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href="#Drying_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Drying properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drying_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paint_binder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paint_binder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Paint binder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paint_binder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Putty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Putty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Putty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Putty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_finish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_finish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wood finish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_finish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Gilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linoleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linoleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Linoleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linoleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_supplement_and_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_supplement_and_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nutritional supplement and food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_supplement_and_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrient_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Nutrient content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Comparison to other vegetable oils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Additional uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modified_linseed_oils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modified_linseed_oils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modified linseed oils</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modified_linseed_oils-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modified linseed oils subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modified_linseed_oils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stand_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stand oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boiled_linseed_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boiled_linseed_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Boiled linseed oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boiled_linseed_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_linseed_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_linseed_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Raw linseed oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_linseed_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linseed oil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زيت بذر الكتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيت بذر الكتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ільняны алей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ільняны алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ільняны алей – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ільняны алей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Ленено масло – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ленено масло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oli_de_llinosa" title="Oli de llinosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oli de llinosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ln%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_olej" title="Lněný olej – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lněný olej" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolie" title="Linolie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Linolie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lein%C3%B6l" title="Leinöl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leinöl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lina%C3%B5li" title="Linaõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linaõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λινέλαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λινέλαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaza" title="Linaza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linaza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleo" title="Linoleo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linoleo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="روغن بزرک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روغن بزرک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huile_de_lin" title="Huile de lin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Huile de lin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynoalje" title="Lynoalje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lynoalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%9C%A0" title="아마인유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마인유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_biji_rami" title="Minyak biji rami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak biji rami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnol%C3%ADa" title="Línolía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Línolía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_di_lino" title="Olio di lino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio di lino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="שמן פשתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמן פשתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಗಸೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗಸೆ ಎಣ್ಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97men%C5%B3_aliejus" title="Sėmenų aliejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėmenų aliejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenmagolaj" title="Lenmagolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lenmagolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_biji_rami" title="Minyak biji rami – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minyak biji rami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijnzaadolie" title="Lijnzaadolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijnzaadolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E9%BA%BB%E4%BB%81%E6%B2%B9" title="亜麻仁油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亜麻仁油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uoglio_%27e_lino" title="Uoglio 'e lino – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Uoglio 'e lino" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolje" title="Linolje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linolje" title="Linolje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92li_de_lin" title="Òli de lin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Òli de lin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig%CA%BBir_moyi" title="Zigʻir moyi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zigʻir moyi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_lniany" title="Olej lniany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olej lniany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_de_linha%C3%A7a" title="Óleo de linhaça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo de linhaça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulei_de_in" title="Ulei de in – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ulei de in" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Льняное масло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льняное масло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laneno_olje" title="Laneno olje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laneno olje" 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width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/450px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/600px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2291" /></a><figcaption>Flax, flax seeds, linseed oil, linseed cake</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Linseed oil</b>, also known as <b>flaxseed oil</b> or <b>flax oil</b> (in its edible form), is a colorless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> plant (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i>). The oil is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">pressing</a>, sometimes followed by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. </p><p>Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils, <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> as an impregnator, drying oil finish or <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood finishing</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> binder in <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> and hardener in <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, and in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a>. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyd</a> resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_composition">Structure and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg/450px-Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg/675px-Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg/900px-Triglyceride_unsaturated_Structural_Formulae_V2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Representative triglyceride found in a linseed oil, a triester (<a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>) derived of <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid"><span style="color:green;"><b>linoleic acid</b></span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid"><span style="color:red;"><b>alpha-linolenic acid</b></span></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid"><span style="color:blue;"><b>oleic acid</b></span></a></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <p>Linseed oil is a <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a>, like other fats. Linseed oil is distinctive for its unusually large amount of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">α-linolenic acid</a>, which oxidises in air. The fatty acids in a typical linseed oil are of the following types:<sup id="cite_ref-vereshagin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vereshagin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The triply unsaturated α-linolenic acid (51.9–55.2%),</li> <li>The saturated acids <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a> (about 7%) and <a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">stearic acid</a> (3.4–4.6%),</li> <li>The monounsaturated <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> (18.5–22.6%),</li> <li>The doubly unsaturated <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (14.2–17%).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drying_properties">Drying properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drying properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a></div> <p>Having a high content of di- and tri-unsaturated <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, linseed oil is susceptible to polymerization reactions upon exposure to oxygen in air. This polymerization, which is called <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a>, results in the rigidification of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent premature drying, linseed oil-based products (oil paints, putty) are stored in airtight containers. </p><p>Rags soaked with linseed oil pose fire hazard because they provide a large surface area for rapid <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>. The oxidation of linseed oil is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>, which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/One_Meridian_Plaza" title="One Meridian Plaza">One Meridian Plaza</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, was severely damaged in a fire, in which three firefighters perished, thought to be caused by rags soaked with linseed oil.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most applications of linseed oil exploit its drying properties, i.e., the initial material is liquid or at least pliable and the aged material is rigid but not brittle. The water-repelling (hydrophobic) nature of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>-based material is advantageous.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paint_binder">Paint binder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paint binder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX,_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg/220px-%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg/330px-%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg/440px-%22YOUR_COUNTRY_NEEDS_FLAX%2C_AND_WILL_PAY_WELL_FOR_IT.%22_-_NARA_-_516250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2163" /></a><figcaption>"Your country needs flax .." U.S. WWII poster soliciting linseed oil for use in paint</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg/220px-Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg/330px-Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg/440px-Fransk_Linolja_-_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>A can of French linseed oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Linseed oil is the carrier used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a>. It can also be used as a painting medium, making oil paints more fluid, transparent and glossy. It is available in varieties such as cold-pressed, alkali-refined, sun-bleached, sun-thickened, and polymerised (stand oil). The introduction of linseed oil was a significant advance in the technology of oil painting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Putty">Putty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Putty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional glazing <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, consisting of a paste of <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> powder and linseed oil, is a sealant for glass windows that hardens within a few weeks of application and can then be painted over. The durability of putty is owed to the drying properties of linseed oil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_finish">Wood finish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wood finish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used as a <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood finish</a>, linseed oil dries slowly and shrinks little upon hardening. A linseed oil finish is easily scratched and liquid water penetrates a linseed oil finish in mere minutes, and water vapour bypasses it almost completely.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Garden_furniture" title="Garden furniture">Garden furniture</a> treated with linseed oil may develop <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a>. Oiled wood may be yellowish and is likely to darken with age. Even though the oil feels dry to the touch, studies show linseed oil does not fully cure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linseed oil is a common finish for wooden items, though very fine finish may require months to obtain. Studies show the fatty-acid structure of linseed oil has problems cross-linking and oxidizing, frequently turning black.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilding">Gilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boiled linseed oil is used as <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a> in traditional oil <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a> to adhere sheets of gold leaf to a substrate (parchment, canvas, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_bole" title="Armenian bole">Armenian bole</a>, etc.). It has a much longer working time than water-based size and gives a firm smooth surface that is adhesive enough in the first 12–24 hours after application to cause the gold to attach firmly to the intended surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linoleum">Linoleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Linoleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linseed oil is used to bind wood dust, cork particles, and related materials in the manufacture of the floor covering <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a>. After its invention in 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walton" title="Frederick Walton">Frederick Walton</a>, linoleum, or "lino" for short, was a common form of domestic and industrial floor covering from the 1870s until the 1970s, when it was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> ("vinyl") floor coverings.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the 1990s, linoleum is returning to favor, being considered more environmentally sound than PVC.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linoleum has given its name to the printmaking technique <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocut</a>, in which a relief design is cut into the smooth surface and then inked and used to print an image. The results are similar to those obtained by <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> printing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional_supplement_and_food">Nutritional supplement and food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nutritional supplement and food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw cold-pressed linseed oil – commonly known as flax seed oil in nutritional contexts – is easily oxidized, and rapidly becomes rancid, with an unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Odour" class="mw-redirect" title="Odour">odour</a>, unless <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigerated</a>. Linseed oil is not generally recommended for use in cooking. In one study, the content of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid"><i>alpha</i>-linolenic acid (ALA)</a> in whole flaxseeds did not decrease after heating the seeds to temperatures of up to 178 °C (352.4 °F) for one and a half hours.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linseed oil is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> in demand as a <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a>, as a source of <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-linolenic acid">α-linolenic acid</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acid</a>. In parts of Europe, it is traditionally eaten with potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Quark_(dairy_product)" title="Quark (dairy product)">quark</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil. Fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed, linseed oil is used as a <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional supplement">nutritional supplement</a> and is a traditional European ethnic food, highly regarded for its nutty flavor. Regular flaxseed oil contains between 57% and 71% polyunsaturated fats (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant breeders have developed flaxseed with both higher ALA (70%)<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and very low ALA content (< 3%).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USFDA granted generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status for high alpha linolenic flaxseed oil.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nutrient_content">Nutrient content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nutrient content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Typical fatty acid content </th> <th>% <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% European<sup id="cite_ref-DGF_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGF-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a> </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>4.0–6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a> </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>2.0–3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachidic_acid" title="Arachidic acid">Arachidic acid</a> </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0–0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitoleic_acid" title="Palmitoleic acid">Palmitoleic acid</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>0–0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a> </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>10.0–22.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eicosenoic_acid" title="Eicosenoic acid">Eicosenoic acid</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>0–0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a> </td> <td>24.1 </td> <td>12.0–18.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">Alpha-linolenic acid</a> </td> <td>47.4 </td> <td>56.0–71.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nutrition information from the Flax Council of Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-fcac_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcac-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per 1 tbsp (14 g) </p> <ul><li>Calories: 126</li> <li>Total <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fat</a>: 14 g</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-3">Omega-3</a>: 8 g</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6">Omega-6</a>: 2 g</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega-9" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-9">Omega-9</a>: 3 g</li></ul> <p>Flax seed oil contains no significant amounts of protein, carbohydrates or fibre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_other_vegetable_oils">Comparison to other vegetable oils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison to other vegetable oils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption align="center">Properties of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oils</a><sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">Type</th> <th rowspan="2">Processing<br />treatment<sup id="cite_ref-The_margarine_shall_be_made_from_one_or_more_of_the_following_vegetable_oils;_canola,_safflower,_sunflower,_corn,_soybean,_or_peanut_oil._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_margarine_shall_be_made_from_one_or_more_of_the_following_vegetable_oils;_canola,_safflower,_sunflower,_corn,_soybean,_or_peanut_oil.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fatty acids">Saturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated fatty acids">Monounsaturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated fatty acids">Polyunsaturated</a><br />fatty acids</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">Smoke point</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−9)</th> <th>Total<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_ndbcolumn_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_ndbcolumn-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−3)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic</a><br />acid<br />(ω−6)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_ratio_in_food" title="Fatty acid ratio in food">ω−6:3<br />ratio</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>11.6</td> <td>70.6</td> <td>67.9</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>12.5:1</td> <td>250 °C (482 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut#Oil" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>24.8</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>31.3</td> <td>42.0</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>41.9</td> <td>419:1</td> <td>208 °C (406 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Canola</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.4</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>61.8</td> <td>28.1</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>18.6</td> <td>2:1</td> <td>204 °C (400 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>82.5</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.7</td> <td>0.019</td> <td>1.68</td> <td>88:1</td> <td>175 °C (347 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>12.9</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>27.3</td> <td>54.7</td> <td>1</td> <td>58</td> <td>58:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>25.9</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>19</td> <td>51.9</td> <td>1</td> <td>54</td> <td>54:1</td> <td>216 °C (420 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">hydrogenated</a></td> <td>93.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>1.5:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#ffff66"> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flaxseed/linseed</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>9.0</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>18</td> <td>67.8</td> <td>53</td> <td>13</td> <td>0.2:1</td> <td>107 °C (225 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td>9.6</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>15.8  </td> <td>69.9</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>69.6</td> <td>very high</td> <td>216 °C (421 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp seed</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>82.0</td> <td>22.0</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>2.5:1</td> <td>166 °C (330 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">High-oleic safflower oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>7.5</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>75.2</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>0</td> <td>12.8</td> <td>very high</td> <td>212 °C (414 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive</a> (extra virgin)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>73.0</td> <td>71.3</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>14:1</td> <td>193 °C (380 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>49.3</td> <td>37.0</td> <td>40</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>45.5:1</td> <td>235 °C (455 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>hydrogenated</td> <td>88.2</td> <td>5.7</td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>16.2</td> <td>57.1</td> <td>55.4</td> <td>19.9</td> <td>0.318</td> <td>19.6</td> <td>61.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></td> <td></td> <td>25</td> <td><i>38.4</i></td> <td>38.4</td> <td><i>36.6</i></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>34.4<sup id="cite_ref-baileys_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baileys-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>15.6:1</td> <td>232 °C (450 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>14.2</td> <td>39.7</td> <td>39.3</td> <td>41.7</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>41.3</td> <td>138:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>15.6</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.6</td> <td>57.7</td> <td>7</td> <td>51</td> <td>7.3:1</td> <td>238 °C (460 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenated_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenated fat">partially hydrogenated</a></td> <td>14.9</td> <td>43.0</td> <td>42.5</td> <td>37.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>34.9</td> <td>13.4:1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>8.99</td> <td>63.4</td> <td>62.9</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>0.16</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>128:1</td> <td>227 °C (440 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-post_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-post-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>unrefined</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>63.3</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>52.9</td> <td>5:1</td> <td>160 °C (320 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-BoH_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_uses">Additional uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Additional uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Linseed_oil" title="Special:EditPage/Linseed oil">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Linseed+oil%22">"Linseed oil"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Linseed+oil%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Linseed+oil%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Linseed+oil%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Linseed+oil%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Linseed+oil%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Animal care products</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a> maintenance as a thread fixative, rust inhibitor and lubricant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_ornament" title="Composition ornament">Composition ornament</a> for moulded decoration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthen_floor" title="Earthen floor">Earthen floors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Animal feeds</a></li> <li>Industrial <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> treatment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilcloth" title="Oilcloth">Oilcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">Particle detectors</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Linseed_oil" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a> (including as an active ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Danish_oil" title="Danish oil">Danish oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(cookware)" title="Seasoning (cookware)">Cookware seasoning</a></li> <li>Plant protection<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modified_linseed_oils">Modified linseed oils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modified linseed oils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stand_oil">Stand oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stand oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stand oil is generated by heating linseed oil near 300 °C for a few days in the complete absence of air. Under these conditions, the polyunsaturated fatty esters convert to conjugated <a href="/wiki/Diene" title="Diene">dienes</a>, which then undergo <a href="/wiki/Diels-Alder_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Alder reaction">Diels-Alder reactions</a>, leading to crosslinking. The product, which is highly viscous, gives highly uniform coatings that "dry" to more elastic coatings than linseed oil itself. <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a> can be treated similarly, but converts more slowly. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Tung_oil" title="Tung oil">tung oil</a> converts very quickly, being complete in minutes at 260 °C. Coatings prepared from stand oils are less prone to yellowing than are coatings derived from the parent oils.<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boiled_linseed_oil">Boiled linseed oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Boiled linseed oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boiled linseed oil is a combination of raw linseed oil, stand oil (see above), and metallic <a href="/wiki/Oil_drying_agent" title="Oil drying agent">oil drying agents</a> (catalysts to accelerate drying).<sup id="cite_ref-Ull_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ull-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval era">Medieval era</a>, linseed oil was boiled with <a href="/wiki/Lead_oxide" title="Lead oxide">lead oxide</a> (litharge) to give a product called boiled linseed oil.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lead oxide forms lead "soaps" (lead oxide is <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a>) that promote hardening (polymerisation) of linseed oil by reaction with atmospheric oxygen. Heating shortens its drying time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_linseed_oil">Raw linseed oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Raw linseed oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raw linseed oil is the base oil, unprocessed and without driers or thinners. It is mostly used as a feedstock for making a boiled oil. It does not cure sufficiently well or quickly to be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raw linseed is sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Cricket_bat#Oiling" title="Cricket bat">oiling cricket bats</a> to increase surface friction for better ball control.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)#Flat_belts" title="Belt (mechanical)">leather flat belt drives</a> to reduce slipping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_oil" title="Danish oil">Danish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax#Flax_seeds" title="Flax">Flax seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Linseed_Oil_Trust" title="National Linseed Oil Trust">National Linseed Oil Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_point" title="Smoke point">Smoke point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Frank N. 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"Measuring Rate Capability of a Bakelite-Trigger RPC Coated with Linseed Oil". <i>APS Division of Nuclear Physics Meeting Abstracts</i>: DA.033. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008APS..DNP.DA033G">2008APS..DNP.DA033G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+Division+of+Nuclear+Physics+Meeting+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Measuring+Rate+Capability+of+a+Bakelite-Trigger+RPC+Coated+with+Linseed+Oil&rft.pages=DA.033&rft.date=2008-10-26&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008APS..DNP.DA033G&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Leah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreiingHillmerSchmidtPetry2021" class="citation journal cs1">Breiing, Vera; Hillmer, Jennifer; Schmidt, Christina; Petry, Michael; Behrends, Brigitte; Steiner, Ulrike; Kraska, Thorsten; Pude, Ralf (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827098">"Fungicidal Efficacy of Drying Plant Oils in Green Beans against Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)"</a>. <i>Plants</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fplants10010143">10.3390/plants10010143</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7827098">7827098</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33445566">33445566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plants&rft.atitle=Fungicidal+Efficacy+of+Drying+Plant+Oils+in+Green+Beans+against+Bean+Rust+%28Uromyces+appendiculatus%29&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7827098%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33445566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fplants10010143&rft.aulast=Breiing&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Hillmer%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Christina&rft.au=Petry%2C+Michael&rft.au=Behrends%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Kraska%2C+Thorsten&rft.au=Pude%2C+Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7827098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ull-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoth2001" class="citation book cs1">Poth, Ulrich (2001). "Drying Oils and Related Products". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a09_055">10.1002/14356007.a09_055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3527306730" title="Special:BookSources/3527306730"><bdi>3527306730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drying+Oils+and+Related+Products&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a09_055&rft.isbn=3527306730&rft.aulast=Poth&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrifield,_Mary_P.2012" class="citation book cs1">Merrifield, Mary P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-uiAK74XpsC&q=boiled+linseed+oil+litharge&pg=PR239"><i>Medieval and Renaissance Treatises on the Arts of Painting: Original Texts</i></a>. Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486142241" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486142241"><bdi>978-0486142241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Treatises+on+the+Arts+of+Painting%3A+Original+Texts&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0486142241&rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Mary+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-uiAK74XpsC%26q%3Dboiled%2Blinseed%2Boil%2Blitharge%26pg%3DPR239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks1999" class="citation book cs1">Franks, George (1999). <i>Classic Wood Finishing</i> (2nd ed.). Sterling. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806970639" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806970639"><bdi>978-0806970639</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Wood+Finishing&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0806970639&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816010538/http://www.gm-cricket.com/pages/bat-care.aspx">"Caring for your Bat"</a>. <i>Gunn & Moore</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gm-cricket.com/pages/bat-care.aspx">the original</a> on 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunn+%26+Moore&rft.atitle=Caring+for+your+Bat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gm-cricket.com%2Fpages%2Fbat-care.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightMende2000" class="citation book cs1">Knight, William A.; Mende, William R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530042026/http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm"><i>Staining and Finishing for Muzzleloading Gun Builders</i></a>. privately published. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thealchemist.us/alchemist1_005.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staining+and+Finishing+for+Muzzleloading+Gun+Builders&rft.pub=privately+published&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Mende%2C+William+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealchemist.us%2Falchemist1_005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinseed+oil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil" class="extiw" title="commons:Linseed oil"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Linseed oil</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Linseed Oil"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Linseed_Oil">"Linseed Oil" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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