An Evolutionary Approach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331130737/https://books.google.com/books?id=16-ejysyRCgC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 196–198. Google Print. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09843-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09843-2">0-521-09843-2</a> (accessed 28 November 2005). Also available in print from Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhosrova2016" class="citation book cs1">Khosrova, Elaine (2016). <i>Butter: A Rich History</i>. Algonquin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616203641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616203641"><bdi>978-1616203641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butter%3A+A+Rich+History&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1616203641&rft.aulast=Khosrova&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AButter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Butter">Butter</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/butter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/butter">butter</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/butter.html">Manufacture of butter, The University of Guelph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323040945/http://food.oregonstate.edu/l/butter.html">"Butter"</a>, <i>Food Resource, College of Health and Human Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a></i>, 20 February 2007. – FAQ, links, and extensive bibliography of <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a> articles on butter.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corkbutter.museum/">Cork Butter Museum: the story of Ireland’s most important food export and the world’s largest butter market</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carnamah.com.au/milk-cream-butter">Virtual Museum Exhibit on Milk, Cream & Butter</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Butter246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Butter" title="Template:Butter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Butter" title="Template talk:Butter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Butter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Butter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Butter246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Ardenne" title="Beurre d'Ardenne">Beurre d'Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_d%27Isigny" title="Beurre d'Isigny">Beurre d'Isigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Rose" title="Beurre Rose">Beurre Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn_butter" title="Drawn butter">Drawn butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucava_white_butter" title="Rucava white butter">Rucava white butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_butter" title="Vologda butter">Vologda butter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Whey_butter">Whey butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">Yak butter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/135px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/203px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes featuring butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter-based sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">Beurre blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_fondue" title="Beurre fondue">Beurre fondue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_mont%C3%A9" title="Beurre monté">Beurre monté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noir" title="Beurre noir">Beurre noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noisette" title="Beurre noisette">Beurre noisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_sauce" title="Café de Paris sauce">Café de Paris sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compound_butter" title="Compound butter">Compound butter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27H%C3%B4tel" title="Beurre Maître d'Hôtel">Beurre Maître d'Hôtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_butter" title="Truffle butter">Truffle butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter">Garlic butter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_cookie" title="Butter cookie">Butter cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-fried_butter" title="Deep-fried butter">Deep-fried butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_butter" title="Egg butter">Egg butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fettuccine_Alfredo" title="Fettuccine Alfredo">Fettuccine Alfredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butter_dishes" title="List of butter dishes">List of butter dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">Butter churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_curler" title="Butter curler">Butter curler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_knife" title="Butter knife">Butter knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_stamp" title="Butter stamp">Butter stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_butter_dish" title="French butter dish">French butter dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_hands" title="Scotch hands">Scotch hands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boterwet" title="Boterwet">Boterwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">Butterfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_grading" title="Butter grading">Butter grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Butter_and_Egg_Board" title="Chicago Butter and Egg Board">Chicago Butter and Egg Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">Churning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_butter" title="Print butter">Print butter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(brand)" title="Anchor (brand)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretel_butter" title="Bretel butter">Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_O%27Lakes" title="Land O'Lakes">Land O'Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurpak" title="Lurpak">Lurpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_(SMC_brand)" title="Magnolia (SMC brand)">Magnolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornua" title="Ornua">Ornua</a>/Kerrygold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugr%C3%A0" title="Plugrà">Plugrà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_(brand)" title="Président (brand)">Président</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Star_(butter)" title="Western Star (butter)">Western Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttergate" title="Buttergate">Buttergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculpture" title="Butter sculpture">Butter sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamb" title="Butter lamb">Butter lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculptures_at_the_Iowa_State_Fair" title="Butter sculptures at the Iowa State Fair">Iowa State Fair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamp" title="Butter lamp">Butter lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_cat_paradox" title="Buttered cat paradox">Buttered cat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_toast_phenomenon" title="Buttered toast phenomenon">Buttered toast phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_butter_crisis" title="Norwegian butter crisis">Norwegian butter crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_mountain" title="Butter mountain">Butter mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_butter_flavoring" title="Artificial butter flavoring">Artificial butter flavoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_butter" title="Fruit butter">Fruit butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_butter" title="Nut butter">Nut butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_churning_in_Nepal" title="Butter churning in Nepal">Butter churning in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_McButter" title="Molly McButter">Molly McButter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Butter" title="Category:Butter">Category: Butter</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Milk150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Milk_navbox" title="Template talk:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Milk_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Milk navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Milk150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo milk">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_milk" title="Camel milk">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_milk" title="Donkey milk">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_milk" title="Goat milk">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_milk" title="Mare milk">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">Colostrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_milk" title="Witch's milk">Newborn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_milk" title="Moose milk">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_milk" title="Pig milk">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_milk" title="Sheep milk">Sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/63px-Milk_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/95px-Milk_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Milk_001.JPG/126px-Milk_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A2_milk" title="A2 milk">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_milk" title="Baked milk">Baked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_milk" title="Carbonated milk">Carbonated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_milk" title="Condensed milk">Condensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporated_milk" title="Evaporated milk">Evaporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filled_milk" title="Filled milk">Filled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_milk" title="Flavored milk">Flavored</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anijsmelk" title="Anijsmelk">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_milk" title="Chocolate milk">Chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya_milk" title="Papaya milk">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry milk">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_milk" title="Vanilla milk">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_milk" title="Watermelon milk">Watermelon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymilk" title="Haymilk">Haymilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malted_milk" title="Malted milk">Malted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_milk" title="Organic milk">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurized_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurized milk">Pasteurized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_milk" title="Powdered milk">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_milk" title="Raw milk">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalded_milk" title="Scalded milk">Scalded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimmed_milk" title="Skimmed milk">Skimmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soured_milk" title="Soured milk">Soured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toned_milk" title="Toned milk">Toned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-temperature_processing" title="Ultra-high-temperature processing">UHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltered_milk" title="Ultrafiltered milk">Ultrafiltered</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">Buttermilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">Curd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_milk" title="Ice milk">Ice milk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_jewelry" title="Breast milk jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmj%C3%B6lk" title="Filmjölk">Filmjölk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefir" title="Kefir">Kefir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake" title="Milkshake">Milkshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyr" title="Skyr">Skyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_cream" title="Sour cream">Sour cream</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_fra%C3%AEche" title="Crème fraîche">Crème fraîche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymer_(dairy_product)" title="Ymer (dairy product)">Ymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">Yogurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk carton">Milk carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">Milk churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_crate" title="Milk crate">Milk crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_delivery" title="Milk delivery">Milk delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_milk_jug" title="Square milk jug">Square milk jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro_and_dairy" title="Fidel Castro and dairy">Fidel Castro and dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milking" title="Milking">Milking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milking_pipeline" title="Milking pipeline">Pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkmaid" title="Milkmaid">Milkmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkman">Milkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_quotas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Milk quotas in the United Kingdom">Milk quotas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Milk_Day" title="World Milk Day">World Milk Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Milk" title="Category:Milk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34172#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009236-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Butter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018371">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beurre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119647914">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beurre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119647914">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560555">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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