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<li id="toc-Conquest_and_reconquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_and_reconquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conquest and reconquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_and_reconquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Slave rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Demerarans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Demerarans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Demerarans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Demerarans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Demerarans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Demerarans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commanders_of_Demerara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders_of_Demerara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commanders of Demerara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanders_of_Demerara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_of_Demerara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_of_Demerara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governors of Demerara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_of_Demerara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directors-general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors-general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Directors-general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lieutenant_governors_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lieutenant_governors_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lieutenant governors of Demerara and Essequibo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lieutenant_governors_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_of_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_of_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Leaders of rebellions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_of_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Demerara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ديميرارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديميرارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9m%C3%A9rara" title="Démérara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démérara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerary" title="Demerary – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Demerary" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerary" title="Demerary – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demerary" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A9" title="デメララ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デメララ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Демерара (колония) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демерара (колония)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara_(Koloni)" title="Demerara (Koloni) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demerara (Koloni)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara_(kolonija)" title="Demerara (kolonija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Demerara (kolonija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demerara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Демерара (колонія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демерара (колонія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Demerara&params=6.8121_N_58.1701_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°48′44″N</span> <span class="longitude">58°10′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.8121°N 58.1701°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">6.8121; -58.1701</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1745–1803 Dutch colony in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the former colony. For the sugar product, see <a href="/wiki/Demerara_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Demerara sugar">Demerara sugar</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Demerara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Demerara (disambiguation)">Demerara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Kolonie Demerary</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1745–1803)</span></span><br />Colony of Demerara <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1812)</span></span><br />County of Demerara <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–1958)</span></span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><i>Demerara</i></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1745–1812<br />1838–1958</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Flag</a> (1627–1792) <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Flag</a> (1803–1812)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Demerara,_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Demerara colony in 1759 (Note this map has East at its top.) See here for its exact location (6° 48' N 58° 10' W)."><img alt="The Demerara colony in 1759 (Note this map has East at its top.) See here for its exact location (6° 48' N 58° 10' W)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg/250px-Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg/375px-Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg/500px-Map_of_Demerara%2C_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="2734" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Demerara colony in 1759<br />(Note this map has East at its top.)<br />See <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">here</a> for its exact location (6° 48' N 58° 10' W).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1745–1792)</li><li>Dutch colony (1792–1815)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>British occupation (1781–1782; 1796–1802; 1803–1815)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> occupation (1782–1783)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a></i> Colony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1803–1812)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Combined with Essequibo</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> Colony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1812–1815)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Combined with Essequibo</a> as a Colony of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> (1815–1831)</li><li>County of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> (1838–1958)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Guyana)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Guyana)">Fort Zeelandia</a> (1745–1755)<br /><a href="/wiki/Borsselen" title="Borsselen">Borsselen</a> (1755–1782)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Stabroek</a> (1782–1815)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Creole" title="Guyanese Creole">Guyanese Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani#Guyanese_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Guyanese Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kap%C3%B3ng_language" title="Kapóng language">Akawaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macushi_language" title="Macushi language">Macushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patamona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Patamona language">Patamona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warrau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wapishana_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapishana people">Wapishana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Arekuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous religions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established as a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> colony </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 October 1745</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Essequibo_and_Demerara_(1781)" title="Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781)">Raid on Essequibo and Demerara</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24–27 February 1781</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" title="Capture of Demerara and Essequibo">Capture of Demerara and Essequibo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1782</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1783</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 1802</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Joined with <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 April 1812</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 November 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Demerara-Essequibo merges with <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> to become <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1831</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• County of Demerara </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1838</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Merged into the new <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Guyana" title="Regions of Guyana">regions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyanese_dollar" title="Guyanese dollar">British Guiana dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies_dollar" title="British West Indies dollar">British West Indies dollar</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo (colony)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After 1803 it was a <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> Dutch colony but was a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> British colony.<br /><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> (1792–1795)<br /><a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic/Commonwealth</a> (1795–1806)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> (1806–1810)<br /><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> (1810–1813)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Principality_of_the_United_Netherlands" title="Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands">Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands</a> (1813–1815)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (1781–1800)<br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1800–1802)</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Guyana" title="Category:History of Guyana">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">History of <span class="fn org label">Guyana</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Guyana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawak peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Carib people</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1616–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1627–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1650–1689</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demerara</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1745–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1814–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1966–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Republic of Guyana">Co-operative Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1970–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/16px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/24px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guyana" title="Portal:Guyana">Guyana portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Guyana" title="Template:History of Guyana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Guyana" title="Template talk:History of Guyana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Guyana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Guyana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_(22_Guilders_each)(1830s).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg/220px-BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg/330px-BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg/440px-BR-GUI-B2-Demerary_%26_Essequebo-Two_Joes_%2822_Guilders_each%29%281830s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7351" data-file-height="5063" /></a><figcaption>2 Joes (or 44 Dutch Guilders), Colonies of Demerary and Essequebo (1830s), second issue.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Demerara</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Demerary</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌdeːməˈraːri]</a></span>) is a historical region in <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">the Guianas</a>, on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, now part of the country of <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. It was a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> between 1745 and 1792 and a colony of the Dutch state from 1792 until 1815. It was merged with <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> in 1812 by the British who took control. It formally became a British colony in 1815 until <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a> was merged with Berbice to form the colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> in 1831. In 1838, it became a <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">county</a> of British Guiana until 1958. In 1966, British Guiana gained independence as <a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> and in 1970 it became a republic as the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Republic of Guyana">Co-operative Republic of Guyana</a>. It was located around the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Demerara_River" title="Demerara River">Demerara River</a>, and its main settlement was <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a>. </p><p>The name "Demerara" comes from a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> word <span title="Arawakan languages collective text"><i lang="awd">immenary</i></span> or <span title="Arawakan languages collective text"><i lang="awd">dumaruni</i></span>, which means "river of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/letterwood" class="extiw" title="wikt:letterwood">letter wood</a>" (wood of <i><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_guianense" title="Brosimum guianense">Brosimum guianense</a></i> tree).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Demerara_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Demerara sugar">Demerara sugar</a> is so named because originally, it came from sugarcane fields in the colony of Demerara. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demerara was first mentioned in 1691 as a trading post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192038_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192038-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October 1745, Demerara was created as a separate colony, even though it was located on an unoccupied part of <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a>, because the people from the province of <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> wanted to settle there and Essequibo was part of <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770267–268_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770267–268-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the founding documents, it was mentioned that the colonists should live in peace with the <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> population and respect their territories, because they fought with the colony of Essequibo against the French privateers and helped to chase them off. The Amerindians were considered free people, and they were not allowed to enslave them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770270_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770270-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first planter was Andries Pieterse who already owned a plantation in Essequibo. Half a year later, there were 18 large sugar plantations and 50 smaller plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888116_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888116-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony was initially governed from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Guyana)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Guyana)">Fort Zeelandia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Laurens_Storm_van_%27s_Gravesande" title="Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande">Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande</a>, the governor of Essequibo. In 1750 he appointed his son Jonathan as Commander of Demerara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demerara grew rapidly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192039_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192039-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attracted many English planters.<sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, who had a monopoly on the slave trade, was unable to supply them, leading to illegal smuggling from English colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888128_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888128-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1755, Gedney Clarke, a Barbados merchant and plantation owner,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requested political representation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040&#32;_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040&#32;-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore the administration was moved to the island of <a href="/wiki/Borsselen" title="Borsselen">Borsselen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 miles (32 km) upriver near plantation <a href="/wiki/Soesdyke" title="Soesdyke">Soesdyke</a> which was owned by the commander of Demerara.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was criticised because the island was hard to defend,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888186_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888186-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the planters had started to build houses around the guard post near the mouth of the river. That settlement later became known as <a href="/wiki/Stabroek,_Guyana" title="Stabroek, Guyana">Stabroek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1782 the capital of the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town was renamed <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana" title="Georgetown, Guyana">Georgetown</a> in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888310_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888310-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1763, a <a href="/wiki/Berbice_Slave_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbice Slave Uprising">slave uprising</a> took place in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a>. Governor van 's Gravesande formed an alliance with the Amerindian <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warao_people" title="Warao people">Warao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akawaio_people" title="Akawaio people">Akawaio</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920235–236_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920235–236-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-newspapers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newspapers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevented the uprising from spreading to Demerara and Essequibo.<sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50 soldiers from Demarara were sent to Berbice as assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave uprisings were a source of concern: in a 1767 letter to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, the King of Prussia, which aimed to promote the colony for German planters, a request was added for 100 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920311_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920311-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1780, there were almost 200 plantations in Demerara compared to 129 in Essequibo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149–150_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149–150-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demerara had become more successful than Essequibo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888144_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rivalry between the colonies resulted in the creation of a combined <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Policy" title="Court of Policy">Court of Policy</a> in Fort Zeelandia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888143_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888143-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the white population of the colony were English<sup id="cite_ref-establ_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-establ-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Scottish<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paasman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paasman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> planters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_and_reconquest">Conquest and reconquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conquest and reconquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1781, the American revolution induced the Dutch Republic to join with the Bourbon side against the British. A large fleet under <a href="/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" class="mw-redirect" title="George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Admiral Lord Rodney's</a> command was sent to the West Indies, and after having made some seizures in the Caribbean Islands, a squadron was detached to take possession of the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> and Demerara, which was accomplished<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHadden200964_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHadden200964-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without even a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888150_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888150-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-surrender_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrender-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous year, the colony produced 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement#Okshoofd" title="Dutch units of measurement">hogsheads</a> of sugar, 5,000,000 pounds coffee and 800,000 pounds cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-surrender_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surrender-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1782 the French <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Demerara and Essequibo">took possession</a> of the whole of the Dutch settlements, compelling Gov. Robert Kingston to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton1855239_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton1855239-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinion of the Dutch newspapers varied. The <i>Leeuwarder Courant</i> called it the loss of our Demerary,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i>Hollandsche historische courant</i> described it as a pleasant reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">peace of Paris</a>, which occurred in 1783, restored these territories to the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British recaptured Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-paasman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paasman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deal was struck with the colony: all laws and customs could remain, and the citizens were equal to British subjects. Any government official who swore loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/British_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British crown">British crown</a> could remain in function.<sup id="cite_ref-paasman_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paasman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They returned the colony to the Dutch in 1802 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but re-took control of it a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 April 1812,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888290_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888290-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British combined the colonies of Demerara and <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a> into the colony of <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomburgk184086-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ceded to Britain on 13 August 1814. On 20 November 1815, the Netherlands ratified the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slave_rebellion">Slave rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slave rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></div> <p>Large slave rebellions broke out in West Demerara in 1795 and on the <a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">East Coast of Demerara in 1823</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgowan_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgowan-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these rebellions were easily and bloodily crushed, according to Winston McGowan, they may have had a long-term impact in ending slavery: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The 1823 revolt had a special significance not matched by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> uprising. It attracted attention in Britain inside and outside Parliament to the terrible evil of slavery and the need to abolish it. This played a part, along with other humanitarian, political and economic factors, in causing the British parliament ten years later in 1833 to take the momentous decision to abolish slavery in British Guiana and elsewhere in the British Empire with effect from 1 August 1834. After serving four years of a modified form of slavery euphemistically called apprenticeship, the slaves were finally freed on 1 August 1838.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><sup id="cite_ref-mcgowan2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgowan2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 July 1831, Demerara-Essequibo united with <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> as <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guyanaorg_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guyanaorg-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, Demerara was made one of the three counties of Guiana, the other two being Berbice and Essequibo.<sup id="cite_ref-Statoids_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statoids-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the county was abolished when Guiana was subdivided into districts. Historical Demerara was divided in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are a part of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Guyana" title="Regions of Guyana">Guyanese administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Demerara-Mahaica" title="Demerara-Mahaica">Demerara-Mahaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essequibo_Islands-West_Demerara" title="Essequibo Islands-West Demerara">Essequibo Islands-West Demerara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Demerara-Berbice" title="Upper Demerara-Berbice">Upper Demerara-Berbice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Statoids_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statoids-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Demerarans">Notable Demerarans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable Demerarans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Douglas (Governor)">Sir James Douglas</a> (1803–1877), Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Colony of Vancouver Island</a> (1851–64) and the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858-1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1858–64).</li> <li>Rev. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ketley" title="Joseph Ketley">Joseph Ketley</a> (1802–1875), <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a> missionary, mid 19th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edmonstone" title="John Edmonstone">John Edmonstone</a> (late 18th century–mid 19th century), a <a href="/wiki/Freed_slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Freed slave">freed slave</a> who taught <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Watson_(footballer,_born_1856)" title="Andrew Watson (footballer, born 1856)">Andrew Watson</a>-first black person to play association football at international level.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanders_of_Demerara">Commanders of Demerara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commanders of Demerara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Samuel_Storm_van_%27s_Gravesande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Samuel Storm van 's Gravesande (page does not exist)">Jonathan Samuel Storm van 's Gravesande</a> (†1761) (1750–1761)<sup id="cite_ref-laurens_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurens-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurens_Lodewijk_van_Bercheijk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurens Lodewijk van Bercheijk (page does not exist)">Laurens Lodewijk van Bercheijk</a> (†1765) (1761–1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Cornelis_van_den_Heuvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Cornelis van den Heuvel">Jan Cornelis van den Heuvel</a> (1765–1770)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulus_van_Schuylenburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulus van Schuylenburgh (page does not exist)">Paulus van Schuylenburgh</a> (1772–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaujon" title="Antony Beaujon">Antony Beaujon</a> (22 April 1796 – 27 March 1802)</li></ul> <p>M. Rampersaud </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors_of_Demerara">Governors of Demerara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governors of Demerara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Kingston_(Governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Kingston (Governor) (page does not exist)">Robert Kingston</a> (27 February 1781 – 1782)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Antoine_Dazemard_de_Lusignan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan (page does not exist)">Louis Antoine Dazemard de Lusignan</a> (1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Kersaint" title="Armand de Kersaint">Armand Guy Simon de Coëtnempren</a>, comte de Kersaint (*1742 – †1793) (1782)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Manganon_de_la_Perri%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Manganon de la Perrière (page does not exist)">Georges Manganon de la Perrière</a> (1783–1784)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directors-general">Directors-general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Directors-general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_Storm_van_%27s_Gravesande" title="Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande">Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande</a> (1752–1772)<sup id="cite_ref-laurens_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurens-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bourda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bourda (page does not exist)">Joseph Bourda</a> (acting) (6 March 1784 – February 1785)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_L%27%C3%89spinasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan L'Éspinasse (page does not exist)">Jan L'Éspinasse</a> (February 1785 – 18 August 1789)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertus_Backer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertus Backer (page does not exist)">Albertus Backer</a> (18 August 1789 – 31 March 1793)</li> <li>Baron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willem_August_Sirtema_van_Grovestins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willem August Sirtema van Grovestins (page does not exist)">Willem August Sirtema van Grovestins</a> (31 March 1793 – May 1795)</li> <li>Antony Beaujon (May 1795 – 22 April 1796)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888280_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888280-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Meertens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Meertens (page does not exist)">Antony Meertens</a> (27 March 1802 – September 1803)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lieutenant_governors_of_Demerara_and_Essequibo">Lieutenant governors of Demerara and Essequibo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lieutenant governors of Demerara and Essequibo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Nicholson_(Governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Nicholson (Governor) (page does not exist)">Robert Nicholson</a> (September 1803 – 18 August 1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beaujon" title="Antony Beaujon">Antony Beaujon</a> (18 August 1804 – 17 October 1805)</li> <li>James Montgomery (acting) (19 October 1805 – 8 May 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Bentinck" title="Henry William Bentinck">Henry William Bentinck</a> (*1765 – †1821) (8 May 1806 – February 1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lyle_Carmichael" title="Hugh Lyle Carmichael">Hugh Lyle Carmichael</a> (*1764 – †1813) (February 1812 – 11 May 1813)</li> <li>E. Codd (acting) (11 May 1813 – 23 May 1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(colonial_administrator)" title="John Murray (colonial administrator)">John Murray</a> (23 May 1813 – 26 April 1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_d%27Urban" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin d'Urban">Sir Benjamin d'Urban</a> (26 April 1824 – 21 July 1831)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_of_rebellions">Leaders of rebellions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leaders of rebellions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1823: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gladstone" title="Jack Gladstone">Jack Gladstone</a> of Plantation Success</li> <li>1823: <a href="/wiki/Quamina" title="Quamina">Quamina</a> of Plantation Success</li> <li>1990s: Rampersaud, M</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guyana" title="History of Guyana">History of Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Demerary_and_Essequibo" title="Banknotes of Demerary and Essequibo">Banknotes of Demerary and Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_de_Saffon" title="Pierre Louis de Saffon">Pierre Louis de Saffon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenn1962" class="citation journal cs1">Benn, Brindley H. (1962-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501041629/http://www.guyana.ro/guyana/name.php">"Guyana the Name"</a>. <i>Thunder</i>. Georgetown, Guyana. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guyana.ro/guyana/name.php">the original</a> on May 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thunder&rft.atitle=Guyana+the+Name&rft.date=1962-06-30&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Brindley+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guyana.ro%2Fguyana%2Fname.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192038-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192038_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920">Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770267–268-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770267–268_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartsinck1770">Hartsinck 1770</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770270-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartsinck1770270_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartsinck1770">Hartsinck 1770</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888116-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888116_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920">Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192039-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192039_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920">Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-establ-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-establ_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guyanatimesinternational.com/establishment-of-demerara/">"Establishment of Demerara"</a>. <i>Guyana Times International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guyana+Times+International&rft.atitle=Establishment+of+Demerara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guyanatimesinternational.com%2Festablishment-of-demerara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888128-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888128_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonpapers.org/the-rise-and-fall-of-a-barbados-merchant/">"The Rise and Fall of a Barbados Merchant"</a>. <i>Washington Papers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Barbados+Merchant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonpapers.org%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-a-barbados-merchant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040&#32;-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers192040&#32;_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920">Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920</a>, p. 40,  :The <a href="/wiki/College_of_Kiezers" title="College of Kiezers">College of Kiezers</a>, the electoral college, of Essequibo had refused to admit new members</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guyaneseonline.net/2013/12/18/the-wonderful-demerara-river-by-maj-gen-retd-joseph-g-singh/">"The Wonderful Demerara River"</a>. <i>Guyanese Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guyanese+Online&rft.atitle=The+Wonderful+Demerara+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguyaneseonline.net%2F2013%2F12%2F18%2Fthe-wonderful-demerara-river-by-maj-gen-retd-joseph-g-singh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888186-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888186_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888149_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888310-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888310_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920235–236-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920235–236_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920">Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920</a>, pp. 235–236: In September 1763, the Chief of the Akawaio paid a visit to the Governor of Essequibo in Fort Zeelandia with two slaves, three cut-off hands and reported that his tribe had killed 55 slaves. He wanted a reward, guns and ammunition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newspapers-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newspapers_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_Baakman" class="citation journal cs1">Esther Baakman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926174138/https://www.emlc-journal.org/articles/10.18352/emlc.61/">"Their power has been broken, the danger has passed." 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Retrieved 20 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factpage.glsc.gov.gy/admin-regions-detailed/">"ADMIN REGIONS DETAILED – GUYANA LANDS AND SURVEYS COMMISSION'S FACT PAGE ON GUYANA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADMIN+REGIONS+DETAILED+%E2%80%93+GUYANA+LANDS+AND+SURVEYS+COMMISSION%27S+FACT+PAGE+ON+GUYANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactpage.glsc.gov.gy%2Fadmin-regions-detailed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/freed-slave-darwin-taxidermy">"The Extraordinary Life of the Freed Slave Who Taught Darwin Taxidermy"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. 25 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Extraordinary+Life+of+the+Freed+Slave+Who+Taught+Darwin+Taxidermy&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Ffreed-slave-darwin-taxidermy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610052137/http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/articles/andrew_watson.html">"First Black footballer, Andrew Watson, inspired British soccer in 1870s"</a>. <i>Chronicle World.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.black-history-month.co.uk/articles/andrew_watson.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+World.org&rft.atitle=First+Black+footballer%2C+Andrew+Watson%2C+inspired+British+soccer+in+1870s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.black-history-month.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fandrew_watson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laurens-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laurens_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laurens_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.J._Blok_&_P.C._Molhuysen1927" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">P.J. Blok & P.C. Molhuysen (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbnl.nl/tekst/molh003nieu07_01/molh003nieu07_01_1957.php">"Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 7"</a>. <i>Digital Library for Dutch Literature</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Library+for+Dutch+Literature&rft.atitle=Nieuw+Nederlandsch+biografisch+woordenboek.+Deel+7&rft.date=1927&rft.au=P.J.+Blok+%26+P.C.+Molhuysen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbnl.nl%2Ftekst%2Fmolh003nieu07_01%2Fmolh003nieu07_01_1957.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENetscher1888280-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENetscher1888280_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNetscher1888">Netscher 1888</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rulers.org/rulg2.html">"Demerara-Essequibo"</a>. <i>Rulers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rulers&rft.atitle=Demerara-Essequibo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frulers.org%2Frulg2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton1855" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Henry G (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historybritishg03daltgoog"><i>The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony: A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history</i></a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+British+Guiana%3A+Comprising+a+General+Description+of+the+Colony%3A+A+narrative+of+some+of+the+principal+events+from+the+earliest+period+of+products+and+natural+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Henry+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorybritishg03daltgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdler2001" class="citation cs2">Edler, F. (2001) [1911], <i>The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution</i>, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-269-8"><bdi>0-89875-269-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+and+The+American+Revolution&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89875-269-8&rft.aulast=Edler&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadden2009" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, James (2009). <i>Hadden's Journal and Orderly Books</i>. Applewood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1685-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4290-1685-8"><bdi>978-1-4290-1685-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadden%27s+Journal+and+Orderly+Books&rft.pub=Applewood&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4290-1685-8&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartsinck1770" class="citation cs2">Hartsinck, J.J. (1770), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hart038besc01_01/hart038besc01_01_0024.php"><i>Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America</i></a>, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beschryving+van+Guiana%2C+of+de+wilde+kust+in+Zuid-America&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Gerrit+Tielenburg&rft.date=1770&rft.aulast=Hartsinck&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fhart038besc01_01%2Fhart038besc01_01_0024.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetscher1888" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Netscher, Pieter Marinus (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschiedenisvan00netsgoog"><i>Geschiedenis van de koloniën Essequebo, Demerary en Berbice, van de vestiging der Nederlanders aldaar tot op onzen tijd</i></a> (in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+koloni%C3%ABn+Essequebo%2C+Demerary+en+Berbice%2C+van+de+vestiging+der+Nederlanders+aldaar+tot+op+onzen+tijd&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Netscher&rft.aufirst=Pieter+Marinus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeschiedenisvan00netsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomburgk1840" class="citation book cs1">Schomburgk, Sir Robert H. (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbUNAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical: Exhibiting Its Resources and Capabilities</i></a>. London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714619491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714619491"><bdi>978-0714619491</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+British+Guiana%2C+Geographical+and+Statistical%3A+Exhibiting+Its+Resources+and+Capabilities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall+and+Co&rft.date=1840&rft.isbn=978-0714619491&rft.aulast=Schomburgk&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbUNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm_van_'s_GravesandeVilliers1920" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Storm van 's Gravesande, Laurens; Villiers, J.A.J. de (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delpher.nl/nl/boeken/view?objectsearch=pomeroon&coll=boeken&identifier=MMKB02:100001562:00056"><i>Storm van 's Gravesande: zijn werk en zijn leven uit zijne brieven opgebouwd</i></a> (in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+van+%27s+Gravesande%3A+zijn+werk+en+zijn+leven+uit+zijne+brieven+opgebouwd&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Storm+van+%27s+Gravesande&rft.aufirst=Laurens&rft.au=Villiers%2C+J.A.J.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delpher.nl%2Fnl%2Fboeken%2Fview%3Fobjectsearch%3Dpomeroon%26coll%3Dboeken%26identifier%3DMMKB02%3A100001562%3A00056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemerara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demerara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>da Costa, Emilia Viotti. <i>Crowns of Glory, Tears of Blood</i> (1994). scholarly study of the Demerara slave rebellion of 1823.</li> <li>Oostindie, Gert. "‘British Capital, Industry and Perseverance’ versus Dutch ‘Old School’? The Dutch Atlantic and the Takeover of Berbice, Demerara and Essequibo, 1750-1815" <i>BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review</i> (2012) 127#4 pp 28–55.</li> <li>Sheridan, Richard B. "The condition of the slaves on the sugar plantations of Sir John Gladstone in the colony of Demerara, 1812-49." <i>New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids</i> 76#3-4 (2002): 243-269.</li> <li>St Pierre, Maurice. "The 1823 Guyana Slave Rebellion: A Collective Action Reconsideration." <i>Journal of Caribbean History</i> 41#1/2 (2007): 142.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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